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Integration Formula: + C U Du VDX Udx DX V U Udx C Cudx

This document provides formulas and techniques for indefinite and definite integration, including: 1. Basic integration formulas for powers, exponentials, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. 2. Methods for integrals involving powers of trigonometric functions, tangents/cotangents and secants/cosecants. 3. Integration techniques such as integration by parts, algebraic substitution, trigonometric substitution and partial fractions. 4. Properties and applications of definite integrals, including calculating area under a curve and for even and odd functions. 5. Wallis' formula for integrals of products of sine and cosine and formulas for calculating plane area using vertical or horizontal strips.

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Ron Ata
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729 views5 pages

Integration Formula: + C U Du VDX Udx DX V U Udx C Cudx

This document provides formulas and techniques for indefinite and definite integration, including: 1. Basic integration formulas for powers, exponentials, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. 2. Methods for integrals involving powers of trigonometric functions, tangents/cotangents and secants/cosecants. 3. Integration techniques such as integration by parts, algebraic substitution, trigonometric substitution and partial fractions. 4. Properties and applications of definite integrals, including calculating area under a curve and for even and odd functions. 5. Wallis' formula for integrals of products of sine and cosine and formulas for calculating plane area using vertical or horizontal strips.

Uploaded by

Ron Ata
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration Formula

I.

Indefinite Integral
1.1 Basic Integration Formula
n
u du =

1.

du = u + c

4.

2.

(u v )dx = udx vdx

5.

3.

cudx = c udx where c is any constant

un+1
+ c , n 1
n +1

du
= ln u + c
u

(Power Formula)

(Leading to Logarithms)

1.2 Exponential Functions


1. eudu = eu + c
1.3 Trigonometric Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

u
a du =

2.

1.4 Hyperbolic Functions

1.
sinu du = cosu + c
2.
cosu du = sin u + c
3.
tan u du = ln cosu + c
4.
cot u du = ln sin u + c
sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c 5.
csc u du = ln csc u + cot u + c 6.

coshudu = sinhu + c
sinhudu = coshu + c
sech udu = tanh u + c
csch u du = coth u + c
sechu tanh u du = sechu + c
2

cschu coth u du = cschu + c

= ln csc u cot u + c

secu tanu du = secu + c


8. cscu cotu du = cscu + c
9. sec u du =tan u + c
10. csc u du = cot u + c
7.

au
+ c , where a > 0, a 1
ln a

tanh udu =ln coshu + c


coth udu =ln sinhu + c

7.
8.

1. 5 Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Function / Additional Standard Formula


1.
2.

du
2

= arcsin

u
+c
a

a u
du
1
u
a2 + u2 = a arctan a + c

3.

4.

du
2

u a
du
2

u a

1
u
arc sec + c
a
a

= ln u + u2 a2 + c

1.6 Methods of Integration


m

sin

A. Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine

v cosn vdx

Case1: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number.


m

sin

v cosn vdx = sinm1 v cosn v sin v

Use the trigonometric identity sin v = 1 cos v


Case 2: When m is any number and n is a positive odd integer.
m

sin

v cosn vdx = sinm v cosn1 v cos v

Use the trigonometric identity cos v = 1 sin v

Note: When m & n are both positive odd integers, use either Case 1 (if m <n) or Case 2.

Case 3: When m and n are both even integers (either both positive or one positive and
one zero)

m
n
2
sin v cos vdx = sin v

m
2

n
2

) (cos v) dx
2

Use one or both of the following trigonometric identities

sin 2 v =

1 cos 2v
1+ cos 2v
2
, cos v =
2
2

B. Integrals Involving Powers of Tangent (Cotangent) and Secant (Cosecant)


(a)

v secn vdx

tan

Case1: When m is any number and n is a positive even integer greater than 2.

tan

v secn vdx = tan mv secn2 v sec2 vdx


2

Use the trigonometric identity sec v = 1+ tan v

Case 2: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number.

tan

v secn vdx = tan m1v secn1 v secv tan vdx


2

Use the trigonometric identity tan v = sec v 1

Case 3: When m is a positive integer and n is zero.

tan
(b)

cot

v dx = tan m2 v tan2 vdx

Use the trigonometric identity tan v = sec v 1

v cscn vdx

The technique involved is similar to that of evaluating the integral of


2

tan
2

v secn vdx .

