LTE SAE System Architecture Evolution

Along with 3G LTE - Long Term Evolution that applies more to the radio access
technology of the cellular telecommunications system, there is also an evolution of
the core network. Known as SAE - System Architecture Evolution. This new
architecture has been developed to provide a considerably higher level of
performance that is in line with the requirements of LTE.
As a result it is anticipated that operators will commence introducing hardware
conforming to the new System Architecture Evolution standards so that the
anticipated data levels can be handled when 3G LTE is introduced.
The new SAE, System Architecture Evolution has also been developed so that it is
fully compatible with LTE Advanced, the new 4G technology. Therefore when LTE
Advanced is introduced, the network will be able to handle the further data
increases with little change.

Reason for SAE System Architecture Evolution

The SAE System Architecture Evolution offers many advantages over previous
topologies and systems used for cellular core networks. As a result it is anticipated
that it will be wide adopted by the cellular operators.
SAE System Architecture Evolution will offer a number of key advantages:
1. Improved data capacity:

With 3G LTE offering data download rates of

100 Mbps, and the focus of the system being on mobile broadband, it will be
necessary for the network to be able to handle much greater levels of data.
To achieve this it is necessary to adopt a system architecture that lends itself
to much grater levels of data transfer.
2. All IP architecture:

When 3G was first developed, voice was still carried

as circuit switched data. Since then there has been a relentless move to IP

data. Accordingly the new SAE, System Architecture Evolution schemes have
adopted an all IP network configuration.
3. Reduced latency:

With increased levels of interaction being required and

much faster responses, the new SAE concepts have been evolved to ensure
that the levels of latency have been reduced to around 10 ms. This will
ensure that applications using 3G LTE will be sufficiently responsive.
4. Reduced OPEX and CAPEX:

A key element for any operator is to reduce

costs. It is therefore essential that any new design reduces both the capital
expenditure (CAPEX)and the operational expenditure (OPEX). The new flat
architecture used for SAE System Architecture Evolution means that only two
node types are used. In addition to this a high level of automatic
configuration is introduced and this reduces the set-up and commissioning
time.

SAE System Architecture Evolution basics

The new SAE network is based upon the GSM / WCDMA core networks to enable
simplified operations and easy deployment. Despite this, the SAE network brings in
some major changes, and allows far more efficient and effect transfer of data.
There are several common principles used in the development of the LTE SAE
network:

a common gateway node and anchor point for all technologies.

an optimised architecture for the user plane with only two node types.

an all IP based system with IP based protocols used on all interfaces.

a split in the control / user plane between the MME, mobility management
entity and the gateway.

a radio access network / core network functional split similar to that used on
WCDMA / HSPA.

integration of non-3GPP access technologies (e.g. cdma2000, WiMAX, etc)

using client as well as network based mobile-IP.

The main element of the LTE SAE network is what is termed the Evolved Packet
Core or EPC. This connects to the eNodeBs as shown in the diagram below.

LTE SAE Evolved Packet Core

As seen within the diagram, the LTE SAE Evolved Packet Core, EPC consists of four
main elements as listed below:

Mobility Management Entity, MME:

The MME is the main control node for

the LTE SAE access network, handling a number of features:

o

Idle mode UE tracking

Bearer activation / de-activation

Choice of SGW for a UE

Intra-LTE handover involving core network node location

Interacting with HSS to authenticate user on attachment and

implements roaming restrictions

It acts as a termination for the Non-Access Stratum (NAS)

Provides temporary identities for UEs

The SAE MME acts the termination point for ciphering protection for
NAS signaling. As part of this it also handles the security key

management. Accordingly the MME is the point at which lawful

interception of signalling may be made.
o

Paging procedure

The S3 interface terminates in the MME thereby providing the control

plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks.

The SAE MME also terminates the S6a interface for the home HSS for
roaming UEs.

It can therefore be seen that the SAE MME provides a considerable level of
overall control functionality.

Serving Gateway, SGW:

The Serving Gateway, SGW, is a data plane

element within the LTE SAE. Its main purpose is to manage the user plane
mobility and it also acts as the main border between the Radio Access
Network, RAN and the core network. The SGW also maintains the data paths
between the eNodeBs and the PDN Gateways. In this way the SGW forms a
interface for the data packet network at the E-UTRAN.
Also when UEs move across areas served by different eNodeBs, the SGW
serves as a mobility anchor ensuring that the data path is maintained.

PDN Gateway, PGW:

The LTE SAE PDN gateway provides connectivity for

the UE to external packet data networks, fulfilling the function of entry and
exit point for UE data. The UE may have connectivity with more than one
PGW for accessing multiple PDNs.

Policy and Charging Rules Function, PCRF:

This is the generic name for

the entity within the LTE SAE EPC which detects the service flow, enforces
charging policy. For applications that require dynamic policy or charging
control, a network element entitled the Applications Function, AF is used.

LTE SAE PCRF Interfaces

LTE SAE Distributed intelligence

In order that requirements for increased data capacity and reduced latency can be
met, along with the move to an all-IP network, it is necessary to adopt a new
approach to the network structure.
For 3G UMTS / WCDMA the UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network,
comprising the Node B's or basestations and Radio Network Controllers) employed
low levels of autonomy. The Node Bs were connected in a star formation to the
Radio

Network

Controllers

(RNCs)

which

carried

out

the

majority

of

the

management of the radio resource. In turn the RNCs connected to the core network
and connect in turn to the Core Network.
To provide the required functionality within LTE SAE, the basic system architecture
sees the removal of a layer of management. The RNC is removed and the radio
resource management is devolved to the base-stations. The new style base-stations
are called eNodeBs or eNBs.

The eNBs are connected directly to the core network gateway via a newly defined
"S1 interface". In addition to this the new eNBs also connect to adjacent eNBs in a
mesh via an "X2 interface". This provides a much greater level of direct
interconnectivity. It also enables many calls to be routed very directly as a large
number of calls and connections are to other mobiles in the same or adjacent cells.
The new structure allows many calls to be routed far more directly and with only
minimum interaction with the core network.
In addition to the new Layer 1 and Layer 2 functionality, eNBs handle several other
functions. This includes the radio resource control including admission control, load
balancing and radio mobility control including handover decisions for the mobile or
user equipment (UE).
The additional levels of flexibility and functionality given to the new eNBs mean that
they are more complex than the UMTS and previous generations of base-station.
However the new 3G LTE SAE network structure enables far higher levels of
performance. In addition to this their flexibility enables them to be updated to
handle new upgrades to the system including the transition from 3G LTE to 4G LTE
Advanced.
The new System Architecture Evolution, SAE for LTE provides a new approach for
the core network, enabling far higher levels of data to be transported to enable it to
support the much higher data rates that will be possible with LTE. In addition to
this, other features that enable the CAPEX and OPEX to be reduced when compared
to existing systems, thereby enabling higher levels of efficiency to be achieved.