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69 Magh

The Supreme Court was hearing a writ petition filed by Devas Khadka regarding his imprisonment in a vehicular homicide case. Khadka had been sentenced to 3 years and 6 months imprisonment by the District Court and the High Court had upheld the sentence. However, the Supreme Court had granted bail to Khadka pending the hearing of the case. Despite this, Khadka was taken into custody by the police and imprisoned to serve out his sentence. In its order, the Supreme Court stated that imprisoning Khadka was against its bail order and a violation of his constitutional rights. It issued notices to the concerned authorities seeking a response within 3 days.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
147 views138 pages

69 Magh

The Supreme Court was hearing a writ petition filed by Devas Khadka regarding his imprisonment in a vehicular homicide case. Khadka had been sentenced to 3 years and 6 months imprisonment by the District Court and the High Court had upheld the sentence. However, the Supreme Court had granted bail to Khadka pending the hearing of the case. Despite this, Khadka was taken into custody by the police and imprisoned to serve out his sentence. In its order, the Supreme Court stated that imprisoning Khadka was against its bail order and a violation of his constitutional rights. It issued notices to the concerned authorities seeking a response within 3 days.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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lg0f{o g+= **($

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;


dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk]t| L
l/6 g+= @)^(WF )))!
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.%.@*
ljifoM aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f .
lgj]bsM pbok'/ lhNnf, s6f/L uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= ! 3/ eO{ xfn sf/fuf/ sfof{no
pbok'/df s}b e'Qmfg u/L /x]sf] df]bs
k/fh'nLsf] xsdf cledGo" nfld5fg]
lj?4
ljkIfLM pbok'/ lhNnf cbfnt, ufO{3f6 ;d]t
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]l/kfpmF egL bfo/ ePsf]
lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|bfg ePdf To;sf]
x}l;ot k'g/fj]bg ;/x e} d'2fsf] ;'gj' fO
x'G5 / tNnf] cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L
ab/ klg x'g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . klxn]sf]
km};nfcg';f/ nfu]sf] s}bjfktdf o;
cbfntaf6 h] y f hdfgt :jLsf/
ul/;lsPsfn] o;/L hdfgt :jLsf/
u/L d'2f bf]xofOkfpmF eGg] lgj]bg btf{
ug's
{ f] dtnj lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf
sfg"gadf]lhd dflyNnf] txsf] cbfntdf
ljrf/fwLg /xL k/LIf0fsf] kdf /lx/x]sf]
/ pQm cbfntaf6 s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L
ePsf] km};nf pN6L ab/ x'g klg ;Sg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] egL dfGg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
1459

s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf


clt g} Kof/f] / dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s}bdf
a;]sf] cj:yf eg]sf] lglZrt\ kdf
p;sf] j}olQms :jtGqtfdf aGb]h nfu]sf]
cj:yf xf] . clxn]sf] ;dodf kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gsf] pNn+3g u/]jfkt x'g] s8f
;hfosf] k eg]sf] d"ntM s}bsf] ;hfo
xf] . JolQmsf] hLjgdf y'gfdf a;]sf]
bfu nfUg' eg]sf] uDeL/ s'/f x'G5 . o;
cj:yfdf s'g} JolQmpk/ nfu]sf] s}b
;hfojfkt w/f}6 /fvL To:tf] s}b
;hfopk/ r'gf}tL eO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f]xL s}b c;"n ug{ s}bdf
k7fpg' Gofof]lrt x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
d'2f bf]xf]ofOkfFpm eGg] lgj]bg k/]s}
cfwf/n] km};nf sfof{Gjog g/f]lsg] t/
k'g/fj]bg txsf] cbfntn] cGoyf cfb]z
lbPdf km};nf sfof{Gjog /f]lsg] cj:yf
x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] tNnf] txsf]
cbfntaf6 nfu] s f] s} b jfktdf
c=j+=!($ g+=adf]lhd h]yf hdfgt
:jLsf/ u/L lgj]bg btf{ ug'{ eg]sf] pQm
s}bsf] nut sfof{Gjog :yug ePsf]
kdf lng' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
sfuh u/]/ cbfntdf ;dk{0f ul//x]sf]
JolQmn] cfkm"n] bfo/ u/]sf] lgj]bgsf]
tfl/vdf pkl:yt x'g] / ;'g'jfOdf
;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ klg xf] .
o; cbfntn] lghsf] :jR5 ;'gj' fOsf]
clwsf/sf] k| T ofe" l t lbO{ To:tf]
clwsf/sf] pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf klg
k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] d"No /
dfGotfsf] k| l ts" n x' g ] lsl;dsf
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ s'g} lsl;dn] klg plrt

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

7xofpg' o'lQmo'Qm / Gofo;+ut x'g


;Sb}g . cbfntdf ;dk{0f u/L cfkm"pk/
;hfo ePsf] km};nfpk/ sfg"gadf]lhd
pkrf/ dfUg] sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf]
JolQmnfO{ klxn] g} s}b e'Qmfg u/fpg'
Goflos d"No / dfGotfcg'k x'g] ;d]t
gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkf
ljkIfL] tkm{af6 Mljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /fh]Gb| >]i7

cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^^, k[i7 #*%


;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !(#s, !($ !($-!_,
-@_, #, $ / % g+=+
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod !%-3_, @%-!!_
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod *)s
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntdf btf{ eO{ ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-3_ adf]lhd
k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f
/ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5M
lgj]bs df]bs k/fh'nLn] @)%# ;fndf
;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq k|fKt u/L 6s rnfO{
cfPsf]df ldlt @)^&.#.@! df pbok'/sf]
sNof0fk' / df b' 3 { 6 gf eO{ dfG5] d/] s f] d f
nfk/jfxL;Fu 6s rnfPsf] sf/0faf6 b'36{ gf
ePsf] egL k/]sf] hfx]/Lsf] cfwf/df cg';GWffg
txsLsft eO{ ;jf/L Hofg d'2f bfo/ x'bF f pbok'/
lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)^&.(.@@ df # jif{ ^
dlxgf s}b x'g] 7x/ u/L km};nf ePsf] lyof] .

pQm km};nfdf lrQ ga'emL d lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg


cbfnt /fhlj/fhdf k'g/fj]bg kq bfo/ u/]sf]df
pQm cbfntaf6 ;d]t z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6
ePsf] km};nfnfO{ g} ;b/ ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^*.#.!#
df km};nf ePsf] 5 . pQm km};nf eP kl5 d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ x]l/kfpFm eGg] @)^* ;fnsf] RI -!!^)
sf] lgj]bg kq o; cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] 5 .
o; ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 tNnf] cbfntxsf]
km};nfn] 7x/ u/]sf] s}bjfkt h]yf hdfgL lnO{
!($ g+= sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ cfb]z eO{ d'2f
ljrf/fwLg 5 . o;/L lgj]bg kq ljrf/fwLg
/x]s} cj:yfdf ldlt @)^(.@.!^ ut] laxfg
k|x/L sfof{no ldr}o{ fsf k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] kqmfp
u/L lx/f;tdf lnPsfn] ;f]sf] sf/0f ;f]wgL
ubf{ ;jf/L Hofg d'2fsf] km};nfadf]lhd s}bdf
/fVgsf] nflu kqmfp ul/Psf] eGg] hjfkm lbO{
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fO{ ToxfFsf
tx;Lnbf/n] ldlt @)^(.@.!& df pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbL df]bs k/fh'nLnfO{ # jif{
^ dlxgf s}b ;hfo x'g] 7x/ u/L ePsf] km};nf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ;b/ ePsf]
eGg] hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] / lgh k|ltjfbL k|x/L
lx/f;tdf a;]sf] s}b sf u/L # jif{ $ dlxgf
@^ lbg s}b afFsL /x]sf]n] @)^(.@.!& b]lv
@)&@.&.!@ ;Dd s}bdf /fvL s}b c;"n ug'{
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kq lbO s}b e'Qmfg ug{sf] nflu
k|ToyL{ sf/fuf/ sfof{nodf k7fPsf]n] k|:t' lgj]bg
kq lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfn] 7x/
u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km};nfn]
;b/ u/]sf] s}b # jif{ ^ dlxgf e'Qmfg u/fpg
egL lgj]bsnfO{ s}bdf /flvPsf] eGg] k|ToyL{
tx;Ln zfvfsf] kqaf6 b] l vG5 . pQm
km};nfxn] 7x/ u/]sf] s}bjfkt o; cbfntaf6
h]yf hdfgL lnO{ c=j+= !($ adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf
k|bfg ug{] u/L ldlt @)^*.(.!! df cfb]z

1460

**($ - df]bs k/fh'nLsf] xsdf cledGo" nfld5fg] lj=pbok'/ lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t

eO;s]sf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg tyf lgj]bg ;'Gg]


If]qflwsf/ ;DkGg o; cbfntaf6 c=j+= !($
adf]lhd ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L ;s]sf]df s}b c;"n
e'Qmfg u/fpg' pQm cfb]zsf] k|ToIftM ljk/Lt
/x]sf] 5 . ljkIfL tx;Lnbf/ / pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntnfO{ o; cbfntsf] cfb] z ljk/Lt
sfdsf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . o; cbfntsf]
cfb]znfO{ cltqmd0f ug{ ldNb}g .
ctM k|ToyL{xsf] pk/f]Qm sfdsf/jfxLn]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!@-@_,-#_ -_, -r_, !# ;d]tf/f k|bQ xsdf
cf3ft k'us
] f] / u}/sfg"gL kdf s}bdf /flvPsf]
x'gfn] To:tf] u}/sfg"gL s}baf6 cljnDa d'Qm
ug'{ u/fpg' eGg] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L
u/L s}b d'Qm ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s # lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf ;"rgf k7fpg' eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.@.@( sf] cfb]z .
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] r=g+= @^%^
ldlt @)^(.@.!& sf] s}b Dofb 7]lsPsf] kq;fy
ljkIfL df]bs k/fh'nLnfO{ o; sfof{nodf
k7fOPsf] x'bF f ;f]adf]lhd lghnfO{ s}bdf /flvPsf]
xf] . lghsf] ;+jw} flgs Pj+ j}olQms :jtGqtf
ckx/0f x'g] u/L o; sfof{noaf6 s'g} sfd
gePsf] x'bf l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g . l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] sf/fuf/ sfof{no
pbok'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f .
ljkIfL lgj]bs df]bs k/fh'nLnfO{
cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd ePsf] s}b ;hfo
c;"n ug{sf] nflu kqmfp u/L] pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fOPsf] xf] . ljkIfLsf]
;+jw} flgs / sfg"gL xs xgg\ gul/Psf] x'gfn]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]

Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no s6f/Lsf] lnlvt hjfkm


Joxf]/f .
ljkIfL lgj]bsnfO{ cbfntaf6 ePsf]
s}b ;hfo c;"n ug{ ldr}o{ f Pl/ofdf kqmfp
ug{sf nflu Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no s6f/Laf6
vl6Psf] k|x/L 6f]nLnfO{ o; sfof{noaf6
;xof]u;Dd ul/Psf] xf] . lghsf] s'g} ;+jw} flgs
xs xgg\ ul/Psf] 5}g l/6 vf/]h xf];\ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no ldr}o{ fsf]
lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f .
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL log} df]bs
k/fh'nL ePsf] ;jf/L Hofg d'2fdf s}b #.^.)
jif{ x' g ] 7x/L ldlt @)^&.(.@@ df o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 km};nf ePsf] x'Fbf
km} ; nfadf] l hd lghnfO{ nfu] s f] s} b o;
cbfntsf] nutdf c;"n x'g afFsL /x]sf] cj:yf
lyof] . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 o;
cbfntsf] ;f] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L clGtd
ePsf] cfwf/df km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ afwf
gkg]{ ePsf]n] o; cbfntaf6 k6sk6s 8f]/
vl6O{ uPsf] cj:yfdf lgh km]nf gk/]sf]n]
k|x/LnfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] cj:yfdf
lgh k|x/Lf/f kqmfp k/L cfPsf] x'Fbf o;
cbfntsf] r=g+= @^%^ ldlt @)^(.@.!& sf]
kqf/f s}bDofb 7]sL s}b c;"n ug{ sf/fuf/
sfof{no ufO{3f6df k7fOPsf] xf] .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod *)s df s'g} d'2fdf P]gsf] bkmf !! / !@
cGtu{tsf] lgj]bg k/L d'2f rln/x]sf] ePtfklg
k'g/fj]bg txsf] cbfntn] cGoyf cfb]z
lbPsf]df afx]s ;f]xL sf/0fn] dfq To:tf] d'2fdf
ePsf] km};nfadf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug{ afwf kg]{
5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . lgodfjnLdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd km};nf sfof{Gjog gug]{ ;DaGwdf
o; cbfntdf s'g} hfgsf/L gcfPsf] / ljkIfLn]

1461

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

d'2f bf]xf]ofOkfpFm eGg] lgj]bg lbO{ cGoyf cfb]z


ePsf] egL lhsL/ lnO{ ;f]sf] k|df0f ;d]t k]z
gu/]sf] x'bF f km};nfadf]lhd sfod ePsf] s}b
c;"n ug{ lghnfO{ k"hL{ lbO{ s}bdf /fVg sf/fuf/
sfof{no ufO3f6, af]S;]df k7fOPsf] xf] . o;/L
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L / lgsfon] sfg"gadf]lhd
u/] s f] cfb] z / ;f] a df] l hd eP u/] s f]
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] clwsf/df s'g} cf3ft
gk'us
] f] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] pbok' / lhNnf cbfnt / ToxfF s f
tx;Lnbf/sf] Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'f5'} lnlvt
hjfkm .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;df k]z x'bF f k|df0fdf cfPsf] log} lgj]bs
ePsf] @)^*RI!!^) sf] ;jf/L Hofg d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg o; cbfntaf6 btf{
ubf{ lghnfO{ ;f] d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfn] nfu]sf]
s}bjfkt c=j+= !($ g+= adf]lhd w/f}6 lnO{
lgj]bg btf{ u/L tfl/vdf /fvL sf/jfxL
eO/x]sf]df ;f] d'2fdf ePsf] pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] km};nf clGtd /x]sf] eGb} ;f] km};nf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf oL lgj]bsnfO{ kqmfp
u/L y'gfdf /fv]sf] b]lvof] .
o;/L h'g d'2fsf] km};nfadf]lhd s}b
nut sfod ePsf] xf], ;f] d'2f bf]xf]ofOkfpFm
egL k/]sf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 c=j+=
!($ g+= adf]lhd s}bjfkt w/f}6 lnO{ lgj]bsnfO{
tfl/vdf /fv]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL d'2fsf] s}b
nut c;"n ug{ eGb} kqmfp u/L y'gfdf /fv]sf]
ljifo lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]lvFbf o;df w/f}6 lnO{
tfl/vdf /fVg] / km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ egL
s}b c;"n ug]{ eGg] ljifo cGt/;DalGwt eO{
JofVofaf6 Ps lgisif{df k'Ug' af~5gLo b]lvFbf
k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] nut sf
u/L ;jf]R{ r cbfnt, lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]

lgod #-!_ adf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg o:t}


ljjfb;Fu ;DalGwt l/6 lgj]bs ljZj/fh ofbj
;d]t / ljkIfL k;f{ lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t ePsf]
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2f klg k"0f{ Ohnf;df
ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf pQm d'2f ;fy}
/fvL k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.#.#! sf] cfb]z .
lgodfg';f/ k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z ePsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkfn] d]/f]
kIfnfO{ pbok'/ lhNnf cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ;jf/L Hofg d'2fdf s}bsf] ;hfo
ug]{ u/L ePsf] km};nfpk/ d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L
pQm km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg bfo/
ubf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ePsf] s}b
;hfojfkt c=j+= !($ g+= adf]lhd ;'ljwfsf]
cg'dlt kfO{ w/f}6 /fvL tfl/vdf /x]sf]df ;f]
lgj]bg ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;jf/L Hofg
d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ egL lgj]bsnfO{
s}bdf k7fOPsf] / pQm y'gf u}/sfg"gL ePsf]
x'gfn] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L xf];\ egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] . ljkIfL pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /fh]Gb|
>] i 7n] ljkIfLn] tNnf] txsf] km} ; nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg ug{ geO{ bf]xofO{ kfpmF lgj]bgdf
c=j+= !($ g+= cg';f/ ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf] cj:yf
5 . pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ;d]t ;b/ eO{
clGtd eO/x]sf] / ;f] km};nf sfof{Gjog /f]Sg]
;DaGwdf s'g} cfb]z hf/L gePsf] cj:yfdf
pQm km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df lgj]bsnfO{
7]lsPsf] s}b u}/sfg"gL gePsfn] dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g l/6 vf/]h xf];\ egL
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg] tfl/v tf]lsPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgddf b'jt} km{sf ljfg sfg"g

1462

**($ - df]bs k/fh'nLsf] xsdf cledGo" nfld5fg] lj=pbok'/ lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t

Joj;foLxn] ug' { e Psf] ax; lhsL/,


lgj]bstkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax; gf]6 /
l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuh cWoog u/L
x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf b]xfosf k|Zgxdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof]M
!= h'g km};nfadf]lhd s}b nut sfod
ePsf] xf] ;f] km};nf ab/sf] dfu u/L
k/]sf] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpg] lgj]bgdf
c=j+ = !($ g+ = adf] l hd ;' l jwf kfO{
ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf km};nf
sfof{Gjog u/L s}b c;"n ug{ ldNg] xf]
xf]Og <
@= lgj]bsnfO{ s}bdf /flvPsf] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL
xf] xf]Og < / dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og <
@= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{
b]lvPsf] plNnlvt klxnf] k|Zgdf ljrf/ ubf{
l/6 bfo/ x'gs
' f] k[i7e"ldsf] ljj]rgf ug'k{ g]{ x'g
cfp5 . pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] @)^&
;fnsf] ;=kmf}=/=g+= #!)^&)!&#& sf] ;jf/L
Hofg d'2fdf k|ltjfbL agfO{Psf oL lgj]bsnfO{
;f] d'2fdf pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 tLg jif{
5 dlxgf s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ;b/ ePsf]df
;f] km};nf pk/ d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpmF egL lgj]bg
lbO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf plNnlvt d'2fdf
nfu]sf] s}b c;"n ug{ egL pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 s}b Dofb 7]sL s}bdf k7fOPsf] x'bF f
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
l/6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu bfjL /x]5 .
#= t]hk|;fb bfxfnsf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL oL l/6 lgj]bs df]bs
k/fh'nL ePsf] ;=kmf}=g+= )!&#& g+=sf] ;jf/L
Hofg d'2fdf pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt

@)^&.(.@@ df km};nf x'bF f k|ltjfbLnfO{ tLg


jif{ 5 dlxgf s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf]
/x]5 . ;f] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf oL
lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg ubf{ z'? lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ;b/ x'g] u/L ldlt @)^*.#.!# df km};nf
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] km};nfpk/ d'2f bf]xf]ofOkfpmF
egL lgj]bg g+=)^*RI!!^) sf] lgj]bg k/L
ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf oL l/6 lgj]bsnfO{
;jf/L Hofg d'2fsf] km};nfcg';f/ sl;Psf] nut
c;"n ug{ egL s}b Dofb 7]sL s}bL k"hL{ lbP/
sf/fuf/ k7fOPsf] /x]5 .
$= plNnlvt lgj]bg g+=)^*RI!!^)
sf] lgj]bg bfo/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] d'ns
' L P]g c=j+=
!($ g+=cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfO{ ;jf/L Hofg d'2fsf]
km};nfaf6 nfu]sf] s}bjfktdf h]yf hdfgt
/fvL l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf
cj:yfdf tyf lgj] b s tfl/vdf /x] s f]
cjlwaLrdf kqmfp u/L s}bdf k7fOPsf] b]lvG5 .
%= plNnlvt kl/k|I] odf k/]sf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df k]z
xFb' f h'g km};nfadf]lhd s}b nut sfod ePsf]
xf] ;f] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpmF egL k/]sf] lgj]bgdf
c=j+= !($ g+= adf]lhd s}bjfkt w/f}6 lnO{
lgj]bsnfO{ tfl/vdf /fv]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL d'2fsf]
s}b nut c;"n ug{ eGb} kqmfp u/L y'gfdf
/fv]sf] ljifo lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]lvFbf o;df w/f}6
lnO{ tfl/vdf /fVg] / km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{
egL s}b c;"n ug]{ ljifo cGt/;DalGwt eO{
JofVofaf6 Pp6f lgisif{df k'Ug' af~5gLo b]lvPsf]
x'bF f k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ eGg] cfb]z eO{ of]
l/6 lgj]bg o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
kfOG5 .
^= oL l/6 lgj]bs df]bs k/fh'nLn] d'2f
bf]xf]ofOkfpmF eGg] lgj]bg bfo/ ug'{ cufl8
;jf/L Hofg d'2fdf nfu]sf] tLg jif{ 5 dlxgf
s}b ;hfojfkt c+=j+= !($ g+=adf]lhd w/f}6L

1463

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

/fvL lgj]bg btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg lbFbf o;


cbfntaf6 c=j+= !($ g+= sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L
nfu]sf] s}bjfktdf #(,^)). k}ofF w/f}6 sfod
u/L ;f]jfktdf z'?df /fv]sf] h]yfnfO{ sfod
u/L lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm
cg'dltsf] cfb]zcg';f/ lgj]bg btf{ eO{ oL
lgj]bs tfl/vdf a;L sf/jfxL rln/x]sf]
cj:yfdf lgj]bsnfO{ kqmfp u/L s}bdf k7fOPsf]
cj:yf 5 .
&= o; ;Gbe{df c=j+= !($ g+= sf]
;'ljwf k|fKt u/L s}bjfkt h]yf hdfgt /fvL
sf/jfxLdf /xFbfsf] cj:yfsf] k|sl[ t / To;sf]
kl/0ffdsf] ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfpF5 .
d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !(#s g+=df s'gk} lg km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg jf ph"/L;/xsf] lgj]bg btf{ ug{sf]
nflu km};nfcg';f/ s}bdf a;]sf] x'gk' g]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . t/ To;sf] ckjfbsf] kdf c=j+=
!($ g+=df s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf
klg lglZrt\ cj:yfdf s}bdf ga;Lsg k'g/fj]bg
ug{ ;lsg] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . c=j+=
!($ g+= sf] b]xfo ! / @ df b]xfoadf]lhdsf]
Joj:yf 5M
km};nf ug]{ c8\8fn] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf km};nf
x'bF f s}bsf] ;hfo kfpg] s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf]nfO{
;f] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ a9Ldf # jif{;Dd
s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf]df / k'kI{ fnfO{ y'gfdf
a:g' gkg]{ d'2f ePdf jf ga;]sf] ePdf
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb;DdnfO{ ;f] c8\8fn] w/f}6
jf hdfgLdf 5f8\g ;Sg]5 ==
!
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] c8\8fn] eP k'g/fj]bg ug]{
Dofb;DdnfO{ / k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePsf]df
lsgf/f geP;DdnfO{ a9Ldf !) jif{;Dd
s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf]df / k'kI{ fnfO{ y'gfdf
a:g' gkg]{ d'2f ePdf jf ga;]sf] ePdf
w/f}6 jf hdfgLdf 5f8\g ;Sg]5 ====== @

*= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm


;f] x L g+ = sf] b] x fo #, $ / % df cGo
Joj:yfx;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yfn]
w/f}6 jf hdfgLsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ jf gug]{
eGg] ;DaGwdf cbfntnfO{ :jljj]sLo clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotM plrt cfwf/ /
sf/0fj]u/ sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg
ug{ cbfntn] OGsf/ ub}g{ . o;}u/L ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod @%-!!_ df
tnsf] s'g} cbfnt jf cw{Goflos lgsfo jf
clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo
kfPsf] s'g} JolQmn] ;f] cfb]z jf km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] jf ;f] cfb]z jf km};nf ab/
u/fpg lgj]bgkq lbPsf]df k'g/fj]bs jf lgj]bsn]
cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd ;hfosf] cfb]z jf
km};nfcg';f/ ;hfo ef]us
] f] jf ef]lu/x]sf] jf
;f]jfkt w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbPsf] lg:;f k]z
ug'k{ g]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
(= o; cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;af6
clgns' d f/ l;Gxf lj=k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t -g]sfk @)^^, k[i7
#*%_ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] pQm lgod @%-!!_ sf] k|of]hgsf]
JofVof ub}{, o; lgodsf] Joj:yfn] tNnf]
lgsfoaf6 ePsf] km};nf jf cfb]zadf]lhd ;hfo
ef]Ug}kg]{ afWotfsf] l;h{gf klg gu/]sf] / ;f]
;hfosf] ;Ddfg:jk ;f]afkt w/f}6 jf hdfgt
/fVg kfpg] Joj:yf u/L ;hfonfO{ r'gf}tL lbg
kfpg] clwsf/;d]t ;'lglZrt\ u/]sf] eGg] l;4fGt
:yflkt ePsf] 5 .
!)= plNnlvt sfg" g L Joj:yf /
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] ;Gbe{df ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod !%-3_ cg';f/ o;
cbfntsf /lhi6f/af6 oL lgj]bsn] c=j+= !($
g+=sf] ;'ljwfsf] cg'dlt kfO{ cfkm"nfO{ ePsf]
s}b ;hfojfktdf h]yf hdfgt /fvL o;

1464

**($ - df]bs k/fh'nLsf] xsdf cledGo" nfld5fg] lj=pbok'/ lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t

cbfntdf tfl/vdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfk\mgf]


clwsf/If]qleq /xL /lhi6f/af6 ePsf] pQm
cfb]zpk/ slxFst} r'gf}tL lbOPsf] 5}g / pQm
cfb]z oyfjt\ sfod} /x]sf] 5 .
!!= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df oL
lgj]bsnfO{ tLg jif{ 5 dlxgf s}b ;hfo eP/
nut sl;Psf] cj:yf 5 . pQm s}b ;hfo
x'g] u/L pbok'/ lhNnf cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ePsf] km};nfpk/ d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg bfo/ eO{ sf/jfxLsf]
cj:yfdf /x] s f] 5 . To;/L oL lgj] b s
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmofcg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ ePsf]
s} b ;hfosf] km} ; nfpk/ r' g f} t L lbO{ g
:tfl/vdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]l/kfpmF egL bfo/ ePsf] lgj]bgdf
lg:;f k|bfg ePdf To;sf] x}l;ot k'g/fj]bg
;/x e} d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO x'G5 / tNnf] cbfntsf]
km};nf pN6L ab/ klg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 .
klxn]sf] km};nfcg';f/ nfu]sf] s}bjfktdf o;
cbfntaf6 h]yf hdfgt :jLsf/ u/L ;lsPsf]
5 . o;/L hdfgt :jLsf/ u/L d'2f bf]xofOkfpmF
eGg] lgj]bg btf{ ug'{sf] dtnj pQm pbok'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"gadf]lhd dflyNnf]
txsf] cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /xL k/LIf0fsf]
kdf /xL /x] s f] / oL lgj] b snfO{ pQm
cbfntaf6 s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf
pN6L ab/ x'g klg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] egL
dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . o; l:yltdf tNnf] cbfntaf6
ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog geO{ oyfl:yltdf
/xg' kg]{ x'G5 . oL lgj]bsn] klxn] g} s}b
;hfo e'Qmfg ul/;s]kl5 To; lsl;dsf]
kl/0ffd cfPdf Psflt/ Joy{df s}b a;]sf]
k|dfl0ft x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ pgLxn] Gofo
kfPsf] cg'et" L ug{ ;Sg] x'bF g} . To;sf cltl/Qm
pgLxsf nflu ljrf/fwLg l/6 lgj] b g
k|of]hgxLg x'g hfG5 .

!@= s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf


clt g} Kof/f] / dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s}bdf a;]sf]
cj:yf eg]sf] lglZrt\ kdf p;sf] j}olQms
:jtGqtfdf aGb]h nfu]sf] cj:yf xf] . clxn]sf]
;dodf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pNn+3g u/]jfkt x'g]
s8f ;hfosf] k eg]sf] d"ntM s}bsf] ;hfo
xf] . JolQmsf] hLjgdf y'gfdf a;]sf] bfu nfUg'
eg]sf] uDeL/ s'/f x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf s'g}
JolQmpk/ nfu]sf] s}b ;hfojfkt w/f}6 /fvL
To:tf] s}b ;hfopk/ r'gf}tL eO{ ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL s}b c;"n ug{ s}bdf
k7fpg' Gofof]lrt\ x'g ;Sb}g .
!#= o; cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;af6 dfly
pw[t ul/Psf] clgns'df/ l;Gxf lj=k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t -g]sfk @)^^,
k[i7 #*%_ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] pQm lgod @%-!!_ ;Gbe{ /
k|of]hgnfO{ JofVof ub}{ ;hfo ef]Ug} kg]{ s7f]/
Joj:yfsf] ;6[ f w/f} 6 jf hdfgt /fVg
kfpg];Ddsf] ;xh lsl;dsf] Joj:yff/f ;jf]R{ r
cbfntdf k|jz
] ug{ kfpg] JolQmsf] clwsf/nfO{
;xh t' N ofOPsf] egL :yflkt l;4fGt /
dfGotf;Fu of] Ohnf; c;xdt x'g'kg]{ s'g}
sf/0f 5}g .
!$= km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL @)%@ sf] lgod *)s df
s'g} d'2fdf k'g/fnf]sg u/L x]l/kfpmF jf d'2f
bf]xf]ofOkfpmF eGg] lgj]bg k/L d'2f rnL /x]sf]
ePtfklg k'g/fj]bg txsf] cbfntn] cGoyf
cfb]z lbPsf]df jfx]s ;f]xL sf/0fn]- dfq To:tf]
d'2fdf ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ afwfkg]{
5}g eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yfn]
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfFpm eGg] lgj]bg k/]s} cfwf/n]
km};nf sfof{Gjog g/f]lsg] t/ k'g/fj]bg txsf]
cbfntn] cGoyf cfb]z lbPdf km};nf sfof{Gjog
/f]lsg] b]lvof] . o; cbfntn] tNnf] txsf]

1465

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

cbfntaf6 nfu]sf] s}bjfktdf c=j+=!($


g+=adf]lhd h]yf hdfgt :jLsf/ u/L lgj]bg
btf{ ug'{ eg]sf] pQm s}bsf] nut sfof{Gjog
:yug ePsf] kdf lng' kg]{ x'G5 .
!%= oL lgj]bsn] o; cbfntdf cfkm}
pkl:yt eO{ w/f}6 jf hdfgt /fvL kfpg
lgj]bg lbPsf 5g\ . o; cbfntn] To;/L
;dk{0f (Surrender) u/L cfpFbfsf] jvtdf g}
w/f}6 jf hdfgt c:jLsf/ u/L km};nfcg';f/
lghxnfO{ s}bdf k7fpg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf]
lyof] . t/ To;f] gu/L o; cbfntn] nfu]sf]
s}bjfkt w/f}6 jf h]yf hdfgt /fVg] cg'dlt
lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . To:tf] cg'dlt lbg' eg]sf]
pQm lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f geP;Dd s}bsf]
;hfo sfof{GjognfO{ :yug ug'{ xf] . To;sf
cltl/Qm o; cbfntaf6 lbOPsf] tfl/v u'hf/L
a;]df /fv]sf] w/f}6L jf lbOPsf] h]yf hdfgt
hkmt x'g] s'/fsf] ;d]t oL lgj]bsaf6 sfuh
u/fOPsf] 5 . To;/L sfuh u/]/ cbfntdf
;dk{0f ul//x]sf] JolQmn] cfkm"n] bfo/ u/]sf]
lgj]bgsf] tfl/vdf pkl:yt x'g] / ;'g'jfOdf
;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ klg xf] . o;
cbfntn] lghsf] :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] clwsf/sf]
k|Tofe"lt lbO{ To:tf] clwsf/sf] pkef]usf]
;'lglZrttf klg k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf]
d"No / dfGotfsf] k|lts"n x'g] lsl;dsf
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ s'g} lsl;dn] klg plrt
7xofpg' o'lQmo'Qm / Gofo;+ut x'g ;Sb}g .
cbfntdf ;dk{0f u/L cfkm"pk/ ;hfo ePsf]
km};nfpk/ sfg"gadf]lhd pkrf/ dfUg] sfo{df
;+nUg /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ klxn] g} s}b e'Qmfg
u/fpg' Goflos d"No / dfGotfcg'k x'g] ;d]t
b]lvg cfPg .
!^= ca lgj]bsnfO{ s}bdf /fVgsf] nflu
lbOPsf] k"hL{;d]tsf sfdsf/jfxL u}/sfg"gL xf]
xf]Og / dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]

xf]Og eGg] bf];f| ] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ dflysf


k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/ oL lgj]bsnfO{
tLg jif{ 5 dlxgf s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L pbok'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km};nfpk/ k/]sf] lgj]bg
o; cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] / c=j+= !($
g+=cg';f/ h]yf hdfgt /fvL oL lgj]bs
sf/jfxLdf /xL /x]sf] cj:yfdf km};nf sfof{Gjog
u/L s}b c;"n ug{' k/:k/ lj/f]wL eO{ Gofof]lrt
x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . t;y{ oL lgj]bs df]bs
k/fh'nLnfO{ km};nfadf]lhd sfod ePsf] s}b
nut c;"nug{ egL s}bL k"hL{ lbO{ s}b e"Qmfgsf
nflu sf/fuf/df /fVg k7fO{Psf];d]tsf sfo{
u}/sfg"gL eO{ jb/efuL b]lvg cfof] .
!&= ctM l/6 lgj]bs df]bs k/fh'nLnfO{
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.@.!& df
s}b Dofb 7]sL sf/fuf/ sfof{no pbok'/
ufO{ 3 f6df k7fOPsf] k" h L{ n ufotsf
sfdsf/jfxLx ab/ u/L pQm k"hL{adf]lhdsf]
s}baf6 d'Qm ug]{ u/L aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z
hf/L u/L lbOPsf] 5 . lgh lgj]bs df]bs
k/fh'nLnfO{ cGo d'2faf6 y'gfdf /fVg' gkg]{ eP
pQm k"hL{adf]lhdsf] s}baf6 d'Qm u/L lbg' egL
cfh} 5'} cfb]z eO{ ;s]sf] x'bF f c? s]xL u/L
/xg' k/]g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;/L
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

Ohnf; clws[t M 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{

1466

&

**(% - uf]kfnk|;fb kf08] ;d]t lj=;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;d]t

eGg] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfn] k'g/fnf]sgsf]


lg:;f lbPkl5 ;f] afx]ssf GofofwLz
;dIf k]z ug]{ eGg] cy{ glbg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
;+ljwfgn] g} klxn] km};nf ug]{ GofofwLz
afx]ssf GofofwLzaf6 k'g/fnf]sgsf]
lgj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kl/k|I] odf
pQm ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf;Fu ;fd~h:o
sfod ug{s} nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wgf/f /flvPsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg]
lgj]bg lhsL/ :jo+df la/f]wfefifk"0f{ /
c;fGble{s x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

lg0f{o g+= **(%

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;


dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
l/6 g+= )^*WS))#*
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!.@*.%
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM kGb]xL lhNnf, l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf
j8f g+= ( sNof0fky a:g] clwjQmf
uf]kfnk|;fb kf08] cN5L ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM ;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;d]t
;jf]R{ r cbfntn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] km};nf
jf clGtd cfb]znfO{ lglZrt\ cj:yf /
zt{df cfkm}n
+ ] hfFRg] k|lqmofsf kdf
/x]sf] k'g/fnf]sgnfO{ tNnf] cbfntsf]
km};nfdf ePsf] q'l6 ;Rofpg] k|lqmof;Fu
t'ngf u/]/ x]g{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
k'g/fnf]sgsf] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf km};nf
ug]{ Ohnf;n] g} x]g{] u/L ePsf] ;fljssf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-$_ n]
kl/jt{g u/]sf] kl/k|I] odf ;+ljwfgsf]
;f]xL Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{s} nflu
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( df
xfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'Fbf
k'g/fnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf ubf{sf
GofofwLz afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] ug]5
{ g\

s'g} klg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] JofVof ubf{


s'g} zAb ljz]ifnfO{ dfq x]//] x'bF g} , ;f];uF
;DalGwt ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yf / To:tf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Fbfsf] kl/j]znfO{ klg
x]l/g' kb{5 . ;f] sfg"g s'g kl/j]zdf
NofOPsf] xf] / To;sf dfkm{taf6 s]
s:tf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]
eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ug'{ g} sfg"g JofVofsf]
p2]Zo x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo
o1d" l t{ a~hf8] / zDe' yfkf,
clwjQmfx ob' g fy vgfn /
uf]fkfnk|;fb kf08]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf wd{/fh
kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !)&-$_

1467

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !! u/]sf] k|0ffnLljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 . ctM ;jf]R{ r
;jf]R{ r cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !! cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ^ sf]
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg, Goflos d"No,
dfGotf Pj+ l;4fGt tyf ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6
lgod ^-@_
:yflkt Gofo k4ltk|lts"n ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ cGtu{t pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L ;+ljwfgcg'ksf] lgod
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_ th'd{ f u/L k'g/fnf]sg ;DaGwL ;'gj' fOsf] Joj:yf
adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] ug'{ egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
k|sf/ 5M
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
lgod ^ df ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf km};nf jf clGtd eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm
cfb]zsf] k'g/fnf]sg;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] dufO{ k|:t't d'2fnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ lgodfg';f/
5 . To;sf] pklgod -@_ n] k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps
cfb]z lbg] GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;df k]z ul/g] GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.(.& df
egL u/]sf] Joj:yf Gofosf] d'ne"t cjwf/0ff, ePsf] cfb]z .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
d"No / dfGotfsf] k|lts"n x'gs
' f ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -$_ ;Fu aflemPsf] x'bF f wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -$_ n] ;jf]R{ r cbfntn]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd sfg"gf/f tf]lsPsf] cj:yf / zt{df cfkm\gf]
ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpg of] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf 5f}+ . km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zsf] k'g/fnf]sg ug{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -$_ n] ;jf]R{ r ;Sg] / o;/L k'g/fnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf
cbfntn] cfkm\gf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zsf] ubf{sf GofofwLz afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] ug]{
k'g/fnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf ubf{sf GofofwLz egL Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df d'2fdf km};nf jf
afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] ug]{ u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] clGtd cfb]z ug]{ / k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ cfb]z lbg]
5 . ;f] Joj:yf ug's
{ f] d'Vo k|of]hg eg]sf] sfd k[ys k[ys ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bsn] bfjL
km};nf ug]{ GofofwLznfO{ k'g/fnf]sgsf] cfb]z u/] h:tf] aflemPsf] cj:yf gePsf] x'bF f lgj]bg
jf lg0f{o ug{af6 /f]sL Gofosf] d"No dfGotfcg'k vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf
lg0f{o k4lt :yflkt ug'{ xf] . ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 Gofo dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] jf bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] ;Gbe{df emul8of hjfkm .
k'g/fnf]sg Ps ljlzi6 cj:yf xf], h'g
lemsfpg] cfb]z jf lg:;f ePkl5 To:tf] d'2f
To;/L cfb]z ug]{ GofofwLzn] gx]g{] Goflos dftxt cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf Gofosf] /f]xdf
k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . t/ k'g/fnf]sg u/L x]g{] u/L ldn] gldn]sf] egL x]g{] k|lqmofsf kdf /x]sf]
lg:;f lbg] GofofwLzs} Ohnf;af6 Gofo lgk0f eGbf lgtfGt km/s 5 . k'g/fnf]sgsf] ;'gj' fO
ug]{ u/L ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] s] s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljz'4 sfo{ljlwut k|lqmof
+ ] ug{
Joj:yf ;jf]{Rr cbfntf/f cfkm"n] :yflkt xf], h;sf] lgwf{/0f ;jf]R{ r cbfnt cfkm}n
1468

