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Customer Satisfaction At Low Cost

Airlines: A Case Study Of Jetstar
Pacific Airlines (JPA)
David J. Snyder, Canisius College, USA
Pham Anh Tai, Jetstar Pacific Airlines, Vietnam

ABSTRACT
The appearance of LCA model in recent decades has rapidly penetrated into airline markets.
Passengers have more options for their travel. Many people believe that low fares mean low
quality. However, some of them argue that LCA can deliver good quality as FCA does. LCA
providers always find ways to prove to their customers that it offers low prices but not low quality.
Many studies have been explored on the subjects of the service quality, cost, and customer
satisfaction in the LCA around the world but still rarely any related researches is in Vietnamese.
This paper examines the influence of factors on customer satisfaction and identifies the
satisfaction levels with service that customers have acquired from the low-cost airline industry in
Vietnam, with the case study of JPA that is the first LCA in Vietnam. The examination is based on
the SERVPERF model includes Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy, Tangibility
dimensions, and the Price dimension which is added afterwards. The hypotheses of six dimensions
have been assumed to have positive impacts on customer satisfaction. Those hypotheses are tested
to determine the correlation between initial dimensions and identify the real representative factors
affecting customer satisfaction with services that JPA has supplied. In addition, the paper
determines the scores of corresponding to the representative factors that are evaluated by its
customers. Through those findings, the management has an overview and insight of performance
that JPA executes to adjust the behaviors and to give the most appropriate direction.
Furthermore, the identified factors are also evaluated to determine effected coefficients that have
impact on customer satisfaction. Based on the effected coefficients the recommendations for
improving those factors are given.
The survey and analysis result proves that the Behavior Performance factor has the strongest
influence on customer satisfaction; however JPAs passengers are not very pleased about JPAs
performance on this factor, therefore JPA should focus on it at the highest priority for
improvement. In the context of the current economic difficulties, Price - Convenience is also
considered as the second factor which has relatively impressive impact on passengers
satisfaction; JPA is regarded pretty good at this aspect in customer assessment, so that JPA needs
to promote and continue to improve in order to keep a competitive advantage. Besides, the
analysis also indicates that the Tangibility Commitment factor has little affect on customer
satisfaction, however followed by the two above factors, the JPA should improve this element.
Keywords: Customer Satisfaction; Jetstar Pacific Airlines (JPA)
INTRODUCTION
Research Background
There have been many considerable studies on customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction has a strong
influence on the customer retention and business effectiveness of a firm (Kwong, Wong, Chan, 2009). Steven,
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Dong, & Dresner (2012) believe that customer satisfaction of a firm will be increased by improving the customer
service factor and as a result the companys performance would be better. In other words, providing poor service
will lead to negative influence on the image and survival of a service company (Boshoff, & Staude, 2003). Being a
fast developing country, Vietnam tends to integrate widely into the global market, peoples income is constantly
improving, needs and demands for air travel grow rapidly. According to Thanh (2011) the domestic travel by air
increased 14% in 2011 which is much higher than average rates in the world and Asia. In this context Vietnam is
considered as an ideal market for airline industry. The participation of series Full Service Airlines (FSA) and Low
Cost Airlines (LCA) into the airline industry such as Vietnam Airlines, Jetstar Pacific Airlines, Vietjet Air, Air
Mekong, Vasco, and Indochina Airlines proves that judgment
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Chen (2008) has appointed that customer satisfaction is a holistic concept that it represents the overall
emotional response after consumption, and it can range from the level of dissatisfaction to satisfaction. LCA in
particular, customer satisfaction is a crucial factor of competitive advantage and helps to create the success for LCA
who is a newly participations (Kim & Lee, 2011). Besides, customer satisfaction is penchant for the defence to
retain customers rather than for the offence to find new customers in a competitive environment (Reichheld &
Sasser, 1990). Within theories about the elements of customer satisfaction, it seems that price and service factors are
core elements that influence strongly on customer satisfaction of a service company.
In developing countries as Vietnam, LCAs are always attractive to customers through cheaper fares due to
low cost strategies and diversified revenue sources. Nevertheless, some customers believe that low fares are
synonymous with poor service quality. Therefore this chapter will give an overview of concepts, theories and
models related to service quality, price, and customer satisfaction sectors in service companies, airline industry, and
LCA particularly. In addition, this chapter also access to the theories, and definitions of the relationship between
price, service quality and customer satisfaction.
Definitions, Concepts, and Theories
Service Literatures

