Equilibrium Worksheets for Chemistry 12

Notes

Worksheets

Quiz

1.
Approaching Equilibrium
2.
LeChatelier's Principle-1
3.
LeChatelier's Principle-2
4.
LeChatelier's-3 & Start Lab
5.
Lab Lechatelier's
6.
Haber/Graphing
7.
Equilibrium Constants
8.
Keq Calculations
9.
K-trial & Size Keq
10.
Entropy & Enthalpy
11.
Review
12. Review

WS 1
Q1
WS 2
WS 3 & 4
Q2
WS 5
Questions 1-10
Conclusion
WS 6 & 7
Q3
WS 8
Q4
WS 9 & 10
WS 11
Q5
WS 12
Q6
Web Review
Practice Test 1
Practice Test 2 Quizmebc

The following workbook will ensure that you can demonstrate your understanding of all aspects of
the kinetics unit. The minimum expectation is that you do all of these questions by the due dates given
by your teacher. There are other things that you should do to prepare for the test at the end of the unit.
Remember, what you put into this course is what you will get out. There is no substitute for consistent
effort and hard work. If you cannot do a question, get some help before the end of the unit, you need to
know, understand, and remember everything. Good luck! I know you can do well in this unit.

Worksheet #1 Approaching Equilibrium

1.

What are the conditions necessary for equilibrium?

2.

What is a forward reaction versus a reverse reaction?

3.

Why does the forward reaction rate decrease as equilibrium is approached?

4.

What are the characteristics of equilibrium?

5.

Define equilibrium.

6.

Define the word dynamic and explain its relevance to the concept of equilibrium.

7.

Why does the reverse reaction rate increase as equilibrium is approached?

As a reaction is approaching equilibrium describe how the following change. Explain what causes
each change.
8.

Reactant concentration.

9.

Products concentration.

10.

Forward reaction rate.

11.

Reverse reaction rate.

12.

What is equal at equilibrium?

13.

What is constant at equilibrium?

14.

Sketch each graph to show how concentrations change as equilibrium is approached

[Reactant]

[Product]

Overall Rate

15.

Label each graph with the correct description.

The forward and reverse rates as equilibrium is approached

The overall rate as equilibrium is approached

The reactant and product concentrations as equilibrium is approached (two graphs)

16.

Draw a PE Diagram for the reaction if PE of the reactants is 100 KJ/mole N2O4 and
Ea = 110 KJ/mole N2O4.
N2O4 (g)
2 N02 (g)
H= +58KJ
(colorless)
(brown)
3

PE
9(KJ/mole)

Reaction Path
If a catalyst were added to the reaction, what would happen to the PE Diagram, the forward rate,
and the reverse rate?
PE Diagram
Forward rate
Reverse rate
One mole of very cold, colorless N2O4 (g) is placed into a 1.0L glass container of room temperature.
The reaction:
N2O4 (g)
2 N02 (g)
H= +58 KJ
(colorless)
(brown)
proceeds to equilibrium. The concentration of each gas is measured as a function of time.
Time (s)
[N2O4] (M)
[N02] (M)

0
1.0
0.0

5
0.83
0.34

10
0.81
0.38

15
0.80
0.40

20
0.80
0.40

25
0.80
0.40

17.

Plot concentration of N2O4 and N02 against time on the same graph below.
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
TIME (s)
18.
After what time interval has equilibrium been established? ___________
19.

Describe the change in the appearance of the container over 25 seconds (describe the colour change
and when it becomes constant).

20.

Calculate the rate of N2O4 consumption in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s
period.
0-5 sec.

rate = ________M/s

5-10 sec.

rate = ________M/s

Why is the rate greater over the first five minutes compared to the second five minutes (think in
terms of reactant and product concentrations?

21.

Calculate the rate of N02 production in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s period.
0-5 sec.

rate = ________M/s

5-10 sec.

rate = ________M/s

How does the rate of formation of N02 compare to the rate of consumption of N2O4? Remember, if
you measure the reactants or products, it is still the overall rate.

22.

What are the equilibrium concentrations of N2O4 and N02?

[N2O4]= ______M
[N02] = ______M

Are they equal? ______!

23.

Is the reaction over, when equilibrium has been achieved? If not, explain.

24.

What are the necessary conditions to establish equilibrium?

25.

What are the characteristics of an equilibrium?

Worksheet #2 Le Chateliers Principle

Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.
N2 (g) +
Stress

3H2 (g)

[N2]

2NH3(g)
[H2]

[NH3]

+ 92 KJ
Shifts
Right or Left

Shifts to the
Reactants or Product

1. [N2] is increased
2. [H2] is increased
3. [NH3] is increased
4. Temp is increased
5. [N2] is decreased
6. [H2] is decreased
7. [NH3] is decreased
8. Temp is decreased
9. A catalyst is added

N2O4 (g)
Stress

H = + 92 KJ

2NO2(g)
[N2O4]

[NO2]

Shifts
Right or Left

Shifts to Favour the

Reactants or Products

1. [N2O4] is increased
2. [NO2] is increased
3. Temp is increased
4. [N2O4] is decreased
5. [H2] is decreased
6. [NO2] is decreased
7. Temp is decreased
4HCl (g) +

O2 (g)

Stress

2H2O(g)

[O2]

[H2O]

2Cl2 (g) + 98 KJ
[HCl]

Shifts
Shifts to Favour the
Right or Left Reactants or Products

1. [HCl] is increased
2. [H2O] is increased
3. [O2] is increased
4. Temp is increased
5. [H2O] is decreased
6. [HCl ] is decreased
7. [O2] is decreased
8. Temp is decreased
9. A catalyst is added

CaCO3 (s) + 170 KJ

CaO (s)

+ CO2 (g)

Note : Adding solids or liquids and removing solids or liquids does not shift the equilibrium. This
is because you cannot change the concentration of a pure liquid or solid as they are 100% pure. It is only a
concentration change that will change the # of collisions and hence shift the equilibrium.
Shifts
Shifts to Favor the
Stress
[CO2]
Right or Left
Reactants or Products
1. CaCO3 is added
2. CaO is added
3. CO2 is added
4. Temp is decreased
5. A catalyst is added
6. [CO2] is decreased
7. Temp is increased
8. CaO is removed

