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Porifera: Phylum (Class) Key Names and Examples Symmetry of Body Plan

This document provides information on key characteristics of different kingdoms and phyla in biology. It includes symmetry, examples, general traits, and important systems for each group. The document covers plants from bryophytes to angiosperms and animals from porifera to chordates. For animals it details traits like tissue organization, coelom, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive and excretory systems. Major groups are also characterized briefly.

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Jihee Yoon
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55 views23 pages

Porifera: Phylum (Class) Key Names and Examples Symmetry of Body Plan

This document provides information on key characteristics of different kingdoms and phyla in biology. It includes symmetry, examples, general traits, and important systems for each group. The document covers plants from bryophytes to angiosperms and animals from porifera to chordates. For animals it details traits like tissue organization, coelom, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive and excretory systems. Major groups are also characterized briefly.

Uploaded by

Jihee Yoon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as XLSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Key Names and Examples

Symmetry of Body
Plan

Porifera

Sponge

Asymmetrical

Cnidaria

Hydra, jellyfish, sea


anenome, coral

Radial

Platyhelminths

Flat worms, trematoda,


flukes, tapeworm,
planarian

Bilateral w/
cephalization

Nematoda

Round worm, hook worm,


trichina, C. elegans,
Bilateral
ascarcis

Rotifera

Rotifers

Bilateral

Annelida

Earthworm, leech

Bilateral

Molluska

Clam, snail, slug, squid,


octopus, cephalopod,
gastropod

Bilateral

Arthropoda
(Insecta)

Ant, dragonfly

Bilateral

Arthropoda
(Arachnida)

Spider, scorpion

Bilateral

Arthropoda
(Crustacea)

Lobster, crayfish, crab

Bilateral

Phylum (Class)

Echinodermata

Starfish, sea urchin, sea


cucumber

Bilateral (larvae),
fivefold radial
(adult)

Chordata

Vertebrates

Bilateral

Tissue Organization

Coelom

Circulatory System

No true tissues (parazoa)

n/a

None (diffusion)

Diploblasts, true tissues


(eumetazoa)

n/a

None (diffusion)

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Acoelomate

None (diffusion)

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Pseudocoloemate

None (diffusion)

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Pseudocoloemate

None (diffusion)

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Coelomate

Closed circulatory
system, multiple pairs of
aortic arches, distinct
arteries and veins

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Coelomate

Mainly open

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Coelomate

Open circulatory system,


hemolymph

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Coelomate

Open circulatory system,


hemolymph

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Coelomate

Open circulatory system,


hemolymph

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Coelomate

Triploblasts, eumatazoa

Coelomate

Open, no heart

Nervous System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

None

None (diffusion)

Intracellular digestion (via


amoebacytes)

Nerve net, no brain

None (diffusion)

Gastrovascular cavity, two


way digestion

Two nerve cords, anterior


centralized ganglia
None (diffusion)
(brain), some planarians
have eye spots

Gastrovascular cavity, two


way digestion

Nerve chord and ring

Alimentary canal, one way

None (diffusion)

Cerebral ganglia (brain)


w/ some nerves extening None (diffusion)
through body

Alimentary canal, mouth and


anus

Vental nerve chord,


anterior ganglia (brain)

Alimentary canal, mouth and


anus

None (diffusion)

Ventral nerve chords and


Gills
brain

Complete, mouth and anus,


radula

Fused ganglia, ventral


nerve chord

Spiracles and tracheal One-way digestion, some


tubes
have salivary glands

Fused ganglia, ventral


nerve chord

Trachea or book lungs

One-way digestion, some


have salivary glands

Fused ganglia, ventral


nerve chord

Some have gills

One-way digestion, some


have salivary glands

Nerve ring and radial


nerves

None (diffusion)
See other table

Complete, mouth and anus

Excretory
System

None (diffusion)

Embryonic
Development

General Characteristics

Sessile, suspension feeders, aquatic habitats, earliest animals,


can produce asexually (budding) or sexually (hermaphadytes),
used in production of antibiotics

Aquatic habitats, some have stinging cells


(nemotocysts), some have life cycle that switches
between polyp and medusa forms, sexual or asexual
reproduction, gastrovascular cavity acts as hydrostatic
skeleton to aid in movement

Protonephridia
and flame cells

Can reproduce sexually (hermaphrodites) or asexually


(regeneration), mainly aquatic habitats, parasitic
lifestyles, most primitive of triploblastic animals, has
organs. Tapeworms specifically don't have a true
digestive tract, they just absorb food around them.

None (diffusion)

Some have cuticle to prevent degradation by host


digestive system, longitudinal muscles, no circular
muscles, parasitic, not segmented

Protonephridia
and flame cells

Not trule segmented, can reproduce sexually or


parthenogenetically, mostly freshwater environments.
Draw food and water into mouth by beating cilia.

