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Review Battery Model

1) The diffusion capacitance in batteries arises from the concentration differences of ions in the bulk electrolyte and diffusion layers near the electrodes. It has a much larger time constant than double layer capacitance, in the range of hours. 2) Double layer capacitance occurs due to the formation of an electric double layer at the interface between electrode and electrolyte surfaces. It can be modeled as a RC circuit and contributes to the terminal voltage of the battery. 3) The internal resistance of batteries includes resistances from the electrolyte, separator, electrode materials, and contacts. It is a key parameter affecting battery performance.

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87 views4 pages

Review Battery Model

1) The diffusion capacitance in batteries arises from the concentration differences of ions in the bulk electrolyte and diffusion layers near the electrodes. It has a much larger time constant than double layer capacitance, in the range of hours. 2) Double layer capacitance occurs due to the formation of an electric double layer at the interface between electrode and electrolyte surfaces. It can be modeled as a RC circuit and contributes to the terminal voltage of the battery. 3) The internal resistance of batteries includes resistances from the electrolyte, separator, electrode materials, and contacts. It is a key parameter affecting battery performance.

Uploaded by

Leonardo Ramos
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Dynamic Electrical Model of Sealed Lead- Acid Battery for EV Simulation: Rayyan

Tariq, Sabiun Sabbir andSadia Afrin B. Azad.


Diffusion Capacitance: The diffusion process can be defined as the movement of
chemical species (ions or molecules) under the influence of concentration difference. In
the case of the battery, the electrolyte solution can be divided into three distinct parts: the
bulk solution and the two diffusion layers at the surface of the electrodes. The
concentration of the bulk solution can be assumed as uniform. The species transport in
this layer occurs only through convection, while the mass transport in the diffusion layer
is possible only through diffusion. The two diffusion layers carry opposite charges
(negative and positive). The bulk electrolyte behaves like as dielectric. It means the
combination of three layers produce capacitance effect that is known as diffusion
capacitance. The time constant of the RC circuit due to the diffusion capacitance is much
larger as compare to the double layer capacitance. It is in the range of hours. It depends
on SOC, temperature.
Double-layer Capacitance: Electrical double-layer capacitors are based on the
operating principle of the electric double-layer that is formed at the interface between
activated metallic surface (electrode) and an electrolyte. The electrodes are used in the
solid form, and the electrolyte is the liquid form. When these materials come in contact
with each other, the positive and negative poles are distributed relative to each other over
an extremely short distance. Such a phenomenon is known as an electrical double-layer.
When an external electric field is applied, the electrical double-layer is formed in the
vicinity of the electrolyte surface and the electrolyte fluid surface. The physical behavior
of double layer capacitance can be more precisely cascaded RC network. A single
capacitance and resistance model of an electrochemical capacitor can be used in many
applications like battery modeling. The time constant of RC circuit depends upon the
surface area of the electrode, type of electrode, electrolyte etc. The voltage across this
capacitor also contributes on the terminal voltage of the battery.
--------------------------------------------------------------------

Internal Resistance: Internal resistance (RS) is affected by the conduction


properties of various materials and their interfaces and can be broken down as listed in
Table 1 [41]; the sum of each of the internal resistances is the total internal resistance.

The total internal impedance of a cell is the sum of the ionic resistance of the
electrolyte (within the separator and the porous electrodes), the electronic resistances of
the active mass, the current collectors and electrical tabs of both electrodes, and the
contact resistance between the active mass and the current collector.
When conducting impedance spectroscopy the total real impedance Rs is
observed at the intercept of the real axis and can be ascribed to:

The electrolyte, Porous separator

Battery contacts,

Bulk electrode material which include inter-particle binder

The electronic contacts of the anode and the cathode.


The inductance L captures the behavior at very high frequencies, where the
inductanceinthewiringoftheexperimentalsetupandthatofthecelldominate.
Athighfrequency,batterycurrentcollectorsandcablesintroduceinductance.

Theinductanceofwiresandelectrodewindingbecomesafactoratevenhigher
frequencies.
Inthehighfrequencyregiontheimpedanceofabatteryisgenerallydominatedbyitsinductive
behavior.Thishasbeenattributedtotheporosityoftheelectrodes[19],theelectrodegeometryof
spirallywoundcells[20]ortheconductivepathformedbytheterminals,connectorsand
electrodes[21e23].Astheporosityandelectrodegeometryhardlychangeuponcycling,the

inductanceisexpectedtoremainmoreorlessconstant[10].TheinductanceofcommercialLiion
batterieswasfoundtobeindependentofSoC[14]andtemperature[9,14].
The invariance of L indicates that the origin of this parameter is geometrical and not
electrochemical. This also suggests a possible coupling of stray inductance from cell
leads and cables with the cell parameters [17].

Double-layer capacitance:
When an electrode (metal surface) is immersed in an electrolyte, the electronic charge on
the metal attracts ions of opposite charge and orients the solvent dipoles. There exist a
layer of charge in the metal and a layer of charge in the electrolyte. This charge
separation establishes what is commonly known as the electrical double layer.
A charge zone is formed on the layer between the electrode and the electrolyte. Caused
by the short distance and the large surface in porous electrodes, the charge amount cannot
be neglected. The charge amount that is stored in this layer depends on the electrode
voltage. As the double-layer capacitor is on the electrode surface, it occurs in parallel to
the electrochemical charge transfer reaction. The electrochemical charge transfer reaction
is typically described by the electrochemical potential and charge transfer over-potential
as given by the ButlerVollmer equation.
Consider a metal electrode in contact with an electrolyte where the electrode remains unreactive (i.e., Void of deposition and adsorption). The electric charge in the electrode
matrix will then be distributed near the electrode surface opposite to charge in the
solution phase for which an electric field is established in conjunction with a spatial
distribution of oppositely charged ions in the electrolyte; The electrons involved in this
process are conductive band electron within the active electrode material, however, when
faradaic reactions are involved the electron are attributed to redox reaction.

C dl = o r

A
d

Chargetransferresistance:
Activation polarization is associated the slow kinetic rate of charge transfer at the
electrode|electrolyte interface and is denoted by act . Consider the charge-transfer at the
electrode electrolyte interface in which oxidation-reduction occurs.
O ( soln ) R (soln)
ne
The kinetic rate for this reaction is governed by the Butler-Volmer relationship for
exchange current density for reduces species.

Rct =

RT
nF i o

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