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The Problems Marked (T) Need An Explicit Discussion in The Tutorial Class. Other Problems Are For Enhanced Practice

This document provides solutions to problems from Assignment 4 on complex analysis. It discusses concepts like the radius of convergence of Taylor series, examples where two Taylor series represent the same function, and cases where the disk of convergence is contained within the domain of analyticity. It also evaluates integrals along curves, applies the Liouville theorem, discusses properties of polynomials, derives the Poisson integral formula, and analyzes the order of zeros of various functions. The problems marked (T) require explicit discussion in tutorial class.

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Kartik Mittal
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184 views4 pages

The Problems Marked (T) Need An Explicit Discussion in The Tutorial Class. Other Problems Are For Enhanced Practice

This document provides solutions to problems from Assignment 4 on complex analysis. It discusses concepts like the radius of convergence of Taylor series, examples where two Taylor series represent the same function, and cases where the disk of convergence is contained within the domain of analyticity. It also evaluates integrals along curves, applies the Liouville theorem, discusses properties of polynomials, derives the Poisson integral formula, and analyzes the order of zeros of various functions. The problems marked (T) require explicit discussion in tutorial class.

Uploaded by

Kartik Mittal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department

of Mathematics and Statistics


Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
MSO202A/MSO202 Assignment 4 Solutions
Introduction To Complex Analysis

The problems marked (T) need an explicit discussion in the tutorial class. Other problems are for enhanced
practice.
1. (T) Give examples for the following:

(a)The radius of convergence of Taylor series of a function with center as some point a in the domain
of analyticity D of the function is larger than the largest disk z a R contained in D

(b) Two Taylor series with different centers represent the same analytic function in the intersection
of their disks of convergence.
(c) The disk of convergence of Taylor series of a function is strictly contained in the domain of
analyticity of a function.

Solution:
(a)The Taylor series of

Log z, Arg z , centred at a 1 i , is

( 1)n 1 (n 1)!

Log z Log ( 1 i )
( z 1 i )n (*)
n
n
!(

i
)
n 0

which has radius of convergence 2 , while the largest disk centered
at 1 i and contained in the domain of anlyticity of Log z is z 1 i 1 .

1 i
1
2


1 z i
(b) The power series
around the point i has
1 i n 0 1 i
n

the radius of convergence 2 and the power series z n has


n 0

radius of convergence 1. On D { z i 2} { z 1} both


the series are Taylor series of the same function

1
.
1 z



(c) The function

1
is analytic in the set C {1} but its Taylor series z n around z 0 has its disk of
1 z
n 0

convergence z 1 , strictly contained in C {1} .


2
2. Evaluate the following integrals on the indicated curves, all of them being assumed to be oriented in the
counterclockwise direction:
1
2 z3 z2 4
dz, C : z 2 4.
(T)(a) 4
dz , C : z 2 (b) 4
z 4z2
z 1
C
C
Solution:
(a) Given Integral =

1
1
1
i
i
(
) dz 0

4 C z 1 z 1 z i z i

(b) Given Integral = (


C

1
1
1
) dz 4 i .

2
z 2i z 2i
z

3. Evaluate the following integrals on the square C, oriented in the counterclockwise direction and having
sides along the lines x 2 and y 2 :
cos z
cosh z
dz
dz .
(T)(i)
(T)(ii)
2
4
z
z
z

(
8)
C
C
Solution:
cos z / ( z 2 8)
cos z
i
(i ) Given Integral
) z 0 ,
dz 2 i ( 2
z
4
z 8
C

since z 2 2i does not lie in the region bounded by C.


(ii) Cosh z is analytic inside and on C, therefore
2 i d 3
(
cosh z ) z 0 0
Given Integral =
3 dz 3

4. Using Liovuille Theorem, show that the functions exp(z), sin z, cos z , sinh z, cosh z are not bounded in the
complex plane C.
Solution: All the functions are entire. Had these functions been bounded in C, each would be a constant function
(by Liouville Theorem), which they are not.
5. Show that every polynomial P(z) of degree n has exactly n zeros in the complex plane.
Solution: Let Pn(z) be a polynomial of degree n 1 . and assume that it has no zeros in the complex plane
1
C. Then, the function ( z )
(i) is an entire function (ii) is bounded in C (since Pn(z) as z )
Pn ( z )
Therefore, by Liouvilles Theorem, ( z ) is constant. Pn(z) is also a constant function, a contradiction.
Thus, Pn(z) has at least one zero, say a1 of multiplicity m1 . If m1 n , the desired result follows.