Most have
metanephridia

Protostome

Segmented bodies, coelom is divided by septa, sexual


(hermaphrodites) and asexual (regeneration)
reproduction, longitudinal and circular muscles

Nephridia

Protostome

Visceral mass, calcium carbonate mantle, radula


(tongue), aquatic or terrestial habitats, have hemocoel

Malpighian
tubules

Protostome

Exoskeleton, jointed appendages, coelomates,three


pairs of legs, chitonous exoskeleton, more species than
any other phylum combined, metamorphosis

Malpighian
tubules and/or
coxal glands

Protostome

Exoskeleton, jointed appendages, coelomates, four


pairs of legs, land habitats

Terrestrial:use
malpighian;
Aquatic use
green glands

Protostome

Exoskeleton, jointed appendages, coelomates, aquatic


habitats

None (diffusion)

None (diffusion)

Deuterostome
Deuterostome

Spiny, central disk, water vascular system, tube feet,


sexual or asexual reproduction, closest related major
phyla to chordates

See 'Phylum Chordata' Sheet

Subphylum

Class

Examples

Symmetry

Urochordata and
Cephalochordata n/a
(amphioxus)

Tunicates, lancelets
(amphioxus), sea
squirts

Bilateral

Vertebrata

Fish (Jawless)

agnatha, lamprey,
hagfish

Bilateral

Vertebrata

Fish (Cartilaginous)

Shark

Bilateral

Vertebrata

Fish (Bony)

Salmon, halibut

Bilateral

Vertebrata

Amphibia

Tadpole, frog, toad,


salamander, newt

Bilateral

Vertebrata

Mammalia
(Monotremes)

Duckbill platypus, spiny


Bilateral
anteater

Vertebrata

Mammalia
(Marsupials)

Kangaroo, opposum

Bilateral

Vertebrata

Mammalia
(Placental)

Bat, whale, mouse,


human

Bilateral

Vertebrata

Reptilia

Turtle, snake, crocodile,


Bilateral
alligator

Vertebrata

Birds

Eagle, blue jay

4 shared key
characteristics of
chordates

notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
post-anal tail

Bilateral

Tissues

Coelome

Circulatory System

Nervous System

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

heart

Primitive

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Two chambered heart

Complete, brain

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Two chambered heart

Complete, brain

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Two chambered heart

Complete, brain

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Three chambered heart Complete, brain

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Four chambered heart

Complete, brain

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Four chambered heart

Complete, brain

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Four chambered heart

Complete, brain

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Three chambered heart Complete, brain

Triploblasts,
eumatazoa

Coelomate

Four chambered heart

Complete, brain

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Alimentary canal, one


way

Gills

Alimentary canal

Gills

Alimentary canal, one


way

Gills

Alimentary canal, one


way

Gills (juvenile), Lungs


(adult)

Alimentary canal, one


way

Lungs

Alimentary canal, one


way

Lungs

Alimentary canal, one


way

Lungs

Alimentary canal

Lungs

Alimentary canal

Lungs

Alimentary canal

Note on the above: Mammals and reptiles share a common ancestor. Tech
reptiles emerged before mammals

General Characteristics and Key Words

Have all of the developmental characteristics of other


chordates, but lack vertebrae. Have been extensively studied to
exam the origin of vertebrates. Tunicates live in benthic
habitats. Lancelets keep notochord through adulthood,
tunicates only have it as larvae.
Notochord found in larvae and adult, cartilaginous skeleton
Jaws and teeth, reduced notochord with cartilaginous vertebrae
(from here on: notochord is present only in embryonic stage,
replaced by vertebrae in adulthood)
scales, bony skeleton
No scales. Tadpoles live in aquatic habitats, have tails and no
legs. Adults live in land habitats, have two pairs of legs and no
tail
Warm blooded, feed young with milk, leathery eggs, mammary
glands with many openings (no nipples)
Warm blooded (homothermic), feed young with milk
Warm blooded (homothermic), fetus supported by placenta
Mainly live on land, leathery eggs, internal fertilization, cold
blooded (poikolthermic)
Warm blooded (homothermic), eggs in shells

above: Mammals and reptiles share a common ancestor. Technically the


reptiles emerged before mammals

Clade Name

Key Phylums

Bryophytes
(nonvascular)

Seedless Vascular
Plants

Examples

hornworts, mosses,
liverworts

Lycophytes,
pterophytes

club moss, qullworts, fern,


horsetail

Gymnosperms

Fir, spruce, aspen, red wood,


pine, conifers

Vascular Seed Plants


Angiosperms/"A
nthophyta"

General Traits

Gametophyte dominate life cycles


Reduced sporophyte
All have flagellated sperm
Sporophyte is usually dependent on and attached to gametophyte for survival
Sporophyte consists of a seta, foot, and sporangia
Gametophytes are anchored by rhizoids, not roots
Vast majority have no vascular tissue
Vast majority grow to minimal height
Most reside in moist habitats
All have flagellated sperm
Most reside in moist habitats
Most are heterosporous
Formed the first forests during the Carboniferous period (ferns)
Vascular Tissue (xylem & phloem): water and nutrients could be transported and survival
in more arid environments become possible.
Seeds are not enclosed and usually found on cones
Vast majority do not have flagellated sperm
All are heterosporous
Usually microscopic gametophyte
Ovules
Flowers
Fruits
Seeds reside in fruit (ovaries)
Most abundant type of plants living today
None have flagellated sperm
Most can exhibit double fertilization (some gymnos too)

Keywords

Roots: structural support and water absorption


from soil.
Lignin: helped to suport vascular tissue and
allow plants to grow higher.
Leaves: improved photosynthesis.

Pollen: Improved fertilization efficiency


Seeds: Improved dispersal and durability

Note: Aside from dinosaurs appearing during the triassic and dying out during the
cretaceous, you don't really need to know the specific periods. Just knowing the era
should suffice. Also know that most of the plants (aside from flowering plants mesozoic) arose during the paleozoic era.

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