Sales Memory Aid San Beda

San Beda College of Law
113
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SALES
SALE
A nominate contract whereby one of
the contracting parties obligates
himself to transfer the ownership of
and to deliver a determinate thing
and the other to pay therefor a price
certain in money or its equivalent.
NOTES: Delivery and payment in a
contract of sale are so interrelated and
intertwined with each other that without
delivery of the goods there is no
corresponding obligation to pay. The
two complement each other. It is clear
that the two elements cannot be
dissociated, for the contract of purchase
and sale is essentially a bilateral
contract, as it gives rise to reciprocal
obligations. (Pio Barretto Sons, Inc. vs.
Compania Maritima, 62 SCRA 167).
Neither is the delivery of the thing
bought nor the payment of the price
necessary for the perfection of the
contract of sale. Being consensual,
it is perfected by mere consent.
Elements:
a. Essential elements those without

which, there can be no valid sale:
1. Consent or meeting of minds
2. A Determinable subject matter
3. Price certain in money or its
equivalent
b. Natural elements inherent in the
contract, and which in the absence
of any contrary provision, are
deemed to exist in the contract:
1. Warranty against eviction
2. Warranty against hidden defects
c. Accidental elements may be
present or absent depending on the
stipulation of the parties (e.g.:
conditions, interest, penalty, time
or place of payment, etc.)
Characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Principal
Consensual;
Bilateral;
Nominate;
Commutative; In some cases,
aleatory (emptio spei);
6. Onerous.
* Aleatory contract: one of the parties or
both reciprocally bind themselves to give
or to do something in consideration of
what the other shall give or do upon the
happening of an event which is
uncertain, or which is to occur at an
indeterminate time. (Ex: Sale of
sweepstakes ticket)
Contract to sell
exclusive right and privilege to
purchase an object.
a bilateral contract whereby the
prospective seller, while expressly
reserving the ownership of the
subject property despite delivery
thereof to the prospective buyer
binds himself to sell the said
property
exclusively
to
the
prospective buyer upon fulfilment of
the condition agreed upon, that is,
full payment of the purchase price.
NOTE: Absent a proviso in the contract
that the title to the property is reserved
in the vendor until full payment of the
purchase price or a stipulation giving the
vendor the right to unilaterally rescind
the contract the moment the vendee
fails to pay within the fixed period, the
transaction is an absolute contract of
sale and not a contract to sell. (Dignos
vs. CA [1988])
* The contract of sale by itself is not a
mode of acquiring ownership. The
contact transfers no real rights; it
merely causes certain obligations to
arise.
Contract of
Sale
Contract to
Sell
1. Title passes to the

buyer upon delivery
of the thing sold
1. Ownership is
reserved in the
seller and is not to
pass
until
full
payment of the
purchase price
2. Full payment is a
2. Non-payment of
the
price
is
a
negative
resolutory
condition and the
positive suspensive
condition,
the
failure of which is
CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

CHAIRPERSON: Romuald Padilla ASST.CHAIRPERSON: Vida Bocar, Joyce Vidad EDP: Alnaiza Hassiman, Dorothy Gayon
SUBJECT HEADS: Christopher Rey Marasigan (Persons and Family Relations), Alejandro Casabar(Property), Ma. Rhodora
Ferrer(Wills and Succession), Ian Dominic Pua(Obligations and Contracts), Sha Elijah Dumama(Sales and Lease), John Stephen
Quiambao(PAT), Christopher Cabigao(Credit Transactions), Ligaya Alipao(Torts and Damages), Anthony Purganan(LTD),
Ma. Ricasion Tugadi (Conflicts of Law)

114

remedy of the seller
is to exact fulfilment
or to rescind the
contract
3. Vendor loses and

cannot
recover
ownership of the
thing
sold
and
delivered until the
contract of sale is
resolved
and
set
aside
Conditional Sale
not a breach
casual or serious
but
simply
prevents
the
obligation of the
vendor to convey
title from having
binding force
3. Title remains in
the vendor if the
vendee does not
comply with the
condition
precedent
of
making payment at
the time specified
in the contract
Contract to
Sell
As to reservation of title to the subject

property
In both cases the seller may reserve the
title to the subject property until
fulfillment of the suspensive condition i.e.
full payment of the price
As to effect of fulfillment of suspensive
condition
1. Upon fulfillment of 1.
Upon
the
suspensive fulfillment of the
condition,
the suspensive
contract of sale is condition, which
thereby
perfected, is
the
full
such that if there had payment of the
been previous delivery purchase price,
of
the
subject ownership
will
property to the buyer, not
ownership
thereto automatically
automatically
transfer to the
transfers
to
the buyer although
buyer by operation the property may
of law without any have
been
further act by the previously
seller.
delivered to him.
The prospective
seller still has
to convey title
to
the
prospective
buyer
by
entering into a
contract
of
absolute sale.
As to effect of sale of the subject
property to 3rd persons
1.
Constructive
/actual knowledge on
the part of the 2nd
buyer of the defect in
the
sellers
title
renders him not a
registrant in good
faith.
Such second
buyer cannot defeat
the first buyers title.
Ratio: Fulfilment of
the
suspensive
conditions affects the
sellers title to the
property and previous
delivery
of
the
property
automatically
transfers
ownership/title to the
buyer.
1. Third person
buying
the
property despite
fulfilment of the
suspensive
condition cannot
be deemed a
buyer in bad
faith
and
prospective
buyer
cannot
seek the relief of
reconveyance of
property.
Exception:
If
There was no
previous sale of
the property.
OBJECTS OF SALE
Requisites:
1. THINGS:
a) determinate or determinable
(Arts. 1458, 1460)
b) lawful (Arts 1347, 1409 [1,4]
c) should not be impossible (Art.
1348) e.g. must be within the
commerce of man
2. RIGHTS must be transmissible
Exceptions:
-future inheritance
- service
Emptio rei
speratae
Emptio spei
1. Sale of an expected
thing
1. Sale of a mere
hope or expectancy
that the thing will
come to existence;
Sale of the hope
itself
2. Sale produces
effect even if the
thing
does
not
come
into
existence, unless it
is a vain hope
3. The uncertainty
is with regard to
the existence of
the thing
2. Sale is subject to
the condition that the
thing will exist; if it
does not, there is no
contract
3. The uncertainty is
with regard to the
quantity and quality of
the thing and not the
existence of the thing
4. Object is a future
thing
4. Object is a
present thing which
is the hope or
expectancy
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NOTE: In case of doubt the presumption
is in favor of emptio rei speratae which
is more in keeping with the commutative
character of the contract
Goods which may be Object of Sale
a. Existing goods goods owned or
possessed by the seller.
b. Future goods goods to be
manufactured, raised or acquired by
the seller after the perfection of the
contract.
NOTES:
A sale of future goods is valid only as
an executory contract to be fulfilled
by the acquisition and delivery of
goods specified.
While there can be sale of future
property, there can generally be no
donation of future property (Article
751 Civil Code)
Future inheritance cannot be sold.
A contract of sale or purchase of
goods to be delivered at a future
time, if entered into without the
intention of having any goods pass
from one party to another, but with
an understanding that at the
appointed time, the purchaser is
merely to receive or pay the
difference between the contract and
the market prices, is illegal. Such
contract falls under the definition of
futures in which the parties
merely gamble on the rise or fall in
prices and is declared null and void
by law. (Art. 2018, NCC) (Onapal
Phil. Commodities, Inc. vs. CA
[1993])
Instances when the Civil Code
recognizes sale of things not
actually or already owned by the
seller at the time of the sale:
1. Sale of a thing having potential
existence (Article 1461)
2. Sale of future goods (Article 1462)
3. Contract for the delivery at a certain
price of an article which the vendor
in the ordinary course of the
business manufactures or procures
for the general market, whether the
same is on hand at the time or not
(Article 1467)
Sale
Agency to sell
1. Buyer receives
the goods as owner
1. Agent receives
the goods as goods
of the principal who
retains
his
ownership
over
them
2. Agent delivers
the price which in
turn he got from his
buyer
3. Agent can return
the goods in case he
is unable to sell the
same to a third
person
4. Agent makes no
warranty for which
he assumes personal
liability as long as
he acts within his
authority and in the
name of the seller
5. Agent in dealing
with
the
thing
received, must act
and
is
bound
according to the
instructions of the
principal
2. Buyer pays the

price
3. Buyer, as a
general rule, cannot
return the object
sold
4. Seller warrants
the thing sold
5. Buyer can deal

with the thing sold
as he pleases being
the owner
Contract for
Piece of Work
1.
The
thing
transferred is one
not in existence and
which never would
have existed but for
the order of the
party desiring to
acquire it
2.
The
services
dominate
the
contract
even
though there is a
sale
of
goods
involved
3. Not within the

Statute of Frauds
Sale
1.
The
thing
transferred is one
which would have
existed and would
have
been
the
subject of sale to
some other person,
even if the order
had not been given
2.
The
primary
objective of the
contract is a sale of
the
manufactured
item; it is a sale of
goods even though
the
item
is
manufactured
by
labor furnished by
the seller and upon
previous order of
the customer
3.
Within
the
Statute of Frauds
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Rules to determine if the contract is
one of Sale or Piece of work:
a. If ordered in the ordinary course of
business sale
b. If manufactured specially for the
customer and upon his special order,
and not for the market piece of
work
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT:
a) Massachusetts
rule:
If
specifically done at the order of
another, this is a contract for a
piece of work. (Philippine
application)
b) New York rule: If thing already
exists-SALE; if not-WORK
c) English rule: If material is more
valuable-SALE; if skill is more
valuable-WORK
BARTER
contract whereby one of the parties
binds himself to give one thing in
consideration of the other's promise
to give another thing.
NOTE:
The only point difference
between contract of sale and barter is in
the element which is present in sale but
not in barter, namely: price certain in
money or its equivalent
NOTE: If the consideration is partly in
money and partly in another thing,
determine:
a. The manifest intention of the
parties
b. If the intent is not clear, apply
the following rules:
1. If the thing is more valuable
than money barter
2. If the money and the thing
are of equal value sale
3. If the thing is less valuable
than money sale
Sale
Dation in Payment
No pre-existing
credit
2. Obligations are
created
3. Consideration on
the part of the seller
is the price; on the
part of the buyer is
the acquisition of
1. Pre-existing credit
1.
2.
Obligations are
extinguished
3. Consideration of
the debtor is the
extinguishment
of
the debt; on the part
of the creditor, it is
the object
4. Greater freedom
in determining
the price
5. Buyer still has to

pay the price
the acquisition of
the object offered in
lieu of the original
credit
4. Less Freedom in
determining the
price
5.
The payment is
received by the
debtor
before
the contract is
perfected.
PRICE
The sum stipulated as the equivalent
of the thing sold and also every
incident taken into consideration for
the fixing of the price, put to the
debit of the vendee and agreed to by
him.
Requisites:
1. Certainty or ascertainable at the

time of perfection
2. Real, not fictitious
3. In some cases, must not be
grossly inferior to the value of
the thing sold.
4. Paid in money or its equivalent
Certainty
It is not necessary that the certainty
of the price be actual or determined
at the time of the execution of the
contract. The price is certain in the
following cases:
1. If the parties have fixed or
agreed upon a definite amount;
NOTE: The fixing of the price can
never be left to the discretion of one
of the contracting parties. However
if the price fixed by one of the
parties is accepted by the other, the
sale is perfected.
2. If it be certain with reference to
another thing certain
3. If the determination of the price
is left to the judgment of a
specified person or persons even
before such determination
4. In the cases provided under Art.
1472 NCC
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Effect when the price is fixed by the
third person designated:
GENERAL RULE: Price fixed by a third
person designated by the parties is
binding upon them.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. When the third person acts in
bad faith or by mistake
2. When the third person disregards
the specific instructions or the
procedure marked out by the
parties
Effect when the price is not fixed by
the third person designated:
1. If the third person refuses or
cannot fix the price, the
contract
shall
become
ineffective, unless the parties
subsequently agree upon the
price
2. If the third person is prevented
from fixing the price by the fault
of the seller or buyer, the party
not in fault may obtain redress
against the party in fault
Effect of Gross Inadequacy of Price:
1. Voluntary sales
GENERAL RULE: Mere inadequacy of
the price does not affect validity of the
sale.
A valuable consideration, however
small or nominal, if given or
stipulated in good faith is, in the
absence
of
fraud,
sufficient.
(Rodriguez vs. CA, 207 SCRA 553)
Future inheritance cannot be sold.
EXCEPTIONS:
a. Where low price indicates vice of
consent, sale may be annulled;
or contract is presumed to be an
equitable mortgage
b. Where the price is so low as to
be shocking to conscience,
sale may be set aside.
2. Involuntary or Forced sales
GENERAL RULE: Mere inadequacy of
the price is not a sufficient ground for
the cancellation of the sale if property is
real.
EXCEPTIONS:
a. Where the price is so low as to
be shocking to the moral
conscience, judicial sale of
personal property will be set
aside
b. In the event of a resale, a better
price can be obtained
NOTE: The validity of the sale is not
necessarily affected where the law gives
to the owner the right to redeem, upon
the theory that the lesser the price, the
easier it is for the owner to effect
redemption.
Effect where price is simulated
1. If it is shown to have been in reality
a donation or some other act or
contract
The sale is void but the

