INTRODUCTORY COURSE TO
PRACTICAL PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Engku Ahmad Faisal
[email protected]github.com/efaisal
twitter.com/efaisal
facebook.com/eafaisal
plus.google.com/100085338667833364551
ABOUT THIS COURSE
Fundamental course on programming and Python
3 days
Format:
Lectures
Hands-on exercises
Handout
Feel free to ask question anytime
Always use the official Python documentation
(https://docs.python.org/2/ or https://docs.python.org/3/)
INTRODUCING PROGRAMMING
What is Programming?
Instruction to do something to achieve a
desired result
Using series of steps or actions that a
programmer defines (procedure)
Each action works on certain object(s) or data
in order to attain a well defined goal
REAL WORLD EXAMPLE OF
PROGRAMMING
Shampoo Instruction
Wash
Rinse
Repeat
Do you notice the problem with the
instruction?
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Computer is a dumb device that cannot understand human
language
You, as a programmer, need to tell the computer precisely what
to do
Use programming language which helps to translate your
instruction so that computer can understand
WHAT IS PYTHON?
An Overview
A high level, general purpose
programming language
High level: don't need to know the
details of hardware
General purpose: can be used to build
many kind of applications (vs domain
specific language such as HTML,
SQL, MATLAB)
WHAT IS PYTHON? (cont)
A little history:
Designed by Guido van Rossum
First release in 1991
Has many implementation: CPython,
PyPy, Jython, IronPython
We'll be using the reference
implementation: CPython
WHAT IS PYTHON? (cont)
Why learn Python?
Low learning curve
Enforce good programming practice
Multi-platforms: Windows, Linux, Mac
Batteries included
WHAT IS PYTHON? (cont)
Examples of applications that
can be built using Python:
Desktop applications/games
Web-based applications
System administrator tasks
automation
Scientific & engineering data analysis
WHAT IS PYTHON? (cont)
Who uses Python?
Giant companies & government
agencies:
Google, Dropbox, Instagram
CERN, NASA
In Malaysia:
TUDM, INCEIF, Star Newspaper
You!
Download from www.python.org
INTRODUCING IDLE
IDLE is an integrated development environment
Part of Python standard library using Tkinter as GUI toolkit
Provides Python shell and a text editor
Not great but good enough for our purpose
VALUE & EXPRESSION
Type on the Python shell:
>>> 1 + 2
As expected the result is 3
The number 1 and 2 are
called values
The symbol + is an operator
1 + 2 together forms an
expression
STORING VALUE
Store into variable
Using the = sign
Examples:
>>> var = 2
>>> var
2
>>> a = 1
>>> var + a
3
>>> result = var + a
>>> result
3
DATATYPES: NUMBERS
Integers
>>> a = 2
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>>
>>> import fractions
>>> # Simulate 1/3
>>> c = fractions.Fraction(1, 3)
>>> c
Fraction(1, 3)
>>>
Floats
>>> b = 2.5
>>> type(b)
<class 'float'>
>>>
Fractions
Complex numbers
DATATYPES: NUMBERS (cont)
Common Operators for Numbers
+
*
/
%
Addition
Substraction
Multiplication
Division
Modulus (calculate remainder)
>
>=
<
<=
Greater than
Greater than or equal to
Lesser than
Lesser than or equal to
PRIMITIVE
DATATYPES
DATATYPES: STRINGS
Enclosed by single quotes
>>> 'this is a string'
'this is a string'
>>>
Enclosed by double quotes
>>> this is also a string
'this is also a string'
>>>
Enclosed by triple single or
double quotes for multilines
string
>>> '''first multi
line string'''
'first multi\nline string'
>>> second multi
line string
'second multi\nline string'
>>>
DATATYPES: STRINGS
Concatenate
>>> a = 'my '
>>> a + 'string'
'my string'
>>>
Repeat
>>> b = 'ha '
