Carpathian Mountains

ern form of the name is a neologism in most languages.[10]

For instance, Havasok (Snowy Mountains) was its medieval Hungarian name; Rus and Romanian chronicles
referred to it as Hungarian Mountains. [11][10] Other
sources, such as Dimitrie Cantemir and the Italian chronicler Giovanandrea Gromo, referred to the range as
Transylvanias Mountains, while the 17th century historian Constantin Cantacuzino translated the name of the
mountains in a Italian-Romanian glossary to Rumanian
Mountains.[10]

For other uses, see Carpathian (disambiguation).

The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a
range of mountains forming an arc roughly 1,500 km
(932 mi) long across Central and Eastern Europe, making
them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains, 1,700 km (1,056 mi)).
They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois and lynxes,
with the highest concentration in Romania,[2][3][4] as well
as over one third of all European plant species.[5] The
Carpathians and their foothills also have many thermal
and mineral waters, with Romania having one-third of
the European total.[6][7] Romania is likewise home to the
largest surface of virgin forests in Europe (excluding Russia), totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the
Carpathians,[8] with the Southern Carpathians constituting Europes largest unfragmented forested area.[9]

The Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges

that stretch in an arc from the Czech Republic (3%) in
the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%),
Hungary (4%) and Ukraine (11%) to Romania (53%) in
the east and on to the Iron Gates on the River Danube
between Romania and Serbia (2%) in the south. The
highest range within the Carpathians is the Tatras, on the
border of Slovakia and Poland, where the highest peaks
exceed 2,600 m (8,530 ft). The second-highest range is
the Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest Carpathian mountain range
peaks exceed 2,500 m (8,202 ft).
The name Carpates may ultimately be from the Proto
Indo-European root *sker-/*ker-, from which comes
the Albanian word karp (rock), and the Slavic word
skla (rock, cli), perhaps via a Dacian cognate which
meant mountain, rock, or rugged (cf. Germanic root
*skerp-, Old Norse harfr harrow, Middle Low German
scharf potsherd and Modern High German Scherbe
shard, Old English scearp and English sharp, Lithuanian kar~pas cut, hack, notch, Latvian crpt to shear,
clip). The archaic Polish word karpa meant rugged
irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots
or trunks. The more common word skarpa means a
sharp cli or other vertical terrain. The name may instead
come from Indo-European *kwerp to turn, akin to Old
English hweorfan to turn, change (English warp) and
Greek karps wrist, perhaps referring to the
way the mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape.[13]

The Carpathians are usually divided into three major

parts: the Western Carpathians (Czech Republic, Poland,
Slovakia), the Eastern Carpathians (southeastern Poland,
eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania), and the Southern
Carpathians (Romania, Serbia).[1]
The most important cities in or near the Carpathians are:
Bratislava and Koice in Slovakia; Krakw in Poland;
Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu and Braov in Romania; and Miskolc
in Hungary.

Name

In modern times, the range is called Karpaty in Czech,

Polish, Slovak and in Ukrainian, Carpai
in Romanian, Karpaten in German and Dutch,
[karpats]
Krptok in Hungarian, Karpati in Serbian and In late Roman documents, the Eastern Carpathian Mounin Bulgarian.[10][11] Although the toponym was recorded tains were referred to as Montes Sarmatici (meaning
already by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD,[12] the mod- Sarmatian Mountains). The Western Carpathians were
1