**(% - uf]kfnk|;fb kf08] ;d]t lj=;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;d]t

;Sb5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #!


n] ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+
Jojl:yt ug{;Sg] u/L clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] /
;jf]R{ r cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !! n]
;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ lgod agfpg ;Sg] u/L
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]n] ;+ljwfg / P]gsf] ;Ldf /
kl/lwleq /xL lgod ^-@_ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'bF f dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf]Og, lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo >L o1d"lt{ a~hf8]
/ >L zDe' yfkf, clwjQmf >L ob'gfy vgfn /
lgj]bs clwjQmf >L uf]fkfnk|;fb kf08]n]
;+ljwfgdf k'g/fnf]sgsf] lgj]bg klxn] km};nf
ug]{ GofofwLz afx]ssf GofofwLzn] x]g]{ u/L
ul/Psf] Joj:yfn] lgikIf Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf
k| b fg u/] s f] 5 . xfn ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^-@_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfn]
k'g/fnf]sg u/L x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ug]{ GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ egL ul/Psf] Joj:yfn]
GofofwLz cfkm"n] lbPsf] lg:;f cfb]zdf cl8g]
;Defjgf /xL Gofodf lgikIftf sfod g/xg
;Sb5 . Goflos kl/kf6Ldf z'4tfsf] nflu
klg To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf afws x'G5 . To;/L
:jR5tf, lgikIftf / Goflos z'4tfk|lts"n
/x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ab/ ul/g' kb{5 egL jx;
ug'{eof] . To;}u/L ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt x' g ' ePsf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8]nn] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntnfO{ lgodfjnL agfpg ;Sg] u/L
;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]gsf] bkmf !! n] clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5, k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;f clGtd
cfb]z gePsfn] To;nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&

sf] pkwf/f -$_ sf] bfo/fleq /fv]/ x]g{ ldNg]


gx'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 egL jx; ug'e
{ of] .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] d"ntM
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ^
sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -$_
;d]t;Fu aflemPsf]n] aflemPsf] xb;Dd ab/
3f] l ift ul/kfpF m egL lhsL/ lnPsf] d f
k'g/fnf]sgsf] ;'gj' fO s] s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifo
sfo{ljlwut ljifo ePsf] / ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{
cfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw Jojl:yt ug{;Sg] u/L sfg"gn]
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kl/k|I] odf lgj]bg bfjLsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgk|lts"n 5}g egL lnlvt
hjfkm k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt
;Gbe{df lgj]bg bfjLsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / ;f];uF
;DalGwt elgPsf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf ;d]tsf]
ljZn]if0f u/L lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf Gofo lgk0f
ul/g' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k| y dtM
;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]/f}+ . ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt, lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ^ n]
k'g/fnf]sgsf] lgj]bg x]g{] ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf]
/ ;f]sf] pklgod -@_ df s'g} lg0f{osf]
k' g /fnf] s g ug] { cfb] z ePdf lgj] b s /
k|ToyL{nfO{ To;sf] ;"rgf lbO{ ;f] d'2f oyf;Dej
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ cfb]z
lbg] GofofwLzs} Ohnf;df k]z ul/g]5 eGg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -$_
;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] g} lgj]bssf] d'Vo lhsL/
/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfg"gf/f tf]lsPsf]
cj:yf / zt{df cfkm\gf] km};nf jf clGtd
cfb] z sf] k' g /fnf] s g ug{ ;Sg] 5 . o;/L
k'g/fnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf ubf{sf GofofwLz

1469

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] ug]{5g\ elgPsf] 5 .


To;/L ;+ljwfgdf g} k'g/fnf]sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
ul/P kl5 lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^ sf] pklgod
-@_ nfO{ Psf+uL kdf dfq x]g{ ldNg] cj:yf
5}g . lgod ^ sf] ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/ eg]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
-$_ s} Joj:yf xf] . pQm pkwf/fn] k'g/fnf]sg
x'g] cj:yf / zt{ sfg"gf/f tf]lsg] egL P]g
jf lgodaf6 To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg]
u/L af6f] vf]lnlbPsf] b]lvG5 . To;sf cltl/Qm
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfkm\gf] km};nf jf clGtd
cfb]z k'g/fnf]sg ubf{ klxn] km};nf ug]{
GofofwLz afx]s cGo GofofwLzaf6 dfq ug{
;Sg] u/L :ki6 kdf dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 .
pkwf/f -$_ sf] kl5Nnf] jfSon] u/]sf] afWofTds
Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf x'g] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsFb}g . olb To:tf] ul/of] eg] To:tf]
sfg"g :jtM ;+ljwfgk|lts"n dflgG5 . t/ k|:t't
ljjfbdf lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] k'g/fnf]sgsf] lgj]bgnfO{ klxn] km};nf
ug]{ GofofwLz;dIf g} k]z ul/g] egL Joj:yf
u/]sf] ge} k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ cfb]z ePkZrft\
To;/L cfb]z ug]{ GofofwLz ;dIf g} k]z ul/g]
;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
#= k'g/fnf]sg ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfs}
;Gbe{df Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!
nfO{ klg x]l/g' kg]{ x'G5 . bkmf !! n] k'g/fnf]sg
;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L k'g/fnf]sg x'g ;Sg] /
g;Sg] cfwf/x pNn]v ug's
{ f ;fy} k'g/fnf]sgsf]
lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb ;DaGwdf ;d]t Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . P]gdf ul/Psf] ;f]xL Joj:yfnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug]{ cyf{t\ To:tf] lgj]bg s:tf]
Ohnf; -k"0f{, ;+o'Qm, Psn_ df k]z ug]{,
k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ cfb]z ePkZrft\ To;sf] k|lqmof
s] x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf sfo{ljlwut kdf :ki6tf
k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,

@)$( sf] lgod ^ df Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] eGg]


:ki6 g} 5 . ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] ;|ft] eg]sf] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !! xf] . pQm bkmfn] ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{
cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u tyf sfo{ljlw
Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos lgod agfpg ;Sg] u/L
clwsf/ k| b fg u/] s f] 5 . h;cGtu{ t
clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u -ljz]if, k"0f{, ;+oQ
' m, Psn
Ohnf;af6_ ug]{ ljifo / k'g/fj]bg, ;fws,
k'g/fnf]sg / d'2f bf]xf]ofpgsf] nflu lbOg]
lgj]bgx ;DaGwL ljifo klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5 . P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yfnfO{ lgj]bsn]
cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] kfO{b+ g} . ;+ljwfg / Gofo
k|zf;g P]gn] u/]sf] k'g/fnf]sg ;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ Gofo k|zf;g P]gs}
bkmf !! sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lgodfjnL
dfkm{t ul/Psf] sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfnfO{ dfq
r'gf}tL lbO{ of] lgj]bg k/]sf] x'bF f To:tf] lgj]bg
l/6 hf/L ug{] cfwf/ aGg ;Sg] b]lvFbg} .
$= lgj]bg bfjLsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
ljifoj:t'sf] lx;fjn] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] To;n]
b'O{ j6f ljifonfO{ ;d]6s
] f] kfOG5 . h; cGtu{t
k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ cfb]z ePkl5 kIfnfO{ ;"rgf
lbg] / Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf
5g\ . o;dWo] bf];|f] ljifon] lgikIf kdf
Gofolgk0f ug]{ Goflos dfGotf / k/Dk/fsf]
pNn+3g ePsf] eGg] g} lgj]bssf] lhsL/ /x]sf]
5 . lgj]bsn] o;nfO{ c=j+= @)@ g+= cGtu{tsf]
k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z;Fu t'ngf u/]/ k|:t't
ug'{ ePsf] kfOG5 . ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] k|ToyL{
lemsfpg] cfb]z u/]sf] d'2f To;/L cfb]z ug]{
GofofwLz afx]ssf] Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ k/Dk/f
sfod /x]sf] ;Gbe{ klg lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf]
5 . To;/L ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] cEof; ub}{ cfPsf
ljifoxnfO{ b[i6fGt agfpg vf]lhPsf] ePklg
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Pj+ d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] ;jf]R{ r

1470

**(% - uf]kfnk|;fb kf08] ;d]t lj=;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;d]t

cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q / cfkm\gf] km};nfsf]


k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ clwsf/If]qsf aLrdf ;f/e"t
cGt/ /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ dgg ul/g' kb{5 . oL b'O{
k|lqmof b'O{ cnucnu l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t Joj:yf
x'g\ . o:tf km/s vfnsf Joj:yfx dgf]ut
x'g\ jf cgfof; /flvPsf x'g\ eg]/ cg'dfg
ul/g' jf~5gLo x'bF g} . lsgeg] Gofosf dfGo
l;4fGtx g} plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/
x'g\ . ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] km};nf jf
clGtd cfb]znfO{ lglZrt\ cj:yf / zt{df
cfkm} + n ] hfF R g] k| l qmofsf kdf /x] s f]
k'g/fnf]sgnfO{ tNnf] cbfntsf] km};nfdf ePsf]
q'l6 ;Rofpg] k|lqmof;Fu t'ngf u/]/ x]g{ ldNg]
x'bF g} .
%= jt{ d fg cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgn]
k'g/fnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf ubf{sf GofofwLz
afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] x]g]{ u/L Joj:yf
u/]cg'k g} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLdf
gjf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f clxn]sf] Joj:yf sfod
ul/Psf] xf] . To;/L ;+ljwfgn] g} klxnf km};nf
ug]{ afx]ssf GofofwLzaf6 Gofo lgk0fsf]
ck]Iff u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;DalGwt Ohnf;af6
k'g/fnf]sgsf nflu k/]sf] lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf
s'/fx ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k"j{ km};nfsf]
;DaGwdf uDeL/tfk"js
{ cWoog ug]{ / sfg"gf/f
tf]lsPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg ePdf k'g/fnf]sg
ug]{ u/L cfb]z lbOg] / lg:;fdf u|x0f ul/Psf]
cfwf/sf] cfnf]sdf k"j{ km};nfsf] cjnf]sg
ug{sf nflu klg ;f]xL Ohnf;af6} Gofo lgk0f
ul/g] ;fdfGo l;4fGt g} xf] . ;f]xL l;4fGtnfO{
cfTd;ft\ u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !)&-$_ df k'g/fnf]sgsf] lgj]bg
km};nf ug]{ afx]ssf GofofwLzn] x]g{] egL ul/Psf]
xfnsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g' k"j{ klg km};nf ug]{
Ohnf;n] g} k' g /fnf] s gsf] lgj] b g x] / L
k'g/fnf]sg ug]{ lg:;f lbPsf] cj:yfdf klg

;f] d'2fdf ;f]xL Ohnf;n] g} Gofo lgk0f ug]{


sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . k'g/fnf]sgsf]
lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf km};nf ug]{ Ohnf;n] g}
x]g{] u/L ePsf] ;fljssf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!)&-$_ n] kl/jt{ g u/] s f] kl/k| ] I odf
;+ljwfgsf] ;f]xL Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{s}
nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( df
xfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . k'g/fnf]sg
ubf{ klxnf km};nf ubf{sf GofofwLz afx]s
cGo GofofwLzn] ug]{5g\ eGg] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfn] k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;f lbPkl5 ;f]
afx]ssf GofofwLz ;dIf k]z ug]{ eGg] cy{
klg lbFb}g .
^= ljBdfg sfg" g L Joj:yf /
clxn];Ddsf] cEof;;d]tnfO{ x]bf{ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] cfkm\gf] km};nfsf] k'g/fnf]sg ug]{
l;nl;nfdf k"j{ km};nfsf ;a} kIfdf x]g]{
ge} lg:;fdf lnOPsf cfwf/x;Dddf ;Lldt
/xL ljj]rgf ub{5 . To;/L lg:;fdf g} ;Lldt
/x]/ Gofo lgk0f ug]{ sfo{ lg:;f lbg]
GofofwLz afx]ssf] Ohnf;af6 ul/g' Jojxfl/s
klg x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgn] g} klxn] km};nf ug]{
GofofwLz afx]ssf GofofwLzaf6 k'g/fnf]sgsf]
lgj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf pQm
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf;Fu ;fd~h:o sfod ug{s}
nflu ;jf] { R r cbfnt lgodfjnLdf
;+zf]wgf/f /flvPsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] eGg] lgj] b g lhsL/ :jo+ d f
la/f]wfefifk"0f{ / c;fGble{s /x]sf] 5 .
&= s'g} klg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] JofVof
ubf{ s'g} zAb ljz]ifnfO{ dfq x]/]/ x'Fb}g, ;f];Fu
;DalGwt ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yf / To:tf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf ul/Fbfsf] kl/j]znfO{ klg x]l/g' kb{5 .
;f] sfg"g s'g kl/j]zdf NofOPsf] xf] / To;sf
dfkm{taf6 s] s:tf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ vf]lhPsf]

1471

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

xf] eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ug'{ g} sfg"g JofVofsf]


p2]Zo xf] . ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod
^ sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf]
pkwf/f -$_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{s}
nflu ul/Psf] xf] . ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^ df klxn] b] l v g}
k'g/fnf]sgsf] lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO k|lqmofsf
;DaGwdf Ps lsl;dsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]s}
lyof] . ;f] Joj:yf tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf ;Gbe{df sfod /x]sf]df
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] cfkm\gf] km};nfsf] k'g/fnf]sg ug]{
;Gbe{df s]xL ;f/e"t Joj:yf u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf
To;nfO{ ;Djf]wg ul/g' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] lyof] .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -$_ df
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lglZrt\ cj:yf / zt{df
cfkm\gf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zsf] k'g/fnf]sg
ug{ ;Sg] / To;/L k'g/fnf]sg ubf{ klxnf
km};nf ubf{sf GofofwLz afx]s cGo GofofwLzn]
ug]{ egL ul/Psf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg'k
;f];DaGwL sfo{ljlwdf klg kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]sf]
:jfefljs cj:yfnfO{ gsfg{ ldNb}g .
*= To;/L ;+ j } w flgs Joj:yf;F u
;fd~h:o sfod x'g] u/L sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf
ul/g' ckl/xfo{ ePsf]n] lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^
df klg ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . To;/L
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg ul/g'df
To; afx]ssf] cGo s'g} klg p2]Zo lgxLt /x]sf]
eGg] slxFst}af6 b]lvg gcfPsf] kl/k|]Iodf
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf
;+ljwfg, Goflos d"No dfGotf Pj+ l;4fGt tyf
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 :yflkt Gofo k4lt ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/;Fu ;xdt
x'g ;lsPg .

(= t;y{ dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf


cfwf/df ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod ^ sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
-$_ ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] cj:yf gb]lvFbf k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

&
lg0f{o g+= **(^

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;


dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
l/6 g+= @)^^WS))#(
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.@*.%
d'2fM pTk]i| f0f .
lgj]bsM :of\hf lhNnf, aL/3f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= %
3/ e} xfn aflx/L rqmky ljsf; cfof]hgf,
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}d+ f /fhkqflt t[tLo
>]0fL -k|fljlws_ OlGhlgo/ -ljz]if_ kbdf
sfo{/t jif{ $^ sf] bof/fd kf08] ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t

1472

**(^ - bof/fd kf08] ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

/fHon] cjnDag u/]sf] gLltcg'k


lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, ;~rfng /
lgodg ug{ ljwflosff/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
sfg"g :ki6 kdf ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf /
dd{ljk/Lt geP;Dd cbfntn] ab/
ug{' plrt / ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!^_
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg], o;sf]
;+ u 7gfTds :jk s:tf] x' g ] ,
kb;f]kfgsf] ;+/rgf s'g k|sf/sf] /fVg],
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf /
avf{;Lsf dfkb08 s] s:tf] cfwf/jf6
lgwf{/0f ug],{ ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwfx
s] s:tf] k|bfg ug{] eGg] ljifo Goflos
kdf Joj:yfkg x'g] ljifox x'g
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
juL{s/0f ug{] sfg"gaf6 xfl;n ug{
vf]lhPsf] p2]Zo;Fu juL{s/0fsf] ;fy{s
/ ljj] s k/s ;DaGw b] l vb} g eg]
sfg" g f/f ul/Psf] juL{ s /0fnfO{
;+jw} flgstfsf] dfGotf lbg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!(_
nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6} >]0fLsf] kbdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn a[l4 ug{]
P] g sf] p2] Z o / lghfdtL ;] j fsf]
;+u7gfTds :jk / kb;f]kfg ;+/rgf
glju|g] u/L v'nf k|ltof]lutff/f kbk"lt{
x'g] k|lqmofdf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/L
NofOPsf] a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfsf]
;fy{s ;DaGw ;d]t b]lvg cfpF5 .
a9'jfsf] cfwf/ / cj:yf g} km/skm/s
/x]sf cnucnu ju{sf a9'jfx?sf] nflu
k[ysk[ys ;]jfsf] zt{ tf]lsPsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf o'lQm;+ut juL{s/0fsf] l;4fGt
-Theory of reasonable classification_

cg'sn
" g} b]lvFbf ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt
ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL l;4fGttM pko'Qm
gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@@_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf 8f=eLdfh'g{
cfrfo{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z
zdf{ kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!%#, !)&-!_
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];f| ] ;+zf]wg,
@)^$_ sf] bkmf &-!_, @$3 -!_, -@_, -#_
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod
*&v=
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgjb]gsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
xfdL lgj]bsxdWo] d bof/fd kf08n]]
ldlt @)$^.)(.!! df /fhkq cglt k|yd
>]0fL, cf]e/l;o/ -l;len_ kbdf tfTsfnLg
ejg / cfjf; tyf zx/L ljsf; zfvf
DofUbLdf, d s[ i 0fk| ; fb clwsf/L ldlt
@)$$.)#.!* df /fhkq cglt k|yd >]0fL,
cf]e/l;o/ -l;len_ kbdf ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f
zfvf hfh/sf] 6 df, d k| s fzh+ u zfx
@)$!.)#.)* df /fhkq cglt k|yd >]0fL,
cf]e/l;o/ -l;len_ ;f=lg= zfvf g'jfsf]6df
/ d u'k|;fb bfxfn @)$).!).@& df /fhkq
cglt k|yd >]0fL, jg ;xfos kbdf ;f]nv
' D' a'
lhNnf jg sfo{no, ;f]n'v'Da'df z'? lgo'lQm