Worksheet #3 Applying Le Chtelier's Principle

The oxidation of ammonia is a reversible exothermic reaction that proceeds as follows:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)

4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)

For each situation described in the table, indicate an increase or decrease in overall concentration from
before to after a new equilibrium has been established.
Component
Stress
Equilibrium Concentrations
NH3]
[O2]
[NO]
[H2O]
NH3
addition
removal
O2

addition
removal

NO

addition
removal
addition
removal

H2O

[NH3]

[O2]

[NO]

[H2O]

Increase in temperature
Decrease in temperature
Increase in pressure
Decrease in pressure
Addition of a catalyst
An Inert gas is added

Worksheet #4 Le Chateliers Principle

State the direction in which each of the following equilibrium systems would be shifted upon the
application of the following stress listed beside the equation.
1. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)

2. C (s) + CO2 (g) + energy

3. N2O4 (g)

2 SO3 (g) + energy

decrease temperature

increase temperature

2 CO (g)

2 NO2 (g)

increase total pressure

4. CO (g) + H2O (g)

decrease total pressure

5. 2 NOBr (g)

2 NO (g) + Br2 (g)

6. 3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g)

7. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)
8. CaCO3 (s)

9. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)

CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

decrease total pressure

Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)

add Fe(s)

2 SO3 (g)

add catalyst

CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

remove CO2 (g)

He is added

2 NH3 (g)

10

Consider the following equilibrium system:

3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) + Heat.
State what affect each of the following will have on this system:
10.

More N2 is added to the system

11.

Some NH3 is removed from the system

12.

The temperature is increased

13.

The volume of the vessel is increased

14.

A catalyst was added

15.

An inert gas was added at constant

If a catalyst was added to the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established. Compare to
the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new equilibrium.
Forward Rate has

16.

If the temperature was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established.
Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium.
Forward Rate has

17.

Reverse Rate has

Reverse Rate has

If the volume of the container was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium
was established. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of
the new equilibrium.
Forward Rate has

Reverse Rate has

11

Consider the following equilibrium system

H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2 HI (g)
State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
18.

The volume of the vessel is increased

19.

The pressure is increased

20.

A catalyst is added

Consider the following equilibrium system:

3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
The volume of the vessel is decreased
The pressure is decreased
More Fe is added to the system
Some Fe3O4 is removed from the system
A catalyst is added to the system

Consider the following equilibrium:

2NO (g) + Br2 (g) + energy 2NOBr (g)

26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
The volume of the vessel is increased
The pressure is decreased
More Br2 is added to the system
Some NO is removed from the system
A catalyst is added to the system

12

Some CO was added to the system and a new equilibrium was established.
2CO (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + energy
31.

Compared to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium. Forward Rate has

Reverse Rate has

32.

Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or
decreased?
[CO]
[O2]
[CO2]

33.

Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?

A catalyst was added to the system at constant volume and a new equilibrium was
established.

34.

2CO (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + energy

Compared to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium. Forward Rate has

35.

Reverse Rate has

Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or
decreased?
[CO]

36.

[O2]

[CO2]

Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?

The volume of the container was decreased and a new equilibrium was established.
2CO (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + energy

37.

Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium. Forward Rate has

38.

Reverse Rate has

Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or
decreased?
[CO]

39.

[O2]

[CO2]

Did the equilibrium shift favor the formation of reactants or products?

13

Worksheet #5 Applying Le Chtelier's Principle

1.

The chromate and dichromate ions set up an equilibrium system as follows:

energy + 2 CrO4 2-(aq) + 2 H+(aq)
yellow

Cr2O7 2-(aq) + H2O (l)

orange

Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
shift

color change

Increase in [H+]
Increase in [CrO4 2-]
Increase in [Cr2O7 2-]
Decrease in [H+]
Decrease in [CrO4 2-]
Increase in temperature
Decrease in temperature
Add HCl (aq)
Add NaOH

2.

The copper (II) ion and copper (II) hydroxide complex exist in equilibrium as follows:
Cu(OH)2 (aq) + 4 H2O (l)
violet

Cu(H2O)4 2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) + 215 kJ

light blue

Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
shift

color change

Increase in [Cu(H2O)4 2+]

Add NaOH
Increase in [Cu(OH)2]
Decrease in [Cu(H2O)4 2+]
Decrease in [Cu(OH)2]
Increase temperature
Decrease temperature
Add KCl (aq)
Add HCl (aq)
3.

Consider the equilibrium that follows:

4 HCl (g) + 2 O2 (g) 2 H2O (l) +

2 Cl2 (g)

98 kJ
14

(clear)

(yellow)

Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
shift

color change

Increase in temperature
Increase [HCl]
Decrease in [Cl2]
Decrease temperature
Add Ne at constant volume
4.

Consider the equilibrium that follows:

Cu+ (aq) +
(green)

Cl-(aq) CuCl (s)

H = + 98 kJ

Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
Cu+ is green
shift
color change
Increase in temperature
Increase [HCl]
Add NaCl
Decrease temperature
Add NaOH (aq)
(check your solubility table for a possible reaction)
Add CuCl(s)
Add AgNO3 (aq)
(check your solubility table for a possible reaction)
Add CuNO3 (aq)
Add Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

15

Worksheet #6 Graphing and LeChateliers Principle

Consider the following equilibrium system.
I2(g)

Cl2(g)

2 ICl (g) + energy

Label the graph that best represents each of the following stresses and shift.

adding I2(g)

increasing the temperature

increasing the volume

removing Cl2(g)

I2

I2

ICl

ICl

I2
ICl

I2
Cl2

16

Worksheet #7
1.

N2O4(g)

Maximizing Yield

59 KJ

2 NO2(g)

Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

2.

2SO3(g)

2SO2(g)

+ O2(g)

215 KJ

Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

3.

H2O(g)

H2O(l)

H = -150 KJ

Describe three ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe four ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

4.

In the Haber reaction:

3H2(g) + N2(g)
2NH3(g)
+
Explain why each condition is used in the process to make ammonia.

energy

A High pressure of 50 MP
The presence of Ur or Os
Condensing NH3 to a liquid
A relatively high temperature 500 oC

Worksheet #8 Equilibrium Calculations

1.

