3.

Double Integrals
3A. Double integrals in rectangular coordinates
3A-1
a) Inner: 6x2 y + y 2

= 12x2 ;

y=1

Outer: 4x3

= 32 .

= 2u + 21 2 cos u
b) Inner: u cos t + 12 t2 cos u
t=0
/2

= ( 12 )2 + 12 2 = 34 2 .

Outer: u2 + 21 2 sin u
0

c) Inner: x2 y 2

x2

= x6 x3 ;

1 7
7x

Outer:

d) Inner: v u2 + 4 = u u2 + 4;

14 x4
1
2
3 (u

Outer:

1
0

1
7

+ 4)3/2

1
4

= 31 (5 5 8)

3
= 28

3A-2
a)
b)

(i)

dy dx =
R

dy dx

(ii)

dx dy =
R

2
0

dx dy

y=-x

i) The ends of R are at 0 and 2, since 2x x2 = 0 has 0 and 2 as roots.

2 2xx2
dydx =
dydx
R

y=2x-x 2

ii) We solve y = 2x x2 for x in terms of y: write the equation

as

2
x 2x+y = 0 and solve for x by the quadratic formula, getting x = 1 1 y.
Note also that the maximum point of the graph is (1, 1) (it lies midway between
the two roots 0 and 2). We get

c)

(i)

(ii)

dy dx =
R

dx dy =
R

dxdy =
R

dy dx +
0

4y2

1
0

1+ 1y

1 1y

dxdy,

4x2

dy dx
0

y=x
2
2

dx dy

d) Hint: First you have to nd the points where the two curves intersect, by solving
simultaneously y 2 = x and y = x 2 (eliminate x).

The integral
dy dx requires two pieces;
dx dy only one.
R

3A-3

a)

Inner: x(1 21 x)

1x/2

x dy dx;
2

Outer: 21 x2 16 x3 =

x dA =
R

4
2

8
6

= 23
.

b)

E. 18.02 EXERCISES

1y 2

(2x + y ) dA =
(2x + y 2 ) dx dy
0
0
1

1y2
= 1 y2 ;
Outer: y 31 y 3 = 2

Inner: x2 + y 2 x
3.
2

c)

1y

y dx dy
y dA =
1y 0 y1

Inner: xy
= y[(1 y) (y 1)] = 2y 2y 2
R

Outer: y 2 23 y 3

y1

3A-4 a)

sin x dA =
R

Inner: y sin2 x
b)

cos x

xy dA =
R

Inner:

1
2
2 xy

x2

1
0

/2
/2

= 1

3.

cos x

sin2 x dy dx
0

= cos x sin2 x

1
3

Outer:

/2
sin3 x /2
= 13 (1 (1)) = 32 .

(xy) dy dx.
x2

= 12 (x3 x5 )

Outer:

1
1 x4
x6
1 1
1
=

=
.
2 4
6 0
2 12
24

c) The function x2 y 2 is zero on the lines y = x and y = x,

and positive on the region R shown, lying between x = 0 and x = 1.
Therefore

1 x

2
2
(x2 y 2 ) dy dx.

Volume =
(x y ) dA =
R

Inner: x2 y 31 y 3

3A-5 a)

b)

c)

1
4

0
1

3A-6

1
2

x1/3

0;

2
0

= 34 x3 ;

dy dx =

e
du dt =
u

1
2

Outer:

u2
0

2
0
u

y 2

1 4
3x

1
2

e
0

y 2

2 2
1
1
y dy = ey
= (1 e4 )
2
2
0

u eu du = (u 1)eu

12
0

=1

x2 dA;

1
1
1 + x4 + y 4

1 1
1
x
x dA
1
.7
ln 2
2
b)

dx
dy
=
ln(1
+
x
)
=
< .
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
R 1+x +y
0
0 1+x
3A-7 a) x4 + y 4 0

y=x
5a

1
e
2

1 u3
1
1
1
1
u3
1
ln 2
4
du
dx
=
dx
du
=
du
=
ln(1
+
u
)
.
=
4
4
4
1+u
1+u
4
4
0
0
0
0 1+u

x2 dA, Q = rst quadrant

2
ex dA, S = upper half of R;
4

y=-x

= 13 .

