DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR
WOMEN

PRESENTED BY

J.AMRUTHA([email protected]
)
KSV.SRI
DIVYA([email protected])

V.MAHESWARI([email protected]
m)

DIGITAL-IMAGE
PROCESSING

ABSTRACT:
By using Digital Image Processing
we enhance the digital images and
extracting information and features
from

the

image.

Digital

Image

Processing has become the most

common form of image processing.
This is one type of image processing
and it used for editing the digital

FEATURES: The other features

of

this

technology

Alteration,
Removal

Cropping
of

elements,

is

on

noise

merging

Image

and
of

Size

Image,
unwanted

images and

finally color adjustments.

INTRODUCTION:

images which are taken from the

digital cameras.

IMAGE PROCESSING:

TECHNOLOGY:

Image

This technology is more useful in the

features

investigation in Crime Branch. Digital

manipulation and alteration of images

Image Processing has the advantages

by using computer software.

applied to the input data and can

avoid the problems such as build-up of
and

signal

is

enhancing

image or extracting information or

as a wider range of algorithm to be

noise

processing

distortion

during

processing. They accept images in

large variety of image formats.

from

an

image.

The

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:

Digital image processing is the use
of computer to perform on. Digital image
processing has the same advantage it allows

a much wider range of algorithms to be

problems such as the build-up of noise and

applied to the input data, and can avoid

signal distortion during processing.

PURPOSE:

learning.

To identify criminal acts:

Few types of evidence are more
incriminating than a photograph or
videotape that places a suspect at a crime
scene, whether or not it actually depicts the
suspect committing a criminal act.

TYPES OF IMAGE PROCESSING:

1. Binary Image: A binary image is a
digital image that has only two
possible values for each pixel.
2. Gray Scale: Grayscale images have many

shades of gray in between. The contexts

other than digital imaging, the term "black
and white" is used in place of "grayscale"
3. Color Image: A (digital) color image is a

digital image that includes color information

APPLICATIONS:

Image processing by planetary

scientists to enhance the images of

Color Change: Image editors have the

ability to selectively change the color of
specific items of an image.

planets.
Doctors use this technique to
manipulate CAT scans and MRI

for each pixel.

images.
Image processing in laboratories

An example of selective color change, the

original is on the right

can motivate students and make

science relevant to student

HOW CAN WE PROCESS AN IMAGE:

The first step in digital image processing is
to transfer an image to a computer,

digitizing the image and turning it into a

CATEGORIES

computer image file that can be stored in a

IMAGE PROCESSING:

OF

DIGITAL

computer's memory or on a storage medium

such

as

hard

disk

or

CD-ROM.

Digitization involves translating the image

The Three main categories of digital image

processing are:

into a numerical code that can be understood

by a computer. It can be accomplished using
a scanner or a video camera linked to a
frame grabber board in the computer. The
computer breaks down the image in to
thousands of pixels. Pixels are the smallest
component of an image. They are the small
dots in the horizontal lines across a

Image

Compression

is a mathematical

technique used to reduce the amount of

computer memory needed to store a
digital image.

The computer discards

(rejects) some information, while retaining

sufficient information to make the image
pleasing

to

the

human

eye.

television screen. Each pixel is converted

into a number that represents the brightness
of the dot. For a black-and-white image, the
pixel represents different shades between
total black and full white. The computer can
then adjust the pixels to enhance image

Enhancement Image enhancement techniques

can be used to modify the brightness and

contrast of an image, to remove blurriness,
and to filter out some of the noise. Using
mathematical equations called algorithms,
quality.

the computer applies each change to either

the whole image or targets a particular

The same picture in two different color

portion of the image.

modes.

For example, global contrast enhancement

would affect the entire image, whereas local
contrast enhancement would improve the
contrast of small details, such as a face or a
license plate on a vehicle. Some algorithms
can remove background noise without

The picture on the left is the original

disturbing the key components of the image.

photograph, in full color. The picture in the

center is in grayscale. The picture on the

Measurement Extraction is used to gather

right is in black and white, or monochrome.

useful information from an enhanced image.

IMAGE VEWING:

4. False Color: For military operations

under a false flag, see

The user can utilize different program to see

the image. The GIF, JPEG and PNG images
can be seen simply using a web browser
because they are the standard internet image
formats. The SVG format is more and more
used in the web and is a standard W3C
format.
This "true color" image shows the

IMAGE TYPES :
Digital images can be classified according to

same region as the "false color" image

above, but uses true colors, e.g., the
plants are shown in green. A false-

the number and nature of those samples. The

color image is an image that depicts a

term digital image is also applied to data

subject

in

associated to points scattered over a three-

human

perception

dimensional region, such as produced by

subject. Also known as a pseudo-

topographic equipment. In that case, each

color image, it is derived from a

datum is called a vowel.

grayscale image by mapping each

colors

that
of

differ

from

the

same

pixel value to a color according to a

table or function.. Although false-

small

band

of

visible

spectra.

coloring does not increase the

information

contents

of

the

original image, it can make some

details more visible, by increasing the
distance

in

color

space

between

successive gray levels.

For example, a photographic negative could

be called a false-color image, since it shows
the complementary colors of its subject.
However, the term "false-color" is typically
used to describe images whose colors
represent measured intensities outside the
visible portion

of the

electromagnetic

spectrum .False-color images are frequently

used for viewing satellite images, such as

6. Thematic Image : Thematic images

are usually image products of classification
processing of multispectral images of the

from weather satellites.

earth surface. The classification process

5. Multi Spectral Image: Multi-spectral

differentiates types of surface such as land,

images are images of the same object, taken

water, forest, lake, structure etc

in different bands of visible or infrared

region of electromagnetic continuum. This is
the main type of images acquired by Remote
sensing (RS) radiometers. Multi-spectral is
the opposite of panchromatic.

Usually

satellites have 3 to 7 or more radiometers.

DIGITAL IMAGE EDITING:

Digital image editing is the process of
altering digital images, whether they be
digital photographs or other types of
digitally represented images.

Each one acquires one digital image in a

Specialized software programs called vector

graphics editors or bitmap graphics editors
are the primary tools with which a user may

manipulate, enhance, and transform images.

BASICS

These editors are capable of editing images

EDITING:

in many diverse ways

.

OF

DIGITAL

IMAGE

Bitmap images are stored in a computer in

the form of a grid of picture elements called
pixels. These pixels contain the image's
color and brightness information.

Image

editors can change the pixels to enhance the

image in many ways. The pixels can be
changed as a group, or individually, by the
sophisticated algorithms within the image
editors.

EDITING IMAGE AS HORROR

IMAGE EDITING PROGRAMS:

Because of the popularity of digital cameras,
image

editing

programs

are

readily

available. Minimal programs, that do such

operations as rotating and cropping (image)s
are often provided within the digital camera
itself, others are returned to the user on a
compact disc (CD) when images are
processed at a discount store.

IMAGE EDITOR FEATURES:

Listed below are some of the most used
capabilities

DIGITAL DATA COMPRESSION:

Many image file formats use data

of

the

better

graphic

manipulation programs.

compression to reduce file size and save

The list is by no means all inclusive. There

storage space.

are a myriad of choices associated with the

Digital compression of

images may take place in the camera, or can

application of most of these features.

be done in the computer with the image

editor. When images are stored in JPEG
format, compression has already taken
place. Both cameras and computer programs
allow

the user to

set the

level

of

compression. Some compression algorithms

Image

Size

Alteration:

Image

editors can resize an image, making

it larger,

or

resolution

smaller.
cameras

High
can

image
produce

large images which are often reduced

in size for Internet use.

are lossless, such as PNG, which means no

Image

image quality is lost when the file is saved.

mathematical

The JPEG compression algorithm uses a loss

sampling to calculate new pixel values

format. The greater the compression, the

whose spacing is larger or smaller

lesser the quality. The JPEG algorithm

than the original pixel values.

utilizes the way the brain and eyes perceive

color to make loss of detail less noticeable
.

editor

Cropping

programs
process

An

use

called

Image:

a
re-

Digital

editors are used to crop images.

Cropping creates a new image by
removing

desired

rectangular

portion

from

the

image

being

Removal

of

Unwanted

Elements: Most image editors

cropped.

can

be

used

to

remove

unwanted branches, etc, using

The unwanted part of the image is

discarded. Image cropping does not
reduce the resolution of the area
cropped.

Noise Removal: Image editors

may

feature

number

of

algorithms which can add or

remove noise in an image. JPEG
artifacts can be removed; dust
& scratches can be removed
and

an

image

can

be

despeckled.
Noise tends to invade images
when pictures are taken in low
light settings.

a "clone" tool.

ADVANTAGES:
One of the biggest advantages of digital imaging is the
ability of the operator to manipulate the pixel shades

to correct image density and contrast, is called

Post-Processing.
DISADVANTAGES:
There are also disadvantages associated with the use of digital systems.
The initial cost can be high depending on the system used, the number of detectors
purchased, etc.
Competency using the software can take time to master depending on the level of
computer literacy of team members. Finally, since digital imaging in dentistry is
not standardized, professionals are unable to exchange information without going
through an intermediary process.
CONCLUSION:
Image editors provide the means for altering and improving
images in an almost endless number of ways. They accept
images in a large variety of image formats, and after changes
are made they allow the changed image to be saved in any
number of image formats, at almost any size, and in varying
degrees of compression. Most serious digital camera users will
find the facilities of an image editor indispensable.