SO3(g)

H2O(g)

H2SO4(l)

At equilibrium [SO3] = 0.400M

[H2O] = 0.480M
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.

[H2SO4] = 0.600M

17

2.

At equilibrium at 100oC, a 2.0L flask contains:

0.075 mol of PCl5
0.050 mol of H2O 0.750 mol of HCl
Calculate the Keq for the reaction:
PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)

0.500 mol of POCl3

3.

Keq= 798 at 25oC for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g).
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0M. Calculate the equilibrium
[O2] in this mixture at 25oC.

4.

Consider the following equilibrium:

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 100oC. If
the Keq = 680.0, calculate the SO3 concentration at 100oC.

5.

Consider the following equilibrium:

2 NO2(g)

N2O4(g)
2.00 moles of NO2 and1.60 moles of N2O4 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 20oC.
Calculate the Keq at 20oC.

6.

2 SO3(g)

2 SO2(g)
+
O2(g)
4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are present in a 2.00 L container at 100oC and are at
equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of SO3 and the number of moles SO3 present
if the Keq = 1.47 x 10-3.

18

7.

If at equilibrium [H2] = 0.200M and [I2] = 0.200M and Keq=55.6 at 250oC, calculate the
equilibrium concentration of HI.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI (g)

8.

1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 4.00 moles CO2, 4.00 moles H2 are found in an 8.00 L container
at 690oC at equilibrium.
CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.

Worksheet #9 Equilibrium Calculations

Solve each problem and show all of your work.
1.

At equilibrium, a 5.0L flask contains:

0.75 mol of PCl5
0.50 mol of H2O
7.50 mol of HCl
5.00 mol of POCl3
Calculate the Keq for the reaction: PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)

19

2.

Keq= 798 for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g).
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0 M. Calculate the equilibrium
[O2] in this mixture.

3.

Consider the following equilibrium:

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
When 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 1.00 litre container and allowed
to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250 M. Calculate the Keq value.

4.

Consider the following equilibrium: 2 NO2(g)

N2O4(g)
2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80 moles
NO2 are present. Calculate the Keq.

20

5.

2 SO2(g)
+
O2(g)
2 SO3(g)
4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200oC and allowed to
reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of O2 is 2.00 M, calculate the Keq

6.

If the initial [H2] = 0.200 M, [I2] = 0.200 M and Keq = 55.6 at 250oC calculate the equilibrium
concentrations of all molecules.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI (g)

7.

1.60 moles CO and 1.60 moles H2O are placed in a 2.00 L container at 690 oC
(Keq = 10.0).
CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Calculate all equilibrium concentrations.

21

8.

SO3(g) + NO(g)
NO2(g) + SO2(g)
Keq = 0.800 at 100oC. If 4.00 moles of each reactant are placed in a 2.00L container, calculate all
equilibrium concentrations at 100oC.

9.

Consider the following equilibrium system:

2NO2(g)
Two sets of equilibrium data are listed for the same temperature.

N2O4

Container 1

2.00 L

0.12 moles NO2

0.16 moles N2O4

Container 2

5.00 L

0.26 moles NO2

? moles N2O4

Determine the number of moles N2O4 in the second container. Get a Keq from the first
container and use it for the second container.

Worksheet #10 Equilibrium Calculations

Solve each problem and show all of your work in your portfolio.
1.

At equilibrium, a 2.0 L flask contains:

0.200 mol of PCl5
0.30 mol of H2O
Calculate the Keq for the reaction:
PCl5 (g) + H2O (g) 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)

0.60 mol of HCl

0.300 mol of POCl3

22

2.

Keq= 798 for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g).
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2] = 4.20 M and [SO3] = 11.0M. Calculate the
equilibrium [O2] in this mixture.

3.

Consider the following equilibrium:

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
When a 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 2.00 litre container and
allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250 M. Calculate the Keq value.

4.

H2(g) + S(s)
H2S(g) Keq= 14
0.60 moles of H2 and 1.4 moles of S are placed into a 2.0L flask and allowed to reach equilibrium.
Calculate the [H2] at equilibrium.

5.

Keq = 0.0183 for the reaction:

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

23

If 3.0 moles of HI are placed in a 5.00L vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium, what is the
equilibrium concentration of H2?

6.

Consider the equilibrium:

I2 (g) + Cl2

(g)

2ICl (g)

Keq= 10.0

The same number of moles of I2 and Cl2 are placed in a 1.0L flask and allowed to reach
equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of ICl is 0.040 M, calculate the initial number of
moles of I2 and Cl2.

7.

Consider the equilibrium:

2ICl(g) I2 (g) + Cl2 (g) Keq= 10.0
If x moles of ICl were placed in a 5.0 L container at 10 oC and if an equilibrium concentration of I2
was found to be 0.60 M, calculate the number of moles ICl initially present.

24

8.

A student places 2.00 moles SO3 in a 1.00 L flask. At equilibrium [O2] = 0.10 M at
130 oC. Calculate the Keq.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

25

Worksheet #11

Review, Ktrial, & Size of Keq

1.

2 CrO4-2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) Cr2O7-2 (aq) + H2O (l)

Calculate the Keq if the following amounts were found at equilibrium in a 2.0L volume.
CrO4-2 = .030 mol, H+ = .020 mol, Cr2O7-2 = 0.32 mol, H2O = 110 mol

2.

PCl5(s) + H2O(g) 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g) Keq= 11

At equilibrium the 4.0L flask contains the indicated amounts of the three chemicals.
PCl5 0.012 mol
H2O 0.016 mol
HCl 0.120 mol
Calculate [POCl3].

3.

6.0 moles H2S are placed in a 2.0 L container. At equilibrium 5.0 moles H2 are present. Calculate
the Keq
2H2S(g) 2H2(g) + S2(g)

4.

4.0 moles H2 and 2.0 moles Br2 are placed in a 1.0L container at 180oC. If the
[HBr] = 3.0 M at equilibrium, calculate the Keq.
H2(g) + Br2(g) 2HBr(g)

5.

At 2000 0C Keq = 11.6 for: 2NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g). If some NO was placed in a
2.0 L vessel, and the equilibrium [N2] = 0.120 M, calculate all other equilibrium concentrations.

26

6.

At 800oC, Keq= 0.279 for CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g).

