AENG412

I.

Introduction for assignment no.1:

Part I: Definition of terms

Structural Design
The process of determining the arrangements, sizes, and materials of parts of a structure
required to safely carry or support the applied loads.
Steps in Structural Design Work:
A. Identify the type of structure applicable and the system of loads acting.
B. Determine the loads and stresses in the parts of the structure by applying appropriate
formulas and choosing the materials to be used.
C. Calculate the allowable stresses and factors/margins of safety
D. Determine the sizes of various parts of the structures.
A. Types of Structures
(1) Truss a framed or jointed structure made up of columns and ties, the whole
structure being designed to act a beam. The members of the truss form a series of
rigid triangles or frames.
(2) Beam a structural element acted upon the forces or couples in an axial plane and
designed to carry bending and shear loads.
a. Simple beam a beam with both ends freely supported. A beam is freely
supported at a point if the section of the support is free to rotate.
b. Cantilever beam a beam that is supported only atone end while the other end
is fixed by being built into a wall or by the use of opposite clamping support.
c. Beam with overhanging ends a beam freely supported at two points and
have its other end portion (or potions) extended beyond the supports.
d. Statically in determinate beam a beam built into walls both ends, or at one
end and freely supported at the other end, or freely supported on three or more
supports.
In aircraft construction, most common types of beams consist of two caps/flanges joined
by a web. Loads applied to the beam are transmitted to the supports by tension in one
cap, compression and the other cap, and shear in the web.

(3) Column and Tie

a. Column a member which is loaded so that it is compressed axially and
develops compressive stress. In aircraft construction, common types of
column used are round or streamline shaped tubes; and some are built up from
sheet metal. While others are made from channels, angles and various types
of extrusions. Examples are push-pull rods in control systems and external
brace struts for wing.
b.

Tie member subjected to tension load only. In aircraft construction, ties are
round, square and streamline tubes, wires, tie rods, and cables.

(4) Beam-columns members subjected to transverse loads or end moments plus

axial loads. The transverse loading or end moments, produces bending moments
w/c in turn, produce lateral bending deflection of the member.
(5) Torque Tubes and Shafts these are design primarily transmit torsion loads due
to twisting moments about their axes. Torque tube is around thin-walled section,
while shaft is usually of solid section. Torque tubes and shafts are sometimes
designed to carry bending and axial loads in addition to torsion loads.
(6) Thin-walled Structures these consist of a thin-walled structural member with
closed or open sections that are usually found in Monocoque and SemiMonocoque Structures.
a. Torque box (closed section) built of thin walls so as to form a closed box
and designed to resist torsional loads. It may consist of one or more
compartments called cells. Each cell is completely enclosed.
b. Open Section thin open sections designed to resist torsional loads and have
various shapes such as angles, channels. I sections and circular shell sections.
Theses sections may be made up of thin sheets or extrusions formed and
joined together to the desired shape.
(7) Bent and frames theses are used also to transfer shear, axial, and bending loads.
a. Bent consist of beams and beam column forming a rectangular frame with
the engine amount.
b. Frame usually in the form of curved frame considered as bent with rounded
corners. Fuselage frames and rings are usually formed sheet metal often with
C channel section or built-up from exhaust and sheet metal. Example is the
bulkhead of fuselage.
Other-Classifications of structures

(1) Monocoque and Semi-Monocoque Structures the term Monocoque is derived

from French words; Mono for one and Coque for shell, hence Monocoque
Structure means on-shell structure. The all-metal shell fuselage and wings are
examples of monocoque and semi-monocoque structures.
a. Monocoque Structure consists of shell or skin made of sheet metal and
transverse rings or bulkheads, where the skin carries the shear and bending
stresses while the bulkheads maintain the cross-sectional shape.
b. Semi-Monocoque Structure is similar to monocoque structure with skin and
bulkiness plus longitudinal stiffeners or stringers to stiffer the skin and help it
carry bending loads. The shearing stresses are carried by the skin alone.
(2) Statically determinate and Indeterminate Structures
Statically determinate structure a structure which can be analyzed by the use of
the laws of statics only.
Statically indeterminate structure a structure which can not be analyzed by the
use of the laws of statics only but with the used of additional principles or
methods in Mechanics and Strength of Materials.
Structural Systems
Any deformable solid body w/c is capable of carrying loads & transmitting these
loads to other parts of the body
Examples: Bars or bar elements, beams, plates or shells; axial rods or two-force
members; trusses; membranes; shear panels