>>> b * 3
'ha ha ha '
>>>
Long string
>>> mystr = ('put in bracket '
'to handle long string')
>>> mystr
'put in bracket to handle '
DATATYPES: STRING
String is a sequence of characters & can be
indexed/subscripted
>>> mystr = 'Python'
>>> mystr[0]
'P'
>>> mystr[5]
'n'
>>> mystr[-1]
'n'
>>> mystr[-6]
'P'
DATATYPE: STRINGS
String is a sequence of characters & can be sliced
>>> mystr = 'Python'
>>> mystr[1:]
'ython'
>>> mystr[1:5]
'ytho'
>>>
To get the length of characters, use the built-in function len()
>>> len(mystr)
6
>>>
BASIC
DATA STRUCTURE
DATA STRUCTURE: LIST
Mutable (changeable), compound (group of values) data type
Blank lists
>>> a = []
>>> b = list()
Lists with default values
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> b = ['x', 'y', 'z']
Look at the available methods to manipulate list
List comprehension: a more advance topic on list will be
covered later
DATA STRUCTURE: TUPLE
Immutable (unchangeable), compound (group of values) data
type
Blank tuples
>>> a = ()
>>> b = tuple()
Tuples with values
>>> a = (1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> b = ('x', 'y', 'z')
Look at the available methods for tuple datatype
DATA STRUCTURE: DICTIONARY
Mapping datatype (key-value); similar to associative array in
some languages
Blank dictionaries
>>> a = {}
>>> b = dict()
Dictionaries with values
>>> a = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> b = dict((('a', 1), ('b', 2)))
CONTROL
FLOWS
CONTROL FLOW: IF
Conditional control flow
Example (Note: identation is 4 spaces):
>>> x = 5
>>> if x < 0:
print('Negative value')
elif x == 0:
print('Zero')
elif x > 0 and x < 11:
print('Between 1 and 10')
else:
print('More than 10')
'Between 1 and 10'
>>>
CONTROL FLOW: FOR
Iterates over items in iterables (e.g. list, tuple)
Example:
>>> for n in range(2, 10):
for x in range(2, n):
if n % x == 0:
break
else:
print(n, 'is a prime number') # Python 3
print n, 'is a prime number') # Python 2
break is used to terminate iteration
else is executed if no break occurs in the for iteration
CONTROL FLOW: FOR
Another example:
>>> for i in range(2, 10):
if i % 2 == 0:
print(i, ' is an even number') # Python 3
print i, ' is an even number' # Python 2
continue
print(i, ' is an odd number') # Python 3
print i, ' is an odd number' # Python 2
continue keyword means continues with next iteration
CONTROL FLOW: WHILE
Used to loop or repeat a section of code for as long as the
condition (expression) defined in the statement is true
Example, to loop forever:
>>> while True:
pass
pass keyword means do no action or do nothing
FUNCTIONS
WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
A named section of a
program that performs
specific task
Allow to organize code block
which repeatedly used into a
reusable procedure or
routine
Python comes with a lot of
built-in functions which we
already seen some of them
FUNCTION: DEFINING
Using the keyword def
Followed by a name,
patentheses (for possible
arguments) and a colon
Body of a function must be
indented
Variables defined in a
function is stored in the local
symbol table
May return a value using
return keyword
Example: Fibonacci series
>>> def fib(n):
Doc string
a, b = 0, 1
while a < n:
print a,
# Py2
print(a, end=' ') # Py3
a, b = b, a+b
print()
# Py3
>>> fib(2000)
FUNCTION: DEFAULT ARGUMENT
Sometimes it's useful to define default value to argument of a
function
Example:
>>> def calculate(arg, val=1):
Default value is evaluated at the point of function definition and
evaluated on once
Example:
>>> i = 2
>>> def f(arg=i):
>>> i = 5
FUNCTION: KEYWORD ARGUMENT
Function can be called using keyword argument
Example:
>>> def func(arg1=1, say='hello', arg3=5):