act or contract may be valid as a
donation
2. If not
The contract is void and
inexistent
Effect of Failure to determine price:
1. Where contract executory
The contract is
inefficacious
2. Where the thing has been delivered
to and appropriated by the buyer
The buyer must pay a reasonable
price therefore
Reasonable price generally the market
price at the time and place fixed by the
contract or by law for the delivery of the
goods
PERFECTION OF SALE
GENERAL RULE: It is perfected at the
moment there is meeting of the minds
upon a determinate thing (object), and a
certain price (consideration), even if
neither is delivered. A choice between
rescission and fulfilment, with damages
in either case)
NOTE: Sale is a consensual contract;
Hence, delivery and payment are not
essential for its perfection
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EXCEPTION: When the sale is subject
to a suspensive condition by virtue of
law or stipulation.
* The terms and conditions of payment
are merely accidental, not essential
elements of the contract of sale except
where the partied themselves stipulate
that in addition to the subject-matter
and the price, they are essential or
material to the contract.
Requirements for perfection
a. When parties are face to face
When an offer is accepted without
conditions or qualifications
NOTES:
A conditional acceptance is a
counter-offer
when negotiated thru phone it is
as if it is negotiated face to face
b. When
contract
is
thru
correspondence or thru telegram
When the offeror receives or has
knowledge of the acceptance by the
offeree
NOTE: If the buyer has already
accepted but the seller does not
know yet of the acceptance, the
seller may still withdraw
c. When a sale is subject to a
suspensive condition
From the moment the condition is
fulfilled
TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
GENERAL RULE: While a contract of
sale is consensual, ownership of the
thing sold is acquired only upon its
delivery, actual or constructive, to the
buyer. (Daus vs. Sps. De Leon, 16 June
2003)
This is true even if the purchase
has been made on credit.
Payment of the purchase price is
not essential to the transfer of
ownership, as long as the
property
sold
has
been
delivered. (Sampaguita Pictures,
Inc vs. Jalwindor Manufacturers,
Inc. 93 SCRA 420)
Nonpayment only creates a right
to demand payment or to rescind
the contract, or to criminal
prosecution in the case of
bouncing
checks.
(EDCA
Publishing
and
Distributing
Corp. vs. Santos, 184 SCRA 614)
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Contrary stipulation or Pactum
reservati
dominii
(contractual
reservation of title) a stipulation,
usually in sales by installment,
whereby, despite delivery of the
property sold, ownership remains
with the seller until full payment of
the price is made.
2. Contract to sell
3. Contract of insurance a perfected
contract of sale, even without
delivery, vests in the vendee an
equitable title, an existing interest
over the goods sufficient to be the
subject of insurance
RULES GOVERNING AUCTION SALES
1. Sales of separate lots by auction are
separate contracts of sale.
2. Sale is perfected by the fall of the
hammer
3. Seller has the right to bid in the
auction, provided:
a) such right was reserved
b) notice was given that the sale was
subject to a right to bid on behalf of the
seller
c) right is not prohibited by law or by
stipulation
4. Advertisements for bidders are simply
invitations to make proposals, and the
advertiser is not bound to accept the
highest or lowest bidder, unless the
contrary appears.
EFFECT OF PROMISE TREATED UNDER
ART. 1479 Civil Code:
1. Accepted unilateral promise to sell
or buy
Only one makes the promise, this
promise is accepted by the other.
Example: A promises to sell to B, B
accepts the promise, but does not in
turn promise to buy.
does not bind the promissor even if
accepted and may be withdrawn
anytime.
NOTE: Pending notice of its withdrawal,
the accepted promise partakes the
nature of an offer to sell which if
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119

accepted, results in a perfected contract
of sale (Sanchez vs. Rigos 45 SCRA3 68).
In other words, if the acceptance is
made before withdrawal, it constitutes a
binding contract of sale although the
option is given without consideration.
if the promise is supported by a
consideration distinct and separate
from the price (option money), its
acceptance will give rise to a
perfected contract.
2. Bilateral promise to buy and sell
One party accepts the others
promise to buy and the latter, the
formers
promise
to
sell
a
determinate thing for a price certain
it is reciprocally demandable
It requires no consideration distinct
from the selling price
NOTE: this is as good as a perfected
sale.
No title of dominion is
transferred as yet, the parties being
given only the right to demand
fulfillment or damages.
Policitation
An unaccepted unilateral promise to
buy or sell. Even if accepted by the
other party, it does not bind the
promissor and maybe withdrawn
anytime. This is a mere offer, and
has not yet been converted into a
contract.
Option contract
A contract granting a privilege in one
person, for which he has paid a
consideration, which gives him the
right to buy certain merchandise, at
anytime within the agreed period, at
a fixed price.
An option without consideration is
void and the effect is the same as if
there was no option
* However, in Sanchez vs. Rigos (1972),
even though the option was not
supported by a consideration, the
moment it was accepted, a perfected
contract of sale resulted, applying Art.
1324 of the NCC. In view of the ruling of
the Supreme Court, the only importance
of the consideration for an option is that
the option cannot be withdrawn by the

grantor after acceptance.
* In an option to buy, the party who has
an option may validly and effectively
exercise his right by merely notifying the
owner of the formers decision to buy
and expressing his readiness to pay the
stipulated price.
Right of First Refusal
It is a right of first priority all things
and conditions being equal; there
should be identity of the terms and
conditions to be offered to the
optionee and all other prospective
buyers, with optionee to enjoy the
right of first priority. A deed of sale
executed in favor of a third party
who cannot be deemed a purchaser
in good faith, and which is in
violation of the of the right of first
refusal granted to the optionee is
NOT voidable under the Statute of
Frauds, such contract is valid BUT
rescissible under Article 1380 to
1381(3) of the New Civil Code
(Guzman Bocaling & Co. vs.
Bonnavie; Riviera Filipina, Inc vs. CA
et.al. GR No. 117355, April 5, 2002).
The basis of the right of first refusal
must be the current offer to sell of
the seller or offer to purchase of any
prospective buyer. Only after the
optionee fails to exercise its right of
first priority under the same terms
and within the period contemplated
could the owner validly offer to sell
the property to a third person,
again, under the same terms as
offered to the optionee (Paranaque
Kings Enterprises, Inc. vs. CA GR No.
111538, February 26, 1997)
The lessees right of first option to
buy the leased property in case of its
sale is but a part of the bigger right
to lease the said property from the
lessor. The option was given to the
lessee because she was the lessee of
the subject property.
It was a
component of the consideration of
the lease. The option was by no
means an independent right which
can be exercised by the lessee. If
the lessee is barred by the contract
from assigning her right to lease the
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120

subject property to any other party,
the lessee is similarly barred to
assign her first option to buy the
leased
property
to
another.
(Bangayan et.al vs. CA and Lim GR
No.123581, August 29, 1997)
Earnest money or ARRAS is
something of value to show that the
buyer was really in earnest, and given to
the seller to bind the bargain. It is
considered as:
a) part of the purchase price
b) proof of perfection of the
contract
*It shall be deducted from the total
price.
Earnest money
Option money
1. Title passes to
the buyer upon
delivery of the
thing sold
1.
Ownership
is
reserved
to
the
seller and is not to
pass
until
full
payment
2.
In case of
non-payment, there
can be action for
specific performance
2.
In case of
non-payment, an
action for specific
performance
or
for rescission can
be filed by the
injured party
3. Part of the
purchase price
4. When given,
the buyer is bound
to pay the balance
5. Given when
there is already a
sale
3. Money given as a
distinct
consideration for an
option contract
4. The would-be
buyer is not required
to buy
5. Applies to a sale
not yet perfected
RULES ON RISK OF LOSS AND

DETERIORATION:
a. The thing sold is lost before
perfection: Seller bears the loss.
b. The thing sold is lost at the time of
perfection: Contract is void or
inexistent.
c. The thing sold is lost after
perfection, but before delivery:
GENERAL RULE: Who bears the risk

of loss is governed by the
stipulations in the contract
In
the
absence
of
any
stipulation:
First view:
Buyer bears the loss as an exception
to the rule of res perit domino.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. when object sold consists of
fungible goods for a price fixed
according to weight, number or
measure
2.
seller is guilty of fraud,
negligence, default or violation
of contractual terms
3. object sold is generic
(Civil Code of the Philippines, Paras)
NOTE:
This view conforms with
Manresas view. Buyer would have
been the one to profit from the thing
had it not been lost or destroyed.
Contrary view:
Where the ownership is transferred
by delivery, as in our code, the
application of the axiom res perit
domino, imposes the risk of loss
upon the vendor; hence, if the thing
is lost by fortuitous event before
delivery, the vendor suffers the loss
and cannot recover the price from
the vendee (Commentaries and
Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of
the Philippines, Tolentino)
d. The thing is lost after delivery:
Buyer bears the loss.
Question: If one does not comply, the
other need not pay?
Answer: True. But this only applies when
the seller is able to deliver but does not.
EFFECT OF LOSS AT THE TIME OF SALE:
a. Thing entirely lost at the time of
perfection: Contract is void and
inexistent
b. Thing only partially lost: Vendee
may elect between withdrawing
from the contract or demanding the
remaining
part,
paying
its
proportionate price
Sale by description
A sale where a seller sells things as
being of a certain kind, buyer merely
relying
on
the
sellers
representations or descriptions.
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121

There is warranty that the thing sold
corresponds to the representations

or descriptions.
Sale by sample
A sale where a small quantity of a
commodity is exhibited by the seller
as a fair specimen of the bulk, which
is not present and as to which there
is no opportunity to inspect or
examine.
NOTE: The mere exhibition of the
sample does not necessarily make it
a sale by sample. This exhibition
must have been the sole basis or
inducement of the sale.
There is warranty that the bulk of
the commodity will correspond in
kind, quality, and character with the
sample exhibited.
NOTE: In a sale by sample and by
description, there is a two-fold
warranty.
RIGHTS OF BUYER:
1) Return the thing and recover the
money paid, or
2) Retain the thing and sue for the
breach of warranty.
PURCHASE BY MINORS: Contract is
generally voidable but in case of
necessaries, where necessaries are sold
and delivered to a minor or other person
without capacity to act, he must pay a
reasonable price therefore. Necessaries
are those in Art. 290.
FORMALITIES OF CONTRACT OF SALE
GENERAL RULE: Sale is a consensual
contract and is perfected by mere
consent.
EXCEPTIONS:
In
order
to
be
enforceable by action, the following
must be in writing:
1. Sale of personal property at a
price not less than P500
2. Sale of real property or an
interest therein
3. Sale of property not to be
performed within a year from
the date thereof
4. Applicable statute requires

that the contract of sale be in a
certain form
NOTE: Statute of Frauds is applicable
only to executory contracts and not to
contracts which are totally or partially
performed.
CAPACITY TO BUY OR SELL

GENERAL RULE: All persons who can
bind themselves also have legal capacity
to buy and sell.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Absolute incapacity (minors,
demented persons, imbeciles,
deaf and dumb, prodigals, civil
interdictees) - party cannot bind
themselves in any case.
2. Relative incapacity incapacity
exists only with reference to
certain persons or a certain class
of property
Relative Incapacity
A. Husband and wife (Art. 1490):
Generally, a sale by one spouse to
another is void.
The husband and wife cannot sell
property to each other except:
1. When a separation of property
was agreed upon by the spouses
2. When there has been a judicial
separation of property under
Article 134 and 135 of the Family
Code
B. Incapacity by reason of relation to
property (Art. 1491)
The following persons cannot acquire
property by purchase, even at a
public auction, either in person or
through the mediation of another:
(GAEP-JO)
1. the guardian, with respect to the
property of his ward;
2. agents, with respect to the
property whose administration or
sale may have been entrusted to
them, unless the consent of the
principal has been given;
3. executor or administrator, with
respect to the property of the
estate under administration;
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4. public officers and employees,
with respect to the properties of
the government, its political
subdivisions, or GOCCs, that are
entrusted to them;
5. judges, justices, prosecuting
attorneys, clerks of courts, etc.,
with respect to the property in
custogia legis; and
Article 1491 and cannot work to

ratify a fictitious contract which
is non-existent and void from
the very beginning
b) With respect to nos. 4 to 6: the
sale is NULL AND VOID.
Reason: violation of public
policy cannot be subject to
ratification
6. any other person specially

disqualified by law.
Examples of persons especially
disqualified by law:
a. Aliens who are disqualified to
purchase agricultural lands
b. An unpaid seller having a right
of lien or having stopped the
goods in transitu, who is
prohibited from buying the goods
either directly or indirectly in
the resale of the same, at public
or private sale which he may
make
c. The officer holding the
execution, or his deputy.
NOTE: While those disqualified
under Arts. 1490 and 1491 may
not become lessees (Art. 1646),
still aliens may become lessees
even if they cannot buy lands.
OBLIGATIONS OF THE VENDOR: (WPDTT)