Loads Classification

Surface loads
Dynamic or static pressures
Concentrated & Distributed Loads
Body loads
Inertial, magnetic & gravitational forces
Dynamic & Thermal Loads

Types of Loading
a. Concentrated and distributed loads
b. Axial and transverse loads
c. Bending and torsional loads

Section Properties
a.
b.
c.
d.
PART II:

Areas and Centriods

Moment of Inertia
Polar Moment of Inertia
Radius of Gyration

Summary of Principles and Formulas

A. Forces and Moments

Forces Component and Resultant Forces
Coplanar Forces (2 dimension) forces in the same plane
- Concurrent, Parallel and Non-concurrent Nonparallel
Non coplanar Forces ( 3 dimensions) forces in space
Moments and Couples
Bending and torsional moments
Couples
Resolution of a Force at a point and a Couple
Static Equilibrium
Laws of Statics
- Coplanar forces :
- Non coplanar:
M 0

Fx 0

Fy 0

M 0

Fx 0

Fy 0

Fz 0

Free-body Principle
Methods of Solution
- Analytical (Algebraic and Trigonometric) and Graphical
B. Stress and Strain
1. Stress
a. Normal Stress unit stress acting normal to the cross-section of the structural
element and is induced by axial forces and bending moments

Tensile & Compressive Stress

P
A

Bending Stress (tensile or compressive) B

Mc
I

b. Shear stress unit stress acting parallel and in the plane of the cross section of
the structural element and is caused by shear forces and torsional moments.
(1) Shear stress

V
As

(2) Torsional shear stress

a) Torque tubes
1) Shafts

Tr
J

R4 D4
for solid circular section

2
32
Ro4 Ri4 Do4 Di4
for hollow circular section
J

2
32
b) Thin-walled closed sections or Torque boxes
q
max
t
Where: J

2. Strain
a. Strain

b. Strain may be axial (tensile or compressive), lateral, shearing, bending or

torsional strain
c. Poissons ratio

y
x

3. Stress Strain Relationship

a. Hookes law
Within the proportional elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain.

1.
2.

E
G

Where: Constant = E for Tension or Compression and G for shear

b. Modulus of Elasticity in Tension or Compression
E = 30 x 106 lb/in2 for steels
E = 10 x 106 lb /in 2 for all Aluminum alloys
c. Modulus of Elasticity in shear/modulus of Rigidity
G = 12 x 106 lb/in2 for steels
G = 3.8 to 4 x 106 lb /in 2 for all Al alloys
d. Relation between E and G
E
2 1
where: = 0.25 to 0.33 for and steels and Al alloys
G

C. Trusses
1. Load in Trusses
a. Applied forces and moments
b. Reactions at the supports
c. Axial loads in truss members
2. Truss Analysis
a. Method of Joints
b. Method of Sections/Moments
c. Method of Shear
3. Phantom Member and Application
Phantom Member is an Imaginary member used actual members in the solution of
Truss to simplify the solution.
D. Beams
1. Loads in Beam
a. Concentrated Loads
b. Distributed loads

2. Beam Analysis
a. Statically Determinate Beams
(1) Applicable Laws/Methods
* Laws of Statics: Fx 0

Fy 0

M 0

(2) Loading, Shear, and Bending Moment Diagrams

b. Statically Indeterminate Beams
(1) Applicable Laws/Methods
Laws of Statics
Other Methods Least Work, Equal Deflections, others,
Example: Three-Moment Equation
II.

Introduction for assignment no. 2

Important Section Properties

1. Area and Centroid(with respect to x and y axes)
Area A computed based on shape and size
A ydx xdy A
bx

by

ax

ay

Centroid
x

xdA xA
A

and

ydA yA
A

2. Moment of Inertia
I x y 2 dA and I y x 2 dA
I xx I o Ay 2
Where Ixx = Moment of inertia through any axis parallel to x axis
Io = Moment of Inertia through centroid parallel to x axis
Common Sections:
bh3
Rectangular (through the Centroid): I o
12

Circular (through the Axis)

Solid :
Hollow:

r4 d 4
Io

2
64
4
ro ri 4 d o4 di4
Io

2
64

3. Polar Moment of Inertia

I p r 2 dA y 2 dA x 2 dA I x I y

Common Sections:

Rectangular (through the Centroid)

bh3 hb3
Io

12 12

Circular (through the Axis):

Solid :

Hollow:

Io

Io

r4 d 4

4
32
ro4 ri 4
4

4. Radius of Gyration
r

Ip
A

; y dx

Ix
and x d y
A

Iy
A

d o4 di4
32