dx dy =

e
dt du =
u

0;

y 2

y=x

1/2

t=u 2
1/4

5b
1

x=u3
1

5c

3B. Double Integrals in polar coordinates

3B-1

2
1

a) In polar coordinates, the line x = 1 becomes r cos = 1, or

r = sec . We also need the polar angle of the intersection points; since
the right triangle is a 30-60-90 triangle (it has one leg 1 and hypotenuse
2), the limits are (no integrand is given):

dr d =
R

4/3
2/3

dr d.
sec

c) We need the polar angle of the intersection points. To nd it,

we solve the two equations r = 23 and r = 1 cos simultanously.
Eliminating r, we get 23 = 1 cos , from which = 2/3 and 4/3.
Thus the limits are (no integrand is given):

dr d =
R

4/3
2/3

-2

3/2
-2

1cos

dr d.
3/2

a
R

d) The circle has polar equation r = 2a cos . The line y = a has polar
equation r sin = a, or r = a csc . Thus the limits are (no integrand):

dr d =
R

r= sin 2

/2
/4

a csc
2a cos

b)

c)

d)

/2
0
/4

0
/2

a
0

sin 2
0

r dr d
=
r

sec

tan2 r dr d =

/2
0

2d

/2
1
1
sin 2 d = cos 2
= (1 1) = 1.
2
2
0

a
1

r
2
dr
d
=

ln(1
+
r
)
= ln(1 + a2 ).
1 + r2
2 2
4
0
1
2

/4

tan2 sec2 d =
0

/4
1
1
= .
tan3
6
6
0

sin

dr d
1 r2
0
0
sin

Inner: 1 r2
= 1 cos

2c

2b
/2

r=sin
1

x=1
r=sec

r=a

2a

3B-2 a)

dr d.

Outer: sin

3B-3 a) the hemisphere is the graph of z =

/2
0

= /2 1.

a2 x 2 y 2 =

a2 r2 , so we get

E. 18.02 EXERCISES

b)

a2 r2 dA =

/2
0

2
0

a
0

a
1
1
2
a2 r2 r dr d = 2 (a2 r2 )3/2 = 2 a3 = a3 .
3
3
3
0

(r cos )(r sin )r dr d =

0

r3 dr
0

/2

sin cos d =
0

a4 1
a4

= .
4 2
8

c) In order to be able to use the integral formulas at the beginning of 3B, we use symmetry
about the y-axis to compute the volume of just the right side, and double the answer.
/2
/2 2 sin

r=2sin
y
1

r r dr d = 2

x2 + y 2 dA = 2
(2 sin )3 d
3
1
0
0
0
R
32
8 2
=
, by the integral formula at the beginning of 3B.
3 3
9
/2
/2 cos
1
1

2
r r dr d = 2
d) 2
cos2 d = 2 = .
4
4 4
8
0
0
0
=2

top view x
r 2=cos

3C. Applications of Double Integration

Placing the gure so its legs are on the positive x- and y-axes,
a ax
ax
1
1 a
1 4
= x2 (a x); Outer: x3 a x4 =
x2 dy dx Inner: x2 y
a) M.I. =
a .
3
4
12
0
0
0
0

1
1
1 4
a
2
2
2
y=a-x
a + a 4 = a4 .
b)
(x + y ) dA =
x dA +
y 2 dA =
12
12
6
R
R
R
3C-1

a
c) Divide the triangle symmetrically into two smaller triangles, their legs are ;
2
a4
1 a 4

=
Using the result of part (a), M.I. of R about hypotenuse = 2
12
24
2
3C-2 In both cases, x
is clear by symmetry; we only need y.

dA =
sin x dx = 2
a) Mass is
R
0
sin x

1 2

y dy dx =
y-moment is
y dA =
sin x dx = ; therefore y = .
2
4
8
0
0
0
R

b) Mass is
Using the formulas at the beginning of 3B,
y dA = , by part (a).
4
R

/2
sin x
sin3 x
1 2
4

y-moment is
y 2 dy dx = 2
y 2 dA =
dx = 2
= ,
3
3 3
9
R
0
0
0
16
4 4
.
Therefore y = =
9
9

a
a
a
2

3C-3 Place the segment either horizontally or vertically, so the diameter is respectively on
the x or y axis. Find the moment of half the segment and double the answer.
(a) (Horizontally, using rectangular coordinates)

b
0

a2 x2

y dy dx =

b
0

ans:

2 3
b .

b
c

Note that a c = b .