If 2.00 moles CO( g) and 2.00 moles H2O (g) are placed in a 500.0 mL container, calculate all
equilibrium concentrations.

7.

CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)

Keq= 10.0 at 690oC.
If at a certain time
[CO] = 0.80 M, [H2O] = 0.050 M, [CO2] = 0.50 M and [H2] = 0.40 M, is the reaction at
equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium

8.

For the reaction: CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)

Keq= 10.0 at 690 oC. The following
concentrations were observed: [CO]=2.0 M, [H2]= 1.0 M, [CO2]=2.0 M, [H2O] = 0.10 M. Is the
reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium?

9.

For the equation below, the following concentrations were observed: [CO] = 1.5 M,
[H2] = 1.2 M, [CO2] = 1.0 M, [H2O] = 0.10 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it
shift in order to get to equilibrium?
CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Keq= 10.0 at 690oC

10.

At a certain temperature the Keq for a reaction is 75. 2O3(g) 3O2(g)

Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will proceed, if any, when the following amounts are
introduced to a 10 L vessel.
27

a) 0.60 mole of O3 and 3.0 mol of O2

b) 0.050 mole of O3 and 7.0 mol of O2

c) 1.5 mole of O3 and no O2

11)

Consider the following equilibrium:

a) 2NO2 (g) N2O4 (g)
b) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq)
c) Pb2+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) PbCl2(s)
d) SO2(g) + O2 (g) SO3 (g)
i)
ii)

Keq = 2.2
Keq = 1 x 10-15
Keq = 6.3 x 104
Keq = 110

Which equilibrium favors products to the greatest extent?

Which equilibrium favors reactants to the greatest extent?

______
______

12.

What is the only way to change the value of the Keq?

13.

In the reaction: A + B C + D + 100 kJ, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the
temperature?

14.

If the value of Keq decreases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic?

15.

In the reaction; W + X + 100kJ Y + Z, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the (X)?
Explain your answer.

16.

If the value of Keq increases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic?

28

17.

Predict whether reactants of products are favored in the following equilibrium systems
(a)
(b)
(c)

18.

CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)

H2O2(aq) H+(aq) + HO2(aq)
CuSO4(aq) (+ Zn(s) Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)

Keq = 1.8 x 10-5

Keq = 2.6 x 10-12
Keq = 1037

What effect will each of the following have on the Keq of the reaction shown below?
2NO2(g) + heat N2O4(g)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

Keq = 2.2

adding a catalyst
increasing the concentration of a reactant
increasing the concentration of a product
decreasing the volume
decreasing the pressure
increasing the temperature
decreasing the temperature

29

Worksheet #12 Enthalpy & Entropy

For each of these processes, predict if Entropy increases or decreases.

1.

2H2(g) + O2(g)

2.

2SO3(g)

2SO2(g)

3.

Ag+(aq)

Cl-(aq)

4.

Cl2(g)

5.

H2O(l)

H2O(g)

6.

CaCO3(s)

7.

I2(s)

8.

4Fe(s)

2H2O(g)
+ O2(g)
AgCl(s)

2Cl(g)

180 kJ CaO(s)

+ 608 kJ

+ CO2(g)

I2(aq)

+ 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) +

1570 kJ

Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will
a) go to completion
b) not occur or
c) go to equilibrium
H = 150 kJ

9.

H2O(l)

10.

CaCO3(s)

11.

I2(s)

12.

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) H = +1570 kJ

13.

Cl2(g)

14.

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + 86.2 kJ

H2O(g)

180 kJ CaO(s)

I2(aq)+

2Cl(g)

+ CO2(g)

608 kJ

H = +26.8 kJ

30

Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will
a) have a large Keq
b) have a small Keq
c) have a Keq about equal to 1
15.

H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) H = +207 kJ

16.

NH4NO3(s)

17.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) + 92 kJ 2NH3(g)

18.

H2O(l) + 150 kJ

19.

Ca(s)

NH4+(aq)

H = -30 kJ

NO3-(aq)

H2O(g)

H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq)

H2(g)

H =

+210 kJ

31

Web Review
1.

Describe the changes in reactant and product concentration as equilibrium is approached.

2.

Describe the changes in the forward and the reverse rates as equilibrium is approached.

3.

State three conditions that are necessary to achieve equilibrium.

4.

Assuming all three conditions are present, describe what would happen if only reactants are placed
in a container.

5.

Assuming all three conditions are present, describe what would happen if only
products are placed in a container.

6.

Describe the relationship between the size of the equilibrium constant, large, small, or about 1, and
the relative amounts of reactants or products.

7.

Describe each of the following:

Dynamic equilibrium,
LeChatelier's principle,
Ktrial,
Enthalpy,
Entropy
Macroscopic property.

8.

Describe the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant for an exothermic and endothermic
reaction.

9.

Describe the effect of changing the temperature, pressure , volume, concentration or adding a
catalyst on the value of the equilibrium constant.

10.

What is the only variable that will change the value of the equilibrium constant.

11.
12.

What are the phases of the compounds that are not included in the equilibrium expression.
Write the equilibrium expression for: 4A(g) + 3B(aq) 2C(l) + 3D(s)

13.

Pick the best Keq for each of the reactions.

Keq = 100

a)

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ

b)

3C(s) + 3H2(g) C3H6(g)

c)

2Pb(NO3)2(s) + 597 kJ 2PbO(s) +4NO2(g) + O2(aq)

Keq = 0.01

Keq = 1.0

H = +20.4 kJ

32

14.

15.

For each reaction in equilibrium describe the shift for the following changes: increasing
temperature, increasing pressure, decreasing volume, adding a gaseous product and removing an
aqueous reactant.
a)

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ

b)

A(aq) + 6B(g) 2C(g) + 4D(g)

H= +56kJ

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ

Give three ways to increase the yield of the reaction.

16.

Give five ways to increase the rate of the reaction.

A(aq) + 6B(g) 2C(g) + 2D(g) H= +56kJ
Give three ways to increase the yield of the reaction.
Give five ways to increase the rate of the reaction.

17.

What is equal at equilibrium?

18.

What is constant at equilibrium?

19.

Which reaction has the greatest yield? Why?

a) Keq = 8.0 x 10-12

20.