1. Transfer ownership (cannot be
waived)
2. Deliver the thing sold (cannot be
waived)
3. Warrant against eviction and against
hidden defects (can be waived or
modified since warranty is not an
essential element of the contract of
sale)
4. Take care of the thing, pending
delivery, with proper diligence
(Article 1163)
5. Pay for the expenses of the deed of
sale, unless there is stipulation to
the contrary
Effect of violation:
a) With respect to nos. 1 to 3: the
sale is VOIDABLE.
Reason: only private rights,
which are subject to ratification
are violated
NOTE: In the case of Lao vs.
Genato, 137 SCRA 77, the
Supreme Court found that the
sale by the administrator of
certain properties of the estate
in order to settle the existing
obligations of the estate was
made to the administrators son
for a grossly low price.
Furthermore, the said sale was
not submitted to the probate
court for approval as mandated
by the order authorizing the
administrator to sell. The sale
was indubitably illegal, irregular
and fictitious, and the courts
approval
of
the
assailed
compromise agreement violated
DELIVERY
Is a mode of acquiring ownership, as
a consequence of certain contracts
such as sale, by virtue of which,
actually or constructively, the object
is placed in the control and
possession of the vendee.
Delivery of the thing together
with the payment of the price,

marks the consummation of the
contract of sale(PNB vs. Ling, 69
Phil. 611)
In all forms of delivery, it is
necessary that the act of
delivery be coupled with the
intention of delivering the thing.
The act without the intention is
insufficient. (Norkis Distributor,
Inc. vs. CA, 195 SCRA 694)
Kinds:
1. Actual or real placing the thing

under the control and possession of
the buyer.
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2. Legal or constructive delivery is
represented by other signs or acts
indicative thereof
a. delivery by the execution of a
public instrument.
NOTE: Gives rise only to a prima
facie presumption of delivery which
is destroyed when actual delivery is
not effected because of a legal
impediment (Ten Forty Realty vs.
Cruz, 10 Sept. 2003)
b. traditio symbolica - to effect
delivery, the parties make use of
a token or symbol to represent
the thing delivered
c. traditio longa manu seller
pointing out to the buyer the
things which are transferred,
which at the time must be in
sight.
d. traditio brevi manu buyer
simply continues in possession of
the thing but under title of
ownership.
e. traditio
constitutum
possessorium seller continues
in possession but under a
different
title
other
than
ownership.
3. Quasi-tradition delivery of rights,
credits or incorporeal property,
made by:
a. placing titles of ownership in the
hands of buyer
b. allowing buyer to make use of
rights
4. Tradition by operation of law
Constructive delivery requires three
things before ownership may be
transferred:
1. The seller must have control over
the thing
2. The buyer must be put under control
3. There must be the intention to
deliver the thing for purposes of
ownership
When is the vendor not bound to
deliver the thing sold:
1. If the vendee has not paid him the
price
2. If no period for payment has been
fixed in the contract
3. Even if a period for payment has
been fixed in the contract, if the
vendee has lost the right to make

use of the same.
Sale or return
Property is sold, but the buyer, who
becomes the owner of the property
on delivery, has the option to return
the same to the seller instead of
paying the price.
NOTES:
It is a kind of sale with a condition
subsequent.
The buyer must comply with the
express
or
implied
conditions
attached to the return privilege;
otherwise,
the
sale
becomes
absolute.
Buyer, being the owner, bears the
risk of loss
Sale on trial, approval, or satisfaction
A contract in the nature of an option
to purchase if the goods prove to be
satisfactory, the approval of the
buyer being a condition precedent.
Rules:
1. title remains in the seller

2. risk of
loss remains with seller
except when the buyer is at fault or
has agreed to bear the loss
3. buyer must give goods a trial, except
where it is evident that it cannot
perform the work
4. period within which buyer must
signify his acceptance runs only
when all the parts essential for the
operation of the object have been
delivered.
5. if it is stipulated that a third person
must satisfy approval or satisfaction,
the provision is valid, but the third
person must be in good faith. If
refusal to accept is not justified,
seller may still sue.
6. Generally, the sale and delivery to a
buyer who is an expert on the object
purchased is not a sale on approval,
trial, or satisfaction.
Sale or return
Sale on Trial
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1. Subject to a
resolutory condition
1.
Subject
to
a
suspensive condition
2. Depends entirely
on the will of the
buyer
2. Depends on the
character or quality of
the goods
3.
Ownership
passes to the buyer
on delivery and
subsequent return
reverts ownership
in the seller
3. Ownership remains
in the seller until buyer
signifies his approval or
acceptance
to
the
seller
4. Risk of loss or
injury rests upon
the buyer
4. Risk of loss remains

with the seller
Instances where Seller is still the

Owner despite Delivery:
1. Sale on trial, approval or satisfaction
2. Contrary intention appears by the
term of the contract;
3. Implied reservation of ownership
(Article 1503)
a. If under the bill of lading, the
goods are deliverable to seller or
agent or their order;
b. If the bill of lading, although
stating that the goods are to be
delivered to the buyer or his
agent, is kept by the seller or his
agent;
a. When the buyer, although the
goods are deliverable to order of
buyer, and although the bill of
lading is given to him, does not
honor the bill of exchange sent
along with it.
Transfer of ownership where goods
sold delivered to carrier
General Rule: Delivery to the carrier is
deemed to be delivery to the buyer
Exception:
Where the right of
possession or ownership of specific goods
sold is reserved
SALE OF GOODS BY A NON-OWNER
GENERAL RULE: Buyer acquires no title
even if in good faith and for value under
the maxim Nemo dat quid non habet
(You cannot give what you do not
have).
EXCEPTIONS: (SMERVS)
1. Owner is estopped or precluded
by his conduct
2. When sale is made by the
registered owner or apparent
owner in accordance with
recording or registration laws
3. Sales sanctioned by judicial or

statutory authority
4. Purchases in a merchant's store,
fairs or markets
5. When a person who is not the
owner sells and delivers a thing,
subsequently
acquires
title
thereto (Art. 1434)
6. When the seller has a voidable
title which has not been avoided
at the time of the sale (Art.
1506)
* Unlawful deprivation is no longer
limited to a criminal act. There is
Unlawful Deprivation where there is no
valid transmission of ownership.
Place of delivery of goods
1. Where there is an agreement, place
of delivery is that agreed upon
2. Where there is no agreement, place
of delivery determined by usage of
trade
3. Where there is no agreement and no
prevalent usage, place of delivery is
the sellers place
4. In any other case, place of delivery
is the sellers residence
5. In case of specific goods, which to
the knowledge of the parties at the
time the contract was made were in
some other place, that place is the
place of delivery, in the absence of
agreement or usage of trade to the
contrary
Time of delivery of goods
1. Stipulated time
2. In the absence thereof, within a
reasonable time
NEGOTIABLE DOCUMENT OF TITLE
(NDT)
A document of title in which it is
stated that the goods referred to
therein will be delivered to the
bearer, or to the order of any person
named in such document.
May be negotiated by delivery or
indorsement.
The document is negotiable if:
1. The goods are deliverable to the
bearer; or
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2. If the goods are deliverable to the
order of a certain person
Persons who may negotiate NDT:
1. The owner; or
2. Any person to whom the possession
or custody thereof has been
entrusted by the owner, if by the
terms of the document the bailee
issuing the document undertakes to
deliver the goods to the order of the
person to whom the possession or
custody of the document has been
entrusted or if at the time of such
entrusting the document in such
form that it may be negotiated by
delivery.
* If the holder of a negotiable document
of title (deliverable to bearer) entrusts
the document to a friend for deposit,
but the friend betrays the trust and
negotiates the document by delivering it
to another who is in good faith, the said
owner cannot impugn the validity of the
negotiation. As between two innocent
persons, he who made the loss possible
shall bear the loss, without prejudice to
his right to recover from the wrongdoer.
RIGHTS
OF
PERSON
TO
WHOM
DOCUMENT HAS BEEN NEGOTIATED:
1) The title of the person negotiating the
document, over the goods covered by
the document;
2) The title of the person (depositor or
owner) to whose order by the terms of
the document the goods were to be
delivered, over such goods;
3) The direct obligation of the bailee to
hold possession of the goods for him, as
if the bailee had contracted to him
directly
NOTE; Mere transferee does not acquire
directly the obligation of the bailee (in
Art. 1513). To acquire it, he must notify
the bailee.
WHO
CAN
DEFEAT
RIGHTS
TRANSFEREE:
1. Creditor of transferor
2. Transferor
3. Subsequent purchaser
OF
RULES WHEN QUANTITY IS LESS THAN

AGREED UPON:
1. Buyer may reject; or

2. Buyer may accept what has been
delivered, at the contract rate
RULES WHEN QUANTITY IS MORE THAN
AGREED UPON:
1. Buyer may reject all; or
2. Buyer may accept the goods
agreed upon and reject the rest;
or
3. Buyer may accept all and must
pay for them at the contract
rate
NOTE: Acceptance, even if not express
may be implied when the buyer
exercises acts of ownership over the
excess goods.
RULES WHEN GOODS MIXED WITH
GOODS OF DIFFERENT DESCRIPTION:
Buyer may accept the goods which
are in accordance with the contract
and reject the rest
NOTE: If the subject matter is
indivisible, in case of delivery of larger
quantity of goods or of mixed goods, the
buyer may reject the whole of the goods
DELIVERY TO THE CARRIER
GENERAL RULE: Where the seller is
authorized or required to send the goods
to the buyer, delivery to the carrier is
delivery to the buyer.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. When a contrary intention
appears
2. Implied reservation of ownership
under pars. 1,2,3 of Art. 1503
Kinds of Delivery to the Carrier
a. C.I.F. (cost, insurance, freight)

signify that the price fixed
covers not only the costs of the
goods, but the expense of the
freight and the insurance to be
paid by the seller
b. F.O.B. (free on board) goods
are to be delivered free of
expense to the buyer to the
point where they are F.O.B. The
point of F.O.B., either at the
point of shipment or the point of
destination, determines when
the ownership passes.
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NOTE: the terms C.I.F. and F.O.B.
merely make rules of presumption
c. C.O.D. (collect on delivery) the
carrier acts for the seller in
collecting the purchase price,
which the buyer must pay to
obtain possession of the goods.
SELLERS DUTY AFTER DELIVERY TO
CARRIER
1. To enter on behalf of buyer into such
contract
reasonable
under
the
circumstances
2. To give notice to buyer regarding
necessity of insuring the goods
PAYMENT OF THE PURCHASE PRICE
GENERAL RULE: The seller is not bound
to deliver the thing sold unless the
purchase price has been paid.
EXCEPTION: The seller is bound to
deliver even if the price has not been
paid, if a period of payment has been
fixed.
Sale of Real Property by Unit
Entire area stated in the contract
must be delivered
When entire area could not be
delivered, vendee may:
1. Enforce the contract with the
corresponding decrease in price
2. Rescind the sale:
a. If the lack in area is at least
1/10 than that stated or
stipulated
b. If the deficiency in quality
specified in the contract
exceeds 1/10 of the price
agreed upon
c. If the vendee would not have
bought the immovable had
he known of its smaller area
of
inferior
quality
irrespective of the extent of
lack of area or quality
Sale for a Lump Sum (A Cuerpo Cierto)
Vendor is obligated to deliver all the
land included within the boundaries,
regardless of whether the real area
should be greater or smaller
Ordinarily, there can be no rescission
or reduction or increase whether the
area be greater or lesser, unless