2 GEOGRAPHY

called Carpates, a name that is rst recorded in Ptolemy's lieved that no area of the Carpathian range was covered in
Geographia (2nd century AD).
snow all year round and there were no glaciers, but recent
one permafrost
In the Scandinavian Hervarar saga, which relates ancient research by Polish scientists discovered
[14]
The Carpathiand
glacial
area
in
the
Tatra
Mountains.
Germanic legends about battles between Goths and Huns,
ans
at
their
highest
altitude
are
only
as
high
as the middle
the name Karpates appears in the predictable Germanic
region
of
the
Alps,
with
which
they
share
a
common apform as Harvaa fjllum (see Grimms law).
pearance, climate, and ora. The Carpathians are sepa"Inter Alpes Huniae et Oceanum est Polonia" by Gervase rated from the Alps by the Danube. The two ranges meet
of Tilbury, has described in his Otia Imperialia (Recre- at only one point: the Leitha Mountains at Bratislava. The
ation for an Emperor) in 1211. Thirteenth to 15th cen- river also separates them from the Balkan Mountains at
tury Hungarian documents named the mountains Thor- Orova in Romania. The valley of the March and Oder
chal, Tarczal or less frequently Montes Nivium.
separates the Carpathians from the Silesian and Moravian
chains, which belong to the middle wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe. Unlike the other wings
of the system, the Carpathians, which form the watershed
2 Geography
between the northern seas and the Black Sea, are surThe Carpathians begin on the Gra witego Marcina rounded on all sides by plains, namely the Pannonian plain
384 m. in Tarnw - northern edge of Pogrze Cikow- to the southwest, the plain of the Lower Danube (Romaickie. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in nia) to the south, and the Galician plain to the northeast.
a large semicircle, sweeping towards the southeast, and
end on the Danube near Orova in Romania. The total
2.1 Cities and towns
length of the Carpathians is over 1,500 km (932 mi) and
the mountain chains width varies between 12 and 500 km
Important cities and towns in or near the Carpathians are,
(7 and 311 mi). The highest altitudes of the Carpathiin approximate descending order of population:
ans occur where they are widest. The system attains its
greatest breadth in the Transylvanian plateau and in the
Vienna (Vienna Woods, Austria)
south of the Tatra group the highest range, in which
Gerlachovsk tt in Slovakia is the highest peak at 2,655
Krakw (Poland)
m (8,711 ft) above sea level. The Carpathians cover an
Bratislava (Slovakia)
area of 190,000 km2 (73,359 sq mi) and, after the Alps,
form the next most extensive mountain system in Europe.
Cluj-Napoca (Romania)
Braov (Romania)
Koice (Slovakia)
Oradea (Romania)
Bielsko-Biaa (Poland)
Miskolc (Hungary)
Sibiu (Romania)
Trgu Mure (Romania)
Baia Mare (Romania)
Tarnw (Poland)
Portrait of Hutsuls, living in the Carpathian mountains, c. 1872

Although commonly referred to as a mountain chain,

the Carpathians do not actually form an uninterrupted
chain of mountains. Rather, they consist of several
orographically and geologically distinctive groups, presenting as great a structural variety as the Alps. The
Carpathians, which attain an altitude of over 2,500 m
(8,202 ft) in only a few places, lack the bold peaks, extensive snowelds, large glaciers, high waterfalls, and numerous large lakes that are common in the Alps. It was be-

Rmnicu Vlcea (Romania)

Uzhhorod (Ukraine)
Mukachevo (Ukraine)
Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine)
Chernivtsi (Ukraine)
Drohobych (Ukraine)
Piatra Neam (Romania)

2.2

Highest peaks

Nowy Scz (Poland)

Suceava (Romania)
Trgu Jiu (Romania)
Drobeta-Turnu Severin (Romania)
Reia (Romania)
ilina (Slovakia)
Bistria (Romania)

2.2 Highest peaks

This is an (incomplete) list of the highest peaks of the
Carpathians (limited to summits over 2,500 m), their
heights, geologic divisions and locations.

2.3 Highest peaks by country

This is a list of the highest national peaks of the Carpathians, their heights, geologic divisions, and locations.

Bansk Bystrica (Slovakia)

Deva (Romania)
Zln (Czech Republic)
Hunedoara (Romania)
Martin (Slovakia)
Zalu (Romania)
Smederevo (Serbia)
Przemyl (Poland)
Sanok (Poland)

2.4 Mountain passes

In the Romanian part of the main chain of the Carpathians, the most important mountain passes are (starting
from the Ukrainian border): the Prislop Pass, Rodna
Pass, Tihua Pass (also known as Borgo Pass), Tulghe
Pass, Bicaz Canyon, Ghime Pass, Uz Pass and Oituz
Pass, Buzu Pass, Predeal Pass (crossed by the railway
from Braov to Bucharest), Turnu Rou Pass (1,115 ft.,
running through the narrow gorge of the Olt River and
crossed by the railway from Sibiu to Bucharest), Vulcan
Pass, Teregova Pass and the Iron Gate (both crossed by
the railway from Timioara to Craiova).