1 2
1
1
x 3 b
= b3 ;
(a x2 c2 ) dx = b2 x
2
2
3 0
3

x2+y 2=a 2

r=a

(b) (Vertically, using polar coordinates). Note that x = c becomes r = c sec .

a
a
= 31 (a3 cos c3 sec2 )
(r cos ) r dr d
Inner: 31 r3 cos
Moment =
c sec
c
sec

2
Outer: 31 a3 sin c3 tan = 13 (a2 b c2 b) = 31 b3 ; ans: b3 .
3
0

a
b

a
c

3C-4 Place the sector so its vertex is at the origin and its axis of symmetry lies along the
positive x-axis. By symmetry, the center of mass lies on the x-axis, so we only need nd x
.
2
= a2 .
Since = 1, the area and mass of the disc are the same: a2
2
a
a
r cos r dr d
Inner: 32 r3 cos ;
x-moment: 2
0

Outer:

2 3
3a

sin

= 32 a3 sin

x
=

2 3
3a

sin
2
sin
= a
.
a2
3

3C-5 By symmetry, we use just the upper half of the loop and double the answer. The
upper half lies between = 0 and = /4.
/4
/4 acos 2
1 4
r2 r dr d = 2
a cos2 2 d
2
4
0
0
0
/2
a4
a4 1
a4
r 2=cos 2
Putting u = 2, the above =
cos2 u du =
=
.
22 0
4 2 2
16

3D. Changing Variables

(x, y)
(u, v) 1 3
1
= 7;
=
= .
2
1
(x, y)
(u, v)
7

1 7 4u
x 3y
dx dy =
dv du
7 0 1 v

R 2x + y
7

4
49 ln 4
1 49 ln 4
1 2
; Ans:
= 7 ln 2
Inner: u ln v = u ln 4; Outer: 2 u ln 4 =
2
7 2
1
0
3D-1

u=0

Let u = x 3y, v = 2x + y;

R
u=7

v= 1

v= 4

E. 18.02 EXERCISES

3D-2

Let u = x + y, v = x y.

Then

(u, v)
= 2;
(x, y)

(x, y)
1
= .
(u, v)
2

To get the uv-equation of the bottom of the triangular region:

y = 0 u = x, v = x u = v.

xy
v
1 2 u
cos
cos dv du
dx dy =
x
+
y
2
u
R
0
0
v
Inner: u sin
u
3D-3

= u sin 1

1 2
2u

Outer:

v =0

u =2
R
u =v

2
sin 1 = 2 sin 1

u =0

Ans: sin 1

Let u = x, v = 2y;

1
(x, y)
=
0
(u, v)

1
0
1 =
2
2

Letting R be the elliptical region whose boundary is x2 + 4y 2 = 16 in xy-coordinates,

and u2 + v 2 = 16 in uv-coordinates (a circular disc), we have

1
(16 u2 v 2 ) dv du
(16 x2 4y 2 ) dy dx =
2
R
R
=

1
2

2
0

4
0

4
r2
r4
(16 r2 ) r dr d = 16
= 64.
2
4 0

(u, v) 1
1
= 5;
=
3D-4 Let u = x + y, v = 2x 3y; then
(x, y) 2 3
We next express the boundary of the region R in uv-coordinates.
For the x-axis, we have y = 0, so u = x, v = 2x, giving v = 2u.
For the y-axis, we have x = 0, so u = y, v = 3y, giving v = 3u.

(x, y)
1
= .
(u, v)
5
v=0

v=2 u

v=4

It is best to integrate rst over the lines shown, v = c; this means v is

held constant, i.e., we are integrating rst with respect to u. This gives

v2 3
u
Inner:
15

v/2

v/3

v/2

du dv
.
5
v/3
0

v6
1
1
46
1
1
Outer:
=
.
+
+
6 15 8 27 0
6 15 8 27

(2x 3y)2 (x + y)2 dx dy =

v 2 3 1 1
=
v

15
8
27

v=- 3u

v 2 u2

Let u = xy, v = y/x; in the other direction this gives y 2 = uv, x2 = u/v.

(u, v)
(x, y)
1
y
x 2y
=
We have
=
= 2v;
=
; this gives
y/x2 1/x
(x, y)
x
(u, v)
2v

3 2
u
1
+ uv
dv du.
(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy =
v
2v
R
0
1

3D-5

Inner:
3D-8

u u
+ v
2v
2

2
1

1
1 1
3u
=
;
= u +1+
4
2 2
4

Outer:

a) y = x2 ; therefore u = x3 , v = x, which gives u = v 3 .

3 2
u
8

27
.
8

(v=2)
y=2x
(v=1)
y=x
R

u =0

xy=3
(u=3)

b) We get

u
v
+ uv = 1, or u = 2
; (cf. 3D-5)
v
v +1

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18.02SC Multivariable Calculus

Fall 2010

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