there is gross mistake.
NOTE: The Civil Code presumes that the
purchaser had in mind a particular piece
of land and that he ascertained its area
and quality before the contract of sale
was perfected. If he did not do so, or if
having done so he made no objection
and consented to the transaction, he can
blame no one but himself (Teran vs.
Villanueva Viuda de Riosa 56 Phil 677).
What is important is the delivery
of all the land included in the
boundaries.
DOUBLE SALE (Art. 1544)
Requisites: VOCS
1. two or more transactions must
constitute valid sales;
2. they must pertain exactly to the
same object or subject matter;
3. they must be bought from the same
or immediate seller; AND
4. two or more buyers who are at odds
over the rightful ownership of the
subject matter must represent
conflicting interests.
Rules of preference:
1. Personal Property
a. first possessor in good faith
2. Real Property
a. first registrant in good faith
b. first possessor in good faith
c. person with oldest title in good
faith
NOTES:
Purchaser in Good Faith one who
buys the property of another without
notice that some other person has a
right to or interest in such property
and pays a full and fair price for the
same at the time of such purchase or
before he has notice of the claim or
interest of some other person in the
property (Veloso vs. CA).
Registration
requires
actual
recording; if the property was never
really registered as when the
registrar forgot to do so although he
has been handed the document,
there is no registration.
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127

is either actual or
constructive since the law made no
distinction (Sanchez vs. Ramos 40
Phil614)
Possession in Art.1544 includes not
only material but also symbolic
possession (Ten Forty Realty vs.
Cruz, 10 Sept. 2003.)
Title means title because of sale,
and not any other title or mode of
acquiring property (Lichauco vs.
Berenguer 39 Phil 642)
Hernandez vs. Katigbak Rule: When
the property sold on execution is
registered
under
Torrens,
registration is the operative act that
gives validity to the transfer or
creates a lien on the land, and a
purchaser on execution sale is not
required to go behind the registry to
determine the conditions of the
property. Exception: Where the
purchaser had knowledge, prior to or
at the time of the levy, of such
previous lien or encumbrance, his
knowledge
is
equivalent
to
registration.
either to refuse or proceed with the sale

or to waive the condition.
CONDITION
Effect of Non-fulfillment of Condition
1. If the obligation of either party
is subject to any condition and
such condition is not fulfilled,
such party may either:
a. refuse to proceed with the
contract
b. proceed with the contract ,
waiving the performance of
the condition.
2. If the condition is in the nature
of a promise that it should
happen, the non-performance of
such condition may be treated
by the other party as breach of
warranty.
WARRANTY
a statement or representation made
by
the
seller
of
goods,
contemporaneously and as a part of
the contract of sale, having
reference to the character, quality,
or title of the goods, and by which
he promises or undertakes to insure
that certain facts are or shall be as
he then represents.
Possession
NOTE: A distinction must be made

between a condition imposed on the
perfection of a contract and a condition
imposed merely on the performance of
an obligation. The failure to comply with
the first condition would prevent the
juridical relation itself from coming into
existence, while failure to comply with
the second merely gives the option
The mere fact that the second

contract of sale was perfected in
good faith is not sufficient if, before
title passes, the second vendee
acquires knowledge of the first
transaction.
The good faith or
innocence of the posterior vendee
needs to continue until his contract
ripens into ownership by tradition or
registration. (Palanca vs. Dir. Of
Lands, 46 PHIL 149)
EFFECT IF BUYER HAS ALREADY SOLD

THE GOODS:
General Rule: The unpaid sellers right
to lien or stoppage in transitu remains
even if buyer has sold the goods.
Except:
1) When the seller has given consent
thereto, or
2) When the buyer is a purchaser in good
faith for value of a negotiable document
of title.
Kinds:
1. EXPRESS any affirmation of fact or

any promise by the seller relating to
the thing if the natural tendency of
such affirmation or promise is to
induce the buyer to purchase the
same and if the buyer purchases the
thing relying thereon
NOTE: A mere expression of opinion, no
matter how positively asserted, does not
import a warranty unless the seller is an
expert and his opinion was relied upon
by the buyer.
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2. IMPLIED
- that which the law
derives by implication or inference
from the nature of the transaction or
the
relative
situation
or
circumstances
of
the
parties,
irrespective of any intention of the
seller to create it.
a. Warranty against eviction
b. Warranty against hidden defects
c. Warranty as to Fitness and
Merchantability
NOTE: An implied warranty is a natural,
not an essential element of a contract,
and is deemed incorporated in the
contract of sale. It may however, be
waived
or
modified
by
express
stipulation. (De Leon)
There is no implied warranty as to the
condition,
adaptation,
fitness
or
suitability or the quality of an article
sold as a second-hand article. But such
articles might be sold under such
circumstances as to raise an implied
warranty.
* A certification issued by a vendor that
a second-hand machine was in A-1
condition is an express warranty binding
on the vendor. (Moles vs. IAC [1989])
A. Warranty against eviction
Warranty in which the seller
guarantees that he has the right to
sell the thing sold and to transfer
ownership to the buyer who shall not
be disturbed in his legal and
peaceful possession thereof.
Elements:
1. vendee is deprived, in whole or

in part, of the thing purchased;
2. the deprivation is by virtue of a
final judgment;
3. the judgment is based on a prior
right to the sale or an act
imputable to the vendor;
4. the vendor was summoned in the
suit for eviction at the instance
of the vendee; AND
5. no waiver of warranty by the
vendee.
Vendor's liability shall consist of:
1. Total eviction: (VICED)

a. Value of the thing at the time of
eviction;
b. Income or fruits if he has been

ordered to deliver them to the
party who won the suit;
c. Costs of the suit;
d. Expenses of the contract; AND
e. Damages and interests if the sale
was in bad faith.
2. Partial eviction:
a. to enforce vendors liability
for eviction (VICED); OR
b. to demand rescission of
contract.
Question: Why is rescission not a remedy
in case of total eviction?
Answer: Rescission contemplates that
the one demanding it is able to return
whatever he has received under the
contract. Since the vendee can no longer
restore the subject-matter of the sale to
the vendor, rescission cannot be carried
out.
* The suit for the breach can be directed
only against the immediate seller, not
sellers of the seller unless such sellers
had promised to warrant in favor of later
buyers or unless the immediate seller
has expressly assigned to the buyer his
own right to sue his own seller.
NOTE: The disturbance referred to in
the case of eviction is a disturbance in
law which requires that a person go to
the courts of justice claiming the thing
sold, or part thereof and invoking
reasons. Mere trespass in fact does not
give rise to the application of the
doctrine of eviction.
Vendors liability is waivable but any
stipulation exempting the vendor

from the obligation to answer for
eviction shall be void if he acted in
bad faith.
Kinds of Waiver:
a. Consciente voluntarily
made by the vendee without
the
knowledge
and
assumption of the risks of
eviction
NOTE: vendor shall pay only the
value which the thing sold had at
the time of eviction
b. Intencionada made by the
vendee with knowledge of
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129

the risks of eviction and
assumption
of
its
consequences
EFFECT: vendor not liable
NOTE: Every waiver is presumed to be
consciente. To consider it intencionada,
it must be accompanied by some
circumstance
which
reveals
the
vendors knowledge of the risks of
eviction and his intention to submit to
such consequences.
WHERE IMMOVABLE SOLD ENCUMBERED
WITH NON-APPARENT BURDEN
1. Right of vendee
a) recission, or
b) indemnity
2. When right cannot be exercised:
a) if the burden or servitude is
apparent
b) if the non-apparent burden or
servitude is registered
c) if vendee had knowledge of the
encumbrance, whether it is registered
or not
3. When action must be brought
- within ONE YEAR from the
execution of the deed of sale
B. Warranty against hidden defects
guarantees that the thing sold is free
from any hidden faults or defects or
any charge or encumbrance not
declared or known to the buyer.
Elements: (SHENPW)
1. defect must be Serious or

important;
2. it must be Hidden;
3. it must Exist at the time of the
sale;
4. vendee must give Notice of the
defect to the vendor within a
reasonable time;
5. action for rescission or reduction
of price must be brought within
the proper Period (within 6 mos.
from delivery of the thing or 40
days from date of delivery in
case of animals); and
6. no Waiver of the warranty.
a. Accion redhibitoria (rescission)

b. Accion quanti minoris (reduction
of the price)
NOTES:
Hidden faults or defects pertain only
to those that make the object unfit
for the use for which it was intended
at the time of the sale.
This warranty in Sales is applicable
in Lease (Yap vs. Tiaoqui 13Phil433)
Effect of loss of thing on account of
hidden defects:
1. If vendor was aware of hidden
defects, he shall bear the loss and
vendee shall have the right to
recover: (PED)
a. the price paid
b. expenses of the contract
c. damages
2. If vendor was not aware, he shall be
obliged to return: (PIE)
a. price paid
b. interest thereon
c. expenses of the contract if paid
by the vendee
Effect if the cause of loss was not the
hidden defect
If the thing sold had any hidden

fault at the time of the sale, and
should thereafter be lost by a (1)
fortuitous event OR (2) through the
fault of the vendee:
the vendee may demand of the
vendor the price which he paid
less the value of the thing at the
time of its loss.
NOTE: the difference between the
price paid and the value of the thing
at the time of its loss represents the
damage suffered by the vendee and
the amount which the vendor
enriched himself at the expense of
the vendee
If the vendor acted in bad faith:

vendor shall pay damages to the
vendee
C. Implied Warranties of Quality
Warranty of Fitness
guarantees that the thing sold is
reasonably fit for the known
Remedies of the Vendee:

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130

particular purpose for which it was
acquired by the buyer
GENERAL RULE: There is no implied

warranty as to the quality or fitness for
any particular purpose of goods under a
contract of sale
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Where the buyer, expressly or by
implication manifests to the
seller the particular purpose for
which the goods are required
2. Where the buyer relies upon the
sellers skill or judgment
Warranty of Merchantability
guarantees, where the goods were
bought by description, that they are
reasonably fit for the general
purpose for which they are sold
It requires identity between what is
described in the contract AND what
is tendered, in the sense that the
latter is of such quality to have some
value
Instances where implied warranties are
inapplicable:
1. As is and where is sale - vendor
makes no warranty as to the quality
or workable condition of the goods,
and that the vendee takes them in
the condition in which they are
found and from the place where they
are located.
2. Sale of second-hand articles
3. Sale by virtue of authority in fact or
law
Caveat Venditor (Let the seller
beware): the vendor is liable to the
vendee for any hidden faults or defects
in the thing sold, even though he was not
aware thereof.
Caveat Emptor (Let the buyer
beware): requires the purchaser to be
aware of the supposed title of the
vendor and one who buys without
checking the vendors title takes all the
risks and losses consequent to such
failure.
RULES IN CASE OF SALE OF ANIMALS
1. When two or more animals have been

sold at the same time and the
redhibitory defect is in one, or some of
them but not in all, the general rule is
that the redhibition will not affect the
others without it.
It is immaterial
whether the price has been fixed for a
lump sum for all the animals or for a
separate price for each.
2. No warranty against hidden defects of
animals sold at fairs or at public
auctions, or of livestock sold as
condemned.
This is based on the
assumption that the defects must have
been clearly known to the buyer.
3. Sale of animals shall be void when:
a) animals sold are suffering from
contagious disease
b) if the use or service for which
they are acquired has been stated in the
contract, and they are found to be unfit
therefor
4. Limitation of the action: 40 days
from the date of their delivery to the
vendee
5. Vendor shall be liable if the animal
should die within 3 days after its
purchase if the disease which caused the
death existed at the time of the contract
OBLIGATIONS OF THE VENDEE:
A. Principal Obligations:
1. To accept delivery
2. To pay the price of the thing sold in
legal tender unless another mode has
been agreed upon
NOTE:
A grace period granted the
vendee in case of failure to pay the
amount/s due is a right not an
obligation. The grace period must not
be likened to an obligation, the nonpayment of which, under Article 1169 of
the Civil Code, would still generally
require judicial or extra-judicial demand
before default can be said to arise
(Bricktown Devt Corp vs. Amor Tierra
Devt Corp. 57SCRA437)
B. Other Obligations
1. To take care of the goods without
the obligation to return, where the
goods are delivered to the buyer and
he rightfully refuses to accept
NOTES:
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131