Which reaction has the smallest yield?

a) Keq = 1.0 x 10-15

21.
22.

b) Keq = 7.0 x 10-11

b) Keq = 9.0 x 10-15

Which has the greater entropy?

a) H2O(s)
b) H2O(l)
Which has the greater enthalpy?
a) H2O(s)
b) H2O(l)

c) H2O(g)
c) H2O(g)

Hint: Consider H2O(s) H2O(l) Draw a potential energy diagram. Which side is higher?
23.

Review your kinetics test. There will be 5 questions on this test from kinetics.

24.

Consider the following equilibrium system: SO3(g) + NO(g)NO2(g) + SO2(g)

33

a)

Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after adding
SO3(g)

b)

Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after
removing NO2(g)

c)

Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after adding a
catalyst .

d)

Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has
formed compared to the original equilibrium after removing NO2(g)

e)

Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has
formed compared to the original equilibrium after adding SO3(g)

f)

Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has
formed compared to the original equilibrium after adding a catalyst .

g)

Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has
formed compared to the original equilibrium after decreasing the volume of the container.

h)

Describe what happens to the reactant and product concentrations after a new equilibrium
has formed compared to the original equilibrium after decreasing the volume of the
container.

Part 2
Calculations
1.
SO3(g) + NO(g) NO2(g) + SO2(g)
[SO3] = 0.400M [NO] = 0.480M
[NO2] = 0.600M [SO2] = 0.450M Keq = 0.800 at 100C
a) Show by calculation that this reaction mixture is not at equilibrium at 100C.
b) What will happen to [SO3] and [SO2] as the system moves to equilibrium?

2.

Consider the equilibrium below:

Co(H2O)6+2(aq) + 2Cl-1(aq) Co(H2O)6Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
34

pink
blue
If the colour of the equilibrium mixture is pink at 5C and blue at 60C, is the reaction
endothermic or exothermic?

3.

SO3(g) + H2O(g) H2SO4(l)

[SO3] = 0.400M [H2O] = 0.480M [H2SO4] = 0.600M
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.

4.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200C and allowed to
reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of O2 is 2.00M, calculate the Keq.

5.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

If at equilibrium [O2] = 0.500M and [SO3] = 0.400M and the equilibrium constant is the same as
question 4 at 200C, calculate the [SO2].

6.

Consider the following equilibrium:

2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80M NO2 are
present. Calculate the Keq.

7.

SO3(g) + NO(g) NO2(g) + SO2(g) Keq = 0.800 at 100C

If 4.00 moles of each reactant is placed in a 2.00L container, calculate all equilibrium
concentrations at 100C.
35

8.

Keq = 0.0183 at 150C for: 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

If 3.00 moles of HI is placed in a 5.00 L container and allowed to establish equilibrium, what are
all equilibrium concentrations?

Challenge Question
9.

Consider the following equilibrium in a 5.00 L container:

CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2(g) + H2 (g)
At equilibrium, there is 1.0 mole of CO, 3.0 moles of H2O, 3.0 moles CO2, and 3.0 moles of H2. If
2.0 moles of CO are now added, find the equilibrium [CO2].
Hint: first calculate the Keq, then do an ICE chart with the initial concentrations after CO is added.

Equilibrium Practice Test # 1

1.

Consider the following reaction mechanism:

Step1:
NO(g) + O3(g)
NO2(g)
Step2:
O(g)
+ NO2(g)
NO(g)
The catalyst is:

+ O2(g)
+ O2(g)
36

A.
B.
C.
D.
2.

Consider the following reaction:

2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
A flask is initially filled with NH3. As the system approaches equilibrium, the rate of the forward
reaction
A.
B.
C.
D.

3.

minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy both favour the products

minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy both favour the reactants
minimum enthalpy favours products and maximum entropy reactants
minimum enthalpy favours reactants and maximum entropy products

concentration of reactants is less than the concentration of the products

concentration of reactants and the concentration of the products are equal
concentration of reactants is greater than the concentration of the products
concentration of reactants and the products are constant

Consider the following mechanism: Step 1:

Step 2:
A reactant in the overall equation is
A.
B.
C.
D.

6.

H = -153 KJ

In all systems at equilibrium, the

A.
B.
C.
D.

5.

increases as the rate of the reverse reaction decreases

decreases as the rate of the reverse reaction increases
increases as the rate of the reverse reaction increases
decreases as the rate of the reverse reaction decreases

Consider the following reaction:

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
In this reaction
A.
B.
C.
D.

4.

O2
O3
NO
NO2

N2O(g)
N2(g) + O(g)
N2O(g) + O(g) N2(g) + O2(g)

O
O2
N2
N2O

Chemical systems tend to move toward positions of

A.
B.
C.
D.

minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy.

maximum enthalpy and minimum entropy.
minimum enthalpy and minimum entropy.
maximum enthalpy and maximum entropy.
37

7.

An equilibrium system shifts left when the

A.
B.
C.
D.

8.

A 1.00 L flask contains a gaseous equilibrium system. The addition of reactants to this flask results
in a
A.
B.
C.
D.

9.

11.

12.

shift left and a decrease in the concentration of the products.

shift left and a increase in the concentration of the products.
shift right and a decrease in the concentration of the products.
shift right and a increase in the concentration of the products.

Consider the following equilibrium: CH4(g) + H2O(g) + heat CO(g) + 3H2(g)

In which of the following will both stresses shift the equilibrium to the right?
A.
B.
C.
D.

10.

rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
rate of the forward reaction is less than the rate of the reverse reaction.
rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.
rate of the forward reaction and the reverse reaction are constant.

a decrease in temperature and a decrease in volume

a increase in temperature and a decrease in volume
a decrease in temperature and a increase in volume
a increase in temperature and a increase in volume

Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) H = -198 kJ

There will be no shift in this equilibrium when
A.
more O2 is added.
B.
a catalyst is added.
C.
the volume is increased.
D.
the temperature is increased.
Consider the following equilibrium: 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
The equilibrium expression is
A.

Keq = [Fe2O3][H2]3
[Fe]2[H2O]3

C.

Keq =

[H2]3
[H2O]3

B.

Keq = [Fe2O3][3H2]
[2Fe][3H2O]

D.