print(say)
print(arg1)
print(arg3)
>>> func(say='world') # Using keyword argument
>>> func(1, 'world') # Using positional arguments
>>> func()
# Using default arguments
>>>
FUNCTION: ARBITRARY ARGUMENT
Though seldomly used, but handy when defining a function
without knowing the possible argument upfront
Example:
>>> def myfunc(name='test', *args, **kwargs):
print(name)
print(args)
print(kwargs)
>>> myfunc()
>>> myfunc('test2', 1, 2, 3)
>>> myfunc('test3', 1, 2, arg3='hello', arg4='world')
FUNCTION: ANONYMOUS
Anonymous function can be created using the keyword lambda
Example:
>>> is_even = lambda n: False if n == 0 or n % 2 else True
>>> is_even(0)
>>> is_even(1)
>>> is_even(2)
>>>
Typically used when you need a function object
OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING (OOP)
OOP: INTRODUCTION
Programming paradigm based on the concept of data structure
revolving around objects rather than actions
Object contain attributes (variable within the scope of the
object) and methods (functions within the object)
The definition of object data structure is by using classes
In Python, everything is an object
Example:
>>> a = 1
>>> type(a)
OOP: DEFINING A CLASS
Using class keyword
Example:
>>> class MyClass:
def __init__(self, say='what'):
self.say = say
def shout(self):
print(self.say)
>>> a = MyClass('Hello, world!')
>>> a.shout()
>>> a.say = 'What say you?'
>>> a.shout()
OOP: ARBITRARY DATA STRUCTURE
Python allow you to create a new data structure
Example:
>>> class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x, self.y = x, y
def __add__(self, pt):
return Point(self.x+pt.x, self.y+pt.y)
def __sub__(self, pt):
return Point(self.x-pt.x, self.y-pt.y)
def __eq__(self, pt):
return self.x == pt.x and self.y == pt.y
OOP: INHERITANCE
Derive a class from a base
class
Example:
>>> class Tyre:
def __init__(self, n=4):
self.numtyre = num
>>> class Color:
def __init__(self,
c='red'):
self.color = c
Example (cont):
>>> class Car(Tyre):
def __init__(self):
super(Car,
self).__init__()
>>> a = Car()
>>> a.numtyre
Show multiple inheritance
quirks
ERRORS & EXCEPTIONS
ERRORS & EXCEPTIONS
Two type of error messages
Syntax error
Exceptions
Syntax error example:
>>> if a ok
Exceptions examples:
>>> z
>>> 4 + 1
Exception happens when the syntax is correct during execution
but error is detected
EXCEPTION HANDLING
Unlike syntax error, exception can be handle by your code
Example:
>>> try:
z/0
except NameError:
print(Don't know what z is!!)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(Can't divide z with 0!)
except:
print(Some other error)
>>>
EXCEPTION HANDLING (CONT)
Another example:
>>> try:
z/0
except (NameError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:
print(Error: {0}.format(e.args[0]))
except:
print('some other error')
There is also try-except-else and try-except-else-finally
statement
The else block will be evaluated after successful run of try block
while the finally block will always executed
RAISING EXCEPTION
Exception can be manually raised using the keyword raise
Example:
>>> raise NameError('duh! Var is not defined')
Another example using custom error:
>>> class MyCustomError(Exception):
pass
>>> raise MyCustomError('wow! my own error')
MODULES
MODULE: INTRODUCTION
A module is a file (with .py extension) containing Python
definitions and statements.
The file name will become the module name and can be
imported from your main program
Technically, your main program is also a (special) module
called __main__ module.
Python searches for modules in the current directory follows by
the path defined in PYTHONPATH then in installation
dependent default.