The buyer in such a case is in the
position of a bailee who has had
goods thrust upon him without
his assent. He has the obligation
to take reasonable care of the
goods but nothing more can be
demanded of him.
The goods in the buyers
possession
under
these
circumstances are at the sellers
risk
2. To be liable as a depositary if he
voluntarily constituted himself as
such
3. To pay interest for the period
between delivery of the thing and
the payment of the price in the
following cases:
a. Should it have been stipulated
b. Should the thing sold and
delivered produce fruits or
income
c. Should he be in default, from the
time of judicial or extra-judicial
demand for the payment of the
price
Pertinent Rules:
1. The vendor is not required to deliver
the thing sold until the price is paid
nor the vendee to pay the price
before the thing is delivered in the
absence of an agreement to the
contrary (Article 1524).
2. If stipulated, the vendee is bound to
accept delivery and to pay the price
at the time and place designated;
3. If there is no stipulation as to the
time and place of payment and
delivery, the vendee is bound to pay
at the time and place of delivery
4. In the absence of stipulation as to
the place of delivery, it shall be
made wherever the thing might be at
the moment the contract was
perfected (Article 1251)
5. If only the time for delivery has been
fixed in the contract, the vendee is
required to pay even before the
thing is delivered to him; if only the
time for payment has been fixed,
the vendee is entitled to delivery
even before the price is paid by him
(Article 1524)
Ways of accepting goods:
1. Express acceptance
2. Implied acceptance
a. When buyer does an act which
only an owner can do,
b. Failure to return goods after
reasonable lapse of time
NOTES:
The retention of goods is strong
evidence that the buyer has
accepted ownership of the goods.
Delivery and acceptance are two
separate and distinct acts of
different parties
Delivery is an act of the vendor
and one of the vendors
obligations; vendee has nothing
to do with the act of delivery by
the vendor
Acceptance is an obligation of
the vendee; acceptance cannot
be regarded as a condition to
complete delivery;
seller must comply with the
obligation to deliver although
there is no acceptance yet by
the buyer
Acceptance by the buyer may
precede actual delivery; there may
be
actual
receipt
without
acceptance and there may be
acceptance without receipt
Unless otherwise agreed upon,
acceptance of the goods by the
buyer does not discharge the seller
from liability for damages or other
legal remedy like for breach of any
promise or warranty
When vendee may suspend payment of
the price:
1. If he is disturbed in the possession or
ownership of the thing bought
2. If he has well-grounded fear that his
possession or ownership would be
disturbed by a vindicatory action or
foreclosure of mortgage
NOTES:
If the thing sold is in the possession
of the vendee and the price is
already in the hands of the vendor,
the sale is a consummated contract
and Article 1590 is no longer
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132
applicable.
Article
1590,
presupposes that the price or any
part thereof has not yet been paid
and the contract is not yet
consummated.
Under Article 1590, the vendee has
no cause of action for rescission
before final judgement, otherwise
the vendor might become a victim of
machinations between the vendee
and the third person
Disturbance must be in possession
and ownership of the thing acquired
If the disturbance is caused by the
existence of non-apparent servitude,
the remedy of the buyer is
rescission,
not
suspension
of
payment.
When vendee cannot suspend payment

of the price even if there is
disturbance in the possession or
ownership of the thing sold:
1. if the vendor gives security for the
return of the price in a proper case
2. if it has been stipulated that
notwithstanding
any
such
contingency, the vendee must make
payment (see Article 1548 par.3)
3. if the vendor has caused the
disturbance or danger to cease
4. if the disturbance is a mere act of
trespass
5. if the vendee has fully paid the price
REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT
A. Remedies of the seller
1. Action for payment of the price (Art.
1595)
2. Action for damages for nonacceptance of the goods (Art. 1596)
3. Action for rescission (Art. 1597)
B. Remedies of the buyer
1. Action for specific performance (Art.
1598)
2. Action for rescission or damages for
breach of warranty (Art 1599)
A. REMEDIES OF THE SELLER FOR
BREACH OF CONTRACT
IN CASE OF MOVABLES
1. Ordinary Remedies
a. Movables in General Failure of
the vendee to appear to receive
delivery or, having appeared,

failure to tender the price at the
same time, unless, a longer
period for its payment has been
stipulated
action to rescind the sale
(Art. 1593)
b. Sale of Goods
action for the price (Art.
1595)
action for damages (Art.
1596)
2. Unpaid Seller
Types:
a. The seller of the goods who has
not been paid or to whom the
price has not been tendered
b. The seller of the goods, in case a
bill of exchange or other
negotiable instrument has been
received as conditional payment,
AND the condition on which it
was received has been broken by
reason of the dishonor of the
instrument, insolvency of the
buyer or otherwise.
Remedies:
1. Possessory lien over the goods
2. Right of stoppage in transitu
after he has parted with the
possession of the goods and the
buyer becomes insolvent
3. Special Right of resale
4. Special Right to rescind the sale
5. Action for the price
6. Action for damages
3. Article 1484 or Recto Law
Remedies of vendor in sale of
personal property by installments
Requisites:
1. Contract of sale
2. Personal property
3. Payable in installments
4. In the case of the second and
third remedies, that there has
been a failure to pay two or
more installments
NOTE: Apply likewise to contracts
purporting to be leases of personal
property with option to buy
Art. 1484 does not apply to a sale:
1. Payable on straight terms (partly
in cash and partly in one term)
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133
2. Of Real property
Remedies:
1. Specific
performance
upon
vendees failure to pay
NOTE: Does not bar full recovery for
judgment secured may be executed
on all personal and real properties of
the buyer which are not exempt
from execution (Palma v. CA.)
2. Rescission of the sale if vendee
shall have failed to pay two or
more installments
NOTES:
Nature of the remedy which
requires mutual restitution bars
further action on the purchase
price (Nonato vs. IAC.)
GENERAL RULE: cancellation
of
sale
requires
mutual
restitution, that is all partial
payments of price or rents must
be returned
EXCEPTIONS: a stipulation that
the installments or rents paid
shall not be returned to the
vendee or lessee shall be valid
insofar as the same may not be
unconscionable
under
the
circumstan-ces (Article 1486).
3. Foreclosure of the chattel
mortgage on the thing sold if
vendee shall have failed to pay
two or more installments. In this
case, there shall be no further
action against the purchaser to
recover unpaid balance of the
price.
NOTES:
Further recovery barred only from
the time of actual sale at public auction
conducted pursuant to foreclosure
(Macondray vs. Tan.)
Other chattels given as security
cannot be foreclosed if they are not
subject of the installment sale (Ridad vs.
Filipinas investment and Finance Corp.
GR 39806, Jan. 28, 1983)
If the vendor assigns his right to a
financing company, the latter may be
regarded as a collecting agency of the
vendor and cannot therefore recover any
deficiency from the vendee (Zayas vs.
Luneta Motors Co.)
When the vendor assigns his credit to

another person, the latter is likewise
bound by the same law. Accordingly,
when the assignee forecloses on the
mortgage, there can be no further
recovery of the deficiency and the
vendor-mortgagee is deemed to have
renounced any right thereto (Borbon II
vs.
Servicewide
Specialist,
Inc.
258SCRA658)
NOTE: However, Article 1484(3) does
NOT bar one to whom the vendor has
assigned on with a recourse basis his
credit against the vendee from
recovering from the vendor the
assigned credit in full although the
vendor may have no right of recovery
against the vendee for the deficiency
(Filipinas Invest. & Finance Corp. vs.
Vitug, Jr. 28SCRA658)
NOTE: Remedies are alternative and
exclusive
IN CASE OF IMMOVABLES
1. Ordinary Remedies
a. In case of anticipatory breach
rescission (Article 1591)
b. Failure to pay the purchase price
rescission upon judicial or

notarial
demand
for
rescission (Article 1592)
the vendee may pay, even
after the expiration of the
period, as long as no demand
for rescission has been made
upon him
NOTE: Article 1592 does not
apply to:
1) Sale on instalment of real
estate
2) Contract to sell
3) Conditional sale
4) Cases covered by RA 6552:
Realty Installment buyer
protection act
2. R.A. No. 6552 or Maceda Law
An Act to Provide Protection to
buyers of Real Estate on Installment
Payments
Law governing sale or financing of
real estate on installment payments
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134

Requisites:
1. transactions
or
contracts
involving the sale OR financing of
real estate on installment
payments, including residential
condominium apartments; and
2. buyer defaults in payment of
succeeding installments.
Rights of the buyer:
A. If Buyer has paid at least two

(2) years of installments
1. The buyer must pay, without
additional interest, the unpaid
installments due within the total
grace period earned by him.
There shall be one (1) month
grace period for every one (1)
year of installment payments
made
NOTE:
This right shall be
exercised by the buyer ONLY
once in every 5 years of the life
of the contract
AND its
extensions.
2. Actual cancellation can only take
place after 30 days from receipt
by the buyer of the notice of
cancellation OR demand for
rescission by a notarial act AND
upon full payment of the cash
surrender value to the buyer
(Olympia Housing vs. Panasiatic,
16 January 2003.)
NOTE: The seller shall refund to
the buyer the cash surrender
value of the payments on the
property equivalent to 50% of
the total payments made. After
five (5) years of installments,
there shall be an additional 5%
every year but not to exceed 90%
of the total payments made
3. The buyer shall have the right to
sell his rights or assign the same
to another person OR to
reinstate
the
contract
by
updating the account during the
grace period and before actual
cancellation of the contract
4. The buyer shall have the right to
pay in advance any installment
or the full unpaid balance of the
purchase price any time without
interest and to have such full
payment of the purchase price

annotated in the certificate of
title covering the property.
B. If Buyer has paid less than 2
years of installments
1. The seller shall give the buyer a
grace period of NOT less than 60
days from the date the
installment became due. If the
buyer
fails
to
pay
the
installments
due
at
the
expiration of the grace period,
the seller may cancel the
contract after 30 days from
receipt by the buyer of the
notice of cancellation or the
demand
for
rescission
of
contract by a notarial act.
2. Same No. 3 and 4 paragraph A
above
NOTE:
Down payments, deposits or
options on the contract shall be included
in the computation of the total number
of installment payments made
Remedies of Unpaid Seller
I. Possessory Lien
When may be exercised:
1. Where the goods have been sold
without any stipulation as to
credit
2. When the goods have been sold
on credit, but the term of credit
has expired
3. Where the buyer becomes
insolvent
When lost:
1. Delivery of the goods to a carrier
or bailee for the purpose of
transmission
to
the
buyer
without reserving ownership or
right of possession
2. When the buyer lawfully obtains
possession of the goods
3. By waiver of the lien
NOTE: Possessory lien is lost after the
seller loses possession but his lien as an
unpaid seller remains; hence he is still
an unpaid creditor with respect to the
price of specific goods sold.
His
preference can only be defeated by the
governments claim to the specific tax on
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135

the goods themselves (Arts. 2247 and
2241).
NOTE: The bringing of an action to
recover the purchase price is not one of
the ways of losing the possessory lien.
An unpaid seller does not lose his lien by
reason that he has obtained a money
judgement or decree for the price of
goods (Art. 1529, last paragraph).
mere bailee, and will be liable as

such.
3. The carrier should not deliver
anymore to the buyer or the latters
agent; otherwise he will clearly be
liable for damages.
4. The carrier must redeliver to, or
according to the directions of the
seller.
II. Stoppage of goods in transitu

Requisites:
1. Seller must be unpaid
2. Buyer must be insolvent
3. Goods must be in transit
4. Seller must either:
a. actually take possession of
the goods sold OR
b. give notice of his claim to
the carrier or other person in
possession
5. Seller
must
surrender
the
negotiable document of title, if
any, issued by the carrier or
bailee
6. Seller must bear the expenses of
delivery of the goods after the
exercise of the right
WAYS OF EXERCISING THE RIGHT TO

STOP:
1. By taking actual possession of the
goods
2. By giving notice of his claim to the
carrier or bailee
GOODS ARE CONSIDERED IN TRANSITU:

1. after delivery to a carrier or other
bailee and before the buyer or his agent
takes delivery of them; and
2. If the goods are rejected by the
buyer, and the carrier or other bailee
continues in possession of them
GOODS ARE NO LONGER CONSIDERED IN
TRANSITU:
1. after delivery to the buyer or his
agent in that behalf;
2. if the buyer or his agent obtains
possession of the goods at a point before
the destination originally fixed;
3.
if the carrier or the bailee
acknowledges to hold the goods on
behalf of the buyer; and
4. if the carrier or bailee wrongfully
refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer
Effects of the exercise of the right
1. The goods are no longer in transit.