1473

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

k|fKt u/]sf lyof}+ . plNnlvt kbaf6 ldlt


@)^$.!@.)# sf] kqaf6 g]kfn OlGhlgol/
;]jf, l;len ;d"x, lalN8 P08 cfls{6]S6
pk;d"x /fhkqflt t[tLo >]0fL -k|fljlws_
OlGhlgo/ -ljz]if_ kbgfddf xfdLdWo] qmdzM
d bof/fd kf08] xfn zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f ljefu, l8lehg sfof{no uf]/vfdf
b/jGbL eO{ aflx/L rqmky ljsf; cfof]hgf,
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f} + d f sfhdf, To;} u /L
lgj]bsdWo]sf] d s[i0fk|;fb clwsf/L / d
k|sfzh+u zfx g]kfn OlGhlgol/ ;]jf, l;len
;d" x , lalN8 P08 cfls{ 6 ] S 6 pk;d" x
/fhkqflt t[tLo >]0fL -k|fljlws_ OlGhlgo/
-ljz]if_ kb gfddf qmdzM zx/L ljsf; tyf
ejg lgdf{ 0 f ljefu, l8lehg sfof{ n o,
sfe]|knf~rf]sdf / d u'?k|;fb bfxfn lhNnf
jg sfof{no, xflQ;f/ sf7df8f}+df /fhkqflt
t[tLo >]0fL -k|fljlws_ ;xfos jg clws[t ljz]if_ kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf /fi6;]js sd{rf/L
xf}+ . Ps /fi6;j] s sd{rf/L tyf /fi6sf] gful/s
ePsf] x}l;otn] /fHosf] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg]
sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
x'g'kg]{ ljifodf xfd|f] uDeL/ ;/f]sf/ /xG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];f| ] ;+zf]wg
@)^$_ d'ns
' df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lsf] lxtsf ;fy} /fHosf] ;'zfgsf] nflu
;+zf]wg u/L NofOPsf] 5 . sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;fy{s
kl/jt{gsf lglDt NofOPsf] pQm P]gdf ;d]t
xfdL lgj]bsx?, ;du| lghfdtL sd{rf/L tyf
cfd g]kfnL gful/ssf] lxt ljk/Lt x'g] u/L
sltko bkmfx;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . pQm
lghfdtL ;] j f P] g df /x] s f sltko
k|fjwfgxg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
efjgfljk/Lt / ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf df}lns
xssf] ljk/Lt ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ .

sfo{ ; Dkfbg tyf cg' e jsf]


d"Nofg3:f/f ul/g] a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if
Joj:yfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;flRrs} a9'jf
u/]sf] 5}g . cyf{t\ o; lsl;daf6 a9'jf ul/Psf]
elgPsf] k|fjwfgdf a9'jf zAbsf] rog ug{
ldNb}g . o; k|fjwfgcg';f/ Pp6} kbdf b'Ok{ 6s
a9'jf x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . bkmf @$3! sf] pkbkmf -!_,
-@_ af6 Ps k6s / bkmf &-!_ sf] clGtd
dxnsf] k|fjwfgaf6 csf]{ k6s . bkmf &-!_ sf]
clGtd dxnsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ bkmf @$3!
cg';f/ lgo'Qm ljz]if kbsf !@!% jif{;Dd
;]jf cjlw k'us
] f sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;]jf
cjlwe/ ;dfof]hg x'g ;Dej 5}g . b'O{ r/0f
kf/ ug'K{ fbf{ klg kbk"lt{ ug]{ dxnsf cGo k|fjwfg
pkof]u ug{ aGb]h nufpg], bkmf %s adf]lhd
sfo{ ljj/0f pknAw x'g g;Sg], :t/ j[l4 gx'g,]
klbo lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ aGb]h ug]{ u/L ul/Psf]
o; lsl;dsf] a9'jfn] a9"jfsf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\
u/]sf] dfGg ;lsFbg} . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Pp6f
lglZrt\ / :yfoL :jk /x]sf sf/0f kbk"lt{
ug{sf] nflu b/jGbL l/Qm x'gk' g]{ Pp6f k|dv
'
zt{ xf] . lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ s] s'g cfwf/df
s:tf] k|lqmofaf6 a9'jf ug]{ eGg] ljifo 5'} xf]nf
t/ a9'jf ug]s
{ f nflu dflyNnf] kb vfnL x'gk' g]{
ljifo rfxLF cfwf/e"t / clgjfo{ s'/f xf] . a9'jf
zAbsf] k|of]u, kbgfd / tna a[l4 dfq} a9'jfsf
;"rs xf]Ogg\ . kbgfd sfdsf] k|sl[ t, jl/i7tf
jf sfdsf] k|sl[ tsf] x]/km]/ ePsf cfwf/df lbg
;lsG5 eg] tna j[l4 ;do;fk]If kdf
cfjZostfcg';f/ cltl/Qmdfg lbP/ jf u]8|
j[l4 u/]/ jf cGo lx;fan] klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
a9'jf ug{sf nflu o; bkmfsf ^ b]lv !# ;Ddsf
pkbkmfxsf] h?/L 5}g . of] eGbf kb;f]kfg
nufotsf cGo k|efjsf/L ;+/rgf glau|g] u/L
kb l;h{gf ug{ / b/jGbL vfnL ug]{ Joj:yf ug{
cfjZos sbd rflng] lyof] . To;}n] of] a9'jf,

1474

**(^ - bof/fd kf08] ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

a9'jf ge} zAbhfn ePsf] 5, o; adf]lhdsf]


a9'jf e|fds 5 / lgo'lQm lng] lbg]aLrsf] ab/of]Uo
;Demf}tf (Void Contract) sf] kdf v8f ePsf]
5.
bkmf @$3!, pkbkmf !! n] Joj:yf
u/]sf] k|fjwfgn] ljz]if a9'jf ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{
bkmf &-!_ sf] clGtd dxnaf6 ;f] kbsf nflu
k'gM a9'jf -;dfof]lht_ x'gk' g]{ cj:yf l;h{gf
u/]sf] 5 . ;dfof]hgsf] k|ltzt klg Hofb} Go"g
-bz k|ltzt_ 5 . o; bkmfadf]lhd a9'jf kfPsf]
sd{rf/Ln] ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] >]0fLsf] kbsf] lglDt
x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] a9'jfsf] lglDt k|lt:kwf{ ug{
of]Uo x'g] t/ ;f]xL JolQmdWo]sf gAa] k|ltzt
JolQm a9'jf ePsf] kbsf] b/jGbL k|fKt ug{ of]Uo
gx'g] u/L ul/Psf] o; bkmfsf] juL{s/0f ;DaGwL
Joj:yf g} pko'Qm b]lvFbg} . o;/L nufOPsf]
aGb]h / juL{s/0faf6 of]Uo JolQmnfO{ kfvf
nufP/ cof]Uo jf sdof]Uo JolQmsf] rog x'g]
Joj:yf l;h]s
{ f] 5 . Pp6} ;Fu7gdf ljjfb l;h{gf
x'g] cj:yf lglDtPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf]
bkmf @$3! n] Psflt/ P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhdsf]
a9'jf x'gaf6 al~rt /xL nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6}
kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk]l| /t ug]{ p2]Zon]
a9'jf;DaGwL of] ljz]if Joj:yfsf nflu P]gsf]
bkmf @$3! yk]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{
o;af6 kg{hfg] k|lts"n c;/nfO{ k"/} a]jf:tf
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L @$3! adf]lhd a9'jf x'gs
] f
nflu b'/fzo /flvPsf] yk :ki6 x'G5 . o;n]
k|lt:kwf{sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg cf]em]ndf kf/]sf]
5 . o;/L k| l t:kwf{ T ds af6f] cjnDag
ugh:{af6 /f]s nufpg' ;+ljwfgsf] dd{;Ddt
x'g ;Sb}g . cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f ##-u_ ljk/Lt 5 .
ctM plNnlvt tYo / sfg"g ;d]taf6
xfdL lgj]bsx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_, @$-$_, #)-!_,

##-u_, ##-9_, #$-!_, #%-&_ f/f k|bQ df}lns


xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufpg], /fHosf] p2]Zo
bfloTj, gLltljk/Lt x'g] /fi6sf] clxt x'g] u/L
/x] ePsf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];f| ]
;+zf]wg, @)^$_ sf] bkmf &-!_ sf] sfo{;Dkfbg
tyf cg' e jsf] d" N ofgaf6 x' g ] a9' j fsf]
;dfof]hgf/f a9'jf x'g] k|ltzt / bkmf @$3!
sf ;Dk"0f{ pkbkmfx cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!)&-!_ adf]lhd ab/ / cdfGo (Ultra virus)
3f]lift u/L wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];f| ] ;+zf]wg, @)^$_ cg';f/
ldlt @)^$.!@.# kl5 sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgf/f
a9'jf ePsf ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xsf
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbLdf kb:yfkg u/L
kbgfdadf]lhd lhDd]jf/L lbO{ lbnfO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd
;?jfnufot clVtof/L ;d]t lbnfpg' eGg]
ljkIfLx?sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm .
o;df lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z
hf/L x'g' gkg]{ sf/0f eP af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsn] P]gsf] bkmf @$3! adf]lhd
a9'jfsf] ;a} cj:yfsf] k|fjwfgsf] af/]df hfgsf/L
x' F b fx' F b } a9' j f kmf/fd e/L pQm bkmfsf]
k| f jwfgadf] l hd a9' j f lgo' l Qm :jLsf/
ul/;s]kZrft\ pQm ljz]if a9'jf;DaGwL k|fjwfg
u}/;+jw} flgs eof] egL xr'jf e/df l/6 lgj]bg
lbPsf] x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt P]gsf k|fjwfgx
;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf /x]sf] s'g k|fjwfg;Fu s]
s;/L c;+ut jf k|lts"n eP eGg] s'/f;Dd
klg pNn]v gul/lbPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm

1475

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]


lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf @$3! df ePsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd bvf{:t
kmf/fd e/L a9'jf x'g :jLsf/ u/L a9'jf e};s]kl5
;f] k|fjwfgxab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lhsL/ lng'
ePsf] ;DaGwdf pQm bkmfdf a9'jf ePsf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] a9'jf ePsf] kb ljz]if kb /xg]
;?jf ubf{ ;f]xL k|sl[ tsf] kbdf dfq ;?jf x'g,]
sfdsf] k|sl[ t a9'jf x'g' eGbf cufl8sf] kbsf] g}
x'g] a9'jf ;dfof]hg ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf &-!_
adf]lhd dfq x'g] h:tf k|fjwfgx:jLsf/ u/L
a9'jf e};s]kl5 cfkm\gf] cg'sn
" agfpg] p2]Zon]
pQm bkmfx ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL lnPsf]
lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt gx'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
a9' j fsf zt{ x ?sf ;DaGwdf
lgj]bsx?nfO{ k"j{ hfgsf/L ePsf] / ToxL
zt{x d~h"/ u/L lgj]bsx?sf] a9'jf e};s]kl5
a9'jfsf s]xL zt{ kfngf gug]{ / To:tf zt{x
;+ljwfgljk/Lt ePsf] lhsL/ lnOg' o'lQm;+ut
b]lvFb}g . h'g P]gcGtu{t ePsf] nfe / ;'ljwf
lnO{ ljkIfLx a9'jf x'g' ePsf] 5 ;f]xL P]gsf]
csf]{ kIfsf] kdf /x]sf] ljifodf cGoyf bfjL
ug{ ljkIfLx?nfO{ xsb}of 5}g . ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] a9'jf tyf
:t/j[l4sf zt{nufot lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
Joj:yfkg g]kfn ;/sf/n] P]gf/f lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] ;f]cg'k ul/Psf] k|fjwfg
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] ljkIfLsf] lhsL/
vf/]hefuL ePsf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@$3! sf] pkbkmf -*_ df plNnlvt pkbkmf
-&_ adf]lhd ;dfof]hg ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s

pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhdsf] ljz]if kbdf a9'jf ePsf]


sd{rf/Ln] To;/L a9'jf x'ge
' Gbf cufl8sf] kbdf
axfn /xFbf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd g} ug'k{ g]{ egL
ls6fgL ;fy pNn]v ePsf] 5 . To;}n] lghfdtL
;]jf P]g / lgoddf Jojl:yt clwsf/sf] k"0f{
kdf kfngf u/L ;Dkfbg ul/Psf]
sfo{ljlw;Ddt ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; ljefuaf6 ljkIfLsf] ;+jw} flgs tyf
sfg"gL xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug] u/L s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL gePsf] gu/]sf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] jg ljefusf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @$3! n]
u/]sf] ljz]if Joj:yfcg';f/ a9'jf kfPsf
sd{rf/Lx?n] cGo ;fdfGo Joj:yfaf6 lgo'lQm
kfPsf sd{rf/L ;/x lhDd]jf/L / x}l;ot dfu
ug{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ;d]t k|lts"n x'g] x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] zx/L ljsf;
tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; dGqfnoaf6 ljkIfLsf] ;+jw} flgs
tyf sfg"gL xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug] u/L s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] jg tyf e";/+ If0f dGqfno / ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfnosf] 5'f5'} lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf 8f=eLdfh'g{ cfrfo{n]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodn] u/]sf] cGo k|sf/sf
a9'jf h:t} P]gsf] bkmf @$3! cGtu{t x'g]
ljz]if a9'jf klg Ps k|sf/sf] a9'jf g} ePsf]n]
Ps k6s j9'jf e};s]kl5 a9'jf x'g] k|lqmof
cnu ePsf] sf/0faf6 dfq kbLo lx;fjn]
e]befj ug{ ldNb}g . dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf ug{,]
tnj eQf / ;'ljwf klg dflyNnf] kbs} lbg],

1476

**(^ - bof/fd kf08] ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

h]i7tf klg dflyNnf] kbs} u0fgf x'g] t/ dflyNnf]


kbsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ gkfpg] / ;f] kbdf
;?jf x'g gkfpg] u/L ePsf] bkmf @$3! sf]]
Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt /x]sf] / o;n]
Ifdtfjfg sd{rf/LnfO{ v'n
' f k|lt:kwf{ ug{ /f]s
nufPsf] ;d] t cj:yf ePsf] n ] lgj] b g
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 eGg] jx;
ug{e
' of] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z zdf{
kf}8n
] n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df bf];f| ]
;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] bkmf @$3!=sf] a9'jf
cGo lgoldt a9'jf h:tf] geO{ P]gsf] bkmf &
adf]lhd a9'jf x'g g;sL nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6}
kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|l] /t ug{ NofOPsf]
ljz]if Joj:yf xf] . ljz]if kb l;h{gf u/L o;
k|sf/sf] a9'jf x'g] ePsf]n] lgoldt j9'jf eGbf
o; k|sf/sf] a9'jfsf] zt{ s]xL km/s x'g' :jfefljs
klg xf] . To;df klg lgj] b sxpQm
P]gadf]lhdsf] a9'jfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L a9'jf eO{
;s]kl5 cfkm}+ a9'jf ePsf] sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu
jflemPsf] egL unt dg;fo lnO{ cbfnt k|jz
]
u/]sf] cj:yf x'bF f lgj]bsx?sf] dfu adf]lhd
cfb]z hf/L ug{k' g{] l:ylt gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k5{ egL jx; ug'e
{ of] .
kIf ljkIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] k|:t't ug{' ePsf] jx;
lhsL/ ;'gL lgj]bgkq;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
sfuhft cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ sfo{;Dkfbg
tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofgf/f ul/g] a9'jf;DaGwL
ljz]if Joj:yfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ Pp6}
kbdf b'Ok{ 6s a9'jf x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . bkmf &-!_ sf]
k|fjwfgcg';f/ bkmf @$3! cg';f/ lgo'Qm ljz]if

kbsf !@!% jif{;Dd ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf


sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;]jf cjlwe/ ;dfof]hg
x'g ;Dej 5}g . bkmf @$3!, pkbkmf !! sf]
Joj:yfn]] ljz]if a9'jf ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ bkmf
&-!_ jdf]lhd ;f] kbsf nflu k'gM a9'jf
-;dfof]lht_ x'gk' g]{ cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .
o; bkmfadf]lhd a9'jf kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f]
eGbf dflyNnf] >]0fLsf] kbsf] lglDt x'g] ;a}
k|sf/sf] a9'jfsf] lglDt k|lt:kwf{ ug{ of]Uo x'g]
t/ ;f]xL JolQmdWo]sf gAa] k|ltzt JolQm a9'jf
ePsf] kbsf] b/jGbL k|fKt ug{ of]Uo gx'g] u/L
ul/Psf] o; bkmfsf] juL{s/0faf6 of]Uo JolQmnfO{
kfvf nufP/ cof]Uo jf sd of]Uo JolQmsf]
rog x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
#= t;y{, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
-bf];|f] ;+zf]wg, @)^$_ sf] bkmf &-!_ sf]
sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofgaf6 x'g]
a9'jfsf] ;dfof]hgf/f a9'jf x'g] k|ltzt /
bkmf @$3! sf ;Dk"0f{ pkbkmfxcGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd ab/ / cdfGo
3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf]df
;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf]
a9'jf tyf :t/j[l4sf zt{nufot lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg g]kfn ;/sf/n] P]gf/f
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] ;f] cg'k ul/Psf]
k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] ljkIfLsf]
lhsL/ vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lnlvt hjfkm
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
$= o;df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf @$3!= sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgljk/Lt
ePsf] eGg] g} lgj]bsx?sf] d'Vo bfjL lhsL/
/x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df
ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf] bkmf
@$3!=sf] sfg"gL Joj:yftkm{ ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg
cfpF5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ bkmf @$3!
df sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofgf/f ul/g]

1477

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .


pQm bkmfsf] zLif{saf6 g} lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf
Joj:yf ul/Psf cGo lgoldt a9'jf eGbf of]
leGg / ljz]if k|sl[ tsf] a9'jf xf] eGg] b]lvg
cfpF5 .
%= bkmf @$3! sf] pkbkmf -!_ df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf
cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg /fhkq
cglt ltLob]lv /fhkqflt ltLo >]0fL;Dd
qmdz bz, jfx|, kGw| / c7f/ jif{ ;]jf cjlw
k"/f u/]sf] x'gk' g]{ / ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{ jf ;d"xLs[t
x'bF f lgwf{l/t cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;]jf k|jz
] jf
;d"xLs[t x'g' cl3 jf kl5af6 k|fKt u/]sf]
x'gk' g{] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ;f]xL pkbkmf -@_ df
/fhkqf+lst t[tLo, /fhkq cglt k|yd /
ltLo >]0fLsf] Pp6} >]0fLsf] :yfoL kbdf qmdzM
c7f/, kGw|| / t]x| jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;]jf
cjlw k" / f u/L ;DalGwt ;] j f ;d" x jf
pk;d"xsf] kbdf ;]jf k|jz
] jf ;d"xLs[t x'bF fsf
jvt lgwf{l/t ljifodf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
k|fKt u/]sf] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ klg Ps
txdflysf] kbdf a9'jf ul/g] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . pkbkmf -#_ n] pkbkmf -!_ /
-@_ adf]lhd a9'jf x'g bkmf @@ cg';f/sf]
sf/jfxL gePsf] / kl5Nnf] tLg jif{ s f]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf cf}iftdf gAa] k|ltzt
jf ;f] eGbf a9L c kfPsf] x'g' kg{] eGg] b'O{
k|dv
' zt{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= o;af6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfg"gadf]lhd
:jLs[t b/jGbL dWo] l/Qm /x]sf kbdf tf]lsPsf]
k|ltztcg'k ljleGg k|lqmofaf6 5gf}6 eO{
kbk"lt{ x'g] ;fdfGo Joj:yf o; ljz]if j9'jfsf
nflu nfu" gx'g] b]lvG5 . P]gsf] bkmf @$3! sf]
pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_ sf] bfo/fleq kg{ cfpg]
Go"gtd ;]jf cjlw, z}lIfs of]Uotf / sfo{;Dkfbg

d"Nofg ePsf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx :jtM dflyNnf]


kbdf a9'jf x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu
a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug{ P]gsf] bkmf @$3! sf]
pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd Ps 5'} a9'jf ;ldlt
/xg] / pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd ;f] ;ldltn] k|To]s
cfly{s jif{sf] k'; / c;f/ dlxgfdf u/L jif{df
b'O{ k6s a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug{k' g{] sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
&= bkmf @$3!= adf]lhd a9'jf ubf{
To:tf] sd{rf/L axfn /x]sf] sfof{nodf ;DalGwt
;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf] Ps >]0fL dflysf]
ljz]if kb :jtM l;h{gf x'g] Joj:yf pkbkmf
-^_ df /x]sf] / o;/L a9'jf ePsf] sd{rf/L
;]jfaf6 cjsfz ePdf jf dflyNnf] kbdf
a9'jf ePdf jf b/jGbLsf] kbdf ;dfof]hg
ePdf To:tf] kb :jtM vf/]h x'g] / a9'jf x'g'
eGbf cufl8sf] kb :jtM sfod x'g] eGg] Joj:yf
pkbkmf -&_ df /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ljz]if a9'jfaf6 lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;+u7gfTds :jk / kb;f]kfgsf]
;+/rgfdf s'g} tflTjs leGgtf gcfpg] k|jGw
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
*= o; bkmfadf]lhd a9'jf x'g] kb
:JfLs[t b/jGbL cGtu{tsf] l/Qm kb geO{
lglZrt\ ;do;Dd sfod /xg] ljz]if k|s[ltsf]
kb ePsf]n] ;dfof]hg ePsf] cj:yf afx]s
ljz]if kbdf a9'jf x'g] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]
To;/L a9'jf x'g' cufl8sf] kbdf axfn /xFbf
;Dkfbg u/L cfPsf] sfd g} ug{'kg{] sfg"gL
Joj:yf pkbkmf -*_ n] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
h]i7tfsf] u0fgf eg] a9'jf ePs} kbsf] ul/g]
/ ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] >]0fLsf] kbsf] lglDt x'g]
;a} k|sf/sf] a9'jfdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] eGg]
Joj:yf pkbkmf -*_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L o; bkmfadf]lhd
a9'jf ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfof]hg geP;Dd

1478

**(^ - bof/fd kf08] ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

cGo lgsfosf] o;} bkmfadf]lhdsf] a9'jff/f


l;h{gf ePsf] ljz]if b/jGbLdf dfq ;?jf
ul/g] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf pkbkmf -(_ n]
u/]sf] 5 . o;/L a9'jf ubf{ Ps} sfof{nodf
Ps} >]0fLsf Ps eGbf a9L sd{rf/L eO{ sfof{no
k|d'v x'g ;Sg] cj:yf cfPdf jl/i7 sd{rf/L
sfof{no k|d'v x'g] eGg] pkbkmf -!)_ / of]
;+zf]wg hf/L ePkl5 klxnf] k6s afx]s klxn]
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgf/f x'g] a9'jfsf] sf/jfxL
;DkGg u/L To;kl5 ljz]if a9'jf ug{'kg{] eGg]
pkbkmf -!!_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
pkbkmf -!@_ n] :t/a[l4 x'g] kbdf ljz]if
a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] / pkbkmf
-!#_ n] o; bkmfadf]lhd x'g] a9'jfn] v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutff/f kb k"lt{ ug{] Joj:yfdf s'g}
k|lts"n c;/ gk'ofpg] eGg] k|fjwfg u/]sf] /
sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofgf/f ul/g]
ljz]if a9'jfsf] bvf{:t cfJxfg, glthf k|sfzg
k| l qmof, ph" / L / ;dfof] h gnufotsf
sfo{ljlw;DaGwL cGo s'/f tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]
eGg] pkbkmf -!$_ sf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
(= P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yfcg'k
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%) sf] lgod *&v=
df sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofgf/f x'g]
a9'jfsf] sfo{ljlw tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . h; cGtu{t
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_ /
-_ df qmdzM ;Defljt pDd]bjf/af6 k|To]s
c;f]h Ps / r}t Ps ut] #) lbgsf] ;dofjlw
/fvL bvf{:t cfJxfg ug{,] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf]
;f7L lbgleq k|fKt ;a} bvf{:t 5fgaLg u/L
l;kmfl/z ug{], To:tf] l;kmfl/zsf] ;"rgf
;fj{hlgs ul/g' kg{] / lrQ ga'g]n] @! lbgleq
nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ph"/L lbg;Sg], To;/L k/]sf]
ph"/L 5fgaLg ubf{ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf x'g]
eP To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] gfd ;d]t ;f]xL a9'jfdf
;dfj]z u/L l;kmfl/z ug{] / To;/L kg{ cfPsf]

ph"/Lpk/sf] ;'gj' fOsf] qmddf a9'jf ;ldltaf6


l;kmfl/z ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf ;d]t ph"/L
k/]sf] ldltn] kGw|| lbgleq a9'jf l;kmfl/z
k'g/fnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
!)= o;af6 lgj]bsn] jb/sf] dfu
u/]sf] sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofgf/f
ul/g] a9'jf ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf lghdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & df Jojl:yt
a9'jf;DaGwL ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] a9'jf eGbf
ljNs'n} km/s /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf]
ljz]if a9'jfsf] nflu dflyNnf] kb vfnL x'g'
gkg{], a9'jf ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x
jf pk;d"xsf] Ps >]0fL dflysf] ljz]if kb
:jtM l;h{gf x'g], To:tf] ljz]if kbdf a9'jf
ePsf] sd{rf/L cjsfz ePdf jf dflyNnf]
kbdf a9'jf jf ;dfof]hg ePdf :jtM vf/]h
eO{ a9'jf x'g' cufl8sf] kb :jtM sfod x'g],
o:tf] ljz]if kbdf a9'jf x'gsf] nflu lghfdtL
sd{ r f/Ln] cGo ;DefJo pDd] b jf/x?;F u
k| l t:kwf{ ;d] t ug{ ' gkg{ ] cflb Joj:yf
j9'jf;DaGwL ;fdfGo Joj:yf eGbf leGg /
ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf]
a9'j' f x'g k|ltikwf{Tds cfwf/ grflxg] / of]Uotf
/ bIftf k/LIf0fsf] r/0faf6 u'h|g' gkg{]
b]lvG5 .
!!= o; k|lqmofaf6 a9'jf x'g] sd{rf/Ln]
a9'jf ePsf] ljz]if kbsf] tnj, eQf, ;'ljwf
kfpg] / ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf x'gsf]
nflu h]i7tf sfod x'g] tyf lglZrt\ cfwf/df
;dfof]hg x'g kfpg] t/ ;dfof]hg gx'Fbf;Dd
a9'jf x'g' eGbf cl3s} kbsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug'k{ g]{
b]lvG5 . To;} u/L o;/L a9'jf ePsf lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lx ljz]if b/jGbLdf dfq ;?jf x'g
;Sg] ePsf] n ] o;af6 lghfdtL ;] j fsf]
;+u7gfTds :jk / kb;f]kfgsf] >[\vnf
glju|g'sf] ;fy} v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfdfkm{t\ x'g]

1479

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

kbk"lt{sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t s'g} c;/ kg]{


b]lvFb}g .
!@= csf]t{ km{ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) sf] lgod *&v= adf]lhd o; k|sf/sf]
ljz]if a9'jfsf] nflu bvf{:t cfJxfg ul/g] /
a9'jf x'g OR5's lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] lgwf{l/t
;dodf tf]lsPadf]lhd bvf{:t lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf]n] o:tf] a9'jf k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] jf
gx'g] eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
:j]R5fdf lge{/ /xg] e} o; k|sf/sf] a9'jf
k|lqmofdf clgjfo{ kdf ;xefuL x'gk' g]{ eGg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfO{bF g} .
!#= ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{
lgj]bsx?n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@$3! df ePsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd bvf{:t kmf/fd
e/L a9'jf x'g :jLsf/ u/L a9'jf e};s]kl5 ;f]
k|fjwfgx ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lhsL/ lng'
sfg"g;Ddt g/x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsx?n]
;f] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] klg kfO{bF g} .
o;af6 lgj]bsx?n] lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) sf] lgod *&v= adf]lhd :j]R5fn] bvf{:t
lbO{ j9'jf ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvFbg} .
!$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !%# df g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'ns
' sf] k|zf;g
;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo
;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf
;]jfx?sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x
P]gf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Pjdf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . oxL ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfcGtu{t lghfdtL
;]jfsf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf] zt{x?sf]
Joj:yf ug{ tyf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ j9L ;Ifd,
;'b9[ , ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL jgfpg] p2]Zon]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . plNnlvt ;+jw} flgs / sfg"gL Joj:yf
x]bf{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g d'ns
' sf] k|zf;g
;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ePsf]df ljjfb b]lv+bg} .

d'ns
' sf] k|zf;g cGtu{t ;du| d'ns
' sf] ;'zf;g
tyf ljsf; k|zf;g h:tf s'/fxkg]{ x'gfn]
o;nfO{ d"t
{ k lbg lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf /xg] / o;sf] ;DaGw dfgj hLjgsf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts kIfx?df /xg]
b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgjdf]lhd d'n'ssf] k|zf;g
;~rfngsf] nflu u7g ul/Psf]n] ;/sf/n]
;Dkfbg ug]{ k|zf;lgs sfdsf/jfxLdf lghfdtL
k|zf;g Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;+oGqsf] kdf :yflkt
ePsf] kfOG5 .
!%= ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf gLlt sfo{
of]hgf, gful/snfO{ pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ j:t'
tyf ;]jfxTfyf ;/sf/L efjL of]hgf tyf
/0fgLltx sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd klg lghfdtL
k|zf;gsf] g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL
k|zf;gn] ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f u/]sf gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdcg'k Gofo / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t /xL
cfd gful/ssf] enfO{ s f lglDt cfly{ s ,
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts Pj+ dgf]j1} flgs
pGgltsf nflu ;lqmo eO{ Jofj;flos e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu k|zf;lgs
Joj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfO{
gful/sn] kfpg' kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jf ;dtfd"ns
9n] ljt/0f u/L ;'zf;gnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug],{
sfg"gL /fHo :yflkt x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf
ug],{ /fli6o lxtsf] hu]gf{ ug],{ ;fdflhs ljifdtf
x6fpg] / Gofo / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ /fli6o nIo xfl;n ug]{ sfo{df
lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] cx+ e"ldsf /xg] x'G5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm ;Gt'lnt ljsf;, pRr cfly{s
j[l4, ;dfg cj;/sf] l;h{gf, ;dfg'kflts /
ldtJooL tyf k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx, ul/jL
Go"gLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f cflb h:tf /fHo
k|zf;gsf nf]slk|o ljifodf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u
ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfd klg lghfdtL k|zf;gjf6}
;Dkfbg x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 .

1480

**(^ - bof/fd kf08] ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

!^= o; k|sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L


ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg] eGg]
s'/f /fHosf] gLltdf e/ kg{] ljifo xf] . /fHon]
cjnDag u/]sf] gLltcg'k lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
u7g, ;~rfng / lgodg ug{ ljwflosff/f
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] sfg"g :ki6 kdf ;+ljwfgsf]
efjgf / dd{ljk/Lt geP;Dd cbfntn] ab/
ug{' plrt / ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g .
!&= lgoldt kdf a9'jf x'g g;sL
nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6} >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{/t\
/x]sf] sf/0fjf6 dgf]jn v:sg k'us
] f lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pk|l] /t ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'
klg /fHo s} bfloTj x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf]
dgf]jnsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5, pgLx?nfO{
s] s:tf] ;'ljwf jf cj;/af6 pTk|l] /t u/]sf]
v08df ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/ a[l4 x'g;S5, lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;+u7gfTds :jk s:tf] agfpg],
kb;f]kfgsf] >[v
\ nf s:tf] x'g,] lgo'Qm, ;?jf,
a9'jf / avf{;Lsf dfkb08xs] s:tf] lgwf{/0f
ug]{ eGg] gLltut Joj:yf klg /fHon] g} ug'{
kb{5 .
!*= lgj]bsx?n] c;+jw} flgs egL bfjL
lnPsf] ljifo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljz]if a9'jf;Fu
;DalGwt b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ s:tf]
agfpg], o;sf] ;+u7gfTds :jk s:tf] x'g,]
kb;f]kfgsf] ;+/rgf s'g k|sf/sf] /fVg], lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / avf{;Lsf dfkb08
s] s:tf] cfwf/jf6 lgwf{/0f ug],{ ;]jfsf zt{ /
;'ljwfxs] s:tf] k|bfg ug{] eGg] ljifo Goflos
kdf Joj:yfkg x'g] ljifox xf]Ogg\ . sd{rf/L
k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ljsl;t dfGo l;4fGt /
k| r ngnfO{ Wofg lbO{ cfkm\ g f] cj:yf /
cfjZostfcg'k /fHon] o:tf ljifox?df gLlt
lgdf{0f / ltgdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ ;Sb5 .
!(= lgj]bsx?n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf]
bkmf @$3! sf] Joj:yf e] b efjhGo /

;+ljwfgk|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt /x]sf] egL


bfjL u/]sf]n] ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ lg/k]If geO{
;fk]If kdf u|x0f ul/g' kb{5 . ;dfg cj:yfdf
/x]sfx aLr c;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ gx'g] eGg]
d"n cjwf/0ff g} ;dfgtf;DaGwL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/ xf] . jf:tljs ;dfgtf -Substantive
Equality_ sf] nflu c;dfgx?sf aLr ;dfg
Jojxf/ geO{ o'lQm;+ut juL{s/0fsf cfwf/df
c;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtcGtu{t :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf
kfGt/0f ug{sf] nflu sfg"gf/f o'lQm;+ut
juL{s/0f ug{ ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] dfGotf
k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L juL{s/0f ubf{ To:tf]
juL{s/0f ug{] sfg"g :jR5, lgikIf, plrt /
ts{;Ddt x'g' kb{5 . juL{s/0fdf :j]R5frfl/tfsf]
cj:yf b]lvg' x'bg} . o;/L juL{s/0f ug{] sfg"gaf6
xfl;n ug{ vf]lhPsf] p2]Zo;Fu juL{s/0fsf] ;fy{s
/ ljj]sk/s ;DaGw b]lvg' kb{5 . olb To:tf]
;DaGw b] l vb} g eg] sfg" g f/f ul/Psf]
juL{s/0fnfO{ ;+j}wflgstfsf] dfGotf lbg
;lsFbg} .
@)= lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf & cGtu{t
a9'jfnfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofg, cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff / sfo{;Dkfbg tyf
cg'ejsf] d"Nofgaf6 x'g] a9'jfsf] ;dfof]hg
;d]tsf tLg ju{df juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf @)s=n] Pp6} kbdf lglZrt\
cjlw Joltt u/L cjsfz kfpg] cj:yfdf
/x]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz x'g] eGbf
Ps dlxgf cl3 Ps txdfly a9'jf ug{]
a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] / bkmf @$3!
df sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"Nofgf/f x'g]
a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lgj]bsx:jo+n] bkmf @$3! adf]lhdsf] a9'jf

1481

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

:jLsf/ u/L j9'jf k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf


h'g p2]Zon] ljwflosfn] j9'jf;DaGwL juL{s/0f
u/]sf] xf] Tof] cfwf/nfO{ ;dfKt kf/L cGo a9'jf
;/xsf] kl/0ffd lbnfpg vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 .
@!= lghfdtL ;] j f P] g df a9' j f
;DaGwdf ul/Psf] cGo Joj:yfx/ bkmf @$3!
sf] ljz]if Joj:yf Pp6} ju{ jf k|sl[ tsf] gb]lvO{
km/skm/s x'g\ eGg] :ki6 b]lvG5 . o;df
of] U otf / bIftf ;d] t sf] k/LIf0f u/L
k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvFb}g .
P]gsf] bkmf @$3! sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_
df tf]lsPsf ;femf Go"gtd cfwf/ k"/f u/]sf
;a} ;DefJo pDd]bjf/n] bvf{:t lbPkl5 :jtM
a9'jf x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;af6 lgj]bsn]
pNn] v u/] s f] bkmf @$3! jdf] l hdsf]
j9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf sfo{Ifdtfsf]
d" N ofg / cfGtl/s k| l tof] l utfTds
k/LIffcGtu{t a9'jf x'g g;s]sf lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ nlIft u/L pgLx?df pTk|]/0ff
clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] NofOPsf] x'Fbf j9'jfsf]
o; juL{s/0fnfO{ cGo a9'jf;Fu ;dfg kdf
t'ngf u/L lje]bsf/L eof] eGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g .
@@= nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6} >]0fLsf] kbdf
/xL cGo lgoldt a9'jfsf] cj;/af6 al~rt
/x]sfx?sf] dgf]jn a[l4 ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy
sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofgf/f a9'jf
x'g] ljz]if Joj:yf NofOPsf] eGg] b]lvFbf nfdf]
;do;Dd Pp6} >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]
dgf]jn a[l4 ug{] P]gsf] p2]Zo / lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;+u7gfTds :jk / kb;f]kfg ;+/rgf
glju|g] u/L v'nf k|ltof]lutff/f kbk"lt{ x'g]
k| l qmofdf s' g } c;/ gkg] { u/L NofOPsf]
a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfsf] ;fy{s ;DaGw
;d]t b]lvg cfpF5 . a9'jfsf] cfwf/ / cj:yf
g} km/skm/s /x] s f cnucnu ju{ s f
a9' j fx?sf] nflu k[ y sk[ y s ;] j fsf] zt{

tf]lsPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf o'lQm;+ut juL{s/0fsf]


l;4fGt -Theory of reasonable classification_
cg's"n g} b]lvFbf ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt ePsf]
eGg] lgj]bg bfjL l;4fGttM pko'Qm b]lvPg .
@#= t;y{, ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @$3! adf]lhdsf]
j9'jf x'gsf] nflu bvf{:t k]z ug'k{ g]{ jfWofTds
Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g
/ lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] ljz]if a9'jfsf] ;a}
cj:yfsf] k|fjwfgsf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'Fbfx'Fb}
:j]R5fk"j{s a9'jf kmf/fd e/L pQm bkmfsf]
k|fjwfgadf]lhd a9'jf lgo'lQm :jLsf/ ul/;s]
kZrft\ pQm ljz]if a9'jf;DaGwL k|fjwfg u}/
;+j}wflgs / lgj]bsx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# f/f k|bQ df}lns xspk/
cg'lrt aGb]h nufpg] lsl;dsf] eof] eGg]
lgj]bg bfjL l;4fGttM ldNg] gb]lvPsf] /
lgj]bsx?n] r'gf}tL lbPsf] pQm j9'jf;DaGwL
Joj:yf nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6} >]0fLsf] kbdf
sfo{/t /xg' k/L lgoldt a9'jfaf6 al~rt
/x]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg:jk
ljz]if kbdf a9'jf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu NofOPsf]
b]lvFbf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @$3! sf]
Joj:yf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cdfGo /
ab/ 3f]lift ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPg . k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L j'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L

