Comparacion Center Tap Vs Doubler

Lecture Notes on Photonics and Optoelectronics Vol. 1, No.
2, December 2013
Current Doubler Rectifier for High Power and

Low Voltage DC/DC Converter Applications
Guoying Xu, Haisheng Yu, Huachang Zou, Hao Yang, and Ming Cheng
Sichuan Institute of Solid State Circuits, China Electronics Technology Group Corp., Chongqing, China
Email: [email protected],{yuhaisheng, zouhuachang, yanghao, chengming}@ sisc.com
AbstractThe rectifier has important influence on a

DC/DC converters characteristics including the efficiency,
the output voltage ripple and the dynamic behavior. By
analyzing the difference between the center trapped
rectifier and the double current rectifier, this document
explains and demonstrates the advantage of the current
doubler rectifier for DC/DC converters with especially high
power but low output voltage which mean very high output
current.
one of the most suited choice because the voltage stress

on each switch is equal to the input voltage, which make
it able to use lower voltage degree MOSFETs and reduce
the power losses.
Q3
Q1
D1
C1
D3
C3
+
UG3
-
+
UG1
T
Ip
Vin
Index Termscurrent doubler rectifier, DC/DC converter,

high power, low voltage
+
Q2
I.
INTRODUCTION
Along with the development of industry, avigation and

spaceflight, there are more and more requirement for high
power density DC/DC converters which make the
electronic systems smaller, lighter and more efficient.
One of the most pivotal factors which restricts the power
density of DC/DC converters is efficiency because the
heat resulted from the power losses brings serious
drawback to the reliability and lifetime of the
converters[1], [2]. Rectifier is an integrant part of a
DC/DC converter but it produces nearly 40 percent of the
powerlosses and also affect the dynamic response. So it is
necessary to go deep into the rectifiers especially for the
high power, low output voltage and high output current
DC/DC converters. Synchronous rectification is quite
applicable in high current applications as it can reduce
conducting losses largely[3]-[5]. Furthermore the current
doubler rectifier gives advantages when the current ripple
is low.
The goal of this work is toanalyzing the advantage and
disadvantage between center trapped rectifier and current
doubler rectifier and find out the more conformable one
for high current applications. In this paper, a 500 watts
DC/DC converter based on full bridge topology is
discussed.
II.
Figure.1
D2
C2
Q4
D4
C4
+
UG4
-
Sketch map of the full-bridge DC/DC converter
UG1
t
UG2
dead time t2
t
phase-shifted
UG3
t
phase-shifted
UG4
dead time t1
UAB
t
Ip
t
HIGH POWER DC/DC CONVERTER BASED ON FULL

BRIDGE TOPOLOGY
Figure. 2
Typical waveforms of the full-bridge DC/DC converter
A DC/DC converter based on shift-phase full bridge

topology is shown in Figure 1[6], where the capacitors
C1~C4 are the output capacitance of the MOSFETs
Q1~Q4 and the diodes D1~D4 could be the body-diodes
or separate diodes. The MOSFETs are drived by a
For the applications when the input voltage is quite

high, for example, 300 volts, the full bridge topology is
Manuscript received June 26, 2013; revised August 24, 2013.

2013 Engineering and Technology Publishing
doi: 10.12720/lnpo.1.2.48-51
+
UG2
-
UAB
48
Lecture Notes on Photonics and Optoelectronics Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2013
controller that each two on the same leg are 180

phase-shifted and the phase degree between the two
MOSFETs catercorner, , is shifted from 0to 180
which determines the duty of the full-bridge DC/DC
converter. In each cycle, the power transformer T is
magnetized bidirectionally and the voltage on the primary
side is symmetrical. The typical waveforms of the
converter is represented in Fig. 2.
As is shown in Fig. 2, the transformer works
symmetrically during each cycle, a rectifier which is able
to transfer energy bidirectionally is needed. Either a
center trapped rectifier or a current duble rectifier is
competent. For high output current applications, the
synchronous rectification that make use of low
on-resistance MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes or
fast-recovery diodes poduces less conducting losses that
is applicable to both the center trapped rectifier and the
current duble rectifier.
III.
magnetic interference. Thirdly, the two separate inductors

share in the high output current so each one is in smaller
size and the losses are shared that gives the converter
better heat distributing.
For further comparison, a same phase-shifted full
bridge DC/DC converter is dicussesd and the duty, the
switching frequency, the capacitance ,the input and
output voltage are identical and since the two output
inductors in the current doubler rectifier are parallel the
inductance is two times than that of the center trapped
rectifier. The characteristics interrelated with the rectifier
include the current ripple, the slew rate and power losses
of the inductor and the performance of the transformer
and the switches.
B. Inductor Comparison
In steady working mode, the output inductor L of the
center trapped rectifier is current-balance as Eq.(1). In the
same way, both the inductors L1 and L2 of the current
doubler rectifier satisfy Eq.(2). So the voltage on the
secondary winding of the current doubler rectifier is two
times of that of the center trapped rectifier, Vsec = 2
Vsec1. It is demonstrated that the total slew rate of
current IL1 and IL2 is equal to that of IL, expressed by
Eq.( 3) to Eq.( 8).
COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT DOUBLER

