CHAPTER 2 SOLUTIONS

2/21/10

2-1) Square waves and triangular waves for voltage and current are two examples.
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2-2)

a) p t v t i t

v2 t

[170sin 377t ]2
10

2890sin 2 377t W .

b) peak power = 2890 W.

c) P = 2890/2 = 1445 W.
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2-3)
v(t) = 5sin2t V.
a) 4sin2t A.; p(t) = v(t)i(t) = 20 sin22t W.; P = 10 W.
b) 3sin4t A.; p(t) = 15sin(2t)sin(4t) W.; P = 0
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2-4)

a)

0 t 50 ms
50 ms t 70 ms
70 ms t 100 ms

p t v t i t 40
0

b)

70 ms

1
1
P v t i t dt
40 dt 8.0 W .
T 0
100 ms 50ms
c)
T

70 ms

50 ms

W p t dt

40 dt 800 mJ .; or W PT 8W 100 ms 800 mJ .

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2-5)

a)

70 W .
50 W .

p t v t i t
40 W .
0

0 t 6 ms
6 ms t 10 ms
10 ms t 14 ms
14 ms t 20 ms

b)

P
c)

1
T

p t dt
0

20 ms

6 ms

10 ms

70 dt

40 dt 19 W .

10 ms

14 ms

50 dt

6 ms

6 ms

W p t dt
0

10 ms

70 dt

50 dt

40
dt
0.38 J .;

10 ms

14 ms

0
6 ms
or W PT 19 20 ms 380 mJ .

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2-6)

P Vdc I avg
a ) I avg 2 A., P 12 2 24 W .
b) I avg 3.1 A., P 12 3.1 37.2 W .
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2-7)
a)

vR t i t R 25sin 377t V .

p t v t i t 25sin 377t 1.0sin 377t 25sin 2 377t 12.5 1 cos 754t W .

T

1
PR p t dt 12.5 W .
T 0
b)

vL t L

di t
dt

10 10

377 1.0 cos 377t 3.77 cos 377t V .

pL t v t i t 3.77 cos 377t 1.0sin 377t

3.77 1.0 sin 754t 1.89 sin 754t W .

2

PL

1
p t dt 0
T 0

c)

p t v t i t 12 1.0sin 377t 12sin 377t W .

Pdc

1
T

p t dt 0
0

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2-8)

Resistor:

v t i t R 8 24sin 2 60t V .

p t v t i t 8 24sin 2 60t 2 6sin 2 60t

16 96sin 2 60t 144sin 2 2 60t W .
1
1
p t dt

T 0
1/ 60
T

1/60

1/60

16 dt

96sin 2 60t dt

1/60

144sin
0

2 60t

16 72 88 W .
Inductor: PL 0.

dc source: Pdc I avgVdc 2 6 12 W .

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2-9)

a) With the heater on,

Vm I m
1500 2 12.5 2
1500 W . I m
2
120 2

p t Vm I m sin 2t 120 2 12.5 2 sin 2t 3000sin 2t

max p t 3000 W .
b) P = 1500(5/12) = 625 W.
c) W = PT = (625 W)(12 s) = 7500 J. (or 1500(5) = 7500 W.)
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2-10)

iL t

1
1
vL t dt
90 d 900t

L
0.1 0
iL 4 ms 900 4 10

0 t 4 ms.

3.6 A.

a)

1 2 1
2
Li 0.1 3.6 0.648 J .
2
2

b) All stored energy is absorbed by R: WR = 0.648 J.

c)

PR

WR 0.648

16.2 W .
T
40 ms
PS PR 16.2 W .

d) No change in power supplied by the source: 16.2 W.

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2-11)
a)

1 2
Li , or i
2

2 1.2
2W

15.49 A.
L
0.010

1
1
i t v d
14 d 1400t A.
L0
0.010 0
15.49 1400ton
ton 11.1 ms
b) Energy stored in L must be transferred to the resistor in (20 - 11.1) = 8.9 ms. Allowing five
time constants,

L 8.9 ms

1.7 ms.;
R
5

L
10 mH

5.62
1.7 ms 1.7 ms

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2-12)
a) i(t) = 1800t for 0 < t < 4 ms
i(4 ms) = 7.2 A.; WLpeak = 1.296 J.
b)
10A
5A

Inductor current

SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
10A
Source current

0A
-10A

-I(Vcc)
1.0KW
Ind. inst. power
0W
-1.0KW
W(L1)
1.0KW
Source inst. power (supplied)
0W
-1.0KW
0s

20ms

40ms

60ms

80ms

100ms

-W(Vcc)
Time

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2-13)
a) The zener diode breaks down when the transistor turns off to maintain inductor current.
b) Switch closed: 0 < t < 20 ms.