1482

&

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

lg0f{o g+= **(&

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;


dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
d'2f g+= @)^*CF)))#, )))$
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.@*.$

d'2f M l/;jt lnO{ e|i6frf/ .


k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM l;/fxf lhNnf, nfxfg
gu/kflnsf 3/ e} tTsfnLg Ko'7fg
lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/
s0f{
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM Gofo kl/ifb\sf ;lrjsf] ph"/L
k|ltj]bgn] Gofo kl/ifb\
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM Gofo kl/ifb\sf ;lrjsf]
ph"/L k|ltj]bgn] Gofo kl/ifb\
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{

z'? km};nf ug]M{


df=Gof=>L cf]dk|;fb ;'jb] L
o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{
lhNnf GofofwLzn] v/fa cfr/0f dflgg]
s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf hfFra'em ug]{
k|lqmof, ;+oGq / sf/jfxLsf] ljlw ;+ljwfg
/ Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& ;d]tdf
1483

;dfj]z ePsf] cj:yfdf e|i6frf/


lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]usf] lgb]z
{ gdf k|dv
'
lhNnf clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] cg';Gwfg
txsLsft If]qflwsf/ljxLg eO{ k|f/DetM
z"Go k|efjL (Ab-initio-void) b]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k|df0f ;+sngsf] ;|ft] , clwsf/If]q /
k| l qmof g} b" l ift 5 eg] To;sf]
kl/0ffd:jk k|fKt k|df0f u|x0fof]Uo x'g
g;Sg] .
c;+jw} flgs 7x/ ePsf] lgsfon] ;+ljwfg
/ sfg" g ljk/Lt Pp6f k| z f;sLo
sd{rf/LnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/L
lhNnf GofofwLznfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{sIfdf
g} vfgtnf;L lnO{ /sd j/fdb ePsf]
egL p7fg u/]sf] sf/jfxL :jtM k|efjz"Go
x'g] / To:tf] sf/jfxLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
k|df0f u|x0fof]Uo gx'g] x'bF f To:tf] u}/sfg"gL
sf/jfxL / k|df0f ;+sngnfO{ dfGotf
lbO{ k| l tjfbLpk/sf] sf/jfxL /
5fgaLgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] Gofo
kl/ifbsf] sfdsf/jfxL j[if j[Ifsf]
kmn;DaGwL l;4fGt -Fruit of Poisonous
Tree Doctrine) ljk/Lt b]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
u}/sfg"gL ;|ft] / k|lqmofaf6 p7fg ePsf]
sf/jfxL / To;sf] lg/Gt/tf clGtd
cj:yf;Dd klg u}/sfg"gL g} x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
If]qflwsf/ljxLg / u}/sfg"gL cg';Gwfg
txsLsftnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL Gofo
kl/ifb\af6 ePsf] hfFra'emnfO{ :jtGq
hfFra'em dfgL d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'leq k|jz
]
u/L lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t
gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!^_

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf ;"og{ fy


k|sfz clwsf/L
k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx
xl/x/ bfxfn, zDe' yfkf tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx xl/k|;fb pk|]tL, lzj
l/hfn, g/]Gb| kf7s, hgGgfy dxtf],
hosfGt nfn bf;
cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^@, c !!, k[=!#)&
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f (!-#_
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
#-!_-s_, %#
Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s
-$_-s_, % / ^
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod #-!_-3_
km};nf
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;M o; cbfnsf]
;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^&.!).% sf]
cfb]zfg';f/ ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod #-!_-3_ adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/
5 M
jfbL >L % sf] ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL nLnf/fd
kf}8n
] ;d]t ePsf] 8fFsf d'2fnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{
u/L l/;jt lng vfg vf]hL /x]sf] eGg] ljz]if
;"qaf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] Ko'7fg lhNnf
cbfntsf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{sf] cfh}
/Ltk"js
{ vfgtnf;L ubf{ cbfntsf] kSsL ejgsf]
dflyNnf] tnfsf] r]Da/ sIf -sf]7f_ leq P]=
cbfntsf lhNnf GofofwLz >L jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{
/x]sf], lghn] ;]tf] /sf] xfkmsf]6 / sfnf] k}G6
nufPsf] pQm k}G6sf] bflxg] vNtLdf VIA AIR

gfdsf] ;]tf] v'Nnf vfdleq ?=!,))).


-Psxhf/_ b/sf laleGg gDa/ ePsf !& yfg
gf]6x / ?=%)). -kfFr ;o_ b/sf ljleGg
gDa/ ePsf ^ -5_ yfg gf]6 u/L hDdf gub
?=@),))). -jL; xhf/_ a/fdb x'g cfPsf]
eGg] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no Ko'7fgaf6 v6L uPsf]
6f]nLn] u/]sf] ldlt @)^!.!@.!).$ sf] a/fdbL
d'rN' sf .
d lhpg] sfdL ;d]t ePsf] 8fFsf d'2fdf
GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] clwjQmf d]3/fh
e dfkm{t\ ?=@),))). dfu u/]sfn] pQm /sd
;+nUg u/]sf] 5' . pQm gf]6sf gDa/x l6kL
lgh GofofwLzdfly sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm egL y'gfdf
/x]sf lhpg] sfdLsf] df}lvs lgj]bg;fy k|fKt
ePsf] /sdsf] b/ / gDa/ l6kL k|dv
' lhNnf
clwsf/Lsf] x:tfIf/f/f ldlt @)^!.!@.!) df
k|dfl0ft ePsf] sfuh .
jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{n] 8fFsf d'2fdf 3"; vfg
nfu]sf] ljz]if ;"qaf6 hfgsf/L kfO{ lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no Ko'7fgaf6 kq n]vL cfPcg';f/
d]/f] sdf08df 6f]nL v6L uO{ cbfntsf] r]Da/
sf]7fdf df=lh=Gof= jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{sf] c=j+=
!&@ g+= adf]lhd z/L/ tnf;L lnFbf a/fdb x'g
cfPsf] ?=@),))). -jL; xhf/_ gf]6 / GofofwLz
jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{nfO{ o;} k|ltj]bg;fy bflvn
u/]sf] 5' eGg] k|=lg= dgf]hs'df/ s]=;L= n]
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no Ko'7fg;dIf k|:t't u/]sf]
ldlt @)^!.!@.!) sf] k|ltj]bg .
3/ hfg' kg]{ ePsf]n] d}n] lhNnf af/sf
cWoIf clwjQmf d]3/fh enfO{ klxn] g} cg'/f]w
u/]adf]lhd pQm /sd ;fk6L kfPsf] x'F . d}n]
s'g} klg d'2fdf k|efj kg]{ lsl;dn] cf:jfzg
jf jrg lbPsf] 5}g . d]/f] ab\lgot eP pQm
/sd r]Dj/df glnO{ cGoq klg lng] lyPF To;}n]
dk|lt lgof]lht if8\oGq jf sfd x'g ;S5 h:tf]
nfU5 . cWoIf enfO{ klg a'lem cg';Gwfg
MAIL

1484

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

x'gk' g]{ xf] / Gofo kl/ifb\df klg oyfl;3| hfgsf/L


lbO{ cfjZos s'/f x'g' k' g]{ xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lhNnf GofofwLz >L jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] k|dv
'
lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
d;Fu k};f ;fk6L lnPsf] egL d]/f] gfd
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf v'nfO{ lbg' ePsf] /x]5 .
pQm /sd d}n] ;fk6L lbPsf] xf]Og, 5}g . d]/f]
n kmd{df lhpg] sfdLsL sfG5L >LdtL cfO{
d]/f] nf]Ug]sf] d'2f rfF8} km};nf u/fO{ lbg'xf];\
eGbf d}n] GofofwLz sxfF hfpm /f]Ow{ f]O{ u/
eg]sf] lyPF . c? dnfO{ yfxf 5}g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fsf] clwjQmf d] 3 /fh en] ldlt
@)^!.!@.!! df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, Ko'7fgsf
k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] 36gf ljj/0f
sfuh .
lhNnf GofofwLz s0f{af6 ?=@),))).
a/fdb x'g cfPsf] / df}lvs ph"/L;fy k]z
ePsf k|dfl0ft ul/Psf gf]6 g+= cg';f/sf gf]6sf
gDa/ le8L Pp6} ePsf] GofofwLz s0f{n] ;f]
/sd clwjQmf d]3/fh e;Fu ;fk6L:jk
lnPsf] xf], s'g} d'2fnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ u/L lnPsf]
xf]Og eg] klg cfkm\gf] ;fyaf6 /sd a/fdb
ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ aofg lbPsf Pj+
a/fdbL gf]6 gDa/ ldn] le8]s} b]lvFbf l/;jt
lnO{ e|i6frf/hGo ck/fw u/]sf] k'li6 e}/x]sf]
x'bF f lghnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( cg';f/
sf/jfxLsf] nflu /fo k|:tfj ub{5' . ;DalGwt
vfgtnf;L sfuhft;lxtsf] ldl;n a/fdb ePsf]
/sd ?=@),))). eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, Ko'7fgsf k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/L
/fdk|;fb l3ld/]n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL
cfof]u;dIf k]z u/]sf] ldlt @)^!.!@.!!.% sf]
k|ltj]bg .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& /
Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& adf]lhd ;+jw} flgs /
:jtGq k|lqmof ckgfO{ hfFra'em / sf/jfxL

x'g'k5{ . d]/f ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd eP u/]sf


if8oGqd"ns sf/jfxL / cfb]z ;f] ;+jw} flgs
Joj:yfljk/Lt eP u/]sfn] xfn d s]xL eGg
rfxGg . :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/
b] z sf] ;+ l jwfg, Gofo kl/ifb\ P] g /
lgodfjnLcg';f/ Gofo kl/ifb\n] ;f]ws
] f avt
d]/f] s'/f /fVg]5' . dnfO{ b]vfPsf sfuh /
To;df ePsf] ;lx5fk x]/,] ;f] d]/} xf] . daf6
k}ofF lgsfn]sf] x'g,\ aofg d}n] lbPsf] x'F .
a/fdb ePsf] k}ofF ?=@),))). -aL; xhf/_
b]v] ;gfvt ul/lbP . tt\ ;DaGwL ;a} Joxf]/f
Gofo kl/ifb\ ;dIf g} /fVg] 5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u
;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL lhpg] sfdL ;d]t ePsf] 8fFsf
d'2fdf k|ltjfbL lhpg] sfdLsf kIfdf km};nf
ug{ egL GofofwLz >L jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{n]
?=@),))). -aL; xhf/_ l/;jt lnO{ lghn]
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] sfo{
u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lghpk/ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( adf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g pko'Qm b]lvPsf]n]
o; cfof]usf] /fo;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg >L %
dxf/fhflw/fhsf] xh'/df hfx]/ x'g >L %
dxf/fhlw/fhsf k|dv
' ;lrj;dIf k7fO{ lbg'
eGg] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]un] tTsfnLg
>L % dxf/fhflw/fhdf r9fPsf] ldlt
@)^!.!.!&.$ sf] k|ltj]bg .
Gofo kl/ifb\ n ] g] k fn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (! pkwf/f -#_ / Gofo
kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf
-$_ sf] v08 -s_sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu GofofwLz
jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] @)^! ;fn r}t !) ut]sf
lbg cbfnt kl/;/d} 3"; vfO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf]
eGg] cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf hfFra'em u/L a9Ldf
!-Ps_ dlxgfleq /fo;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd >L ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf

1485

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf]


cWoIftfdf Ps ;b:oLo hfFra'em ;ldlt Gofo
kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^!.!@.@@ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
u7g eO{ g]kfn /fhkq v08 %$ ;+Vof %!
ldlt @)^!.!@.@( df ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] .
daf6 a/fdb ePsf gf]6x log} x'g\ .
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] gfddf lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{nodf ePsf] aofg / zfxL cfof]udf ePsf]
aofg d}n] lbPsf] x'F . cf/f]k nufPsf] d'2fsf] ;f]
lbg k]zL klg lyPg . d cl3 g} 3/ hfg
nfu] s f] / jsLnx d] 3 /fh / r' / fdl0f
nf]sn:t/df lrghfgsf] JolQm ePsf]n] ;fk6L
OToflb u/L sfd rnfO{ lbg ;S5g\ eGg] nfu]/
d}n] cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyPF . oxL d'2fsf kIf;Fusf]
unt ;Dks{ /fv]sf] z+sf nfu]sf] e/P d To;/L
lgh;Fu ;fk6L lng] lyOg . To;a]nf o;/L
;DaGwnfO{ k|of]u unf{g\ eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg .
lhpg] sfdL y'gj' f ePsf]n] d'2fsf] k|lqmofsf]
qmddf cbfntdf pkl:yt x'bF f b]vs
] f] x'F . y'gfdf
sf/fuf/leq ePsf] dflg;;Fu d]/f] ;Dks{ x'g]
s'/f c;Dej lyof] . To;}n] d}n] 3"; lnPsf]
vfPsf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Ko'7fg lhNnf
cbfntsf GofofwLz k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n]
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/
/fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t Ps ;b:oLo
hfFra'em ;ldlt;dIf @)^@.!.@ ut] u/]sf]
aofg .
GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{sf] af/]df o;
cl3 klg cfPsf hgu'gf;f ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{
pxfF dfly 5fgaLg / sf/jfxL ug{ cfkm\gf]
lgsfodfkm{t\ Gofo kl/ifb\df k7fpg] ;xdlt
e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf dnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL
cfof]uaf6 clVtof/L k|fKt ePcg';f/ d}n]
k|x/LnfO{ cfb]z lbPsf] x'F . lhpg] sfdL;Fu
d]3/fh edfkm{t\ /sd lng] lbg] u/]sf] ;DaGwdf
d]3/fhnfO{ af]nfO{ lh=Gof=n] tkfO{ dfkm{t\ /sd

dfu u/]sf] gu/]sf] af/]df ;f]wgL ubf{ dfu


u/]sf] l6kL k|dfl0ft u/L lhNnf GofofwLznfO{
a'emfpg clwjQmf d]3/fh enfO{ lkmtf{ lbPsf]
x'F . d}n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]uaf6 k|fKt
clVtof/Lcg';f/ cfjZos vfgtnf;L u/L
k|ltj]bg ug{ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf cfb]z
lbPsf] x'F . k|x/Ln] lh=Gof=af6 /sd a/fdb u/L
k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 d}n] cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lsf]
x}l;otn] k|f/lDes aofg u/fO{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f
zfxL cfof]udf k7fPsf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ldlt @)^@.!.!# ut] Ko'7fg lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nodf k|=lh=c= /fdk|;fb l3ld/]n] u/]sf]
aofg sfuh .
k6sk6s >Ldfgn] 3"; vfPsf] vfg
vf]hs
] f] s'/f ;'Gbf o:tf] 7fpFdf a:g' 5 s] u/]sf]
xf]nf, xfd|f] If]qflwsf/df kb{g} xfdL s]xL ug{
;Sb}gf}+ t/ lhNnf ;'/Iff ;ldltdf kf; u/L
cfcfkm\gf] ljefudf n]vL k7fpg] egL v];f| ;Dd
ePsf] lyof] . TolQs}df zfxL cfof]uaf6 tkfO{nfO{
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf 5f}+ . sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL ug'{ egL >Ldfg k|=lh=c=Ho"nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g
cfof] k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/LHo"n] dnfO{ vfgtnf;L
ug{ egL df}lvs cfb]z lbg' eof] . d}n] df}lvs
x'bF g} . lnlvt lbPdf dfq d ug{ ;S5' eg]kl5
k|=lh=c=Ho"n] lnlvt cfb]z lbg' eof] / d}n]
dgf]hs'df/ s]=;L= ;d]tsf] 6f]nL v6fO{ k7fPsf]
x'F . ?=@),))). a/fdb ePkl5 ;f]cg';f/ d'rN' sf
v8f ubf{ d ;d]t a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf a;]sf] x'F
To;kl5 k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LHo"n] lbPsf]
cfb]zcg';f/ Ps st{Jolgi7 k|x/L ;Fu7gsf]
;b:osf] gftfn] cfb]zsf] kfngf u/]sf] x'F eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no Ko'7fgsf
k|=gf=p=>L df]xg/fh hf]zLn] ldlt @)^@.!.!#
df u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
cfb] z kfPadf] l hd d 6f] n L;lxt
cbfntdf cfpFbf GofofwLzHo" s} sfo{sIfdf

1486

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

vfgtnf;L u/]sf] x'F . >LdfgnfO{ d]/f] 6f]nLsf]