Keq = [ H2]3

Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

At equilibrium, the [N2O4] is equal to

Keq = 0.133

A.

0.133
[NO2]

B.

[NO2]
0.133

C.

0.133
[NO2]2

D.

[NO2]2
0.133
38

13.

Which of the following equilibrium systems most favours the products?

A.
B.
C.
D.

14.

15.

16.

A.

Keq = [KOH]4[O2]3
[KO2]2[H2O]2

B.

Keq = [O2]3
[ H2O]2

C.

Keq = [KO2]4[H2O]2
[KOH]4[O2]3

D.

Keq = [ H2O]2
[O2]3

Consider the following equilibrium: N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)

When the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium:

H = +181 kJ

A.
shifts left and the Keq value increases
B.
shifts left and the Keq value decreases
C.
shifts right and the Keq value increases
D.
shifts right and the Keq value decreases
Consider the following equilibrium: CaCO3(s) + 556 kJ CaO + CO2(g)
The value of the equilibrium constant will increase when
CO2 is added.
CO2 is removed.
the temperature is increased.
the temperature is decreased.

Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + H2O(g) CO(g) + H2(g)

The contents of a 1.00 L container at equilibrium were analyzed and found to contain 0.20 mole
C, 0.20 mole H2O, 0.60 mole CO, and 0.60 mole H2, The equilibrium constant is
A.
B.
C.
D.

18.

Keq = 6.4 x 10-39

Keq = 3.7 x 108
Keq = 1.8
Keq = 2.0 x 10-7

Consider the following equilibrium: 4KO2(s) + 2H2O(g) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

The equilibrium expression is

A.
B.
C.
D.

17.

Cl2(g) 2Cl(g)
Cl2(g) + 2NO(g) 2NOCl(g)
Cl2(g) + 2NO2(g) 2NO2Cl(g)
2HCl(g) H2(g) + Cl2(g)

0.11
0.56
1.8
0.0

Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

Keq = 4.61 x 10-3
A 1.00 L container at equilibrium was analyzed and found to contain
39

0.0200 mole NO2. At equilibrium, the concentration of N2O4 is

A.
B.
C.
D.
19.

0.0868 M
0.230 M
4.34 M
11.5 M

Consider the following potential energy diagram:

PE
(kJ)

50kJ

225kJ

Progress of Reaction
The forward reaction is
A.
B.
C.
D.
20.

=
=
=
=

-50 kJ
+50 kJ
-225 kJ
+225 kJ

[CO] and [CO2] both increase

[CO] and [CO2] both decrease
[CO] increases and [CO2] decreases
[CO] decreases and [CO2] increases

Consider the equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) The pressure of the system is increased by
reducing the volume. When comparing the new equilibrium with the original equilibrium,
A.
B.
C.
D.

22.

H
H
H
H

Consider the following equilibrium: H2O(g) + CO(g) H2(g) + CO2(g)

A closed container is initially filled with H2O and CO. As the reaction proceeds to equilibrium the
A.
B.
C.
D.

21.

exothermic and the

endothermic and the
exothermic and the
endothermic and the

all concentrations remain constant

the concentrations of all species have increased
reactant concentrations have increased while products decreased
reactant concentrations have decreased while products increased

Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) A 1.00 L container is initially filled with
0.200 moles of N2O4. At equilibrium, 0.160 moles NO2 are present. What is the equilibrium
concentration of N2O4?
A.

0.040 M
40

B.
C.
D.
23.

Equilibrium is dynamic process because the

A.
B.
C.
D.

24.

28.

NaOH
HNO3
Na2CrO4
Na2Cr2O7

Addition of a catalyst to an equilibrium system

A.
B.
C.
D.

27.

left and [CH4] will increase

left and [CH4] will decrease
right and [CH4] will increase
right and [CH4] will decrease

Given the following system: 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l) Which of the following
chemicals, when added to the above equilibrium, would result in a decrease in [CrO42-]?
A.
B.
C.
D.

26.

macroscopic properties are not changing

mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products
forward and reverse reactions continue to occur
concentrations of reactants and products are constant

Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g) The addition of H2 will cause the
equilibrium to shift to the
A.
B.
C.
D.

25.

0.080 M
0.120 M
0.160 M

increases the value of the Keq.

increases the yield of the products.
has no effect on the rates of the reaction.
increases the rate of formation of both reactants and products.

Consider the following reaction: 2B(s) + 3F2(g) 2BF3(g) The equilibrium expression is
A.

Keq = [2BF3]
[3F2]

B.

Keq =

[F2]3
[BF3]

C.

Keq =

[BF3]2
[F2]3

D.

Keq =

[BF3]2
[B][F2]3

Consider the following equilibrium: 2NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) Keq = 2.01 x 1030
41

The value of the equilibrium constant indicates that the

A.
B.
C.
D.
29.

left because the trial Keq > Keq

left because the trial Keq < Keq
right because the trial Keq > Keq
right because the trial Keq < Keq

volume
temperature
concentration of products
concentration of reactions

left and the [SO2Cl2] increases

left and the [SO2Cl2] decreases
right and the [SO2Cl2] increases
right and the [SO2Cl2] decreases

Consider the following equilibrium: NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s) + energy

Which of the following will result in a decrease in the mass of NH4Cl?
A.
B.
C.
D.

34.

10-3
10-2
101
102

Consider the following equilibrium : SO2Cl2(g) + energy SO2(g) + Cl2(g)

When the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium shifts
A.
B.
C.
D.

33.

x
x
x
x

Consider the following equilibrium: SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO + energy

The equilibrium does not shift with a change in
A.
B.
C.
D.

32.

2.5
1.6
6.4
4.0

Consider the equilibrium: H2O(g) + Cl2O(g) 2HOCl(g) Keq = 9.0 x 10-2

A 1.0 L flask contains a mixture of 1.8 x 10-1 mole H2O, 4.0 x 10-4 mole Cl2O, and 8.0 x 10-2
mole HOCl. To establish equilibrium, the system will proceed to the
A.
B.
C.
D.

31.

[N2][ O2]
[N2][ O2]
[N2][ O2]
[N2][ O2]

Consider the equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

At equilibrium the [H2} = 0.020 M, [I2] = 0.020 M, and [HI] = 0.160 M. The value of the
equilibrium constant is:
A.
B.
C.
D.