vL 12 V . L

diL t
dt

diL vL
12

160 A/s
dt
L 0.075
at t 20 ms, iL 160 0.02 3.2 A.
Switch open, zener on:

vL 12 20 8 V .

diL vL
8

106.7 A/s
dt
L 0.075
t to return to zero :
i
3.2
t

30 ms
106.7 106.7

Therefore, inductor current returns to zero at 20 + 30 = 50 ms.

iL = 0 for 50 ms < t < 70 ms.
c)
40mW

Inductor inst. power

0W

-40mW
W(L1)
80mW

Zener inst. power

40mW

SEL>>
0W
0s

10ms

20ms

30ms

40ms

W(D1)
Time

50ms

60ms

70ms

d)

PL 0.
T

1
1 1
PZ pZ t dt
0.03 64 13.73 W .

T 0
0.07 2

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2-14)

a) The zener diode breaks down when the transistor turns off to maintain inductor current.
b) Switch closed: 0 < t < 15 ms.

vL 20 V . L

diL t
dt

diL vL
20

400 A/s
dt
L 0.050
at t 15 ms, iL 400 0.015 6.0 A.

Switch open, zener on:

vL 20 30 10 V.

diL vL
10

200 A/s
dt
L 0.050
t to return to zero :
i
6.0
t

30 ms
200 200

Therefore, inductor current returns to zero at 15 + 30 = 45 ms.

iL = 0 for 45 ms < t < 75 ms.
c)
200W
Inductor inst. power
0W

-200W
W(L1)
200W
Zener inst. power
100W

SEL>>
0W
0s

20ms

40ms

W(D1)
Time

60ms

80ms

d)

PL 0.
T

1
1 1
PZ pZ t dt
0.03 180 36 W .

T 0
0.075 2

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2-15) Examples are square wave (Vrms = Vm) and a triangular wave (Vrms = Vm/3).
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2-16)

2
2
Phase conductors: P I R 12 0.5 72 W .

Neutral conductor: PN I 2 R 12 3

Ptotal 3 72 216 432 W .

RN

PN
72

2
IN
12 3

0.5 216 W .

0.167

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2-17) Re: Prob. 2-4

Vrms Vm D 10 0.7 8.37 V .

I rms I m D 4 0.5 2.83 A.
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2-18) Re: Prob. 2-5

14
8.36 V .
20

Vrms Vm D 10
I rms

1
0.02

0.006

0.01

7 2 dt

0.006

0.02

dt

dt 27.7 5.26 A.

0.01

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2-19)
2

5

2

Vrms 22

4.58 V .
2

2 1.1

I rms 1.5

2.2 A.
2
2

V I
P V0 I 0 m m cos n n
2
n 1
2

5
2

3 1.1

cos 20

cos 115 7.0 W .

2
2
2

2
Notethat cos(4 60t 45) is cos 4 60t 135

2.0 1.5

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2-20)

dc : V0 3 100 300 V .

1 2 60 : Y1 1/R jC 0.01 j 0.0189

V1

I1
4 0

187 62.1
Y1 0.01 j 0.0189

2 4 60 : Y2 1/R jC 0.01 j 0.0377

V2

I2
60

153 75.1
Y2 0.01 j 0.0377

Vm I m
cos n n
2
n 1

P V0 I 0
300 5

187 4 cos
2

62.1

153 6 cos
2

75.1

1500 175 118 1793 W .

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2-21)

dc Source:

50 12
114 W .
4

Pdc Vdc I avg 12

Resistor:

2
P I rms
R

I rms I 02 I1,2rms I 2,2 rms

I 0 9.5 A.
I1

30
3.51 A.
4 j 4 60 0.01

I2

10
0.641 A.
4 j 8 60 0.01
2

I rms

3.51 0.641

9.5

2
2
2

9.83 A.

2
PR I rms
R 386 W .

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2-22)
2
P I rms
R

V0 6

0.375 A.
R 16
5
I1
0.269 A.
16 j 2 60 0.025
I0

I2

3
0.0923 A.
16 j 6 60 0.025
2

I rms

0.269 0.0923

0.375

2
2

0.426 A.

2
I rms 0.623 A.; P I rms
R 0.426 16 2.9 W .
2

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2-23)

Vm I m
cos n n
2
n 1

P V0 I 0

n
Vn
In
Pn
Pn
0
20
5
100
100
1
20
5
50
150
2
10
1.25
6.25
156.25
3
6.67
0.556
1.85
158.1
4
5
0.3125
0.781
158.9
Power including terms through n = 4 is 158.9 watts.
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2-24)