;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w
u/]/ s]xL ;dosf] ljrf/ kl5 vfgtnf;L ug{
;xof]u ug'{ ePkl5 vNtLdf Pp6f vfd
?=!,))). sf !& j6f / ?=%)). sf] ^ j6f
u/L hDdf ?=@),))). a/fdb ePsf] xf] . ;f]xL
adf]lhd a/fdbL d'rN' sf u/L >Ldfg ;lxt
a/fdbL k}ofF lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no Ko'7fgdf
k]z u/]sf] x'F eGg] Joxf]/fsf] a/fdbL d'rN' sf k]z
ug]{ k|=lg= dgf]hs'df/ s]=;L=n] u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)^! ;fn r}t !) ut] lh=k|=c=
Ko'7fgsf] cfb]zn] k|=lg= dgf]hs'df/ s]=;L=sf]
sdfgdf v6L Ko'7fg lhNnf cbfntsf df=Gof=
jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{sf] z/L/ vfgtnf;L ubf{ pxfFn]
nufpg' ePsf] sfnf] kfOG6df bfofF vNtLaf6
?=@),))). gub a/fdb x'g cfPsf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|=gf=lg= ts{/fh kf08]n] Gofo kl/ifb\
P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd ul7t hfFra'em
;ldlt;dIf ldlt @)^@.!.@# df u/]sf] aofg
sfuh .
cfb]zfg';f/ k|=lg= dgf]hs'df/ s]=;L=sf]
sdf08df lhNnf GofofwLzsf] z/L/ tnf;L ubf{
pxfFn] nufpg' ePsf] sfnf] kfOG6sf] bflxg]
;fO8sf] h]adf vfd yfg !-Ps_ a/fdb eof] .
;f] vfd vf]nL x]bf{ ?=!,))). sf !& yfg
?=%)). sf ^ yfg gf]6 a/fdb ePsf] xf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|x/L hjfg /fdjrg rf}w/Ln]
ldlt @)^@.!.!# ut] hfFra'em ;ldltsf] d'sfd
Ko'7fgdf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
>Ldfg a;]sf] 7fpFdf uO{ sfg"gL ;xfotf
kl/of]hgfsf zfvf k|dv
' ;'idf uf}td / d]3/fh
enfO{ kl/of]hgfdf af]nfO{ s}bL e]6g\ hfg] ;Nnfx
ubf{ clwjQmf r'/fd0fL e';fn klg ToxL sfg"gL
;xfotf kl/of]hgfdf x'g' x'bF f] /x]5 d]3/fh en]
d Ps} l5g >LdfgnfO{ e]6]/ cfpF5' / ;Fu}
hfpFnf egL ;Nnfx u/L kmsL{ cfpFbf >Ldfg

cbfntsf] r]Da/df a:g' ePsf] x'bF f lgh r]Da/df


cfO{ >LdfgnfO{ e]6L tTsfn lkmtf{ uPsf] s]xL
a]/kl5 ;fbf kf]zfs nufPsf k|x/L r]Da/df
k|jz
] u/]5g\ / 9f]sf y'g5
] g\ eGg] ;d]t s'/f
kfnf]df vl6Psf cb{nL sfn] 3tL{n] 36gf 36]kl5
eg] s f] s' / f xf] . To;kl5 lh=Gof=Ho" ; F u
?=@),))). a/fdb u/]5g\ . a/fdb eO;s]kl5
dfq sfof{no k|dv
' sf] gftfn] dnfO{ r]Da/df
af]nfOof] To; a]nf;Dd d}n] s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]
yfxf klg kfOg . xfdLnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{
gug{ / cfkm\gf] :yfg g5f]8g\ ;d]t k|=lg=n]
cfb]z lbPkZrft\ s]xL l5gkl5 d'rN' sfdf ;xL
ug{ elgof] / bafa klg lbOof] . a/fdb ePsf]
gb]vs
] f] x'bF f, s;/L ;xL ug]{ egL k|Zg ubf{
bafa lbP / d}n] >LdfgnfO{ ;f]w] / >Ldfgn]
eaf6 ;fk6 lnPsf] k}ofF xf] eGg' ePaf6
a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf ;xL;Dd ul/lbPsf] x'F eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^@.!.!# ut] Ko'7fg
lhNnf cbfntsf lg= >]:t]bf/ >L ;'kmn/fh
>]i7n] hfFra'em ;ldltsf] d'sfd Ko'7fgdf u/]sf]
aofg .
clwjQmf d]3/fh e ;d]t >Ldfgsf]
r]Da/df a:of} / d kms]/{ tn em08fg]/ k'Ubf
ehL cf]n/{] nfs'/Lsf] af]6g]/ k'Ubf k|x/Lxn]
jl/kl/ 3]/L r]Da/sf] 9f]sf nufO{ dnfO{ aflx/
a:g eg], leq k};f a/fdb u/]sf] d}n] b]lvFg
a/fdbsf] sfd ;lsPkl5 dfq dnfO{ k|x/Ln]
leq af]nfP . >Ldfgn] ehLnfO{ af]nfpg eg]/
dnfO{ cx|fpg' eof] . k|x/Ln] af]nfpg lbPgg\ /
b'Oh
{ gf ;'Aaf ;fx]jxsf] ;xL u/]kl5 d}n] a/fdbL
d'rN' sfdf ;xL u/]sf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
Ko'7fg lhNnf cbfntdf lkog sfn] 3tL{ If]qLn]
ldlt @)^@.!.!# ut] hfFra'em ;ldlt;dIf u/]sf]
aofg sfuh .
@)^@ ;fn r}t !) ut] lh=k|=sf= af6
lhNnf cbfnt Ko'7fgdf s]xL 36gf 36]sf] 5

1487

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

egL xfdLnfO{ af]nfO{ lhNnf cbfnt Ko'7fgdf


NofOof] / df=lh=Gof= >L jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{sf]
z/L/ vfgtnf;L ubf{ ?=!,))). sf] !& yfg /
?=%)). sf] ^ yfg gf]6 u/L ?=@),))).
k}ofF a/fdb ePsf] xf] oyfy{ s'/fx d'rN' sfdf
ePadf]lhd ;f] s'/f ToxL g} xf] eGg] Joxf]/f;d]tsf]
a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf dflg; lbk]z gsdL{n] ldlt
@)^@.!.!# df hfFra'em ;ldlt;dIf u/]sf]
aofg .
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{noaf6 dnfO{ Ko'7fg
lhNnf cbfntdf af]nfOof] . d cbfntdf
pkl:yt eO{ a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf ;lx5fk u/]sf]
x'F eGg] Joxf]/fsf] a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf dflg;
dgf]hs'df/ >]i7n] ldlt @)^@.!.!# df hfFra'em
;ldlt ;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
d]/f] sfG5L >LdtL wgf lj=s= dnfO{
e]6g\ cfPsf] df}sfdf d}n] d]/f] >LdfgnfO{ ;kmfO
lbg'kof] eg]/ GofofwLz;Fu uP/ /f]Owf]O{ u/
egL eg]sf] lyPF . d]/f] >LdtL GofofwLzHo" sxfF
uO{ /f] O { s/fO{ ul/5g\ / GofofwLzHo" n ]
?=@),))). rflxG5 eGg' eP5 . To;kl5 d}n]
3/df k};f gePsf] sf/0f hUuf a]r/] ePklg
k};f NofO{ a'emfOb] eg]sf] lyPF . >LdtLn] klg
hUuf a]r/] df;fd'Gb|f u/L ?=#),))). NofP/
lbOg\ . d}n] GofofwLznfO{ lbg egL jsLn
d]3/fhnfO{ ?=#),))). -tL; xhf/_ r}t !)
ut] h:tf] nfU5 lbPsf] x'F eGg] Joxf]/f ;d]tsf]
ldlt @)^@.!.!# df lhpg] sfdLn] hfFra'em
;ldlt;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
nf]Ug]sf] nflu >Ldfg sxfF hfFbf ljgf
k};f x'bF g} ?=@),))). rflxG5 eg]sfn] nf]Ug];uF
;Nnfx u/L hUuf a] r ] / df;fd' G b| f u/L
?=@),))). lnP/ kmfu'gsf] d'2fsf] tfl/vdf
cfpFbf lbge/L cbfnt kl/;/df k};f sDd/df
/fvL a;], ;f] lbg km};nf ePg a]ns
' f sf/fuf/df
uO{ ?=@),))). nf]Ug]nfO{ lhDdf nufO{ uPF .

To;kl5 ss;nfO{ lbP nf]Ug]nfO{ g} yfxf xf]nf


eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhpg] sfdLsf] sfG5L >LdtL
wgf lj=s=n] hfFra'em ;ldlt ;dIf ldlt
@)^@.!.!# ut] u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
d ;d]t pQm d'2fdf k|ltjfbL ePsf]n]
@! dlxgf y'gfdf /x]kl5 tfl/vdf 5'6]F . tfl/vdf
cfpFbf wgf lj=s= klg nf]Ug]nfO{ e]6g\ d;Fu
;b/d'sfd cfpg] uly{g . >LdfgnfO{ 5'6fpg
k}ofF a'emfpg' k5{ elGyg . ;f]sf] nflu lghn]
lhpg] sfdL s} lbbL;Fu ?=@),))). df hUuf
laqmL u/L df;fd'Gb|f u/]sf] ?=!),))). ;d]t
hDdf u/L hDdf ?=#),))). lnO{ uPsf] wgfn]
dnfO{ eg]sf] lyO{g ;f] s;nfO{ lbO{g dnfO{
yfxf ePg eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^@.!.!# df
;'GtnL k'gn] hfFra'em ;ldlt;dIf u/]sf] aofg
sfuh .
lhpg] sfdLsL >LdtL wgf lj=s= /
GofofwLz s0f{aLrdf s] s'/f eof] yfxf ePg .
l/;jt v'jfpg] sfo{df s'/f ldnfpg] sfo{ wgf
lj=s=af6 k|f/De ePsf] xf] . d}n] ;f] sfo{sf]
hfgsf/L wgf lj=s=af6 kfPkl5 lj/f]w u/L
k|zf;g;dIf k'us
] f] x'F / l;=l8cf]=n] /fHonfO{
;xof]u ug]{ tkfO{sf] st{Jo xf] eg]kl5 o;f]
ePsf] xf] egL ;"rgf / ?=@),))). k|zf;gdf
lbg] sfo{ d]/f] /f]xj/df ePsf] xf] . GofofwLz
s0f{sf] egfO{ unt xf] . d}n] ;fk6L lbPsf]
xf]Og . ;fk6L n]gb]g s'g} s'/f 5}g x'g] s'/f klg
xf]Og / gf]6 a/fdb x'bF f d ToxfF klg lyOg . c?
dnfO{ yfxf ePg k|=lh=c=nfO{ d]/f] /f]xj/df
bfv]nf x'bF f ?=!,))). sf !& j6f / ?=%)).
^ j6f lyP eGg] Joxf]/f ;d]tsf] clwjQmf d]3/fh
en] ldlt @)^@.!.!^ ut] hfFra'em ;ldlt
;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
lhNnf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{n]
u}/sfg"gL l/;jt\ lnO{ v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] eGg]
;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ jfbL >L % sf] ;/sf/

1488

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

k|ltjfbL lhpg] sfdL ;d]t ePsf] 8fFsf d'2fdf


lhpg] sfdLsf kIfdf d'2f km};nf u/fpgsf]
nflu lgh lhNnf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n]
clwjQmf d]3/fh eaf6 ?=@),))). a'emL
lnPsf] :jLsf/ u/]sf], pQm /sd lgh GofofwLzs}
;fyaf6 a/fdb ePsf] / ;f] s'/fnfO{ lghn]
df}sfdf / o; hfFra'em ;ldlt ;dIf klg
:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
sf] bkmf $s adf]lhd e|i6frf/ 7xl/g] sfo{ u/L
v/fa cfr/0fsf] sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lghpk/
Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( s adf]lhd
v/fa cfr/0fdf e|i6frf/sf] cleof]udf d'2f
rnfpg plrt b]lvof] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Ps
;b:oLo hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg .
Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^@.%.( sf] lg0f{o
adf]lhd lhNnf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n]
jfbL >L % sf] ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL lhpg] sfdL
;d]t ePsf] 8fFsf d'2fdf lhpg] sfdLsf] kIfdf
km};nf u/fpgsf] nflu clwjQmf d]3/fh eaf6
?=@),))). a'emL lnPsf] :jLsf/ u/]sf], pQm
/sd lgh GofofwLzs} ;fyaf6 a/fdb ePsf],
;f] s'/' fnfO{ lghn] hfFra'em ;ldlt ;dIf klg
:jLsf/ u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvFbf Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf $s adf]lhd e|i6frf/ 7xl/g]
v/fa cfr/0fsf] sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgh pk/
Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s adf]lhd
e|i6frf/ 7xl/g] v/fa cfr/0fsf] sfo{ u/]sf]
b]lvFbf lghpk/ Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf (s adf]lhd Gofo kl/ifb\sf ;lrjaf6
e|i6frf/sf] cleof]udf g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_
adf]lhd hfx]/ ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ePcg';f/ >L %
dxf/fhlw/fhsf xh'/df hfx]/ x'bF f df};k" maf6
;f]adf]lhd d'2f rnfpg :jLs[lt eO{ cfPsf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] Gofo kl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{o .

a/fdbL /sd clwjQmf d]3/fh e;Fu


;fk6L lnPsf] egL lgh GofofwLzn] hfFra'em
;ldlt ;dIf aofg u/]sf] ePtfklg ;f] s'/fnfO{
clwjQmf d]3/fh en] GofofwLznfO{ ;fk6L
lbPsf] geO{ lgh GofofwLzn] dfu u/]adf]lhd
l/;jt /sd lbPsf] x'F eGg] aofg u/]sf] / ;f]
tYo lhpg] sfdL, lghsf >LdtL wgf lj=s= /
;f] d'2fsf csf{ k|ltjfbL ;'GtnL k'gsf] aofgaf6
;dly{t x'g cfPsf] b]lvFbf plNnlvt ;a"b
k|df0faf6 lhNnf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n]
l/;jt lnO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo -s_, g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (! sf]
pkwf/f -#_ tyf Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd
;hfo x'g dfu bfjL;lxt Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf (s cg';f/ of] ph"/L k|ltj]bg
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lgh lhNnf GofofwLz
jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{ hfFra'emsf] qmddf Gofo kl/ifb\
;lrjfnodf xfhL/ /x]sf]df lgh ljgf ;"rgf
cg'kl:yt ePsfn] lghnfO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6}
sfg"gadf]lhd Dofb hf/L u/L sf/jfxL / ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Gofo kl/ifb\sf
;lrj sfzL/fh bfxfnsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt t'n;Lk'/df k|:t't u/]sf] ph"/L k|ltj]bg .
@)^! ;fn r}q !@ / !# ut] t/fO{sf]
kmfu'g kj{ / !$ ut]bl] v 5f]/Lsf] P;=Pn=;L=
hfFr ePsfn] !! ut] g} 3/lt/ hfg hfgsf/Lsf
nflu df=d'=Gof=;Fu 6]lnkmf]gaf6 df}lvs ljbfsf]
:jLs[t u/fPsf] lyPF . n]vfkfn s]xL ;do ljbfdf
a;]sf]n] 3/ hfg k};fsf] cfjZos k/]sf] x'bF f
clwjQmf d]3/fh e;Fu ;fk6L lbg cg'/f]w
u/]sf] lyPF . ef]lnkN6 r}q !) ut] ehL cfP/
k};f lbg' ePsf] s]xL ;do kl5 n]vfkfn cfP/
k};f lbPsfn] ;f] k};f lkmtf{ lng af]nfpFbf
lghn] ;fk6L xf] kl5 lbPklg x'G5 eg] . ;f]sf]

1489

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

s]xL ;dokl5 e cbfntaf6 aflx/ uPkZrft\


;fbf kf];fswf/L ;'/IffsdL{x r]Da/df k|jz
]
u/L k}ofF lgsfNg nufPsf] xf] . o;/L cbfntdf
hjh{:tL k|jz
] u/L 3]/f xfnL dnfO{ k}ofF
lgsfNg nufO{ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf nu]kl5
lhpg] sfdLsf] d'2fdf l/;jt lnPsf] egL
if8\oGqk"js
{ a/fdbLsf] sfuhdf ;xL u/fPsf]
xf] . zfxL 3f]if0ff / o;sf] dxTj ljifosf]
cGtlqmof sfo{qmddf dnfO{ k|d'v cltlysf]
kdf af]nfPsf]df sfo{ Jo:ttfsf] sf/0f d
pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf]n] dk|lt unt wf/0ff agfO{
o:tf] v]n ePsf] xf], of] if8\oGq xf] . o;df
clwjQmf esf] klg ;+nUgtf 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
>LdfgnfO{ nufPsf] cf/f]k em"7f xf],
/fzg 7]sbf/sf] d'2f cbfntdf lyof] pQm d'2fdf
7]s]bf/nfO{ lhtfpg'k5{ egL cfdL{k|x/Ln]
>LdfgnfO{ bjfj lbPsf lyP . >Ldfgn] OGsf/
u/]kl5 >LdfgnfO{ km;fpg] of]hgf agfO{ o:tf]
ePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd' f/
s0f{sf] ;fIfL czf]s d08nn] ldlt @)^#.@.!%
df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'N;Lk'/df u/]sf] askq .
l/;jt lnPsf] eGg] em"7f xf], n]vfkfn
gePsf] / >LdfgnfO{ 3/ hfg'kg]{ ePsf]n] k};f
;fk6 lng'ePsf] xf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL k|tfk
/fgfdu/n] ldlt @)^#.@.!% df u/]sf] askq .
d kqsf/ dfgjclwsf/sdL{ / sfg"g
Joj;foL ;d]t ePsf] sf/0fn] :yfgLo k|zf;gn]
dfgl;s bjfb lnO{ Hofg hfg];Ddsf] l:yltdf
k'ofO{ dnfO{ xltof/ agfO{ k|of]u ub}{ cfkm\gf]
cg'sn
" aofg ug{ bjfj kf/]sfn] ;f] tYo :ki6
ug{ rfxG5' . gu/]sf] eP d hf]lvddf kg]{
Tolta]nfsf] kl/l:ylt lyof] . GofofwLz s0f{n]
3/ hfG5' s]xL /sd cfjZos 5 egL eGg'
ePsf]n] pQm /sd ?=@),))). d}n] lbPsf] xF' .

hxfF;Dd 8fFsf d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df hf]8g\ ' :yfgLo


k|zf;gn] ofs]sf] hfn dfq xf] . l/;jt geO{
if8\oGq dfq xf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] d]3/fh en]
ldlt @)^# ;fn cfiff9 @( ut] tof/ u/L
x'nfsdfkm{t\ k7fPsf] lgj]bg kq ldl;n ;+nUg
/x]sf] .
To;a]nf >LdfgnfO{ e]6 ug{ lbFbg} lyof}+ .
hfFra'em, ;ldltdf u/]sf] sfuh dnfO{ n]vk9
ug{ gcfpg] ePsfn] cfk"m 5'6g\ kfpF5' eGg]
cf;n] hxfFhxfF ;xL u/ eg] ToxLF ToxLF ;xL u/],F
d}n] k};f s;}nfO{ lbPsf] 5}g d;Fu k};f klg
lyPg . GofofwLznfO{ /sd lbg] of]hgf klg
lyPg . d;Fu k};f klg lyPg . d;Fu GofofwLzn]
k};f klg dfu]sf lyPgg\ GofofwLz lgbf]i{ f 5g\
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^^.$.#) df jfbL
Gofokl/ifb\sf ;fIfL lhpg] sfdLn] cbfntdf
u/]sf] askq .
d slxn]sfxLF e]6 ug{ egL uP klg
k|x/Ln] e]6 ug{ lbFb}gYof] . GofofwLznfO{
?=@),))). lbg' egL nf]Ug]nfO{ pQm k}ofF
lbPsf] eGg] s'/f em"7f xf] . d}n] nf]Ug]nfO{ s'g}
k};f lbPsf] 5}g, ltd|f] nf]Ug] 5'65
\ g\ ;lx5fk
u/ egL dnfO{ em'SofO{ ;lx5fk u/fPsf x'g\ .
d ;Fu s'g} hUuf klg 5}g hUuf a]rs
] L klg
5}g . dfvfe'Gb|f eGg] zAb dnfO{ yfxf 5}g
k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{ lgbf]i{ f 5g\ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^#.$.#) ut] jfbL Gofo
kl/ifb\sf ;fIfL wgf lj=s= n] cbfntdf u/]sf]
askq .
lhpg] sfdL ;d]t ePsf] 8fFsf d'2fdf
sfg"g Joj;foL d's// ePsf] lyPF . zfxL cfof]usf]
clVtof/n] Goflos If]qdf bdgsf] qmddf dnfO{
wfs wDsL b]vfP/ sfuh agfpg] /fHosf]
;xof]usf] gfddf k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]n] pQm sfo{
cyf{t\ aofg ug'{ k/]sf] xf] . Goflos hfFra'em
;ldltdf aofg ubf{ Gofokl/ifb\ ejg hfg' k/]sf]