2. The contract of carriage ends;
instead the carrier now becomes a
III. Special Right of Resale

May be exercised only when the
unpaid seller has either a right of
lien OR has stopped the goods in
transitu AND under ANY of the
following conditions:
1. Where the goods are perishable
in nature
2. Where the right to resell is
expressly reserved in case the
buyer should make a default
3. Where the buyer delays in the
payment of the price for an
unreasonable time
IV. Rescission
Types:
1. Special Right to Rescind Under
Art. 1534 If the seller has
either the right of lien OR a right
to stop the goods in transitu AND
under either of 2 situations:
a. Where the right to rescind on
default has been expressly
reserved
b. Where the buyer has been in
default for an unreasonable
time
2. Under Art. 1597 (technical
rescission)
V. Action for the price
1. Where the ownership has passed
to the buyer AND he wrongfully
neglects OR refuses to pay for
the price
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136

2. Where the price is payable on a
day certain AND he wrongfully
neglects OR refuses to pay for
the price, irrespective of the
delivery or transfer of title
3. Where the goods cannot readily
be resold for a reasonable price
AND the buyer wrongfully refuses
to accept them even before the
ownership of the goods has
passed, if Article 1596 is
inapplicable.
VI. Action for damages
1. In case of wrongful neglect or
refusal by the buyer to accept or
pay for the thing sold (Art. 1596
par.1)
2. In an executory contract, where
the ownership in the goods has
not passed, and the seller cannot
maintain an action to recover
the price (Art 1595)
3. If the goods are not yet
identified at the time of the
contract or subsequently
B. REMEDIES OF THE BUYER FOR
BREACH OF CONTRACT
1. Action for specific performance
(Art. 1598)
Where the seller has broken the
contract to deliver specific or
ascertained goods
The judgment or decree may be
unconditional, or upon such terms
and conditions as to damages,
payment of the price and otherwise
as the court may deem just
2. Remedies of buyer for breach of
warranty by seller (Art. 1599):
1. Recoupment accept the goods and
set up the sellers breach to reduce
or extinguish the price
2. Accept the goods and maintain an
action for damages for breach of
warranty
3. Refuse to accept the goods and
maintain an action for damages for
breach of warranty
4. Rescind the contract by returning or
offering the return of the goods, and
recover the price of any part thereof
NOTE: These are alternative remedies.
When rescission by buyer not allowed:

1. if the buyer accepted the goods
knowing of the breach of warranty
without protest
2. if he fails to notify the seller within a
reasonable time of his election to
rescind
3. if he fails to return or offer to return
the goods in substantially as good
condition as they were in at the time of
the transfer of ownership to him
EXTINGUISHMENT OF SALE
1. Same causes as in all
obligations
2. Conventional Redemption
3. Legal Redemption
other
CONVENTIONAL REDEMPTION
The right which the vendor reserves
to himself, to reacquire the property
sold provided he returns to the
vendee:
b. the price of the sale;
c. expenses of the contract;
d. any other legitimate payments
made therefore and;
e. the
necessary
and
useful
expenses made on the thing sold;
and
f. fulfills other stipulations which
may have been agreed upon.
A sale with conventional redemption is
deemed to be an equitable mortgage
in any of the following cases:
(IPERTOD)
1. Unusually
Inadequate
purchase
price;
2. Possession by the vendor remains, as
lessee or otherwise;
3. Extension of redemption period after
expiration;
4. Retention by the vendee of part of
the purchase price;
5. Vendor binds himself to pay the
Taxes of the thing sold;
6. Any Other case where the parties
really intended that the transaction
should secure the payment of a debt
or
the
performance
of
any
obligation; or
7. When there is Doubt as to whether
contract is contract of sale with right
CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE


137

of repurchase
mortgage.
or
an
equitable
Equitable Mortgage
One which lacks the proper
formalities, form of words, or other
requisites prescribed by law for a
mortgage, but shows the intention of
the parties to make the property
subject of the contract as security
for a debt and contains nothing
impossible or contrary to law
(Cachola vs. CA 208SCRA496)
* When can there be presumption as to
Equitable Mortgage?
1) Parties must have entered into a
contract denominated as a contract of
sale
2) The intention of the parties was to
secure an existing debt by way of
mortgage
NOTE: In the cases referred to in Arts.
1602 and 1604, the apparent vendor may
ask for the reformation of the
instrument.
Remedy of Reformation: To correct the
instrument so as to make it express the
true intent of the parties.
Redemption Period
a. if there is an agreement: period
agreed upon cannot exceed 10 years
b. if no agreement as to the period: 4
years from the date of the contract
c. the vendor who fails to repurchase
the property within the period
agreed upon may, however, exercise
the right to repurchase within 30
days FROM the time final judgment
was rendered in a civil action on the
basis that the contract was a true
sale with right of repurchase
This refers to cases involving a
transaction where one of the
parties contests or denies that
the true agreement is one of sale
with right to repurchase; not to
cases where the transaction is
conclusively a pacto de retro
sale. Example: Where a buyer a
retro honestly believed that he
entered merely into an Equitable
Mortgage, not a pacto de retro
transaction, and because of such
belief he had not redeemed

within the proper period.
NOTE: Tender of payment is
sufficient to compel redemption, but
is not in itself a payment that
relieves the vendor from his liability
to pay the redemption price (Paez
vs. Magno.)
LEGAL REDEMPTION
The right to be subrogated, upon the
same terms and conditions stipulated
in the contract, in the place of one
who acquires a thing by (1) purchase
or (2) dation in payment, or (3) by
any other transaction whereby
ownership is transferred by onerous
title.
May be effected against movables or
immovables.
It must be exercised within thirty
(30) days from the notice in writing
by the vendor.\
NOTE: Written notice under Article 1623
is mandatory for the right of redemption
to commence (PSC vs. Sps. Valencia 19
August 2003.)
BASIS OF LEGAL REDEMPTION: Not on
any proprietary right, which after the
sale of the property on execution, leaves
the judgment debtor and vests in the
purchaser, but on a bare statutory
privilege to be exercised only by the
persons named in the statute.
Tender of payment is not necessary;

offer to redeem is enough.
PRE-EMPTION
1. arises before
sale
2. no rescission
because no sale as
yet exists
3. the action is
directed
against
the
prospective
seller
REDEMPTION
1. arises after sale
2. there can be
rescission of the
original sale
3. action is directed
against the buyer
Instances of legal redemption:

A. Under the Civil Code
redemption):
(legal
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138

1. Sale of a co-owner of his share
to a stranger (Article 1620)
2. When
a credit
or other
incorporeal right in litigation is
sold (Article 1634)
3. Sale of an heir of his hereditary
rights to a stranger (Article
1088)
4. Sale of adjacent rural lands not
exceeding one hectare (Article
1621)
5. Sale of adjacent small urban
lands
bought
merely
for
speculation (Article 1622)
B. Under special laws:
1. An equity of redemption in cases
of judicial foreclosures
2. A right of redemption in cases of
extra-judicial foreclosures
3. Redemption of homesteads
4. Redemption in tax sales
5. Redemption by an agricultural
tenant of land sold by the
landowner
ASSIGNMENT OF CREDIT
a contract by which the owner of a
credit transfers to another his rights
and actions against a third person in
consideration of a price certain in
money or its equivalent
NOTE: Transfer of rights by assignment
takes place by the perfection of the
contract of assignment without the
necessity of delivering the document
evidencing the credit.
this rule does not apply to
negotiable
documents
and
documents of title which are
governed by special laws.
Effects of Assignment:
1. transfers the right to collect the full

value of the credit, even if he paid a
price less than such value
2. transfers all the accessory rights
3. debtor can set up against the
assignee all the defenses he could
have set up against the assignor
Effect of payment by the debtor after
assignment of credit
1. Before Notice of the assignment
Payment to the original creditor
is valid and debtor shall be

released from his obligation
2. After Notice
Payment to the original creditor
is not valid as against the
assignee
He can be made to pay again by
the assignee
Warranties of the assignor of credit:
a. He warrants the existence of the
credit
b. He warrants the legality of the
credit at the perfection of the
contract
NOTE: There is no warranty as to the
solvency of the debtor unless it is
expressly stipulated OR unless the
insolvency was already existing and of
public knowledge at the time of the
assignment
NOTE: The seller of an inheritance
warrants only the fact of his heirship but
not the objects which make up his
inheritance.
Liabilities of the assignor of credit for
violation of his warranties
1. Assignor in good faith
Liability is limited only to the
price received and to the
expenses of the contract, and
any other legitimate payments
by reason of the assignment
2. Assignor in bad faith
Liable not only for the payment
of the price and all the expenses
but also for damages
Legal Redemption in Sale or Credit or
other incorporeal right in litigation
Requisites:
1. There must be a sale or assignment
of credit
2. There must be a pending litigation at
the time of the assignment
3. The debtor must pay the assignee:
a. price paid by him
b. judicial cost incurred by him;
AND
c. interest on the price from the
date of payment
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4. The right must be exercised by the
debtor within 30 days from the date
the assignee demands (judicially or
extra-judicially) payment from him
SALE
OF
CREDIT
OR
OTHER
INCORPOREAL RIGHTS IN LITIGATION
GENERAL RULE: Debtor has the right of
legal redemption in sale of credit or
incorporeal rights in litigation
EXCEPTIONS:
a. Sale to a co-heir or co-owner
b. Sale to a co-owner
c. Sale to the possessor of property
in question
BARTER
BARTER
contract whereby one of the parties
binds himself to give one thing in
consideration of the other's promise
to give another thing (Article 1638)
NOTE: Barter is similar to a sale with
the only difference that instead of
paying a price in money, another thing is
given in lieu of the purchase price
PERFECTION and CONSUMMATION
Perfected from the moment there is
a meeting of minds upon the things
promised
by
each
party
in
consideration of the other
Consummated from the time of

mutual delivery by the contracting
parties of the things promised
NOTES:
Where the giver of the thing
bartered is not the lawful owner
thereof, the aggrieved party cannot
be compelled to deliver the thing
which he has promised and is also
entitled to damages.
Where a party is evicted of the thing
exchanged, the injured party is given
the option, either to recover the
property he has given in exchange
with damages or only claim an
indemnity for damages.
As to matters not provided for by the

provisions on barter, the provisions
on sales will apply suppletorily
BULK SALES LAW (Act No. 3952)
When Sale or Transfer in Bulk:
Any sale, transfer, mortgage, or
assignment:
1. Of a stock of goods, wares,
merchandise,
provisions,
or
materials otherwise than in the
ordinary course of trade and the
regular prosecution of business; or
2. Of all or substantially all, of the
business or trade; or
3. Of all or substantially all, of the
fixtures and equipment used in the
business of the vendor, mortgagor,
transferor or assignor (section 2)
When sale or transfer in bulk not
covered by Bulk Sales Law:
1. If the sale or transfer is in the
ordinary course of trade and the
regular prosecution of business of
the vendor;
2. If it is made by one who produces
and delivers a written waiver of the
provisions of the Bulk Sales Act from
his creditors
3. If it is made by an executor,
administrator, receiver, assignee in
insolvency, or public officer, acting
under judicial process (Section 8);
and
4. If it refers to properties exempt from
attachment or execution (Rules of
Court, Rule 39, Section 12)
Protection Accorded to Creditors by
Bulk Sales Law:
1. It requires the vendor, mortgagor,
transferor or assignor to deliver to
the vendee, mortgagee, or to his or
its agent or representative a sworn
written statement of names and
addresses of all creditors to whom
said vendor, etc. may have been
indebted together with the amount
due or to be due (Section 3)
2. It requires the vendor, mortgagor,
transferor or assignor, at least 10
days before the sale, transfer,
mortgage, assignment to make a full
detailed inventory showing the
quantity and the cost of price of
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140

goods, and to notify every creditor
of the price terms and conditions of
the sale, etc. (Section 5)
Effects of False Statements in the
Schedule of Creditors:
1. Without knowledge of buyer
If the statement is fair upon its
face and the buyer has no
knowledge of its incorrectness
and nothing to put him on
inquiry about it, he will be
protected in its purchase
The remedy of the creditor is not
against the goods but to
prosecute the seller criminally
2. With
knowledge
or
imputed
knowledge of buyer
The vendee accepts it at his
peril
The sale is valid only as between
the vendor and the vendee but
void against the creditors
3. With names of certain creditors
without notice are omitted from
the list
The sale is void as to such
creditors, whether the omission
was fraudulent or not,
4. With respect to an innocent
purchaser for a value from the
original purchaser
An innocent purchaser for value
from the original purchaser is
protected
However if the circumstances
are such as to bind the
subsequent
purchaser
with
constructive notice that the sale
to
the
vendor
(original
purchaser) was fraudulent, the
property will be liable in his
hands to creditors of the original
vendor
Effect of violation of law on Transfer:
1. As between the parties
The Bulk Sales Law does not in
any way affect the validity of
the transfer as between the
intermediate parties thereto
A sale not in compliance with
the Bulk Sales Law is valid
against all persons other than
the creditors.
2. As against creditors
A purchaser in violation of the
law acquires no right in the
property purchased as against
the creditors of the seller
His status is that of a trustee or
receiver for the benefit of the
creditors of the seller; as such,
he is responsible for the
disposition of the property
Remedies Available to creditors:
The proper remedy is one against the
goods to subject them to the
payment of the debt, such as
execution, attachment, garnishment,
or by a proceeding in equity
An ordinary action against the
purchaser
to
obtain
money
judgement will not lie, unless the
purchaser has sold or otherwise
disposed of, or dealt with the
property, so as to become personally
liable to creditors for value of it.
Acts Punished by Bulk Sales Law:
1. Knowingly or wilfully making or
delivering a statement required by
the Act which does not include the
names of all the creditors of the
vendor, etc. with the correct
amount due or to become due or
which contains any false or untrue
statement; and
2. Transferring title to any stock of
goods,
wares,
merchandise,
provisions or materials sold in bulk
without consideration or for nominal
consideration (Section 7)
RETAIL TRADE LIBERALIZATION ACT
(RA 8762)
Retail Trade
Any act occupation or calling of
habitually selling direct to the
general
public
merchandise,
commodities
or
goods
for
consumption, but the restrictions of
this law shall not apply to the
following:
1. Sales by manufacturer, processor,
laborer, or worker, to the general
public the products manufactured,
processed produced by him if his
capital does not exceed P100,000;
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141