Intangibility: Services are considered as intangible because we can not touch, hold, smell and can not try
them before buying the service. Heizer & Render (1999) highlighted some typical service sectors such as
education, consultant, entertainment, banking, finance, commerce, transportation, logistics, health care, etc.
Meanwhile, West et al (2010) believed that although most services are intangible in a natural but it still
exists tangible aspects that they can be used as massages of service quality, even the most intangible
services people can make it more tangible in the creative strategy.
Homogeneity: In fact, services often fluctuate depending on around factors such as environmental impact,
attitudes, and emotions, moods that exist in both service providers and service buyers (Wolak, Kalafatis, &
Harris, 1998). To survive and grow in the competitive service environment, service providers must find its
own solution and strategy to limit the volatility, and ensure provided services are consistent. For example,
enhanced training for staff, establish procedures, and strictly monitored. Besides, some service providers
use bank security services to guarantee for the consistency of services.
Inseparability: Unlike products, in which two aspects of production and consumption are separated. For
services, it is hard so that we can divide the service providing from the service utilizing. Usually two stages
of service provision and service utilization occurs at the same time. You can only provide the service if
there is customer (West et al, 2010). Health care for example, the service is provided to satisfy the needs of
patients. At the same time two factors needs of patients and health care service happens at the same time,
can not separate them from each other.
Perishability: This is one of typical attributes of the service sector. Service can not be stored, transferred
from one place to another, reused, resold, or returned (Fridgen, 1996 cited in Kandampully, Mok, &

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Sparks, 2001). If services are not enforced it is considered as lost. Flight reservation service in airlines, for
instance if the airlines has not sold the spare seats means that service will loss on that flight. The airlines
service can not be stored, transferred, resold over the next day.
Airline Service
Being one of the service sectors, airline companies bear themselves the characteristics mentioned above. 4P
marketing mix model will help to outline the general service context of airlines in general and LCA at JPA in
particular. According to McCarthy (1960) 4Ps marketing is a set of marketing tools including product, price, place,
and promotion. In other words, it is known as marketing mix. Airlines use 4Ps as a strategic model to achieve
marketing in their target markets. Although many people argue that the 4Ps classification is not a good taxonomy for
the marketing strategy today (Walterschoot & Bulte, 1992) and there are many other marketing mix models such as
4Cs, 4As, 7Ps, etc, but 4Ps still exists in most marketing courses because it covers most elements of marketing
strategy.

Product: The element is formed based on fundamental needs of consumers. It represents the quality, style,
features, brand, durability, etc. of the product. Airlines often offer types of services consistent with their
service oriented and target market. For example, the FSA provides different fare services such as VIP,
Business, and economic classes; services are classified corresponding fare classes; fares include other
services. Meanwhile, the LCA usually provide a unique fare class and of cause one type of services;
Customers have their right to select the service and pay for that.
Price: Price of a product will be decided depending on production cost, operation cost, position of the
product in the market, and its competitive products. In the severe competition of airline industry, requiring
all airlines must do utmost to decline the costs while improve service quality. With the advantages of low
cost strategy, we are witnessing the significant introduction of LCA
Place (Distribution): It reflects the product distribution, stock, outlets, freight, insurance, warranty, etc.
Airlines offer services through agents, ticket offices, post offices. In addition they cooperate with financial
organization, banks to sell their services.
Promotion: That is activities of advertising, sales promotion, publicity, personal selling, etc. For instance,
Airlines can be a sponsor for events such as culture event, tourist events, and traffic or safety promotions;
use the quick spread of the internet, media to promote their services.