Vm I m
cos n n
2
n 1

P V0 I 0

n
Vn
In
n - n
Pn
0
50.0000
10.0
0
500.0
1
50.0000
10.0
26.6
223.6
2
25.0000
2.5
45.0
22.1
3
16.6667
1.11
56.3
5.1
4
12.5000
0.625
63.4
1.7
Through n = 4, Pn = 753 W.
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2-25)

Vm I m
cos n n
2
n 1
V V
50 36
I 0 0 dc
0.7 A
R
20
2
P0, R I 02 R 0.7 20 9.8 W (dc component only )
P V0 I 0

PVdc I 0Vdc 0.7 36 25.2 W

PL 0
Resistor Average Power

n
Vn
Zn
In
angle
Pn
0
50.00
20.00
0.7
0.00
9.8
1
127.32
25.43
5.01
0.67
250.66
2
63.66
37.24
1.71
1.00
29.22
3
42.44
51.16
0.83
1.17
6.87
4
31.83
65.94
0.48
1.26
2.33
5
25.46
81.05
0.31
1.32
0.99
PR = Pn 300 W.
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2-26)

a)
b)
c)
d)

THD = 5% I9 = (0.05)(10) = 0.5 A.

THD = 10% I9 = (0.10)(10) = 1 A.
THD = 20% I9 = (0.20)(10) = 2 A.
THD = 40% I9 = (0.40)(10) = 4 A.

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2-27)

a)

170 10

cos 30 0 0 736 W .
2
2

P Pn

b)
2

I rms

10


2

6
3

2
2

8.51 A.

170
8.51 1024 VA.
2
P 736
pf
0.719
S 1024

S Vrms I rms

c)

DF

I1,rms
I rms

10/ 2
0.831
8.51

d)
2

6
3

2
2
THDI
10/ 2

0.67 67%

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2-28)

a)

170 12

cos 40 0 0 781 W .
2
2

P Pn
b)

I rms

12


2

5
4

2
2

9.62 A.

170
9.62 1156 VA.
2
P 781
pf
0.68
S 1156

S Vrms I rms

c)

DF

I1,rms
I rms

12/ 2
0.88
9.62

d)
2

5
4

2
2
THDI
12/ 2

0.53 53%

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2-29)

8
5.66 A.;
2

I1,rms

I 2,rms

4
2.82 A.;
2

I rms 5.662 2.822 6.32 A.; I peak 10.38 ( graphically )

a) P V1,rms I1,rms cos 1 1 240 5.66 cos 0 1358 W .
b) pf

P
P
1358

0.895 89.5%
S Vrms I rms 240 6.32

c) THDI

d) DF

I 2,rms
I rms

I1, rms
I rms

2.82
0.446 44.6%
6.32

5.66
89.6%
6.32

e) crest factor

I peak
I rms

10.38
1.64
6.32

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2-30)

I1,rms

12
8.49 A.;
2

I 2,rms

9
6.36 A.;
2

I rms 8.492 6.362 10.6 A.; I peak 18.3 A. ( graphically )

a) P V1, rms I1,rms cos 1 n 240 10.6 cos 0 2036 W .
b) pf

P
P
2036

0.80 80%
S Vrms I rms 240 10.6

c) THDI

d) DF

I 2,rms
I rms

I1, rms
I rms

6.36
0.60 60%
10.6

8.49
80%
10.6

e) crest factor

I peak
I rms

18.3
1.72
10.6

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2-31)
5V: I = 0 (capacitor is an open circuit)
25cos(1000t ): Z R j L j
I

1
1
2 j1000(.001) j
2 j0
C
1000 1000 106

25
cos(1000t ) 12.5cos(1000t ) A
2

10cos(2000t ): Z 2 j1.5
I10

10
4 37 A.
2 j1.5
2

12.5

2

I rms

4
9.28 A
2

2
PR I rms
R 9.282 2 172.3 W

PL 0
PC 0
Psource 172.3 W
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2-32) PSpice shows that average power is 60 W and energy is 1.2 J. Use VPULSE and IPULSE
for the sources.

Energy
(20.000m,1.2000)

2.0
0
S(W(I1))
400W

Avg Power (20.000m,60.000)

0W

Inst Power

-400W
W(I1)

AVG(W(I1))

I(I1)

4ms
V(V1:+)

20
0
SEL>>
-20
0s

8ms

12ms

16ms

20ms

Time

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2-33) Average power for the resistor is approximately 1000 W. For the inductor and dc source,
the average power is zero (slightly different because of numerical solution).