Python comes with a lot of standard modules
MODULE: EXAMPLE
Create a file called mymod.py (this will be your module)
def func1():
print ('func1 from mymod')
def func2():
print('func2 from mymod')
Open Python shell from the same directory
>>> import mymod
>>> mymod.func1()
>>> mymod.func2()
Module is accessed using dot notation
MODULE: PACKAGE
Package is a way to structuring or organising modules into a
more logical collection as you see fit
BATTERIES INCLUDED
BATTERIES INCLUDED
Standard installation of Python comes with lots of built-in
functions and an array of standard libraries.
In some cases, these functions and libraries are all you need to
build your application.
These functions and libraries in most cases are well
documented.
While there are a lot to cover, we'll only walkthrough a subset.
The focus for this section will be the ones you'll (probably) often
use.
BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
enumerate([seq, start=0])
raw_input([prompt])
len(s)
range([start,] stop[, step]), xrange()
open(name[, mode])
set([iterable])
int(), oct(), hex(), bin()
STANDARD LIBRARIES
sys
os
time
datetime
math
decimal
logging
doctest & unittest
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
INTRODUCTORY COURSE TO
PRACTICAL PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Engku Ahmad Faisal
[email protected]github.com/efaisal
twitter.com/efaisal
facebook.com/eafaisal
plus.google.com/100085338667833364551
Instructor: E A Faisal
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
ABOUT THIS COURSE
Fundamental course on programming and Python
3 days
Format:
Instructor: E A Faisal
Lectures
Hands-on exercises
Handout
Feel free to ask question anytime
Always use the official Python documentation
(https://docs.python.org/2/ or https://docs.python.org/3/)
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
INTRODUCING PROGRAMMING
What is Programming?
Instructor: E A Faisal
Instruction to do something to achieve a
desired result
Using series of steps or actions that a
programmer defines (procedure)
Each action works on certain object(s) or data
in order to attain a well defined goal
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
REAL WORLD EXAMPLE OF
PROGRAMMING
Shampoo Instruction
Wash
Rinse
Repeat
Do you notice the problem with the
instruction?
Instructor: E A Faisal
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Instructor: E A Faisal
Computer is a dumb device that cannot understand human
language
You, as a programmer, need to tell the computer precisely what
to do
Use programming language which helps to translate your
instruction so that computer can understand
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
WHAT IS PYTHON?
An Overview
Instructor: E A Faisal
A high level, general purpose
programming language
High level: don't need to know the
details of hardware
General purpose: can be used to build
many kind of applications (vs domain
specific language such as HTML,
SQL, MATLAB)
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
WHAT IS PYTHON? (cont)
A little history:
Designed by Guido van Rossum
First release in 1991
Instructor: E A Faisal
Has many implementation: CPython,
PyPy, Jython, IronPython
We'll be using the reference
implementation: CPython
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
WHAT IS PYTHON? (cont)
Why learn Python?
Instructor: E A Faisal
Low learning curve
Enforce good programming practice
Multi-platforms: Windows, Linux, Mac
Batteries included
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
WHAT IS PYTHON? (cont)
Examples of applications that
can be built using Python:
Desktop applications/games
Web-based applications
Instructor: E A Faisal
System administrator tasks
automation
Scientific & engineering data analysis
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
WHAT IS PYTHON? (cont)
Who uses Python?
Giant companies & government
agencies:
Google, Dropbox, Instagram
CERN, NASA
In Malaysia:
TUDM, INCEIF, Star Newspaper
You!