Vrac (Serbia)
Alba Iulia (Romania)
Zajear (Serbia)
Sfntu Gheorghe (Romania)
Turda (Romania)
Bor (Serbia)
Media (Romania)
Poprad (Slovakia)
Petroani (Romania)
Negotin (Serbia)
Miercurea Ciuc (Romania)
Fgra (Romania)
Odorheiu Secuiesc (Romania)
Petrila (Romania)
Zakopane (Poland)
Trgu Neam (Romania)
Cmpulung Moldovenesc (Romania)
Gheorgheni (Romania)
Vatra Dornei (Romania)
Rakhiv (Ukraine)

3 Geology
The area now occupied by the Carpathians was once
occupied by smaller ocean basins. The Carpathian
mountains were formed during the Alpine orogeny in
the Mesozoic[15] and Tertiary by moving the ALCAPA,
Tisza and Dacia plates over subducting oceanic crust (see
maps).[16] The mountains take the form of a fold and
thrust belt with generally north vergence in the western
segment, northeast to east vergence in the eastern portion
and southeast vergence in the southern portion.
The external, generally northern, portion of the orogenic
belt is a Tertiary accretionary prism of a so-called Flysch
belt created by rocks scraped o the sea bottom and
thrust over the North-European plate. The Carpathian
accretionary wedge is made of several thin skinned
nappes composed of Cretaceous to Paleogene turbidites.
Thrusting of the Flysch nappes over the Carpathian foreland caused the formation of the Carpathian foreland
basin.[17] The boundary between the Flysch belt and internal zones of the orogenic belt in the western segment
of the mountain range is marked by the Pieniny Klippen
Belt, a narrow complicated zone of polyphase compressional deformation, later involved in a supposed strikeslip zone.[18] Internal zones in western and eastern segments contain older Variscan igneous massifs reworked
in Mesozoic thick and thin-skinned nappes. During the
Middle Miocene this zone was aected by intensive calcalkaline[19] arc volcanism that developed over the subduction zone of the ysch basins. At the same time,

NOTABLE PEOPLE

Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.

1. Outer Western Carpathians
2. Inner Western Carpathians
3. Outer Eastern Carpathians
4. Inner Eastern Carpathians
5. Southern Carpathians
6. Western Romanian Carpathians
7. Transylvanian Plateau
8. Serbian Carpathians

Vrtna dolina, Slovakia

The border between the eastern and southern Carpathians

is formed by the Predeal Pass, south of Braov and the
Prahova Valley.

Ukrainians sometimes denote as Eastern Carpathians

the internal zones of the orogenic belt were aected by
only the Ukrainian Carpathians (or Wooded Carpathi[20]
large extensional structure of the back-arc Pannonian
ans), meaning the part situated largely on their territory
[21]
Basin.
(i.e., to the north of the Prislop Pass), while Romanians
Iron, gold and silver were found in great quantities in the sometimes denote as Eastern (Oriental) Carpathians
Western Carpathians. After the Roman emperor Trajan's only the part which lies on their territory (i.e., from the
conquest of Dacia, he brought back to Rome over 165 Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south),
tons of gold and 330 tons of silver.[22]
which they subdivide into three simplied geographical
groups (north, center, south), instead of Outer and Inner
Eastern Carpathians. These are:

Divisions of the Carpathians

Main article: Divisions of the Carpathians

See also: Romanian Carpathians
The largest range is the Tatras.
A major part of the western and northeastern Outer
Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia is traditionally called the Beskids.

Carpathians of Maramure and Bukovina (Romanian: Carpaii Maramureului i ai Bucovinei)

Moldavian-Transylvanian Carpathians (Romanian:
Carpaii Moldo-Transilvani)
Curvature Carpathians (Romanian: Carpaii Curburii, Carpaii de Curbur)

5 Tourism

The geological border between the Western and Eastern

Carpathians runs approximately along the line (south to
north) between the towns of Michalovce, Bardejov, Nowy Bukovel is one of the largest ski resort in Carpathians.
Scz and Tarnw. In older systems the border runs more
in the east, along the line (north to south) along the rivers
San and Osawa (Poland), the town of Snina (Slovakia) 6 Notable people
and river Tur'ia (Ukraine). Biologists, however, shift the
Ludwig Greiner, an inuential 19th-century lumborder even further to the east.

The Sphinx in Bucegi Mountains, Romania

Bukovel

ber industry management expert who identied

Gerlachovsk Peak as the highest mountain in the
Carpathians.

Nesamovyte Lake, Eastern Carpathians, Ukraine

Gallery

Beljanica region waterfalls, Serbian Carpathians

Hoverla, Eastern Carpathians, Ukraine

Gsienicowa Valley in Tatra Mountains, Poland

Lake Bucura, Southern Carpathians, Romania

High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia

View of Spi Castle in Slovakia, from the Branisko Pass

REFERENCES

9 References
[1] About the Carpathians - Carpathian Heritage Society
[2] Peter Christoph Srth. Braunbren (Ursus arctos) in Europa. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
Retrieved 10 March 2011.

Synevyr, Eastern Carpathians, Ukraine

[3] Peter Christoph Srth. Wolf (Canis lupus) in Europa.

Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved
10 March 2011.
[4] Peter Christoph Srth. Eurasischer Luchs (Lynx lynx) in
Europa. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
Retrieved 10 March 2011.
[5] Carpathian montane conifer forests - Encyclopedia of
Earth. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
[6] Bucureti, staiune balnear o glum bun? in Capital,
19 January 2009. Retrieved: 26 April 2011

Heroes Cross on Caraiman Peak, Romania

[7] Ruinele de la Baile Herculane si Borsec nu mai au nimic

de oferit in Ziarul Financiar, 5 May 2010. Retrieved: 26
April 2011
[8] Salvai pdurile virgine! in Jurnalul Naional, 26 October
2011. Retrieved: 31 October 2011
[9] Europe: New Move to Protect Virgin Forests in Global
Issues, 30 May 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[10] Moldovanu 2010, p. 18.
[11] Blazovich 1994, p. 332.

Morskie Oko in the High Tatra Mountains (Poland)

[12] Buza 2011, p. 24.

[13] Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World. London: MacFarland and Co., Inc., 1997.
[14] Gdek, Gradiecz, Bogdan, Mariusz. Glacial Ice and
Permafrost Distribution in the Medena Kotlina (Slovak
Tatras): Mapped with Application of GPR and GST Measurements (PDF). Landform Evolution in Mountain Areas. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

Iron Gates at the Serbian-Romanian border

See also
Geology of the Western Carpathians
Tourism in Ukraine
Tourism in Poland
Tourism in Romania
Transylvania

[15] Plaienka, D., 2002, Origin and growth of the Western

Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic. (PDF)
in Geologica Carpathica Special Issues 53 Proceedings of
XVII. Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, 14 September 2002
[16] Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C.,
Albarello, D., 2006, Geodynamic connection between the
indentation of Arabia and the Neogene tectonics of the
centraleastern Mediterranean region. GSA Special Papers, v. 409, p. 15-41
[17] Nehyba, S., ikula, J., 2007, Depositional architecture, sequence stratigraphy and geodynamic development of the
Carpathian Foredeep (Czech Republic). Geologica Carpathica, 58, 1, pp. 53-69
[18] Mik, M., 1997, The Slovak Part of the Pieniny Klippen
Belt After the Pioneering Works of D. Andrusov. Geologica Carpathica, 48, 4, pp. 209-220

[19] Pcskay, Z., Lexa, J., Szkacs, A., 2006, Geochronology

of Neogene magmatism in the Carpathian arc and intraCarpathian area. Geologica Carpathica, 57, 6, pp. 511 530
[20] Dolton, G.L., 2006, Pannonian Basin Province, Central Europe (Province 4808)Petroleum geology, total
petroleum systems, and petroleum resource assessment.
U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2204B, 47 p.
[21] Royden, L.H., Horvth, F., Rumpler, J., 1983, Evolution
of the Pannonian basin system. 1. Tectionics. Tectonics,
2, pp. 61-90
[22] Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire. United Nations
of Roma Victor. Retrieved 2010-11-14.

10

Sources

Blazovich, Lszl (1994). Krptok [Carpathians]". In Krist, Gyula; Engel, Pl; Makk, Ferenc.
Korai magyar trtneti lexikon (9-14. szzad) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th-14th
centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadmiai Kiad. p.
332. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
Buza, Mircea (2011). On the origins and historical
evolution of toponymy on the territory of Romania
(PDF). Revue Roumaine de Gographie / Romanian
Journal of Geography (Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy) 55 (1): 2336. ISSN 1220-5311.
Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Moldoveanu, Drago (2010). Toponimie de origine
Roman n Transilvania i n sud-vestul Moldovei
(PDF). Anuar de Lingvistic i Istorie Literar
(in Romanian) (Institute of Geography, Romanian
Academy). XLIX-L: 1795. Retrieved 27 June
2015.

11

External links

The Framework Convention for the Protection and

Sustainable Development of the Carpathians
Orographic map highlighting Carpathian mountains
Alpinet - Romanian mountain guide
Carpati.org - Romanian mountain guide
Oil and Gas Fields in the Carpathians

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Carpathian Mountains Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains?oldid=674363534 Contributors: Bryan Derksen,