30.

[NO]2 <
[NO]2 >
[NO] =
[NO] >

adding NH3
removing HCl
decreasing the volume
decreasing the temperature

Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)

42

When 0.40 moles of PCl3 and 0.40 moles of Cl2 are placed in a 1.00 L container and allowed to
reach equilibrium, 0.244 mole of PCl5 are present. From this information, the value of the Keq is
A.
B.
C.
D.

0.10
0.30
3.3
10

Subjective
1.

Concentrations of H2, I2, and HI in a mixture at equilibrium at 425 oC were found to be 1.52 x 10-2
M, 3.55 x 10-2 M, and 2.57 x 10-1 M respectively. Calculate the equilibrium constant.
H2(g) +
I2(g)

2HI(g)

2.

4.00 moles of PCl5 are placed in a 2.00 L container and goes to equilibrium at
200 oC. If 0.60 moles of PCl5 are present at equilibrium, calculate the equilibrium constant.
PCl5(g)

PCl3(g) +
Cl2(g)

3.

An equilibrium system has a Keq = 50 at 0 oC and a Keq = 80 at 20 oC.

a)

As the temperature was increased, which direction did the reaction shift?

b)

Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

4.

If the initial [H2] = 0.200 M and [I2] = 0.200 M and the Keq = 55.6 at 20 oC, calculate the
equilibrium concentration of all molecules.
H2(g) +
I2(g)
2HI(g)

43

5.

Consider the following data obtained for the following equilibrium:

Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq)
[Fe3+]

[SCN-]

[FeSCN2+]

Experiment 1

3.91 x 10-2 M

8.02 x 10-5 M

9.22 x 10-4 M

Experiment 2

6.27 x 10-3 M

3.65 x 10-4 M

Calculate [FeSCN2+] in experiment 2.

6.

1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 6.00 moles CO2, and 6.00 moles H2 are put in a
2.00 L container at 600 oC.
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq = 10.0

a)

Show by calculation the reaction is not at equilibrium.

b)

Which way will the reaction shift in order to achieve equilibrium?

c)

Calculate the equilibrium concentration of CO2.

44

45

Equilibrium Practice Test # 2

1.

The slowest of the following reactions is:

A.
B.
C.
D.

2.

The rate of a chemical reaction is equal to the slope of the line with axes labelled

A.
B.
C.
D.
3.

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) 2H2O(l)
3Ba2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) Ba3(PO4)2(aq)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

x-axis

y-axis

time
mass
volume of gas
time

rate
time
time
concentration

Consider the following reaction: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + heat

The diagram that represents the relationship between rate and temperature is:
B.

A.

Rate

Rate

C.

Temperature

D.

Temperature
Rate

Rate

Temperature

Temperature

46

4.

Which of the following describes the energy of colliding particles as reacting molecules approach
each other?

A.
B.
C.
D.
5.

decreases
increases
decreases
remains constant

increases
decreases
remains constant
increases

adding a catalyst
increasing pressure
increasing temperature
increasing reactant concentration

Consider the following reaction: C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)

H = -74.8 kJ
Which of the following will cause an increase in the value of the Keq?
A.
B.
C.
D.

7.

PE

The average kinetic energy per molecule can be increased by

A.
B.
C.
D.

6.

KE

increasing [H2]
decreasing the volume
finely powdering the C(s)
decreasing the temperature

Consider the following equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

At equilibrium [H2] = 0.00220 M, [I2] = 0.00220 M, and [HI] = 0.0156 M
The value of the Keq is
A.
B.
C.
D.

3.10
1.99
5.03
3.22

x
x
x
x

10-4
10-2
101
103

47

8.

Consider the rate diagram for the following reaction: 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
forward

Rate
reverse
Time

t1

Which of the following occurs at t1?

A.
B.
C.
D.
9.

Chemical equilibrium is said to be dynamic because

A.
B.
C.
D.

10.

N2(g) +
C2H6(g)
H2(g) +
Ca(s) +

O2(g)
2C(s)
1/2O2(g)
3H2O(l)

2NO(g)
+ 3H2(g)
H2O(g)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

H
H
H
H

=
+
=
=

21 kJ
83 kJ
-240 kJ
-240 kJ

The value of the Keq can be changed by

A.
B.
C.
D.

12.

the reaction proceeds quickly

the mass of the reactants is decreasing
the macroscopic properties are constant
both forward and reverse rates are occurring

Which equation has the largest value of Keq?

A.
B.
C.
D.

11.

addition of H2
addition of HI
addition of a catalyst
a decrease in volume

adding a catalyst
changing the temperature
changing the reactant concentration
changing the volume of the container

Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)

48

When 0.40 mole of PCl3 and 0.40 mole of Cl2 are placed in a 1.00 L container and allowed to
reach equilibrium, 0.244 mole of PCl5 are present. From this information, the value of the Keq is
A,
B.
C.
D.
13.

Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)

Keq = 2.30
A 1.0 L container is filled with 0.05 mole PCl5, 1.0 mole PCl3, and 1.0 mole Cl2. The system
proceeds to the
A.
B.
C.
D.

14.

NaOH
HNO3
Na2CrO4
Na2Cr2O7

What is the Keq expression for the following equilibrium?

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
A.
B.
C.
D.

16.

left because the Trial Keq > Keq

left because the Trial Keq < Keq
right because the Trial Keq > Keq
right because the Trial Keq < Keq

Given the following system: 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)

Which of the following chemicals, when added to the above system at equilibrium, would result in
a decrease in [Cr2O72-]?
A.
B.
C.
D.

15.

0.10
0.30
3.3
10

Keq = [H2]4
Keq = [H2]
[H2O]
Keq = [H2]4
[H2O]4
Keq = [Fe2O3][H2]4
[Fe][H2O]4

Consider the following equilibrium: 2O3(g) 3O2(g) Keq = 65

49

Initially 0.10 mole of O3 and 0.10 mole of O2 are placed in a 1.0 L container, Which of the
following describes the changes in concentrations as the reaction proceeds towards equilibrium?

A.
B.
C.
D.
17.

[O2]

decreases
decreases
increases
increases

decreases
increases
decreases
increases

Consider the following equilibrium: 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)

yellow
orange
An unknown solution is added to an orange equilibrium system until the sample turns yellow. The
solution could be
A.
B.
C.
D.