2.0KW
Average Power

Resistor

1.0KW

Inductor

(16.670m,0.9998K)

(16.670m,-30.131u)

0W
Vdc

(16.670m,189.361u)

-1.0KW
0s
AVG(W(R1))

5ms
AVG(W(L1))

10ms
AVG(W(V1))
Time

15ms

20ms

2.0KW

Instantaneous Power

Resistor
1.0KW

Inductor

0W
Vdc

-1.0KW
0s
W(R1)

W(L1)

5ms
W(V1)

10ms

15ms

20ms

Time

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2-34)

Rms voltage is 8.3666 V. Rms current is 5.2631 A.

10V
Voltage

(20.000m,8.3666)

5V

0V
V(V1:+)

RMS(V(V1:+))

10A
(20.000m,5.2631)
Current

0A

SEL>>
-10A
0s
I(I1:+)

4ms
RMS(I(I1))

8ms

12ms

16ms

20ms

Time

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2-35) See Problem 2-10.

0W
(40.022m,-16.200)
Source Power
-100W

SEL>>
-200W
AVG(W(V1))
4.0
Inductor
2.0

(4.0000m,648.007m)

Resistor
(40.021m,647.946

0
0s
I(L1)

10ms
S(W(L1))

20ms

30ms

40ms

S(W(R1))
Time

The inductor peak energy is 649 mJ, matching the resistor absorbed energy. The source power is
-16.2 W absorbed, meaning 16.2 W supplied.
b) If the diode and switch parameters are changed, the inductor peak energy is 635 mJ, and the
resistor absorbed energy is 620 mJ. The difference is absorbed by the switch and diode.
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2-36)

The inductor current reaches a maximum value of 3.4 A with the resistances in the circuit: I = 75/
(20+1+1) = 3.4 A.
4.0A

Inductor Current

2.0A

SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
4.0A
Source Current
0A

-4.0A
0s

20ms

40ms

60ms

80ms

-I(V1)
Time

Quantity
Inductor resistor average
power
Switch average power
Diode average power
Source average power

Probe Expression
AVG(W(R1))

Result
77.1 W

AVG(W(S1))
AVG(W(D1))
AVG(W(Vcc))

3.86 W each
81 mW each
-85.0 W

100ms

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2-37)
a) Power absorbed by the inductor is zero. Power absorbed by the Zener diode is 13.8 W.

4.0A

2.0A
Inductor Current

0A
I(L1)
4.0A

2.0A

SEL>>
0A
0s

Zener Diode Current

10ms
-I(D1)

20ms

30ms

40ms

50ms

60ms

70ms

Time

b) Power in the inductor is zero, but power in the 1.5 resistor is 1.76 W. Power absorbed by the
Zener diode is 6.35 W. Power absorbed by the switch is 333 mW.
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3-38)
See Problem 3-37 for the circuit diagram.
a) Power absorbed by the Zener diode is 36.1 W. Power absorbed by the inductor is zero.
10A

5A

Inductor Current

SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
10A

5A

Zener Diode Current

0A
0s

20ms

40ms

60ms

80ms

-I(D1)
Time

b) Power in the inductor is zero, but power in the 1.5 resistor is 4.4 W. Power absorbed by the
Zener diode is 14.2 W. Power absorbed by the switch is 784 mW.

2-39)

40A

Total Current
20A

0A

-20A
0s
I(I1)

Quantity
Power
rms current
Apparent power S
Power factor

4ms
I(I2)

I(I3)

8ms
I(I4)

12ms
-I(V1)
Time

Probe Expression
AVG(W(V1))
RMS(I(V1))
RMS(V(I1:+))* RMS(I(V1))
AVG(W(V1)) / (RMS(V(I1:+))* RMS(I(V1)))

16ms

20ms

Result
650 W
14 A
990 VA
0.66

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2-40)
DESIRED QUANTITY

ORIGINAL RESULT

NEW VALUES

Inductor Current
Energy Stored in Inductor
Average Switch Power
Average Source Power (absorbed)
Average Diode Power
AVG(W(D1))
0.464
W.
Average Inductor Power
Average Inductor Voltage
Average Resistor Power
Energy Absorbed by Resistor
Energy Absorbed by Diode
Energy Absorbed by Inductor
rms Resistor Current

max = 4.5 A.
max = 2.025 J
0.010 W.
-20.3 W.
0.464 W.

4.39 A
1.93 L
0.66 W
-19.9 W
.449 W

0
0
19.9 W.
1.99 J.
.046 J.
0
0.998 A.

0
0
18.8 W
1.88 J
.045 J
0
0.970 A

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2-41) Use the part VPULSE or IPULSE (shown). Here, the period is 100 ms, and the rise times
chosen are 20 ms, 50 ms, and 80 ms. The fall times are the period minus the rise times. Each rms
value is 0.57735, which is identical to 1/3.

1.0A
(100.000m,577.350m)

0A

-1.0A
0s

20ms
-I(R1)

40ms
RMS(I(R1))

60ms

80ms

100ms

Time

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