Pn ( z )
If m1 n , the polynomial
, is a nonconstant polynomial of degree n m1 and a repetition of
( z a1 )m1
the above arguments gives that it has at least one zero, say a2 of multiplicity m2 .

3
The above process continues till m1 m2 ... mk n for some natural number k 1 . It therefore follows

that Pn ( z ) has zeros at a1, a2 ,..., ak of respective multiplicities m1, m2 ..., mk such that m1 m2 ... mk n .

6. If f is an entire function and f ( z ) MR n0 in z R , prove that f is a polynomial of degree
at most n0 .

Solution: By Taylors Theorem, expand f ( z )

an z n in

n 0

R R0 . By Cauchy Estimate, f ( n ) (0)

z R0 . The same expansion is valid for all

n ! M ( R)
, where M ( R ) max f ( z )
|z | R
Rn

an

MR n0
MR n0 n 0 as n , if n n0 . f is a polynomial of degree at most n0 .
Rn

7. Let f ( z ) be analytic in z R . Prove that, for 0 < r < R,

f ( rei )

1
2

R2 r2
f (Rei ) d (called Poisson Integral Formula).
2
2
R r 2 Rr cos( )

Solution: Let a R. By Cauchy Integral Formula, f ( a )

1
2 i

f ( z)
dz
z

a
z R

..........(i ) .

R2
1
Since the point
lies outside the circle z R , by Cauchy Theorem, 0
2 i
a
Adding (i) and (ii), f ( a )

1
2 i

f ( z)
dz
z ( R2 / a )
z R

..........(ii ) .

f ( z )( R 2 aa )
i
i
( z a )( R 2 az ) dz . Now, letting a re and z R e in the above
z R

equation, gives
2

f ( R ei )( R 2 r 2 )
1
R2 r2
i
iR
e
d

f (Rei ) d .
i a i 2

2
2
2 z R R r 2 Rr cos( )
0 R e (1
e )( R aR ei )
R
1
( x 3)2 y 2

1 lying in the upper


8. (T) Evaluate 4 dz , where is the part of clockwise oriented ellipse
1
4
z

f ( rei )

1
2 i

half-plane {z : Im z 0} .

Solution: Let * be the clockwise oriented closed curve consisting of the part of given ellipse in upper halfplane and the line segment L with initial point (4,0) and end point (2,0) . Since the function 1 / z 4 is analytic
4

1
1
1
1
7
inside and on , 4 dz 4 dz 4 dx ( x 3 )42
.
3
192
z
z
x

L
2
*

4
9. Find the order of the zero z = 0 for the following functions:
2
(i ) z 2 ( e z 1) (T) (ii ) 6 sin z 3 z 3 ( z 6 6) (T)(iii) esin z e tan z
Solution:
(i) The first nonzero term in the Taylor series of the given function around z = 0, contains z4, therefore its
zero at z = 0 is of order 4
(ii) The first nonzero term in the Taylor series of the given function around z = 0, contains z15 therefore its
zero at z = 0 is of order 15.
(iii) The first nonzero term in the Taylor series of the given function around z = 0, contains z3 therefore its
zero at z = 0 is of order 3.
10. Find the order of all the zeros of the following functions:
sin 3 z
(i ) z sin z
(T) (ii )(1 e z )( z 2 4)3
(T) (iii )
z
Solution:
(i) zero of order 2 at z = 0, simple zeros at z = n , n = nonzero integer.
(ii) zero of order 3 at z = 2, simple zeros at z = 2n i , n = nonzero integer.
(iii) zero of order 2 at z = 0, zeros of order 3 at z = n , n = nonzero integer.
11. (T)Does there exist a function f(z) ( not identically zero ) that is analytic in z 1 and has zeros at the
following indicated set of points ? Why or why not?
1
1
(i) S1 { : n is a natural number} (ii) S2 {1 : n is a natural
n
n
1
1
(iii) S3 {z : z 1, Re( z ) 0}
(iv ) S4 {z iy : y
2
2

number}
1
}.
2

Solution:
(i) No, since limit point of S1 is 0 which lies in z 1 , so 0 would be a non-isolated zero of f(z) (ii) Yes, since
limit point of S2 does not lie in z 1 (iii) No, since limit points of S3 lie in z 1 (iv) No, since limit points of
S4 lie in z 1 .

G.P.Kapoor

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