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    Operating States of A Power System

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    lrpatra
    The document discusses the different operating states of a power system, including normal, restorative, normal alert, emergency, and in-extremis states. It explains the constraints around load satisfaction, operations, and security that define each state. Transitions between states can occur due to contingencies, reductions in reserves, or successive outages.

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    Operating States of A Power System

    Uploaded by

    lrpatra
    814 views15 pages
    The document discusses the different operating states of a power system, including normal, restorative, normal alert, emergency, and in-extremis states. It explains the constraints around load satisfaction, operations, and security that define each state. Transitions between states can occur due to contingencies, reductions in reserves, or successive outages.

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    Operating States of a Power System

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    The document discusses the different operating states of a power system, including normal, restorative, normal alert, emergency, and in-extremis states. It explains the constraints around load satisfaction, operations, and security that define each state. Transitions between states can occur due to contingencies, reductions in reserves, or successive outages.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    814 views15 pages

    Operating States of A Power System

    Uploaded by

    lrpatra
    The document discusses the different operating states of a power system, including normal, restorative, normal alert, emergency, and in-extremis states. It explains the constraints around load satisfaction, operations, and security that define each state. Transitions between states can occur due to contingencies, reductions in reserves, or successive outages.

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    of 15

    Operating States of a Power System

    Operating States of a
    Power System

    METU

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 1

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Supply-Demand Balance

    Basic Condition
    Summation of generated
    power must always be
    equal to consumed
    power and total losses

    470 MW
    250 MW

    300 MW

    Transmission
    System

    1200 MW

    200 MW
    200 MW
    150 MW

    Pli

    Pgi

    Supply-Demand Balance
    Total Supply = Total Demand + Losses
    Pgi = Plk + Plosses
    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 2

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Load (Equality) Constraints

    Loads must always be satisfied;


    Under all operating
    conditions,
    At the presently available
    price of electricity

    470 MW
    250 MW
    1200 MW

    300 MW

    Transmission
    System

    200 MW
    200 MW
    150 MW

    +
    Pli

    Pgi

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 3

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Load (Equality) Constraints

    Kirchoffs Current Law


    P1 + P2 + ... + Pk = PL
    k

    P1

    i=1

    P2

    P i = PL
    k

    PL

    Pi P L = 0
    i=1

    or
    g (x,u) = 0

    Pk

    PL = 300 MW

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 4

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Load (Equality) Constraints
    Expression

    All loads are satisfied


    g1(x,u) = 0
    g2(x,u) = 0
    .
    .
    .
    gn(x,u) = 0

    P1
    P2

    PL1

    Pk
    P1
    P2

    PL2

    Pk

    P1
    P2

    PLn

    Pk

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 5

    Operating States of a Power System

    METU

    Load (Equality) Constraints


    (Short Form)
    Vector Form
    g1(x,u)
    g2(x,u)
    .
    .
    .

    gn(x,u)

    0
    0
    .
    .
    .
    0

    or
    G(x,u) = 0
    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 6

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Operating (Inequality) Constraints

    h1(x,u) 0
    h2(x,u) 0
    .
    .
    .
    hm(x,u) 0

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 7

    Operating States of a Power System

    METU

    Operating (Inequality) Constraints


    (Short Form)
    h1(x,u)
    h2(x,u)
    .
    .
    .

    hm(x,u)

    0
    0
    .
    .
    .
    0

    or
    H(x,u) 0
    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 8

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Security (Inequality) Constraints
    (Short Form)
    S(x,u) 0

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 9

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Normal Operating State
    G(x,u) = 0
    H(x,u) 0
    S(x,u) 0

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 10

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Restorative Operating State
    G(x,u) 0
    H(x,u) 0

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 11

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Normal (Alert) Operating State
    G(x,u) = 0
    H(x,u) 0
    S(x,u) / 0

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 12

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Emergency Operating State

    System is intact
    G(x,u) = 0
    H(x,u) / 0

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 13

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    In-Extremis Operating State

    System is split
    G(x,u) 0
    H(x,u) / 0

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 14

    METU

    Operating States of a Power System


    Transition among the States
    Restorative Control
    (Central, slow)

    Normal (Secure)
    Operating State

    G(x,u) = 0
    H(x,u) 0
    S(x,u) / 0

    Restorative Control
    (Central, slow)

    Contincency
    Corrective Control
    (Central, slow)

    G(x,u) 0
    H(x,u) 0
    Protective Control
    (Local, fast)

    Contincency

    Reduction in reserve
    margins,
    Increased probability of
    disturbance,
    i.e. Storm, snow, rain, etc

    Preventive Control
    (Central, slow)

    Normal (Alert)
    Operating State

    Preventive Control
    (Central, slow)

    G(x,u) = 0
    H(x,u) 0
    S(x,u) 0

    Corrective Control
    (Central, slow)

    Restorative Control
    (Central, slow)

    Restorative
    Operating State

    Emergency
    Operating State
    G(x,u) = 0
    H(x,u) / 0
    (System is intact)

    Succesive outages,
    Islanding,
    Loss of power
    balance,
    Frequency deviations

    In-Extremis
    Operating State
    G(x,u) 0
    H(x,u) / 0
    (System is split)

    EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 15

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