RECTIFIER AND CENTER TRAPPED RECTIFIER
A. Rectifiers Comparison
T
L
Io
C
SR2
Io
(V sec1 Vo ) d T Vo (1 2d )
Load
T
Vo 2 V sec1 d
2
(V sec Vo ) d T Vo (1 d ) T Vo V sec d
SR1
kr (CT )
a) Center trapped rectifier
k f (CT )
kr ( L1L2 )
IL1
Load Io
L1
L2
SR1
V sec Vo V sec V sec d V sec (1 d )
L1
L1
L1
Vo Vsec d
L1
L1
k f (CD ) 2 k f ( L1L2 )
Sketch map of the two different rectifiers
(5)
(6)
V sec (1 2d )
L1
2 V sec d
L1
(7)
(8)
where:
kr(CT) = the rising rate of the current of the inductor in
center trapped rectifier
kf(CT) = the falling rate of the current of the inductor in
center rectifier
kr(L1L2) = the rising rate of the current of the inductors in
current doubler rectifier
kf(L1L2) = the falling rate of the current of the inductors
in current doubler rectifier
kr(CD) = the rising rate of the total current ripple in center
trapped rectifier
kf(CD) = the falling rate of the total current ripple in
center rectifier
A current doubler rectifier and a center trapped

rectifier are shown in Fig. 3. The current doubler rectifier
is different from the center trapped rectifier by the
structure that with only one secondary winding and two
separate output inductors which make it three advantages
than the center trapped rectifier. Firstly, as two output
inductor share the total output current that means IL1
plus IL2 equals Io, during each half cycle the current
flows in the secondary winding is just 50% of the center
trapped rectifier. Secondly, there are less high current
connections in the current doubler rectifier which make it
easier for the PCB design and minimize the electro
(4)
kr (CD ) kr ( L1L2 ) k f ( L1L2 )
IL1
b) Current doubler rectifier
Figure. 3
Vo 2 Vsec1d
L
L
k f ( L1L2 )
C Io
(2)
V sec1 Vo V sec1 2V sec1d V sec1 (1 2d )

(3)
L
L
L
T
SR2
(1)
49
It is proved that by the equations above that the total

current ripple waveforms and load step response are
identical in both the center trapped rectifier and the
current doubler rectifier which are shown in Fig. 4 and
Fig. 5.
To emphasize the differences of power losses of the
inductors in each rectifier, we build FEA(finite element
analysis) models of the inductors in which high
frequency effects are regarded. On the assumption that
the area and volume with each rectifier are similar,
several specifications of I/Io such as 5A/10A, 5A/50A,
1A/10A, 1A/25A are computed and the results show that
there are lower losses in center trapped rectifier for most
cases and only for very lowI/Io ratios like 5A/50A the
current doubler rectifier present less losses.
Vp
IL
Vp
C. Transformer Comparison
The losses of the transformer relate to the turns and the
configuration of the windings and the current flowing in.
As introduced before, the frenquency, duty and size of the
transformers are consistant in both the current doubler
rectifier and the center trapped rectifier so the magnetism
flux and the core losses are almost equal. As is shown in
Fig. 6, with the same average value but the AC current in
the current doubler rectifier is larger than that of the
certer trapped rectifier which means larger AC losses. On
the other hand, it is more possible to achieve better
interleaving configuration and higher coupling coefficient
in the current doubler rectifier which reduce the current
ringing at each switching time[7].
IL1+IL2
IL2
IL1
t

Figure 4. Current ripple of the two rectifiers
Io
Io
t
dT
T
VSEC
VPRIM
dT
dT
t
dT
IL
IPRIM
I/t
I/nCT
Io/nCT
t
-Io/nCT