Zundark, Taw, Vassili Nikolaev, Olivier, Someone else, Liftarn, Sannse, Tzaquiel, Dgrant, Stan Shebs, Mihai~enwiki, Bogdangiusca,
Alex756, Hike395, Bjh21, AHands, RayKiddy, Pietro, Joseaperez, Joy, Criztu, Qertis, Bearcat, Robbot, Juro, Nico~enwiki, RedWolf,
Altenmann, TimR, Rholton, Halibutt, GreatWhiteNortherner, DocWatson42, J heisenberg, Wiglaf, Naufana, Emax, Janosadam~enwiki,
Mzajac, Bumm13, Geof, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, Pavel Vozenilek, Bender235, RJHall, El C, Markussep, Mentatus, Dungodung,
Jguk 2, Darwinek, Caeruleancentaur, Jumbuck, Alansohn, Complex01, Mailer diablo, Alex '05, TaintedMustard, Peter B., Stemonitis,
JALockhart, Mel Etitis, CPES, Drbogdan, Rjwilmsi, Lockley, Olessi, Ev, SchuminWeb, Hottentot, Cristibur, Gurch, Atitarev, Larineso,
Bred, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, John Quincy Adding Machine, Hede2000, Chris Capoccia, BjornVDM, Wbfergus, Gaius Cornelius,
Yyy, Jtravise, AdiJapan, Marcin Robert~enwiki, Bota47, Cavan, Orioane, Codrinb, Lt-wiki-bot, Vdegroot, LeonardoRob0t, Curpsbotunicodify, Ilmari Karonen, Ajdebre, Mejor Los Indios, One, Sardanaphalus, Silar, Attilios, SmackBot, Bomac, Alex earlier account, Portillo, Hmains, Squashy, Gracenotes, Androsyn, Mitsuhirato, Rrburke, GeorgeMoney, Stevenmitchell, Khoikhoi, Jan.Kamenicek, DDima,
Nasz, LUCPOL, J 1982, Linnell, Mgiganteus1, Highpriority, Ckatz, Frokor, Hvn0413, NeroN BG, Dl2000, ES Vic, Tawkerbot2, Falcony, Ninja neko, Zmjezhd, Reywas92, Vladimir Drzik, Paly, Flowerpotman, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Olahus, Zickzack, Marek69,
Bobblehead, Michael A. White, Escarbot, VmoSW, Flibjib8, Random user 8384993, Mutt Lunker, Wayiran, Res2216restar, JAnDbot,
Husond, Turgidson, Eddierubeiz, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Dorum, Korenyuk, The Anomebot2, Gabriel Kielland, Berig, Sesesq, Kneazles, Halogenated, DerHexer, Enaidmawr, JRWalko, Kkrystian, NatureA16, Dc76, CliC, R'n'B, Wikitiki89, Svetovid, Bogey97, Ascura, Aleksandr Grigoryev, FJPB, Erdeniss, Alex:D, Idioma-bot, Glossologist, VolkovBot, Ioan-Mihai Gale I, TXiKiBoT, Dawidbernard,
FDominec, Sanjivdinakar, JhsBot, PaweS, AlleborgoBot, Jonny5244, Mario1952, EmxBot, SieBot, Mycomp, Ostap R, ToePeu.bot,
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Dan Secrest, Emarke, DumZiBoT, Borsoka, Razvanus~enwiki, Thatguyint, Addbot, Pelex, Doe, Jon, Selma Kaufmann, West.andrew.g,
Peti610botH, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Mlefter, , .., Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Darrowco, Adrobnych, Ajh1492, GateKeeper, Max, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Piano non troppo, Rejedef, Sz-iwbot, Flewis, Furor1, Hunnjazal, ArthurBot, Bugen4, LilHelpa,
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SISPCM, Rgvis, Amorphisman, MondalorBot, Kgrad, TobeBot, YoursBadDay, Arwync, Beyond My Ken, Avatarion, CalicoCatLover,
EmausBot, Look2See1, Racerx11, GoingBatty, BAICAN XXX, Ida Shaw, Detelina13nn, H3llBot, RonRodex, YellowFF0, EdoBot, AnnaJune, ClueBot NG, Andriygreen, Unvanquished, Satellizer, Andriy803, Braincricket, Costesseyboy, Widr, WKS lsk Wrocaw, Danim,
MarcusBritish, Kr1st1deejay97, MitchellRhoades93, Tholme, Gob Lofa, Koertefa, Blueyenity, Mihaister, Otogi, Folkloreteritive, Hergilfs,
EricEnfermero, Smth new, Dexbot, Frank Treak, Crislia, DanHornsby, Mravengerthedoomed, Viol.volka, SamX, Pi3.124, Zahara33e, Engwikireader, Bogdan Kosar, Fafnir1, Tigran Stepanyan 13, Utdjm, Paleolithic Man, Oleksandr1715, KasparBot, Takkla and Anonymous:
251

12.2

Images

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