2. Sales by a farmer or agriculturalist
selling the products of his farm
3. Sales in restaurant operations by a
hotel
owner
or
inn-keeper
irrespective of the amount of
capital; provided that the restaurant
is incidental to the hotel business;
and
4. Sales which are limited only to
products manufactured, processed or
assembled
by a
manufacturer
through a single outlet, irrespective
of capitalization
High-End or Luxury Goods
Goods which are not necessary for
life maintenance and whose demand
is generated in large part by the
higher income groups
Shall include but not limited to:
jewelry,
branded
or
designer
clothing and footwear, wearing
apparel, leisure and sporting goods,
electronics and other personal
effects
NOTE: A natural-born citizen of the
Philippines who has lost his citizenship
but who resides in the Philippines shall
be granted the same rights as Filipino
citizens
Foreign Equity Participation:
Foreign-owned
partnerships,
associations and corporations formed
and organized under the laws of the
Philippines may, upon registration
with SEC and DTI, or in case of
Foreign-owned single proprietorship
with the DTI, engage or invest in
retail trade business, subject to the
following categories:
1. Category A:
Paid-up capital of the equivalent
in Philippine Peso of:
<
$2,500,000 US Dollars
Reserved exclusively for Filipino
citizens and corporations wholly
owned by citizens
2. Category B:
Minimum paid-up capital of the
equivalent in Philippine Peso of
$2,500,000 US Dollars, but
<$7,500,000
May
be wholly owned by
foreigners except for the first
two years after the effectivity of
this
Act
wherein
foreign
participation shall be limited to
not > 60% of total equity.
3. Category C:
Paid-up capital of the equivalent
in
Philippine
Peso
of:
$7,500,000 US Dollars or more
May be wholly owned by
foreigners
NOTE: In no case shall the
investments for establishing a
store in Categories B and C be
less than the equivalent in
Philippine Peso of: US $830,000
4. Category D:
Enterprises specializing in highend or luxury products with paidup capital of the equivalent in
Philippine Peso of: $250,000 US
Dollars per store
May be wholly owned by
foreigners
NOTES:
Foreign investor shall be required to
maintain in the Philippines the FULL
amount of the prescribed minimum
capital, UNLESS the foreign investor
has notified the SEC and the DTI of
its intention to repatriate its capital
and cease operations in the
Philippines
Failure to maintain the full amount
of the prescribed minimum capital
prior to notification of the SEC and
the DTI shall subject the foreign
investors to penalties or restrictions
on
any
future
trading
activities/business in the Philippines
NOTE:
Foreign Investors Acquiring
Shares of Stock of existing retail stores
whether or not publicly listed whose net
worth is in excess of the Peso equivalent
of US $2,500,000 may purchase only up
to the maximum of 60% of the equity
thereof within the first 2 years, and
thereafter, they may acquire the
remaining percentage consistent with
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142

the allowable foreign participation as
herein provided
The subdivision plan, as so approved,

shall then be submitted to the
Director of Lands for approval in
accordance with the procedure
prescribed in Section 44 of the Land
Registration Act (Act No. 496, as
amended by R.A. No. 440): Provided,
that it case of complex subdivision
plans, court approval shall no longer
be required. The condominium plan
as likewise so approved, shall be
submitted to the Register of Deeds
of the province or city in which the
property lies and the same shall be
acted upon subject to the conditions
and in accordance with the
procedure prescribed in Section 4 of
the Condominium Act (R.A. No.
4726).
National Housing authority (now

Housing and Land Use Regulatory
Board) has the exclusive jurisdiction
to regulate the real estate trade and
business.
NOTE: All retail Trade enterprises under

categories B and C in which foreign
ownership exceeds 80% of equity shall
offer a minimum of 30% of their equity
to the public through any stock
exchange in the Philippines within 8
years from the start of the operations
Qualification of Foreign Retailers
1. Minimum of $200,000,000 US Dollars
net worth in its parent corporation
for Categories B and C and
$50,000,000 net worth in its parent
corporation for Categories D
2. 5 retailing branches or franchises in
operation anywhere around the
world unless such retailer has at
least 1 store capitalized at a
minimum of $25,000,000 US Dollars
3. 5-year track record in retailing; and
4. Only nationals from, or juridical
entities formed or incorporated in
Countries which allow to engage in
retail trade in the Philippines
PD 957 (SUBDIVISION AND

CONDOMINIUM BUYERS PROTECTIVE
DECREE
Registration of Projects
The registered owner of a parcel of
land who wishes to convert the same
into a subdivision project shall
submit his subdivision plan to the
HOUSING
AND
LAND-USE
REGULATORY BOARD, which shall act
upon and approve the same, upon a
finding that the plan complies with
the Subdivision Standards' and
Regulations enforceable at the time
the plan is submitted. The same
procedure shall be followed in the
case of a plan for a condominium
project except that, in addition, said
Authority shall act upon and approve
the plan with respect to the building
or buildings included in the
condominium project in accordance
with the National Building Code
(R.A. No. 6541).
License to sell
Such owner or dealer to whom has
been issued a registration certificate
shall not, however, be authorized to
sell
any
subdivision
lot
or
condominium unit in the registered
project unless he shall have first
obtained a license to sell the project
within
two weeks from the
registration of such project.
Exempt transactions
A license to sell and performance
bond shall not be required in any of
the following transactions:
1. Sale of a subdivision lot resulting
from the partition of land among coowners and co-heirs.
2. Sale or transfer of a subdivision lot
by the original purchaser thereof and
any subsequent sale of the same lot.
3. Sale of a subdivision lot or a
condominium unit by or for the
account of a mortgagee in the
ordinary course of business when
necessary to liquidate a bona fide
debt.
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143

Grounds for Revocation of registration
certificate and license to sell of owners
or dealers
1. Is insolvent; or
2. Has violated any of the provisions of
this Decree or any applicable rule or
regulation of the Authority, or any
undertaking of his/its performance
bond; or
3. Has been or is engaged or is about to
engage in fraudulent transactions; or
4. Has made any misrepresentation in
any prospectus, brochure, circular or
other
literature
about
the
subdivision project or condominium
project that has been distributed to
prospective buyers; or
5. Is of bad business repute; or
6. Does not conduct his business in
accordance with law or sound
business principles.
LEASE
LEASE
consensual, bilateral, onerous, and
commutative contract by virtue of
which one person binds himself to
grant temporarily the use of the
thing or to render some service to
another who undertakes to pay some
rent.
Kinds of Leases (From the view point of
the subject matter
1. Lease of things
2. Lease of service
3. Lease of work
NOTE: Since lease is consensual and is
not imposed by law, only the lessor has
the right to fix the rents. However, the
increasing of the rent is not an absolute
right on the part of the lessor.
Characteristics or Requisites for Lease
of Things
1. Consensual
2. Principal
3. Nominate
4. Purpose is to allow enjoyment or
use of a thing (the person to
enjoy is the lessee; the person
allowing the enjoyment by
another is the lessor
5. Subject matter must be within

the commerce of man
6. Purpose to which the thing will
be devoted should not be
immoral
7. Onerous (there must rent or
price certain)
8. Period
is
Temporary
(not
perpetual, hence, the longest
period is 99 years)
9. Period is either definite or
indefinite
If no term is fixed, we
should apply Art.1682 (for rural
leases) and Art. 1687 (for urban
leases)
If the term is fixed but
indefinite, the court will fix the
term
under
the
law
of
obligations and contracts
10. Lessor need not be the owner
NOTE:
A usufructuary may thus
lease the premises in favor of a
stranger, such lease to end at the
time that the usufruct itself ends
Rent
The
compensation either in
money, provisions, chattels, or
labor, received by the lessor
from the lessee.
NOTES:
When a student boards and lodges in
a dormitory, there is no contract of
lease.
The contract is not
designated specifically in the Civil
Code. It is an innominate contract.
It is however, believed that the
contract can be denominated as the
contract of board and lodging.
There is a contract of lease when the
use and enjoyment of a safety
deposit box in a bank is given for a
price certain. This is certainly not a
contract of deposit.
A lease of personal property with
option to buy (at a nominal amount)
at the end of the lease can be
considered a sale.
LEASE
1.
only
use
SALES
or
1.
ownership
is
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144

enjoyment
is
transferred
2.
transfer
is
temporary
3. lessor need not
be the owner
transferred
2.
transfer
is
permanent
3. seller must be
the owner at the
time the property
is delivered
4. usually, the
selling price is
mentioned
4. the price of the

object,
distinguished from
the rent, is usually
not mentioned
Lease of
Things
Lease of Services
1. object
of
contract is a
thing
2. lessor has to
deliver the thing
leased
3. in case of
breach,
there
can be an action
for
specific
performance
1. object is some
work or service
Lease of
Services
(locatio
operatum)
Contract for a
Piece of Work
(locatio operas)
1. the
important object
is
the
labor
performed by the
lessor
1. the important
object is the work
done
2. the result is
generally
not
important,
hence
the
laborer
is
entitled to be
paid
even
if
there
is
destruction
of
the work through
fortuitous event
2. the result is
generally
important;
generally, the price
is not payable until
the
work
is
completed, and said
price cannot be
lawfully demanded
if the work is
destroyed before it
is
finished
and
accepted
2. lessor has to
perform some work
or service
3.
in
case
of
breach, no action
for
specific
performance
Lease of
Services
Agency
It is based on
employment
the lessor of
services
does
not represent his
employer
nor
does he execute
juridical acts.
Principal
contract
It is based on
representation
agent represents his

principal and enters
into juridical acts.
Preparatory
contract
Rule for Lease of Consumable Goods

GENERAL RULE: Consumable goods
cannot be the subject matter of a
contract of lease of things.
Why? To use or enjoy hem, they will
have to be consumed. This cannot be
done by a lease since ownership over
them is not transferred to him by the
contract of lease.
EXCEPTIONS:
a. If they are merely exhibited
b. If they are accessory to an
industrial establishment
RECORDING OF LEASE OF PERSONAL
PROPERTY
GENERAL RULE: Lease of real property
is personal right
EXCEPTIONS: Lease partakes of the
nature of real right if:
a. Lease of real property is more
than 1 year
b. Lease of real property is
registered regardless of duration
NOTE:
Lease of personal property
cannot be registered. To be binding
against third persons, the parties must
execute a public instrument.
* Lease may be made orally, but if the
lease of Real Property is for more
than 1 year, it must be in writing
under the Statue of Frauds.
Persons Disqualified to be Lessees
Because Disqualified to Buy
1. A husband and a wife cannot lease to
each other their separate properties
except:
a. if separation of property was
agreed upon
b. if there has been judicial
separation of property
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145

