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Filters: 1) Capacitor Filter

1) Capacitor filters use a capacitor connected in parallel with the load to filter out AC components from a rectified signal. During the positive half-cycle, one diode is forward biased allowing the capacitor to charge, and during the negative half-cycle the other diode is forward biased allowing the capacitor to discharge slowly to the load. 2) The ripple factor, which indicates the amount of ripple voltage present, is defined as the ratio of peak ripple voltage to DC voltage. It can be calculated based on the capacitor value and load resistance. 3) The output DC voltage is equal to the peak input voltage minus a reduction due to the ripple voltage, which is inversely proportional to the capacitor value

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Jatin hemwani
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2K views3 pages

Filters: 1) Capacitor Filter

1) Capacitor filters use a capacitor connected in parallel with the load to filter out AC components from a rectified signal. During the positive half-cycle, one diode is forward biased allowing the capacitor to charge, and during the negative half-cycle the other diode is forward biased allowing the capacitor to discharge slowly to the load. 2) The ripple factor, which indicates the amount of ripple voltage present, is defined as the ratio of peak ripple voltage to DC voltage. It can be calculated based on the capacitor value and load resistance. 3) The output DC voltage is equal to the peak input voltage minus a reduction due to the ripple voltage, which is inversely proportional to the capacitor value

Uploaded by

Jatin hemwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SEMICONDUCTOR

FILTERS

THEORY

FILTERS
The output of a rectifier is pulsating in nature, i.e., it contains
as well as dc components. At the output, we want only dc
components. Therefore, we have to remove (filter) ac
components. The circuit used for this purpose is known as filter.
Generally, inductors and capacitors are used as filter
components. The inductor acts as a short circuit for de but has a
large impedance for ac. Similarly, the capacitor acts as an open
circuit for dc and almost short circuit for ac. Hence, inductance
cannot be placed in a shunt arm across the load, otherwise dc will
be shorted. Therefore, it is always connected in series with the
load. Similarly, capacitance is open for dc, i.e., it blocks dc.
Hence, it cannot be connected in series with the load. It is always
connected in shunt arm, parallel to the load.
There are four types of filter
1) Inductor filter
2) Capacitor filter
3) Choke input or LC filter

C-L-C or filter
1) Capacitor Filter :
In a capacitor filter, the capacitor is connected in parallel with
the load RL. During the positive half-cycle, the diode D1 is forward
biased and the diode D2 is reverse biased. Therefore, current
flows through D1, charging the capacitor will appear as output
voltage. Output voltage increases up to point A. After point A,
input voltage starts decreasing but the capacitor is already
charged to the value Vm. Hence, the diode D1 is reverse biased in
the positive half-cycle itself and capacitor discharges slowly
through RL.
At the same time, positive half-cycle is over and the negative
half-cycle begins. Due to this, D1 continues to be reverse biased.
Now, the diode D2 is also reverse biased due to voltage across
the capacitor. Therefore, the capacitor continues to discharge and
1

SEMICONDUCTOR

FILTERS

THEORY

reaches the point B. At this time, voltage at the point B is more


than the capacitor voltage and so the diode D2 is forward biased
and again, the capacitor charges to the value Vm. The process
repeats. Thus, amount of fluctuation is less at the output, i.e., ac
component is reduced after connecting the capacitor.
Ripple Factor :

Fig.

From Fig. , the amount of charge lost by the capacitor during the
interval T2 is
Qdischarge = Idc T2
The amount of charge gained during the interval T1 in Which
the voltage across the capacitor changes by an amount equal to
the peak voltage of ripple, V, is given by
Qcharge = CVr
But Qcharge = Qdischarge
CVr = Idc T2
Vr Idc T2
C

Usually, T2 >> T1 for a good filter


T1 T2
T2

T
2

T
2

where T is the time period of actual ac supply =


Vr

Idc
2fC

The ripple waveform is triangular in nature.

1
2f

SEMICONDUCTOR

FILTERS

Vr
Idc

2 3 4 3 fC
Vdc

4 3 f RLC

THEORY

Vac, rms

Vdc, rms
Vdc

( Vdc = Idc.RL)

1
4 3f RLC

Thus for a good capacitor filter, r must be low. Hence, C and


RL must be high.

Output Voltage : The output voltage is given by


Vdc Vm
Vr

But

But

Vr
2

Idc
2fC

Vdc Vm

Idc
4f C

Vdc = Idc.RL

Idc
4f RLC
4V f R C
m L
1 4f RLC

Vdc Vm

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