Hence, use the trigonometric identity csc v = 1+ cot v or cot v = csc v 1

C. Integration by Parts

udv = uv v du

Choose u if it is easy to differentiate while dv easy to integrate.

D. Integration by Algebraic Substitution


Case1: Integrands containing

To eliminate the radical

ax + b
n

ax + b , let z = n ax + b

nz n1dz = adx

and

z n = ax + b

dx =

nz n1dz
a

Case 2: Integrands Containing Multiple Radicals


If an integrand contains several radicals, it can be simplified by the substitution

x = zn
where n is the least common multiple (LCM) of the indices of the radicals or the least
common denominator (LCD) of the denominator of the fractional exponents.
Case 3: Reciprocal Substitution
If the integrand contains an expression of the form

by substituting x =

P (x )
x x 2 + a2

, can be solved usually

1
.
z

E. Integration by Trigonometric Substitution


2

Case1: Integrands containing a u , use the substitution u = a sin .


2

Case 2: Integrands containing u + a , use the substitution u = a tan .


Case 3: Integrands containing u a , use the substitution u = a sec .
F. Integration by Partial Fractions
Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors
Every distinct linear factor of the form
corresponds a partial fraction of the form

ax + b in the denominator D (x ), there

A
where A is constant to be determined.
ax + b

Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors


Every repeated linear factor of the form

(ax + b)n

corresponds the sum of n partial fractions of the form

in the denominator D x , there

()

A
B
Z
+
+!+
2
ax + b (ax + b)
(ax + b)n

where A, B, , Z are constants to be determined.


Case 3: Distinct Quadratic Factors
Every irreducible distinct quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c in the denominator D x , there

()

corresponds a partial fraction of the form


to be determined and 2ax + b =

A(2ax + b ) + B
where A and B are constants
ax 2 + bx + c

d
ax 2 + bx + c .
dx

Case 4: Repeated Quadratic Factors

Every irreducible repeated quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c


there

corresponds

the

sum

of

partial

in the denominator D x ,

fractions

()

of

the

form

A(2ax + b ) + B C (2ax + b ) + D
Y (2ax + b ) + Z
+
+ ... +
where A, B, , Z are constants to
2
2
n
ax + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c

be determined and 2ax + b =

d
ax 2 + bx + c .
dx

II. Definite Integral


If F(x) is a function whose derivative is f(x) and if a and b are constants, then
b

f(x )dx = F(x )

= F(b) F(a)

where a = lower limit and b = upper limit.


Note: The limits are substituted only after the integration has been performed.
Properties of Definite Integral
1.
2.
3.

a
b

b
c

a
b

f(x )dx = f(x )dx


f(x )dx = f(x )dx + f(x )dx, where a < c < b
[f(x ) + g(x )]dx = f(x )dx + g(x )dx
a

Integrals of Even and Odd Functions


If f(x) is defined in [-a, a] and if f(x) is an
1.
2.

Even function that is f x = f x then

a
a

f(x )dx = 2 f (x )dx .


Odd function that is f( x ) = f(x ) then f(x )dx = 0 .
( ) ()

Wallis Formula

sinm x cosn x dx =
where:

(m 1)(m 3)!(2 or 1) (n 1)(n 3)!(2 or 1)


(m + n)(m + n 2)!(2 or 1)

m and n are nonnegative integers

2
=1

if both m and n are even

if either one or both are odd.

Plane Area
I.

Vertical Strip
1.

A=

x =b
x =a

y dx where a <b

A=

2.

x =b
x =a

(yU yL )dx

where: y U = y Upper

yL = y Lower
II.

Horizontal Strip
1.

A=

y =d
y =c

x dy where c <d

2.

A=

where: x R = x Right

x L = x Left
Note: Parabola
Equation

Vertex

f(x ) = y = ax + bx + c
f(y ) = x = ay 2 + by + c

[ ,f( )]
[f( ), ]
b
2a
b
2a

b
2a
b
2a

y =d
y =c

(x R x L )dy

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