Low Cost Airline Literatures

Unlike the full service airlines (FSA), LCA spins off into strategies to minimize costs by reducing
overheads costs, optimizing transportation capacity, and increasing load factor (Berrittellar, Franca, & Zito, 2009).
The aircrafts of LCA are usually equipped with more seats to increase the transportation capacity. Service is
standardized by using unique economical service level. Additional services are normally provided based on
customers demands. LCA normally applies all necessary solutions to reduce turnaround time for longer time the
airplane serving in the air. The point to point flight routes are also the first priority for saving the fuel consumption.
LCA usually operates secondary airports with low packing and landing charges. Customers can approach the
booking service easily; most of transactions are implemented via internet, e-banking service, etc to save the
distribution manpower cost. Moreover, LCA prefers synchronizing the configuration of the aircraft fleet, using one
type of aircraft generation in order to decline the manpower, training cost, and spare cost. Employees can undertake
more than one task. The operating and managing structures are minimal and efficient, etc (Bao moi, 2011;
Berrittellar, Franca, & Zito, 2009). Undoubtedly, low fare is one of the crucial reasons to satisfy customers needs
and inspire them to buy it again (Hidalgo, Manzur, Olavarrieta, & Farias, 2008).
LCA have created a revolution in the world for airline sector in the mode of operation completely different
than traditional airlines (Berrittella, at al, 2009). The LCA is attractive customers that are sensitive with price levels
such as young people, leisure travellers (Morrell, 2005). In choosing of competitive strategy, the most important for
company is how to offer the product or service that best meet the demands of customers in comparison with its
revivals. According to Porter (1996) that means the firm perform a similar practice better than other competitors. For
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LCAs, this means that how can they achieve the lowest possible price for their services. To do this, LCAs often
pursue policies to cut cost, build optimal cost structure. In the study relevant cost of the LCAs as Ryanair and
EasyJet in Europe and Southwest American, Campbell and Kingsley (2002) outlined the average operating cost per
km of available seat at studied LCAs only half that cost at FSAs, and the difference in cost between LCA and FCA
depends on three main groups of service savings, operational savings, and overhead savings. By the experience in
the airline industry, researcher argues that the significant characteristics which are applied by LCA to achieve the
success will be described as follows:

Fuel hedging: Fuel is one of the largest operating costs of airlines. When airlines believe that the fuel price
wont drop in the future, they can sign a contract to buy for a period of time at the current price. In the
future, if the fuel price increase, they get benefit, in contrast they paid the higher fuel prices.
More seats: The LCA can sale the cheaper fare but they can still increase revenue by arranging more
passengers on the plane. For example, JPA reorganizes the Boeing B737-400 aircraft configuration to
accommodate 168 passengers, while other FCA remains the configuration at 144 or 150 passenger seats.
Pay for additional demands: LCA cuts off free food and drinks, instead of the customer to pay for those
services.
Similar aircraft configuration: Using a unique aircraft type and configuration to minimize the cost of
training, maintenance, and repair.
Using cheaper airport: They use the small airport, little attention therefore the cost of parking and related
services are lower.
Online ticket: LCA sells tickets online or over the phone. It helps reduce the marketing cost, agent
commission cost, and ticket printing cost.
Flexible ticket prices: The ticket prices are extremely flexible, which is offered depending on the needs of
passengers. Normally, the sooner buying the ticket, the lower price will be applied and as close to
departure, the higher ticket price. Some time the cheap ticket at the last minute when the aircraft has a lot of
available seats.
Short turnaround time: Reduce the ground time and increase flight time will be a considerable cost savings
for airlines. Adapting this aspect, LCA implements appropriate solution. For example, pilots perform transit
check; cabin crews carry out cleaning job; aircraft interior is simply furnished and equipped leather seat
covers for easy cleaning; etc.