I
Io
Io
ISEC1
Io/2
t
dT
VSEC
dT
dT
VPRIM
t
t
dT
IL1
IPRIM
I/nCD
Io/2nCD
t
-Io/2nCD
IL2
ISEC
Io/2
IL1+IL2
I/t
-Io/2
Figure 5. Load step response of the two rectifiers
Figure 6. Current waveforms of the rectifiers
50
[2]
Accordingly the inferior position due to the AC losses

of the transformer and the turn-off losses of the
MOSFETs in the current doubler rectifier would be
compensated when the output current is extramly high
and the current ripple Io is low. For example, Io = 25 A
andIo = 2A.
IV.
[3]
[4]
[5]
CONCLUSION
For high power and high current DC/DC converters the

rectifier is one of the major parts that has important effect
on the converter including the efficiency, current ripple,
dynamic response, size, configuration, EMI and lifetime.
Both the two synchronours rectifiers are commended in
high output current applications and the current doubler
rectifier is more applicable when low current ripple is
required. It is demonstrated that while the current ripple
and dynamic characteristics are identical, a better
interleaving transformer can be achieved and reduce the
turn-off losses and AC losses in the current doubler
rectifier. Futhermore the two parallel inductors sharing
the output current produce less losses and ameliorate the
heat distributing which make a smaller size possible.
[6]
[7]
Guoying Xu was born in Chongqing, China, in

1983. She received the Masters degree in
electronic engineering from the Harbin Institude
of Technology, Harbin, China, in 2007.
She is a senior engineer of Sichuan Institute of
Solid
State
Circuits,China
Electronics
Technology Group Corp.. Her contributions are
focused in the field of power supply systems for
telecom, aerospace, automotive and medical
applications. Her research interests are high
power density and magnetic components.
REFERENCES
[1]
Z. S. Zhang and X. S. Cai, Principium and Desigh of Switching

Power Supplies, 1st ed. Beijing, China: Electronics and Industry
Publishing, 2001, ch.2, pp. 21-32.
Q. Wang, Switching Power Supply Design, 2nd ed. Beijing, China:

Electronics and Industry Publishing, 2006, ch.1, pp. 12-20.
L. P. Jin, Design of a single-ended forward DC/DC converter
based on resonant reset technology, Micro-Electronic, vol. 42, pp.
124-128, July 2012.
C. Blake, D. Kinzer, and P. Wood, Synchronous rectifiers versus
schottky diodes: A comparison of the losses of a synchronous
rectifier versus the losses of a schottky diode rectifier, presented
at the IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, 1994.
M. M. Jovanovic, J. C. Lin, C. Zhou, M. Zhang, and F. C. Lee,
Design considerations for forward converter with synchronous
rectifiers, presented at the VPEC Seminar, 1993.
X. B. Ruan, Design of a ZVS-ZCS full-bridge DC/DC converter
based on Resonant Reset Technology, in Proc. 4th Annu. Conf.
Power Electronics, Nanjing, 1997, pp. 141-145.
Q. Li, F. C. Lee, and M. M. Jovanovic, Design consideration of
transformer DC Bias of forward converter with active clamp
reset, in IEEE APEC Proceedings, 1999, pp. 553-559.
51

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Lecture Notes on Photonics and Optoelectronics Vol. 1, No.

Current Doubler Rectifier for High Power and

AbstractThe rectifier has important influence on a

one of the most suited choice because the voltage stress

Index Termscurrent doubler rectifier, DC/DC converter,

Along with the development of industry, avigation and

Sketch map of the full-bridge DC/DC converter

HIGH POWER DC/DC CONVERTER BASED ON FULL

Typical waveforms of the full-bridge DC/DC converter

A DC/DC converter based on shift-phase full bridge

For the applications when the input voltage is quite

Manuscript received June 26, 2013; revised August 24, 2013.

Lecture Notes on Photonics and Optoelectronics Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2013

controller that each two on the same leg are 180

magnetic interference. Thirdly, the two separate inductors

COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT DOUBLER

a) Center trapped rectifier

V sec Vo V sec V sec d V sec (1 d )

Sketch map of the two different rectifiers

A current doubler rectifier and a center trapped

kr (CD ) kr ( L1L2 ) k f ( L1L2 )

V sec1 Vo V sec1 2V sec1d V sec1 (1 2d )

Lecture Notes on Photonics and Optoelectronics Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2013

It is proved that by the equations above that the total

a) Center trapped rectifier

b) Current doubler rectifier

a) Center trapped rectifier

a) Center trapped rectifier

b) Current doubler rectifier

b) Current doubler rectifier

Figure 5. Load step response of the two rectifiers

2013 Engineering and Technology Publishing

Figure 6. Current waveforms of the rectifiers

Lecture Notes on Photonics and Optoelectronics Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2013

Accordingly the inferior position due to the AC losses

For high power and high current DC/DC converters the

Guoying Xu was born in Chongqing, China, in

Z. S. Zhang and X. S. Cai, Principium and Desigh of Switching

2013 Engineering and Technology Publishing

Q. Wang, Switching Power Supply Design, 2nd ed. Beijing, China:

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