Download from www.python.org
Show demo:
1. Game
2. Facial recognition
Instructor: E A Faisal
10
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
INTRODUCING IDLE
Instructor: E A Faisal
IDLE is an integrated development environment
Part of Python standard library using Tkinter as GUI toolkit
Provides Python shell and a text editor
Not great but good enough for our purpose
11
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
VALUE & EXPRESSION
Instructor: E A Faisal
Type on the Python shell:
>>> 1 + 2
As expected the result is 3
The number 1 and 2 are
called values
The symbol + is an operator
1 + 2 together forms an
expression
12
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
STORING VALUE
Store into variable
Using the = sign
Instructor: E A Faisal
Examples:
>>> var = 2
>>> var
2
>>> a = 1
>>> var + a
3
>>> result = var + a
>>> result
3
13
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATATYPES: NUMBERS
Integers
>>> a = 2
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>>
Instructor: E A Faisal
>>> import fractions
>>> # Simulate 1/3
>>> c = fractions.Fraction(1, 3)
>>> c
Fraction(1, 3)
>>>
Floats
>>> b = 2.5
>>> type(b)
<class 'float'>
>>>
Fractions
Complex numbers
14
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATATYPES: NUMBERS (cont)
Common Operators for Numbers
+
*
/
%
Instructor: E A Faisal
Addition
Substraction
Multiplication
Division
>
>=
<
<=
Greater than
Greater than or equal to
Lesser than
Lesser than or equal to
Modulus (calculate remainder)
15
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
PRIMITIVE
DATATYPES
Instructor: E A Faisal
16
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATATYPES: STRINGS
Enclosed by single quotes
>>> 'this is a string'
'this is a string'
>>>
Enclosed by double quotes
>>> this is also a string
'this is also a string'
>>>
Instructor: E A Faisal
Enclosed by triple single or
double quotes for multilines
string
>>> '''first multi
line string'''
'first multi\nline string'
>>> second multi
line string
'second multi\nline string'
>>>
17
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATATYPES: STRINGS
Instructor: E A Faisal
Concatenate
>>> a = 'my '
>>> a + 'string'
'my string'
>>>
Long string
>>> mystr = ('put in bracket '
'to handle long string')
>>> mystr
'put in bracket to handle '
Repeat
>>> b = 'ha '
>>> b * 3
'ha ha ha '
>>>
18
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATATYPES: STRING
Instructor: E A Faisal
String is a sequence of characters & can be
indexed/subscripted
>>> mystr = 'Python'
>>> mystr[0]
'P'
>>> mystr[5]
'n'
>>> mystr[-1]
'n'
>>> mystr[-6]
'P'
19
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATATYPE: STRINGS
Instructor: E A Faisal
String is a sequence of characters & can be sliced
>>> mystr = 'Python'
>>> mystr[1:]
'ython'
>>> mystr[1:5]
'ytho'
>>>
To get the length of characters, use the built-in function len()
>>> len(mystr)
6
>>>
20
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
BASIC
DATA STRUCTURE
Instructor: E A Faisal
21
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATA STRUCTURE: LIST
Instructor: E A Faisal
Mutable (changeable), compound (group of values) data type
Blank lists
>>> a = []
>>> b = list()
Lists with default values
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> b = ['x', 'y', 'z']
Look at the available methods to manipulate list
List comprehension: a more advance topic on list will be
covered later
22
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATA STRUCTURE: TUPLE
Instructor: E A Faisal
Immutable (unchangeable), compound (group of values) data
type
Blank tuples
>>> a = ()
>>> b = tuple()
Tuples with values
>>> a = (1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> b = ('x', 'y', 'z')
Look at the available methods for tuple datatype
23
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
DATA STRUCTURE: DICTIONARY
Instructor: E A Faisal
Mapping datatype (key-value); similar to associative array in
some languages
Blank dictionaries
>>> a = {}
>>> b = dict()
Dictionaries with values
>>> a = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> b = dict((('a', 1), ('b', 2)))
24
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
CONTROL
FLOWS
Instructor: E A Faisal
25
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
CONTROL FLOW: IF
Instructor: E A Faisal
Conditional control flow
Example (Note: identation is 4 spaces):
>>> x = 5
>>> if x < 0:
print('Negative value')
elif x == 0:
print('Zero')
elif x > 0 and x < 11:
print('Between 1 and 10')
else:
print('More than 10')
'Between 1 and 10'
>>>
26
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
CONTROL FLOW: FOR
Instructor: E A Faisal
Iterates over items in iterables (e.g. list, tuple)
Example:
>>> for n in range(2, 10):
for x in range(2, n):
if n % x == 0:
break
else:
print(n, 'is a prime number') # Python 3
print n, 'is a prime number') # Python 2
break is used to terminate iteration
else is executed if no break occurs in the for iteration
27
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
CONTROL FLOW: FOR
Instructor: E A Faisal
Another example:
>>> for i in range(2, 10):
if i % 2 == 0:
print(i, ' is an even number') # Python 3
print i, ' is an even number' # Python 2
continue
print(i, ' is an odd number') # Python 3
print i, ' is an odd number' # Python 2
continue keyword means continues with next iteration
28
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
CONTROL FLOW: WHILE
Instructor: E A Faisal
Used to loop or repeat a section of code for as long as the
condition (expression) defined in the statement is true
Example, to loop forever:
>>> while True:
pass
pass keyword means do no action or do nothing
29
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
FUNCTIONS
Instructor: E A Faisal
30
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
Instructor: E A Faisal
A named section of a
program that performs
specific task
Allow to organize code block
which repeatedly used into a
reusable procedure or
routine
Python comes with a lot of
built-in functions which we
already seen some of them
31
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
FUNCTION: DEFINING
Instructor: E A Faisal
Using the keyword def
Followed by a name,
patentheses (for possible
arguments) and a colon
Body of a function must be
indented
Variables defined in a
function is stored in the local
symbol table
Example: Fibonacci series
>>> def fib(n):
Doc string
a, b = 0, 1
while a < n:
print a,
# Py2
print(a, end=' ') # Py3
a, b = b, a+b
print()
# Py3
>>> fib(2000)
May return a value using
return keyword
32
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
FUNCTION: DEFAULT ARGUMENT
Instructor: E A Faisal
Sometimes it's useful to define default value to argument of a
function
Example:
>>> def calculate(arg, val=1):
Default value is evaluated at the point of function definition and
evaluated on once
Example:
>>> i = 2
>>> def f(arg=i):
>>> i = 5
33
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
FUNCTION: KEYWORD ARGUMENT
Instructor: E A Faisal
Function can be called using keyword argument
Example:
>>> def func(arg1=1, say='hello', arg3=5):
print(say)
print(arg1)
print(arg3)
>>> func(say='world') # Using keyword argument
>>> func(1, 'world') # Using positional arguments
>>> func()
# Using default arguments
>>>
34
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
FUNCTION: ARBITRARY ARGUMENT
Instructor: E A Faisal
Though seldomly used, but handy when defining a function
without knowing the possible argument upfront
Example:
>>> def myfunc(name='test', *args, **kwargs):
print(name)
print(args)
print(kwargs)
>>> myfunc()
>>> myfunc('test2', 1, 2, 3)
>>> myfunc('test3', 1, 2, arg3='hello', arg4='world')
35
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
FUNCTION: ANONYMOUS
Instructor: E A Faisal
Anonymous function can be created using the keyword lambda
Example:
>>> is_even = lambda n: False if n == 0 or n % 2 else True
>>> is_even(0)
>>> is_even(1)
>>> is_even(2)
>>>
Typically used when you need a function object
36
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING (OOP)
Instructor: E A Faisal
37
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
OOP: INTRODUCTION
Object contain attributes (variable within the scope of the
object) and methods (functions within the object)
The definition of object data structure is by using classes
In Python, everything is an object
Instructor: E A Faisal
Programming paradigm based on the concept of data structure
revolving around objects rather than actions
Example:
>>> a = 1
>>> type(a)
38
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
OOP: DEFINING A CLASS
Instructor: E A Faisal
Using class keyword
Example:
>>> class MyClass:
def __init__(self, say='what'):
self.say = say
def shout(self):
print(self.say)
>>> a = MyClass('Hello, world!')
>>> a.shout()
>>> a.say = 'What say you?'