18.

[O3]

KNO3
NaOH
NH4NO3
CH3COOH

Consider the following equilibrium:

CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) + heat
A stress was applied at time t1 and the data plotted on the following graph:
The stress imposed at time t1 is the result of

[H+]

time
A.
B.
C.
D.

19.

t1

the addition of HCl

decreasing the temperature
the addition of NaCH3COO
increasing the volume of the container

P.E.
Consider
the following potential energy diagram for an equilibrium system:
50
Progress of the reaction

When the temperature of the system is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the
A.
B.
C.
D.
20.

Addition of a catalyst to an equilibrium system

A.
B.
C.
D.

21.

left and the Keq increases

left and the Keq decreases
right and the Keq increases
right and the Keq decreases

increases the value of the Keq

increases the yield of the product
has no effect on the rates of the reaction
increases the rates of formation of both reactants and products

Ammonia, NH3, is produced by the following reaction:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) D

2NH3(g) + energy

Which of the following would result in the highest concentration of ammonia at equilibrium?
A.
B.
C.
D.
22.

increasing the temperature and increasing the pressure

decreasing the temperature and increasing the pressure
increasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure
decreasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure

Consider the following equilibrium:

2NO2(g) D N2O4(g)

Keq = 1.15

The equilibrium concentration of NO2 is 0.50 mol/L. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of
N2O4(g).
A.
B.
C.
D.

23.

0.22 mol/L
0.29 mol/L
0.43 mol/L
0.58 mol/L

Consider the following equilibrium:

51

H2(g) + I2 D 2HI(g)

Keq = 50.0

What is the value Keq for the reaction rewritten as:

2HI(g) D H2(g) + I2(g)
A.
B.
C.
D.
24.

Keq = ?

-50.0
0.0200
25.0
50.0

Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOCl(g) D 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)

A flask is filled with NOCl, NO, and Cl2(g). Initially there were a total of 5.0 moles of gases
present. When equilibrium is reached, there are a total of 8.0 moles of gases present. Which of the
following explains the observation?
A.
B.
C.
D.

25.

26.

Consider the following equilibrium:

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) D 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) + energy
Which of the following will cause the equilibrium to shift to the left?
A.
adding H2O(g)
B.
removing some NO(g)
C.
increasing the volume
D.
decreasing the temperature
A catalyst is added to a system already at equilibrium. How are the forward and reverse reaction
rates affected by the addition of the catalyst.

A.
B.
C.
D.
27.

The reaction shifted left because the Trial Keq > Keq
The reaction shifted left because the Trial Keq < Keq
The reaction shifted right because the Trial Keq > Keq
The reaction shifted right because the Trial Keq < Keq

Forward Rate

Reverse Rate

increases
increases
constant
constant

increases
constant
decreases
constant

Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOBr(g) D 2NO(g) + Br2(g) Keq = 0.064

At equilibrium, a 1.00 L flask contains 0.030 mole NOBr and 0.030 mole NO. How many moles
of Br2 are present?
A.
B.
C.
D.

0.0019
0.064
0.030
0.47
52

28.

Which of the following does not apply to all chemical equilibrium systems?
A.
B.
C.
D.

29.
A.

C.

30.
A.

C.

31.
A.

C.

They are closed.

The macroscopic properties are constant
Forward and reverse rates are equal
There are equal concentrations of reactants and products

The relationship between Ea and reaction rate is best represented as

B.

D.

The relationship between Keq and temperature for an exothermic reaction is best represented as
B.

D.

The relationship between reaction rate and temperature is best represented by

B.

D.

53

32.

The relationship between Ea and temperature is best represented by

A.

B.

D.

C.

32.

Methanol, CH3OH, can be produced by the following:

CO(g) + 2H2(g) D CH3OH(g) + energy
The conditions necessary to maximize the equilibrium yield of CH3OH are
A.
B.
C.
D.

33.

Consider the following equilibrium: 2NO(g) + O2(g) D 2NO2(g) + energy

When the volume of the container is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the
A.
B.
C.
D.

34.

low temperature and low pressure

high temperature and low pressure
low temperature and high pressure
high temperature and high pressure

left and the Keq decreases

right and the Keq increases
left and the Keq remains constant
right and the Keq remains comstant

Consider the following reaction:

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
H = -2202 kJ
Which of the following applies to the forward reaction?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Entropy

Enthalpy

increases
increases
decreases
decreases

increases
decreases
increases
decreases

54

Subjective
1.

Consider the following equilibrium:

N2H4(g) + 2O2(g) D 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
More oxygen is added to the above equilibrium. After the system re-establishes equilibrium,
identify the substance(s), if any, that have a net

2.

a)

increase in concentration

b)

decrease in concentration

Given the following equilibrium:

H2(g) + I2(g)

D 2HI(g)

Initially, 0.200 mole H2 and 0.200 mole I2 were placed into a 1.0 L container. At
[I2] is 0.040 M. Calculate the Keq.

3.

equilibrium, the

Consider the following equilibrium: 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)

yellow
orange
When HCl is added, the solution turns orange. Explain why this colour change occurs.

55

4.

Consider the following equilibrium system:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) D
2NH3(g) + energy
A 1.00 L container is filled with 7.0 mole NH3 and the system proceeds to equilibrium as
indicated by the graph.

8.0
M

6.0
4.0
2.0

NH3

a)

Draw and label the graph for N2 and H2. Fill in an ICE chart if you are not sure how
to do this.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) D
2NH3(g)
I
C
E

b)

5.

Calculate the Keq for the above reaction.

Consider the following equilibrium 2NO(g) + O2(g) D 2NO2(g)

Keq = 1.5

0.800 mole NO, 0.600 moles O2, and 0.400 moles NO2 are placed in a vessel that 2.0 L. Show by
calculation that the reaction is not at equilibrium? What will happen to [O2] as equilibrium is
approached?

56

6.

Consider the following equilibrium:

SO3(g) + NO(g) D NO2(g) + SO2(g) Keq = 0.500
Exactly 0.100 mole SO3 and 0.100 mole NO were placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to go to
equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of SO2.

57