Service Quality Literatures

Firms should understand and adapt customers requirements and expectations to achieve the competitive
advantages. As the result those firms can improve customers loyalty and satisfaction via their high quality products
or services (Bui and Nguyen, 2004). As noted above, unlike product quality, which is tangible thus it is measured
objectively by durable and defect indicators, meanwhile most service are intangible (Berry, 1980) therefore it may
be difficult to measure. Normally, service quality is assessed via customer feel and experience. In this section, the
author will refer to definitions and concepts of service quality, by which identify and introduce some measuring
methods that are applied in previous studies of
Relationship between Price and Customer Satisfaction
As mentioned above services bear highly intangible attributes. Customers judge the service satisfaction
through their feel and experience. Service price is always one of the core factors in the customer perceived level of
satisfaction. Generally, high-quality services, greater cost than equivalent low-quality services (Chitty, Ward, &
Chua, 2007). For most consumers, the best quality service is not sufficient to rule that it has satisfied customers.
Customers tend to buy the services that make them satisfy, but they do not need to buy the best services (Cronin &
Taylor, 1992). Besides, many studies argued that service price can strongly influence customer perception of service
value, service satisfaction (Zeithaml & Bitner, 2000; Peng & Wang, 2006; Kim, Zhao, & Yang, 2008). More
competitive prices will be a motive source to attract new customers because those customers often rely on the
service price to judge the service through its price, while they are no experience to evaluate the service before
buying or using it.
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The value of the money to purchase services or products is another aspect in the customer satisfaction.
According to Porter (1985) value is the amount that customers satisfy to pay for products or services of the firms.
Feller, Shunk, & Callarman (2006) gave an excellent example about the value in the context of a person who is
dying of thirst in a desert. If someone gives him water in one hand and money in the other, the money would be a
little considered. Thus only water can satisfy him at that time. The example provides us the insights that the value is
a subjective experience depending on particular circumstances. Therefore, the value appears when needs meet
supply.
The concept of reasonable price is also applied to many researches to judge the customer satisfaction
compared to the price of products and services. Customers are willing to open their wallets to by the services or
products that they feel reasonable price (Oliver, 1997; Cheng, Lai, & Yeung, 2008). Airlines in general and LCAs in
particular do not ignore this principle in building the fare frame to meet the different demands of consumers, from
that they launch out extended fare ranges compatible with the provided service, the flying time, or the booking
season.
Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction
There are so many studies on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. That leads
to the result of behavioral outcomes. Generally, researchers agreed that high service quality leads to increase
customer satisfaction. Consequently, the customer is willing to share the satisfaction to other people; the service
firms gather the consumers loyalty, retention (Lee, 2011; Danaher, 1997; Magi & Julander, 1996; Levesque &
McDougall, 1996; Bitner, 1990).
However, some other researches specified that link between service quality, satisfaction, and firm
performance is not consistent with each other (Anderson & Mittal, 2000; Arthur, 1994; Ittner & Larcker, 1998). In
another study on airline industry Steven, Dong, & Dresner (2012) demonstrated that the relationship between three
factors of service, satisfaction and performance is non-linear and can identify the optimal point in which the
company can get maximum profit at a specified customer service and satisfaction.
In general, most of studies agreed that there is a proportional relationship between customer service,
customer satisfaction, and business performance. When firms provide higher service quality, increase customer
satisfaction and lead to better performance results, the company earns higher profits (Banker & Mashrana, 2007;
Behn & Riley, 1999; Dresner & Xu, 1995; Sim et al., 2010).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Introduction
The Service Performance Model and price factor that have been introduced in the previous chapter will
serve as a basis to introduce the research methodology on customer satisfaction at JPA. In this chapter, the survey
questionnaire that will be used to collect the data of the properties in the research model will be described in details
of the design, reliability assessment. The encoding of research model dimensions will be also mentioned here.
Beside the survey questionnaire will be pilot-tested and checked by interviewing two key persons at JPA to ensure
the reliability, coverage, and quality of those questions before distributing them to JPAs customers.
Research Hypotheses and Coding
Some further researches in service quality conducted by Parasuraman at al. (1988); Erdil and Yildiz (2011)
showed that SERVQUAL and SERVPERF instruments introduced five dimensions which are used to measure the
service quality including Tangibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. There is a lot of
controversy surrounding the application of the SERVQUAL and SERVPERF measurement tool, but most agree that
they are appropriate instruments for examining the perceived service quality in the airlines sector despite remaining
limits on the validity and reliability (Aksoy, Atilgan, & Akinci, 2003; Sultal & Simpson, 2000; Park et al., 2004).
Moreover, the qualitative interviews that were conducted by researcher have shown that two significant factors
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influencing on customer satisfaction at LCA and JPA are service quality and fare price (Thanh and Phuong, 2012).
In addition the result of a survey that was organized by JPAs Marketing Department on the weights of influential
factors on the decision of buying air ticket in Vietnamese airlines highlighted that the weight of service quality
factor occupies the biggest rate at 71.6% in which 45.9% of performance and 25.7% of reputation, and the fare price
occupies the weight of 28.4% (Jetstar Pacific Vietnam Prophecy, 2012).
JPA Value Model

28.40%
45.90%

Service performance
Reputation
Fare price

25.70%

Figure 1: Overall Value Model, Adapted from (Jetstar Pacific Vietnam Prophecy, 2012)

Therefore, this research confirmed the conceptual research model for studying of customer satisfaction at
JPA in the influential factors of service quality and fare price.

Figure 2: Research Hypothesis and Coding

In the grounded theory, Strauss & Corbin (2008) referred to three coding phases including open coding,
axial coding, and selective coding, in which the open coding is the process to disaggregate the data into units, the
axial coding is the phase of recognizing the relationship between the categories, and the selective coding is the
process of label for the integration of categories to form a theory. This study codes hypothesis, variable items and
dimensions as below.
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Hypothesis coding: The customer satisfaction is measured and evaluated via six hypotheses including five
service quality dimensions and one additional price dimension in which they are interpreted and encoded.
The letters as H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 represent in turn for the positive effects of reliability,
responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibility, and price on customer satisfaction.
Variable coding: The measuring variables are also coded in short form. The (V1 to V5), (V6 to V9), (V10
to V13), (V14 to V18), (V19 to V22), (V23 to V27) describe respectively the measuring items of reliability,
responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibility, and price dimensions.
Dimension abbreviation: The dimensions of the model as reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy,
tangibility, price, and customer satisfaction are abbreviated by REL, RES, ASS, EMP, TAN, PRI, and CS
respectively.

According to Jain & Gupta (2004), the performance of the service companies has a linear relationship with
service quality:
k

SQi Pij
j 1

Where:
SQ i - The perceived service quality of individual i
k - The number of items
P - The perception of individual j with respect to performance of a service firm on item j
Applying to this extended conceptual model the equation of customer satisfaction and dimensions of
service quality, fare price is used for multiple regression analysis.
CS = 1 * REL + 2 * RES + 3 * ASS + 4 * EMP + 5 * TAN + 6 * PRI
Where:
- The standardised regression coefficients
Data Collection
Official Survey - Quantitative Research
After finishing the preliminary interview and pilot survey periods, the researcher has revised the
questionnaire that best suits the condition of this study. The next step is to distribute the official questionnaire to
customers of JPA to conduct official surveys. This task is done over the following steps:

The questionnaire structure: includes three parts, Part I consists of 8 questions (question 1 to 8) describe
the customers information and their behaviours. Part II consists of 27 subsidiary questions with 5-point
Likert scales from strongly disagree to strongly agree of research model (question 9.1 to 9.27), in which 22
questions describe five dimensions of SERVPERF model for service quality and 5 questions describe the
additional dimension of fare price. Part III consists of 5 remaining questions (question 9.28 to 9.32)
represent for the overall customers satisfaction.

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter the results obtained from the qualitative interviews and quantitative survey questionnaire
will be described and their implications will be analyzed, dissected and discussed. In the other words most questions
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of the research about the situation of customer service, dimensions of the service quality, fare price commitment,
and other factors that contribute to customer satisfaction at JPA will be answered in this chapter through description,
analysis and discussion of findings. Therefore, the research objectives can be clarified and the purpose of the study
will be solved.
Interview Response Statistics
In order to gather the insiders own thoughts about the current status of customer satisfaction, service
quality, and prices that JPA is delivering to its customers and understand the strategic orientations that JPA leaders
are pursuing for improving the customer satisfaction, an interview with two key managers who are Ta Huu Thanh
Chief Commercial Officer and Cao Hong Phuong Marketing Manager has been organized. The interviewees were
willing to provide essential information for the study.
Recent Level of Service Quality, Fare Price and Customer Satisfaction

Overall market: Although Vietnamese airline market is considered potential with the continuous growth
capacity of passenger and goods in recent years. But the competition becomes stricter with the entrance of
the newly established airlines and the growth of transport capacity of the existing airlines. In the
Vietnamese LCA, the participation of Vietjet Air makes competition in this segmentation more intense.
Besides the loss in business for consecutive years despite high level seat usage coefficients forces JPA to
continuously reform the organization and improve the service quality and air fare as well.
Fare price: Interviewees stated that according to the latest survey of the company, JPA is leading the
competition in price at the domestic market (Jetstar Pacific Vietnam Prophecy, 2012). In another survey of
David & Rachael (2009), the JPA was also ranked at the same level among the surveyed companies that are
Vietnam Airlines, JPA and Air Mekong. According to the international ranking on the millions of eDream
flight bookings during 2011 JPA offered the cheapest flights worldwide at 8.55 Euros per 100 miles
(eDreams traveling together, 2012).
Service quality: The interviewees also frankly acknowledged weaknesses in JPA in terms of service quality
performance. According to the survey results (Jetstar Pacific Vietnam Prophecy, 2012), the JPA is standing
at the bottom of the rankings of service quality in comparison with three other domestic airlines. This is
lower than the survey results in 2009, in which JPA was ranked at the second highest quality service in
comparison with two other domestic airlines at that time (David & Rachael, 2009). Thanh said the poor
quality comes from two main causes which are hard and soft services. The hard service refers to the current
aging aircraft fleet which has different configurations and low technical reliability leading to unexpected
technical problems. This impacts directly on flight schedule such as cancellations and delays. The soft
service represents the performance of front line fleets such as customer service staffs, check-in employees,
and flight attendants.

Solutions for Improving Service Quality, Fare Price and Customer Satisfaction
In the interview, the interviewees mentioned core elements of improving the customer satisfaction at JPA is
to continuously improve the service quality, and maintain the lead on fare price. JPA consistently complies with the
following strategy directions:

Synchronizing the aircraft fleet only Airbus A-320 aircrafts that have the same configuration, same engine
with the aircraft fleet of mother Jetstar group. JPA also aims at a younger aircrafts. As an evidence for this
strategy, JPA is nearly complete phasing out the old B-737 aircrafts which are replaced by the newer A-320
aircrafts (Our fleet, 2012). With this strategy JPA aims to improve the reliability of flight schedule, reduce
the delays and cancellations. Besides aircraft interior is also improved significantly due to the nature of the
newer aircrafts. Furthermore newer aircrafts, unique configuration, one type of engine can help to improve
the costs of maintenance, spare parts, and technical administration.
Enhanced training for front line employees that communicate directly with customers to improve the
service performance, ability to handle problems, manner of communication, behavior attitude, etc. For
example, the implementation of training courses for a standing smile in every front line staff.

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CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion of Analysis Result
Behavior-Performance Factor
As analyzed in chapter 4, this factor has the highest standardized regression coefficient 0.522. It means that
the factor has the biggest impact on the customer satisfaction. Regarding to the results of EFA analysis, the
Behavior-Performance factor consists of 14 variables which come from initial dimensions of Reliability (V2, V3,
V4), Responsiveness (V6, V7, V8, V9), Assurance (V10, V11, V12, V13), and Empathy (V14, V15, V17).

V2 - Being a safe airline

V3 - Feeling the comfortable on the support of the JPAs staffs
V4 - Having staff that demonstrate understanding when problems arise
V6- When delays or cancellations occur, JPA notify customers of the exact time of flight
V7 You are provided with a quick service upon request
V8 JPAs employees are willing to help you
V9 JPAs employees focus on your requirements
V10 You feel safe in your transaction with JPA
V11 JPAs employees are respectful
V12 JPAs employees give you confidence when using their service
V13 JPAs employees have knowledge about airlines service
V14 JPAs staffs understand your specific needs
V15 JPA is wholeheartedly interested in your interests
V17 JPAs employees listen to your queries and opinions.

This factor describes mainly the behavior and performance of the JPA staffs such as friendly gesture, the
understanding and the ability to solve tasks, the commitment that JPA has offered, the absolute safety for each flight,
the delay and cancellation status, responsibilities of employees for their work, the service process of before, during
and after flights, and the attitudes of helping customers as well. The results of interview with JPAs key managers
and score judgment at 3.50 indicate that JPAs customers were not really satisfied with perceptions about behavior
and performance of JPAs staffs.
Price-Convenience
Price-Convenience is the second strongest factor, just behind the Behavior-Performance factor that
influences the customer satisfaction. This factor describes mainly the airfares and the convenience of flight
schedules, contains four initial surveyed variables of price dimension (V23, V24, V26, V27) and one initial
surveyed variable of Empathy (V16).
V16 JPA provides convenient flight time
V23 Generally, JPA offers the lowest airfares
V24 JPA has a wide range of fare pricing options
V26 JPA provides the choices that you just pay for service you will use
V27 JPA introduces flexible payment methods.
The above variables clearly reflect the service prices and the slight contribution of the convenience of the
flight schedule. According to the results of the EFA analysis, the highest score at 3.90 demonstrates that customers
are the most satisfied with what they perceived from JPA-related to this factor. The JPAs key managers also
supposed that JPA would continue to lead the price dimension in the domestic airline market.
5.1.3

Tangibility-Commitment:

Although the results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that this factor has less impact on
customer satisfaction and it has even been removed from the list of the major factors affecting satisfaction. However
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the significant value of the factor reached 0.053 which is just over the eliminated limit of Sig (0.05). Besides EFA
analysis shows that JPA are performing poorly in this factor, the EFA score is 3.12 only. Therefore, this factor can
also be evaluated as one of the considerable factors behind the two major factors above. This factor includes four
initial variables of Tangibility dimension (V19, V20, V21, V22), one variable of Price dimension (V25), and one
variable of the Reliability dimension (V5).
V5 Ensuring flight schedules as announced
V19 JPA has well presented staffs
V20 JPA has a model looking aircraft
V21 The aircraft interior is clean
V22 There are quality options of food and drinks
V25 JPA give the suitable price of food.
Those variables represent the Tangible properties such as facilities, aircraft fleets, the appearance of the
staffs, the food and drinks, as well as the commitment to flight schedules.
Recommendations
Based on the above analysis and findings, with the purpose of improving the customer satisfaction, the
researcher would like to offer recommendations related to each factor affecting customer satisfaction. Besides,
introducing a Balance Scorecard illustration may help JPAs managers communicate mission and vision of company
to its employees.
Improving Behavior and Performance
Behavior and performance occupies the biggest density of the influences on customer satisfaction. Thus
improving this factor will significantly help JPA increase the most customer satisfaction.
Improving behavior: Staff training solutions need to be implemented continuously. For example, JPA
should create favorable conditions for their staff to update their knowledge regularly, make sense of responsibility
for their work, and improve the processing skills and efficiency. Besides, JPA should pay particular attention to infront employees to equip them with knowledge about customer service skills, practice patience, confidence to solve
problems of customer, calm and cheerful attitude with customers even when facing work pressure.
Improving Performance: Improvement of reliability and assurance such as ensuring the punctuality at high
rate, limiting the status of delayed or canceled flights will contribute to the impression performance for JPA. In
order to improve these aspects JPA should focus on criteria key points of the aircraft availability, check-in process,
ground service, flight planning and controlling.
Improving Price and Convenience Perspective
Price and convenience is the second significant factor that JPA should focus on. Although JPA is assessed
quite well by customers for this factor however JPA is facing the challenges that JPA needs to overcome to continue
driving on price. The appearance of Vietjet Air with the same market segment has created real kick to force JPA to
have clearly competitive strategies. Besides the JPA continues to incur losses for recent years, although the
coefficient of seat using always stands at high level. Thus JPA must carefully calculate to deal with the competition
on price. The author would like to suggest the following recommendations in order to optimize the cost and
maximize the convenience for considering of JPAs managers.
Risk preventive solutions: In airline operation always exists high risks that are difficult to predict such as
fluctuations of fuel prices, the unusual incidents. Thus preventing risks such as fuel hedging, insurance for aircraft
and engine will ensure for JPA avoiding abnormal events, balancing the fare price.

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High level of seat utilization: Having solutions to ensure the seat utilization as high as possible. For
example JPA should continue providing the most convenient service, flexibility to its customers at all times; giving
service packages to attract tourists; Linking tourism, transportation to ensure connectivity.
Improving ancillary revenue: Most of the LCA in the world are interested in ancillary revenue that is often
significantly improving the - organization's total revenue. So JPA should focus on improvement, innovation both in
terms of quality and design of the food, drink, and items sold on the flights to attract buyers.
Improving aircraft fleet: Using aging and complex aircrafts including both A-320 and B-737 with so far
different configurations of engines and parts cause higher technical expense. Although aircraft leasing costs low due
to aging aircrafts but that could not offset the intangible cost due to delays and cancellations. The author
recommends as rapid deployment of the strategy of younger aircraft fleet is needed, JPA should use the unique
configuration of engines and parts for whole aircraft fleet.
Improving turnaround time: Ensure increasing flight time, while reducing the ground time, means that
shorter the turnaround, lower the costs per seat. JPA should consider this criterion by improving the performance of
ground service staffs to reduce the time between flights. For example, transit check, cleaning jobs should be carried
out by flight crews
Improving the convenience: JPA should also pay attention to the connection between the flights and other
kind of transportation at the destination such as flight connections, car transportations, etc to create the most
favorable conditions for its passengers. Reasonable flight schedules, suitable flight times and regular flights will
contribute to convenience.
Final Conclusions
The service industries in general and the airline industry in particular, the customer satisfaction is always a
key element of most companies. Thorough understanding of customers expectations and perception is a critical
stage to help companies make the right decisions for developing. This research does not stand outside that purpose.
The researcher applied the theories of services, service quality, lower costs, etc. for interpreting and step by step
identifying the answers for the customer satisfaction and its involved aspects in a low cost airline in Vietnam with
the specific case of Jetstar Pacific Airlines.
Applying SERVPERF model that is widely used in researches on the service quality, the author has
designed a research methodology which takes five dimensions of the SERVPERF model including Reliability,
Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy, and Tangibility combined with the Price dimension which is the typical
characteristic of low cost airline industry as the core elements for the quantitative measurement. In addition, the
qualitative interview on two key managers has been applied to improve the quality of this research. The functions
such as reliability Cronbatch's Alpha, Exploratory Factor, Score, Multiple Regression, and descriptive analyses of
Microsoft software SPSS 20 have been applied to the analysis and interpretation of the surveys results.
Through the analysis stages, the initial six dimensions have been reduced to two Behavior-Performance and PriceConvenience factors having significant influence on customer satisfaction, and one Tangibility-Commitment factor
having negligible influence on customer satisfaction. The 27 observed items have been initially also reduced to 25
variables having significant correlation to the reduced factors. Furthermore, the analysis also offered the customers
evaluated scores for reduced factors and the loading coefficients (Standardized Beta) of each factor affecting
customer satisfaction. Therefore, the current performance levels have been judged, and the improving factors have
also been identified.
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