>>> a.shout()
39
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
OOP: ARBITRARY DATA STRUCTURE
Instructor: E A Faisal
Python allow you to create a new data structure
Example:
>>> class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x, self.y = x, y
def __add__(self, pt):
return Point(self.x+pt.x, self.y+pt.y)
def __sub__(self, pt):
return Point(self.x-pt.x, self.y-pt.y)
def __eq__(self, pt):
return self.x == pt.x and self.y == pt.y
40
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
OOP: INHERITANCE
Instructor: E A Faisal
Derive a class from a base
class
Example:
>>> class Tyre:
def __init__(self, n=4):
self.numtyre = num
>>> class Color:
def __init__(self,
c='red'):
self.color = c
Example (cont):
>>> class Car(Tyre):
def __init__(self):
super(Car,
self).__init__()
>>> a = Car()
>>> a.numtyre
Show multiple inheritance
quirks
41
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
ERRORS & EXCEPTIONS
Instructor: E A Faisal
42
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
ERRORS & EXCEPTIONS
Instructor: E A Faisal
Two type of error messages
Syntax error
Exceptions
Syntax error example:
>>> if a ok
Exceptions examples:
>>> z
>>> 4 + 1
Exception happens when the syntax is correct during execution
but error is detected
43
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
EXCEPTION HANDLING
Instructor: E A Faisal
Unlike syntax error, exception can be handle by your code
Example:
>>> try:
z/0
except NameError:
print(Don't know what z is!!)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(Can't divide z with 0!)
except:
print(Some other error)
>>>
44
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
EXCEPTION HANDLING (CONT)
Instructor: E A Faisal
Another example:
>>> try:
z/0
except (NameError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:
print(Error: {0}.format(e.args[0]))
except:
print('some other error')
There is also try-except-else and try-except-else-finally
statement
The else block will be evaluated after successful run of try block
while the finally block will always executed
45
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
RAISING EXCEPTION
Instructor: E A Faisal
Exception can be manually raised using the keyword raise
Example:
>>> raise NameError('duh! Var is not defined')
Another example using custom error:
>>> class MyCustomError(Exception):
pass
>>> raise MyCustomError('wow! my own error')
46
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
MODULES
Instructor: E A Faisal
47
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
MODULE: INTRODUCTION
Instructor: E A Faisal
A module is a file (with .py extension) containing Python
definitions and statements.
The file name will become the module name and can be
imported from your main program
Technically, your main program is also a (special) module
called __main__ module.
Python searches for modules in the current directory follows by
the path defined in PYTHONPATH then in installation
dependent default.
Python comes with a lot of standard modules
48
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
MODULE: EXAMPLE
Create a file called mymod.py (this will be your module)
def func1():
print ('func1 from mymod')
def func2():
print('func2 from mymod')
Instructor: E A Faisal
Open Python shell from the same directory
>>> import mymod
>>> mymod.func1()
>>> mymod.func2()
Module is accessed using dot notation
49
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
MODULE: PACKAGE
Instructor: E A Faisal
Package is a way to structuring or organising modules into a
more logical collection as you see fit
50
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
BATTERIES INCLUDED
Instructor: E A Faisal
51
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
BATTERIES INCLUDED
Instructor: E A Faisal
Standard installation of Python comes with lots of built-in
functions and an array of standard libraries.
In some cases, these functions and libraries are all you need to
build your application.
These functions and libraries in most cases are well
documented.
While there are a lot to cover, we'll only walkthrough a subset.
The focus for this section will be the ones you'll (probably) often
use.
52
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
Instructor: E A Faisal
enumerate([seq, start=0])
raw_input([prompt])
len(s)
range([start,] stop[, step]), xrange()
open(name[, mode])
set([iterable])
int(), oct(), hex(), bin()
53
Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming
STANDARD LIBRARIES
Instructor: E A Faisal
sys
os
time
datetime
math
decimal
logging
doctest & unittest
54