Persons referred to in Art. 1491 are
disqualified
because
of
fiduciary
relationships
SUBLEASE
A separate and distinct contract of
lease wherein the original lessee
becomes a sublessor to a sublessee.
Allowed unless expressly prohibited.
The sublessee is subsidiarily liable
for any rent due. The lessor has an
accion directa against the sublessee
for unpaid rentals and improper use
of the object.
SUBLEASE
ASSIGNMENT OF
LEASE
1. there are two

leases and two
distinct juridical
relationships
although
immediately
connected
and
related to each
other
2.
the
personality
of
the lessee does
not disappear
3.the lessee does
not
transmit
absolutely
his
rights
and
obligations to the
sublessee
4. the sublessee,
generally, does
not have any
direct
action
against the lessor
1. there is only one

juridical
relationship, that of
the lessor and the
assignee, who is
converted into a
lessee
2. the personality of
the
lessee
disappears
3.
the
lessee
transmits absolutely
his rights to the
assignee
4. the assignee has
a
direct
action
against the lessor
RIGHTS OF LESSOR IF SUBLEASE

PROHIBITED BUT ENTERED INTO BY
LESSEE:
1) Rescission and damages, or
2) Damages only (Contract will be
allowed to remain in force)
3) Ejectment
Instances when sublessee is liable to
the lessor:
a. All acts which refer to the use
and preservation of the thing
leased in the manner stipulated
between the lessor and the
lessee
b. The sublessee is subsidiarily

liable to the lessor for any rent
due from the lessee.
NOTE: The sublessee shall not be
responsible beyond the amount of rent
due from him.
Accion Directa: direct action which the
lessor may bring against a sublessee who
misuses the subleased property.
OBLIGATIONS OF THE LESSOR (DnM)
a. Delivery of the object (cannot
be waived)
b. Making of necessary repairs
c. Maintenance in peaceful and
adequate possession
OBLIGATIONS OF THE LESSEE (R2EN2U)
a. to pay rent
b. to use thing leased as a diligent
father of a family, devoting it to
the use stipulated
c. to pay expenses for the deed of
lease
d. to notify the lessor of usurpation
or untoward acts
e. to notify the lessor of need for
repairs
f. to return the property leased
upon termination of the lease
Effect of Destruction of the Thing
Leased:
1. Total destruction by a fortuitous
event
Lease is extinguished
2. Partial destruction
a. Proportional reduction of the
rent, or
b. Rescission of the lease
When lessee may suspend payment of
rent:
1. lessor fails to undertake necessary
repairs
2. lessor fails to maintain the lessee in
peaceful and adequate enjoyment of
the property leased
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146

NOTE: Suspend- for the intervening
period, the lessee does not have to pay
the rent.
EFFECTIVITY OF THE SUSPENSION:
The right begins:
a) In the case of repairs, from the time
he made the demand for said repairs,
and the demand went unheeded.
b) In the case of eviction, from the time
the final judgment for eviction becomes
effective.
Alternative remedies of Aggrieved
party (Lessor/Lessee) in case of Nonfulfillment of duties:
1. Rescission and damages
2. Damages only, allowing the contract
to remain in force Specific
Performance
NOTE:
Damages Recoverable in
ejectment cases are the rents or the fair
rental value of the premises.
The
following
cannot
be
successfully
claimed:
1. Profits plaintiff could have
earned were it not for the
possible entry or unlawful
detainer
2. Material injury to the premises
3. Actual, moral, or exemplary
damages
Immediate termination of lease under
Art. 1660 applies:
1. only to dwelling place or any other
building
intended
for
human
habitation
2. even if at the time the contract was
perfected, the lessee knew of the
dangerous condition or waived the
right to rescind on account of this
condition
Rules on Alteration of the Form of the
Lease
The Lessor can alter provided there
is no impairment of the use to which
the thing is devoted under the terms
of the lease
Alteration can also be made by the
Lessee so long as the value of the
property
is
not
substantially
impaired
Rules in case of Urgent Repairs
The lessee is obliged to tolerate the
work although it may be very

annoying to him and although during
the same time he may be deprived
of a part of the premises
1. If repairs last for more than 40 days:
Lessee cannot act for reduction of
rent or rescission
2. If 40 days or more: lessee can ask
for proportionate reduction
NOTE: In either case, rescission may be
availed of if the main purpose is to
provide a dwelling place and the
property becomes uninhabitable.
Effects if Lessor fails to make Urgent
Repairs
1. Lessee may order repairs at the
lessors cost
2. Lessee may sue for damages
3. Lessee may suspend the payment of
the rent
4. Lessee may ask for rescission, in case
of substantial damage to him
TRESPASS IN LEASE:
1. Trespass in fact (perturbacion de
mere hecho):
physical enjoyment is reduced
Lessor will not be held liable.
2. Trespass in law (perturbacion de
derecho):
A third person claims legal right
to enjoy the premises
Lessor will be held liable
NOTE: While the Japanese Occupation
was a fortuitous event, the lessor is still
not excused from his obligation to
warrant peaceful legal possession. Lease
is a contract that calls for prestations
both reciprocal and repetitive; and the
obligations of either party are not
discharged at any given moment, but
must be fulfilled all throughout the term
of the contract. (Villaruel vs. Manila
Motor Co.)
Duration of Lease
1. Lease made for a determinate
time or fixed Period
Lease will be for the said period
and it ends on the day fixed
without need of a demand
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147

2. If there is no fixed period
A. For Rural Lands (Article 1680)
it shall be for all time necessary
for the gathering of fruits which
the whole estate may yield in 1
year, or which it may yield once
B. For Urban Lands (Article 1687)
a. If rent is paid daily: lease is
from day to day
b. If rent is paid weekly: lease is
from week to week
c. If rent is paid monthly: lease is
from month to month
d. If rent is paid yearly: lease is
from year to year
RULES ON EXTENSION OF THE LEASE
PERIOD:
1) If a lease contract for a definite term
allows lessee to extend the term, there
is no necessity for lessee to notify lessor
of his desire to so extend the term,
unless the contrary is stipulated.
2) May be extended as stipulation:
lessee can extend without lessors
consent but lessee must notify lessor.
3) May be extended for 6 years agreed
upon by both parties as stipulation: This
must be interpreted in favor of the
lessee. Hence, ordinarily the lessee at
the end of the original period may
either:
a) leave the premises; or
b) remain in possession
4) In co-ownership, assent of all is
needed; otherwise, it is void or
ineffective as against non-consenting coowners.
5) Where according to the terms of the
contract, the lease can be extended only
by the written consent of the parties
thereto, no right of extension can rise
without such written consent.
Rule if Lessor Objects to the Lessees
continued Possession:
Requisites:
1. Contract has expired
2. Lessee continued enjoying the thing
3. Lessor Objected to this enjoyment
If the three requisites are present,
the lessee shall be considered a
possessor in bad faith
IMPLIED
NEW
LEASE
(Tacita
Reconducion)
lease which arises if at the end of
the contract the lessee should
continue enjoying the thing leased
for 15 days with the acquiescence of
the lessor, unless a notice to the
contrary had previously been given
by either party.
Requisites:
a. the term of the original contract

has expired
b. the lessor has not given the
lessee a notice to vacate
c. the lessee continued enjoying
the thing leased for at least 15
days with the acquiescence of
the lessor
When there is no implied new
lease:
1. When before or after the
expiration of the term, there is a
notice to vacate given by either
party.
2. When there is no definite fixed
period in the original lease contract
as in the case of successive
renewals.
Effects:
a. The period of the new lease is

not that stated in the original
contract but the time in Articles
1682 and 1687.
b. Other terms of the original
contract are revived.
NOTE: Terms that are revived are only

those which are germane to the
enjoyment of possession, but not those
with respect to special agreements
which are by nature foreign to the right
of occupancy or enjoyment inherent in a
contract of lease such as an option to
purchase the leased premises (Dizon vs.
Magsaysay GR No. 23399, May 31,1974)
Perpetual Lease
A lease contract providing that the
lessee can stay in the premises for as
long as he wants and for as long as
CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE


148
he can pay the rentals and its

increases.
This is not permissible; it is a purely
potestative condition because it
leaves the effectivity and enjoyment
of leasehold rights to the sole and
exclusive will of the lessee
NOTE: In Jespajo Realty vs. CA, 27

Sept. 2002, the SC upheld a lease
contract, which provides that the lease
contract shall continue for an indefinite
period provided that the lessee is up-todate in the payment of his monthly
rentals for the contract is one with a
period subject to a resolutory condition.
PURCHASE OF THE LEASED PROPERTY
GENERAL RULE: Purchaser of thing
leased can terminate lease.
EXCEPTIONS:
a. lease is recorded in Registry of
Property
b. there is stipulation in the
contract of sale that purchaser
shall respect the lease
c. purchaser knows the existence of
the lease
d. sale is fictitious
e. sale is made with right of
repurchase
GROUNDS FOR EJECTMENT UNDER ART.
1673: (ELVU)
1. Expiration of the period agreed upon
or the period under Arts. 1682 and
1687;
2. Lack of payment of the price
stipulated;
3. Violation of any of the conditions
agreed upon in the contract; and
4. Unauthorized use or service by the
lessee of the thing leased.
RENTAL REFORM ACT OF 2002

(R.A. No. 9161)
Effectivity: January 1, 2002.
Coverage:
a. All residential units of NCR and other
highly urbanized cities, the total
monthly rental for each of which
does not exceed P7,500;
b. All residential units in other areas

the total monthly rental for each of
which does not exceed P4,000 as of
1/1/02, without prejudice to preexisting contracts.
Grounds for judicial ejectment:
SANORE
1. Assignment of lease or subleasing of
residential units including the
acceptance
of
boarders
or
bedspacers without written consent
of the owner or lessor;
2. Arrears in payment of rent for a
total of 3 months;
3. Legitimate needs of the owner or
lessor to repossess for his own use or
for the use of any immediate
member of his family as a residential
unit, provided:
a. owner or immediate member not
being owner of any other available
residential unit within the same city
or municipality;
b. lease for a definite period has
expired;
c. lessor has given lessee formal
notice 3 months in advance; and
d. owner or lessor is prohibited
from leasing the residential unit or
allowing its use by a third person for
at least 1 year.
4. Absolute ownership by the lessee of
another dwelling unit in the same
city or municipality which may be
lawfully used as his residence
provided lessee is with formal notice
3 months in advance;
5. Need of the lessor to make necessary
repairs in the leased premises which
is the subject of an existing order of
condemnation
by
appropriate
authorities concerned in order to
make said premises safe and
habitable; and
6. Expiration of period of the lease
contract.
NOTE:
Except when the lease is for a
definite period, the provisions of
Art. 1673(1) of the Civil Code (CC),
insofar as they refer to residential
units, shall be suspended during the
effectivity of R.A. 9161, but other
CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE


149
provisions of the CC and the Rules of

Court on lease contracts insofar as
they are not in conflict with the
provisions of R.A. No. 9161 shall
apply.
No increase in monthly rental by
more than 10% is allowed.
b. If rent is paid weekly: week to

week
c. If rent is paid monthly: month to
month
d. If rent is paid yearly: year to
year
TERMINATION OF THE LEASE

If made for a determinate time, it
ceases upon the day fixed without
the need of a demand.
1) By the expiration of the period
2) By the total loss of the thing
3) By the resolution of the right of the
lessor
4) By the will of the purchaser or
transferee of the thing
5) By rescission due to non-performance
of the obligation of one of the parties
Special Provisions for Rural Lands
Effect of loss due to fortuitous
event:
1. Ordinary fortuitous event no
reduction
2. Extraordinary fortuitous event
a. if more than of the fruits were
lost, there shall be a reduction,
unless there is a stipulation to
the contrary
b. if or less, there shall be no
reduction
Lease duration: If not fixed, it shall
be for all time necessary for the
gathering of fruits which the whole
estate may yield in 1 year, or which
it may yield once.
Special Provisions for Urban Lands
Repairs for which urban lessor is
liable:
1. special stipulation
2. if none, custom of the place
3. in case of doubt, the repairs are
chargeable against him
Lease duration:
1. If there is a fixed period, lease will be

for said period.
2. If no fixed period, apply the following
rules:
a. If rent is paid daily: day to day
CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

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San Beda College of Law

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

a. Essential elements those without

1. Title passes to the

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

3. Vendor loses and

As to reservation of title to the subject

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

2. Buyer pays the

5. Buyer can deal

3. Not within the

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

5. Buyer still has to

1. Certainty or ascertainable at the

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

The sale is void but the

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

the option cannot be withdrawn by the

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

San Beda College of Law

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

RULES ON RISK OF LOSS AND

GENERAL RULE: Who bears the risk

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

corresponds to the representations

4. Applicable statute requires

CAPACITY TO BUY OR SELL

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

Article 1491 and cannot work to

6. any other person specially

OBLIGATIONS OF THE VENDOR: (WPDTT)

Delivery of the thing together

with the payment of the price,

1. Actual or real placing the thing

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

vendee has lost the right to make

1. title remains in the seller

CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE

San Beda College of Law

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW