This document discusses different methods of interpolation used to estimate the value of a function for intermediate values of the independent variable based on a set of known data points. It introduces polynomial interpolation and describes Newton's forward and backward interpolation formulas for equally spaced data points. Lagrange's interpolation formula is presented for unequally spaced data points. Central difference interpolation formulas like Bessel's formula and Stirling's formula are also discussed. The key steps and formulas of each interpolation technique are outlined.
This document discusses different methods of interpolation used to estimate the value of a function for intermediate values of the independent variable based on a set of known data points. It introduces polynomial interpolation and describes Newton's forward and backward interpolation formulas for equally spaced data points. Lagrange's interpolation formula is presented for unequally spaced data points. Central difference interpolation formulas like Bessel's formula and Stirling's formula are also discussed. The key steps and formulas of each interpolation technique are outlined.
This document discusses different methods of interpolation used to estimate the value of a function for intermediate values of the independent variable based on a set of known data points. It introduces polynomial interpolation and describes Newton's forward and backward interpolation formulas for equally spaced data points. Lagrange's interpolation formula is presented for unequally spaced data points. Central difference interpolation formulas like Bessel's formula and Stirling's formula are also discussed. The key steps and formulas of each interpolation technique are outlined.
This document discusses different methods of interpolation used to estimate the value of a function for intermediate values of the independent variable based on a set of known data points. It introduces polynomial interpolation and describes Newton's forward and backward interpolation formulas for equally spaced data points. Lagrange's interpolation formula is presented for unequally spaced data points. Central difference interpolation formulas like Bessel's formula and Stirling's formula are also discussed. The key steps and formulas of each interpolation technique are outlined.
Interpolation technique of estimating the value of a function for any intermediate
value of the independent variable
method of computing the value of the function = () for any given
value of the independent variable when a set of values of = ()
for certain values of are known or given i.e. the process of finding the value of corresponding to any value of =
between 0 and , if , , = 0,1,2, , are the set of + 1 given data
points of the function = () Easy to do if function is explicitly defined..
Interpolating Function if the function () is not known, then it is very hard to find the exact
form of () with the tabulated values ,
can be replaced by a simpler function (), which has the same
values as for 0 , 1 , 2 , , () is called the interpolating or smoothing function and any other
value can be computed from it
Polynomial Interpolation If () is a polynomial, then () is called the interpolating polynomial
and the process of computing the intermediate values of y = () is
called the polynomial interpolation. In the study of interpolation, we make the following assumptions: there are no sudden jumps in the values of the dependent variable for the period
under consideration the rate of change of figures from one period to another is uniform. In this course, interpolation will be based on the calculus of finite differences (forward, backward and central).
Finite Difference Operators
Forward Differences Backward Differences
Central Differences
Forward Differences or simply difference operator is denoted by defined as = + () where = interval of differencing
or, at = = + ( )
= +1 hence,
for = 0,1,2, , 1
Second Difference difference of the first differences denoted by 2 0 , 2 1 , , 2 hence,
generalizing,
+1 = +1 = 0,1,2,
where 0 identity operator, i.e., 0 = () and 1 =
Backward Differences denoted by defined as = ( ) or, at =
= 1
for = , 1, , 1
1 = 1 0 , 2 = 2 1 , , = 1
Second difference
Central Differences denoted by
defined by = + first central differences
second central differences
INTERPOLATION for EQUAL INTERVALS
Assumption: for function = (), the set of ( + 1) functional values 0 , 1 , , are given
corresponding to the set of ( + 1) equally spaced values of the independent
variable, = 0 + , = 0,1,2, , , where is the spacing
Newtons Forward Interpolation Formula
used to interpolate the values of near the beginning of a set of equally spaced tabular
values formula:
where: 0 , 1 , , + 1 0 , 1 , , + 1 = = = 0,1,2, ,
Ex: Find the value of sin42.
40
45
50
55
60
0.6428
0.7071
0.7660
0.8192
0.8660
Since x = 42 is near the starting value 0 = 40, we use NFIF.
i 0 1 2 3 4
xi 40 45 50 55 60
yi 0.6428 0.7071 0.766 0.8192 0.866
yi 0.0643 0.0589 0.0531 0.0469
2yi -0.0054 -0.0058 -0.0062
3yi -0.0004 -0.0004
4yi 0
Seatwork
Newtons Backward Interpolation Formula
used to interpolate the values of near the end of the tabulated values
formula:
( + 1) 2 +1 = + + + + + 1
2! ! where:
Ex: Calculate the value of (84) for the data given in the table below:
Since x = 84 is near the end value 5 = 90, we use NBIF.
xi
yi
yi
2yi
3yi
4yi
5yi
0 1 2 3 4 5
40 50 60 70 80 90
204 224 246 270 296 324
20 22 24 26 28
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
0 0
= 84
5 = 90
= 10 =
8490 10
= 0.6
xi
yi
yi
2yi
3yi
4yi
5yi
0 1 2 3 4 5
40 50 60 70 80 90
204 224 246 270 296 324
20 22 24 26 28
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
0 0
From
( + 1) 2 +1 = + + + + + 1
2! ! 84 = 324 + 0.6 28 +
0.6 0.6+1 2!
2 = .
Error NFIF
NBIF
INTERPOLATION for UNEQUAL INTERVALS
Lagrange Formula for Unequal Intervals
Let = be a real values continuous function defined in an interval [, ]. Let 0 , 1 , , be
( + 1) distinct points which are not necessarily equally spaced and the corresponding values of the function are 0 , 1 , , . Since ( + 1) values of the function are given corresponding to the ( + 1) values of the
independent variable x, we can represent the function = () as a polynomial in of degree .
Using Lagranges interpolation formula, find the value of y corresponding to x = 10
from the following data.
Apply Lagranges interpolation formula to find a polynomial which passes through
the points (0, 20), (1, 12), (3, 20) and (4, 24).
Seatwork Using Lagranges interpolation formula find a polynomial which passes the points
(0, 12), (1, 0), (3, 6), (4, 12).
Lagranges Formula for Inverse Interpolation
By interchanging x and y in the formula, we can express as a function of as
follows:
The following table gives the values of y corresponding to certain values of . Find
the value of when = 167.59789 by applying Lagranges inverse interpolation
formula.
CENTRAL DIFFERENCE INTERPOLATION FORMULAE
for EQUAL INTERVALS
Central Difference Tables
Bessels Formula
*brackets mean that the average has to be taken
Apply Bessels interpolation formula to obtain y25, given that y20 = 2860, y24 = 3167,