1490

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

/ ToxfF ljb|fx] Ln] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu sAhfdf


lng] wDsL lbg] / :yfgLo k|zf;g k|dv
' lhNnf
clwsf/L ;d]tn] pQm ;ldlt;dIf u/]sf] aofg
c'gs"n dnfO{ aofg ug{ jfWo agfP . n]vfkfn
cg'kl:yt ePsfn] ;fdfGo sfd rnfpg] sfd
ePsf] xf] . k|ltudgsf] j]nf GofofnonfO{ /
af/nfO{ t]hf]aw / abgfd u/fpg] slyt zfxL
;/sf/af6 ul7t zfxL cfof]usf] u}/sfg"gL
if8\oGqd"ns v]n / zf;gz}nL xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^#.$.#) df jfbL Gofokl/ifb\sf
;fIfL clwjQmf d]3/fh en] cbfntdf u/]sf]
aofg .
dnfO{ sfof{noaf6 /Ltk"js
{ vfgtnf;L
ug{ v6fPadf]lhd uO{ vfgtnf;L u/L /sd
a/fdb u/L bflvnf u/]sf] x'F . d}n] a/fdb u/]sf]
/sd lbPsf] b]lvg . a/fdb ePsf] /sd s:tf]
/sd xf] dnfO{ yfxf ePg eGg] tTsfnLg lhNnf
k|x/L sfof{no Ko'7fgsf k|=lg= dgf]hs'df/ s]=;L=n]
cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .
a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf] ;DaGwdf ;"rgf lbg]
JolQm / ljj/0f;d]t gv'ns
] f] gf]6sf] gDa/ dfq
pNn]v u/]sf] a/fdbL d'rN' sf k]:tf]n ;lxt
;fbf kf]zfsdf cfPsf k|=lg= dgf]hs'df/ s]=;L=
/ k|=gf=gL= ts{/fh kf08]sf] bjfjdf k/L ;xL
u/]sf] xf] . n]vfkfn pkl:yt gePsfn] >Ldfgn]
;fk6L lnPsf] x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)^$.!!.@* ut] Ko'7fg lhNnf cbfntsf
tTsfnLg lgldQ >]:t]bf/ ;kmn/fh >]i7n] u/]sf]
askq .
k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{n] e|i6frf/ zfxL
cfof]u, Ps ;b:oLo hfFra'em ;ldlt tyf o;
cbfntdf ;d]t aofg ubf{ klg ljjflbt /sd
clwjQmf d]3/fh eaf6 ;fk6L lnPsf], l/;jt
lnPsf] xf]Og egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
cbfntdf aofg ubf{ eg] s]xL d'2fdf ePsf
cfb]z jf km};nfsf sf/0f em"7f] cleof]u nufPsf

5g egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . ldl;n ;+nUg


k|df0f sfuhxsf] d"Nofg ug]{ qmddf o;
sf08sf d'Vo ;'qwf/ jfbLsf k|dv
' ujfx d]3/fh
en] zfxL cfof]u;dIf u/]sf] aofgdf k|=
jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] wgf lj=s= af6 lghsf] klt
lhpg] sfdL ;d]t ;+nUg /x]sf] 8fFsf d'2f
lhtfpgsf nflu dfu u/]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf]
/ ;f]xL Joxf]/f Ps ;b:oLo hfFra'em ;ldlt;dIf
jofg u/]sf] ePtfklg cbfntdf cfO{ aofg
ubf{ s]xL km/s u/L ;fk6L lbPsf] s'/f :jLsf/
u/]sf] t/ tYodf eg] :ki6 geO{ aofg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . a/fdbL /sds} xsdf klg ;w}+
cfjthfjt ug]{ af/sf cWoIf clwjQmf d]3/fh
en] /sd ;Lw} nuL lbg;Sg] b]lvFbf lsg wgf
lj=s= nfO{ k|ltjfbL;dIf /f]O{ s/fO{ ug{ k7fP
;f] klg kTof/ nfUbf] b]lvFbg} . wgf lj=s= /
lhpg] sfdLnfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] / ;f] qmddf
zfxL cfof]un] d]3/fh en] GofofwLznfO{ k};fsf]
sfo{df pkof]u eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvFbf z+sz
} s
+ fsf
e/df k|ltjfbL lhNnf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/
s0f{n] bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7xofpg
kof{Kt k|df0f k'us
] f] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . k|dv
'
kdf k|:t't u/]sf] ljjflbt /sd a/fdbL d'rN' sf
;d]t z'?b]lvg} k|efjz"Go (Void ab initio) eO/x]sf]
5.
>L ;jf]R{ r cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;af6
ldlt @)^@.!!.! df ePsf] km};nfn] zfxL
cfof]unfO{ u}/;+jw} flgs 7x/ u/L ;s]sf] / ;f]
cfof]un] u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x u}/sfg"gL eO{
;s]sf] tyf zfxL cfof]udf HofbtLsf ;DaGwdf
hfFra'em ug{ dfwjk|;fb cf]emfsf] cWoIftfdf
ul7t cfof]un] zfxL cfof]usf sfo{nfO{ u}/sfg"gL
egL To;df ;+nUg ;a} cg';Gwfg clws[t
;d]tnfO{ bf]ifL s/f/ u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf %# cg';f/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL
ug{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf] ;d]t kl/k|]Iodf jfbL

1491

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

Gofokl/ifb\sf] ph"/L -bfjL_ vlDj/ x'g g;s]sf]n]


;f] bfjLaf6 k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] ;kmfO{
kfpg] 7x5{ . jfbL Gofokl/ifb\sf] bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g .
Ko'7fg lhNnfsf] tTsfnLg :yfgLo
k|zf;gn] cfk"mnfO{ x'bF } gePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L Gofokflnsfsf] ul/dfdf g} cf3ft k'ofpg]
sfo{ u/]sf] kfOof] . ;f] sfo{df Ko'7fg lhNnfsf
tTsfnLg k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L /fdk|;fb
l3ld/]sf] k|dv
' e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvPsfn] lghnfO{
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]un] u/]sf HofbtL
hfFra'em ug{ ul7t cfof]un] l;kmfl/z u/]cg';f/
/ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no Ko'7fgsf k|dv
' k|=gf=p=
df]xg/fh hf]zL / k|x/L lgl/Ifs dgf]hs'df/
s]=;L= nfO{ cfjZos ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ /
cfOGbf o:tf] k|sf/sf] sfo{ x'g glbg cfjZos
Joj:yf ug'{ egL ;a} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
tyf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no;d]tnfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbg'
egL g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfnodf n]vL k7fpg' .
k|ltjfbL lhNnf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{sf]
z/L/af6 a/fdb ePsf] /sd ?=@),))). lghsf]
z/L/af6 j/fdb ePsf] s'/f k|ltjfbLn] df}sfdf,
Gofo kl/ifb\af6 ul7t Ps ;b:oLo hfFra'em
;ldlt tyf o; cbfnt ;d]tdf :jLsf/ u/]sf]
/ ;f] /sd clwjQmf d]3/fh eaf6 ;fk6L
lnPsf] egL aofgdf n]vfPsf] / ;f] /sd clwjQmf
Pj+ Ko'7fg lhNnf jf/sf cWoIf d]3/fh en]
;d]t cfk"mn] lbPsf] egL o; cbfntdf aofg
ubf{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;y{ k|ltjfbL lhNnf
GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{, tyf clwjQmf d]3/fh
en] qmdz kbLo Pj+ k] z fut
cfrf/;+lxtfljk/Lt x'g] u/L /sd lng]lbg] sfo{
u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . t;y{ a/fdb ePsf]
?=@),))). hkmt x' G 5 . ctM kbLo
cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf]df lhNnf
GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{nfO{ cfjZos sf/jfxL
ug{ Gofo kl/ifb\nfO{ / clwjQmf d]3/fh enfO{

cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL


kl/ifb\nfO{ km};nfsf] k|lt ;fy} /fvL hfgsf/L
lbg] eGg] ldlt @)^%.!.@^ sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
t'N;Lk'/ bfsf] km};nf .
GofofwLzsf] cfrf/;+lxtf, @)%% df
GofofwLzn] kfngf ug'k{ g]{ cfr/0fsf] af/]df pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm Joj:yfdf GofofwLzn]
JolQmut Jojxf/sf] kdf s;};uF JolQmut
tj/n] ;fk6L lng] lbg] sfo{ ug'{ x'bF g} egL
gn]lvPsf] / sfg"g Joj;foL cfrf/;+lxtfdf
klg ;f] Joj:yf eP u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . e|i6frf/sf
;DaGwdf cbfntaf6 ;kmfO kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf
v/fa cfr/0f klg /xg guPsf] :jtM k'li6 x'g
hfG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] dnfO{ kbLo Pj+
k]zfut cfrf/;+lxtfljk/Lt x'g] u/L /sd
lng]lbg] u/]sf] / ;f] ;fk6L /sd ?=@),))).
hkmt x'g] 7xofPsf] tyf kbLo cfrf/;+lxtf
ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] egL cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{
Gofokl/ifb\ n fO{ hfgsf/L lbg] 7xofPsf]
xb;Ddsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bgkq .
k|ltjfbLaf6 /sd a/fdb ePsf] tYo
:yflkt ePsf], /sdsf] n]gb]g cbfntsf] r]Da/df
ePsf], ;f] /sd l/;jtsf] kdf k|ltjfbLn]
u|x0f u/]sf], k|ltjfbLn] ;f] /sd ;fk6L lnPsf]
egL u/]sf] lhsL/ d]3/fh e, lhpg] sfdL,
wgf lj=s= ;d]tn] Goflos hfFra'em ;ldlt;dIf
u/]sf] aofgaf6 vl08t ePsf] 5 . hfFra'em
;ldltn] u/]sf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft Pj+
k|df0fnfO{ s'g} k|fdfl0fs d"No glbO{ Gofo kl/ifb\kl| t
k"jf{u|x / k|ltjfbLtkm{ cgfjZos ;xfg'e"lt
/fvL k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] km};nf
u}/sfg"gL / q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f]nfO{ ab/ u/L dfu
bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]
Gofokl/ifb\sf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .

1492

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

o;df jfbL k| l tjfbL b' j } kIfsf]


k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]n] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L Ps csf{nfO{
u/fO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs Gofokl/ifb\
;lrjfnosf] tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf ;"o{gfy k|sfz clwsf/Ln]
?=@),))). cfk"maf6 a/fdb ePsf]df ljkIfLn]
:jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . zfxL cfof]usf
sf/jfxLnfO{ ;"rgfsf] kdf lnO{ /fhkqdf
;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf dfggLo
GofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf Ps ;b:oLo ;ldlt
u7g eO{ pQm ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df
GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{pk/ d'2f rnfOPsf]
x'bF f ;f] sfo{ tTsfn k|rlnt g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& adf]lhd ePsf] 5 . GofofwLzsf]
cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt /sd lnPsf] eGg] tYo
k'li6 e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ e|i6frf/df
;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km} ; nf q' l 6k" 0 f{ x' F b f ab/ u/L cleof] u
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'gk' 5{ egL jx; ug'e
{ of] .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{sf] tkm{af6
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx xl/x/ bfxfn, zDe'
yfkf tyf clwjQmfx xl/k|;fb pk|t] L, lzj
l/hfn, g/]Gb| kf7s, huGgfy dxtf] / hosfGt
nfn bf;n]] e|i6frf/;DaGwL zfxL cfof]u
c;+jw} flgs ePsf] 7x/ u/L /fhLj k/fh'nL
lj?4 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u ;d]t
ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;af6
lg0f{o ePsf] / k|:t't d'2fsf] z'? sf/jfxL
p7fg g} pQm zfxL cfof]uaf6 ePsfn] :jtM
cdfGo 5 . Gofokl/ifb\f/f ul7t hfFra'em
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf klg tTsfnLg zfxL
cfof]usf] 5fgaLg sf/jfxL ;+ljwfgljk/Lt egL
cf}NofPsf] cj:yfdf sf/jfxLsf] p7fg g}

u}/sfg"gL / u}/;+jw} flgs ePsf] l:yltdf k]zfut


cfrf/;+ l xtf ljk/Lt sfo{ u/] s f] egL
Gofokl/ifnfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] xb;Dd ab/
x'g' k5{ egL jx; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] jx; ;'gL
k'g/fj]bgkq ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, bfn] u/]sf]
km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] xf] k'g/fjb]ssf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'U5 jf k'Ub}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/ k|ltjfbL nLnf/fd kf}8n
] ;d]t ePsf]
8fFsf d'2fnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ u/L l/;jt lng
vfg vf]hL /x]sf] eGg] ljz]if ;"qaf6 hfgsf/L
k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] Ko'7fg lhNnf cbfntsf
GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{sf] /Ltk"js
{ vfgtnf;L
ubf{ ?=!))). Psxhf/ b/sf !& yfg gf]6x
/ ?=%)). -kfFr ;o_ b/sf ^ -5_ yfg gf]6
u/L hDdf gub ?=@),))). -jL; xhf/_ a/fdb
x'g cfPsf] eGg] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, Ko'7fgaf6
v6L uPsf] 6f]nLn] u/]sf] ldlt @)^!.!@.!) sf]
a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg x'bF f lhNnf
GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{n] l/;jt lnO{ e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -!_
sf] v08 -s_, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_ tyf Gofokl/ifb\ P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08
-s_ adf]lhd e|i6frf/ 7xl/g] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
egL e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf # sf]
pkbkmf -!_ / ;f]xL pkbkmfsf] b]xfo -s_ adf]lhd
;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnO{ ph"/L k|ltj]bg bfo/
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= k|:t't d'2fdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.!!.! df ePsf] km};nfn]
zfxL cfof]unfO{ u}/;+jw} flgs 7x/ ul/;s]sf] /

1493

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

;f] cfof]un] u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x u}/sfg"gL eO{


;s]sf] tyf zfxL cfof]udf HofbtLsf ;DaGwdf
hfFra'em ug{ dfwjk|;fb cf]emfsf] cWoIftfdf
ul7t cfof]un] zfxL cfof]usf sfo{nfO{ u}/sfg"gL
egL To;df ;+nUg ;a} cg';Gwfg clws[t
;d]tnfO{ bf]ifL s/f/ u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf %# cg';f/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL
ug{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf] ;d]t kl/k|I] odf bfjLaf6
k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] ;kmfO{ kfpg] t/
kbLo cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] u/L /sd lng]
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] a/fdb ePsf] ?=@),))).
hkmt u/L kbLo cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt sfo{
u/]sf]df lhNnf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{nfO{
cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ Gofo kl/ifb\nfO{ hfgsf/L
lbg] egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, t'N;Lk'/ bfn]
km};nf u/]kZrft\ jfbL tyf k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf]
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
$= jfbL k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfaf6 k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bgkq o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;;dIf
k]z x'bF f e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u nufotsf
c;+ j } w flgs lgsfon] u} / sfg" g L kdf
If]qflwsf/ljxLg cg';Gwfg txsLsft u/]sf]
sf/0faf6 k|:t't d'2fsf] p7fg g} x'g g;Sg] Ps
vfnsf] cj:yf /x]sf] / Gofokl/ifb\af6 ePsf]
hfFra'emnfO{ :jtGq hfFra'em dfGg'kg]{ l:yltdf
d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'leq k|jz
] u/L lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{
csf]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'us
] f]n] If]qflwsf/ljxLg
lgsfosf] z"Go k|efjL sfdsf/jfxLsf] Pp6f
kIfnfO{ hfgsf/Ldf lnO{ ;+ l jwfg /
sfg" g adf] l hdsf] csf] { :jtGq lgsfo
Gofokl/ifb\ s f] hfF r a' e m ;ldltn] lbPsf]
k|ltj]bgsf] x}l;ot klg z"Go g} x'g] xf] jf
To;nfO{ :jtGq 5fgaLgsf] ;+1f lbO{ dfGotf
lbg ldNg] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf hl6n ;+jw} flgs /
sfg"gL k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-3_ adf]lhd

k|:t't d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug]{ lg0f{o


ePkZrft\ o; Ohnf;df k]z x'g cfPsf]
b]lvG5 .
%= o;df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL
cfof]u, sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^!.!@.!) sf]
clVtof/L kqaf6 e|i6frf/;DaGwL k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] k|of]u ug]{
;j} clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L cfkm"nfO{
clVtof/L k|fKt e} cfPsf] / Ko'7fg lhNnf
cbfntsf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{n] jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/ / k|ltjfbL nLnf kf}8]n ;d]t
ePsf] 8fFsf d'2fsf] km};nfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ u/L
k|ltjfbLaf6 l/;jt dfu u/L ?lkofF lng vfg
vf]lh/x]sf] eGg] ljz]if ;"qaf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt
x'g cfPsf]n] cfh} lghsf] z/L/ vfgtnf;L
u/L k|ltj]bg lbg' egL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
Ko'7fgsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{nonfO{ ldlt @)^!.!@.!) df kqfrf/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL kqsf] cfwf/df lhNnf
k|x/L sfof{no, Ko'7fgn] lhNnf GofofwLz
jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{sf] vfgtnf;L u/L l/;jt
lnPsf] gub j/fdb u/L dflg; ;lxt bflvnf
ug{ k|x/L lgl/Ifs dgf]h s]=;L=nfO{ v6fO{
lghn] ? @),))). j/fdb ePsf] egL ;f]xL
lbg gub / dflg; bflvn u/]sf] egL lhNnf
k|x/L sfof{no, Ko'7fgdf k|ltj]bg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]un] k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ clVtof/L kq lbg] sfo{,
k| d ' v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lhNnf k| x /L
sfof{ n onfO{ lhNnf GofofwLzsf] z/L/
vfgtnf;L ug{ lbPsf] cfb]z / lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{noaf6 k|x/L lgl/Ifs sd{rf/L v6fO{
k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{sf] z/L/ vfgtnf;L
lng] sfo{ Ps} lbg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
^= tTkZrft\ ;f] x L lbg k| l tjfbL
jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{sf] jofg lnO{ lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{

1494

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

u/L Ko'7fgsf k|dv


' lhNnf clwsf/L
/fdk|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ clVtof/L lbPsf]
kfOof] . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f zfxL cfof]usf]
clVtof/Ladf] l hd Ko' 7 fg lhNnf
cbfntsf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{pk/
e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]kdf k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zadf]lhd / lghaf6
eP u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL / e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f zfxL cfof]uaf6 eP u/]sf]
sfdsf/jfxL ;+ljwfgn] to u/]sf]
clwsf/If]qsf] q'l6 Psftkm{ /x]sf] 5
eg] jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{af6 ?=@),))).
gub a/fdb x' g cfPsf] 5 .
If]qflwsf/fTds q'l6sf] sf/jfxLaf6
a/fdb ePsf] gubn] hl6ntf l;h{gf
u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt
u/]sf] sf/jfxL u|x0fof]Uo gePaf6
clwsf/ljxLg clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] a/fdb,
To:tf clwsf/Ln] lnPsf] aofg, u/]sf]
sfdsf/jfxLsf] d"Nofg ug{ cfjZos
b]lvFbg} . tyfkL Ko'7fg lhNnf cbfntsf
GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] cfk"maf6
?=@),))). a/fdb ePsf], ;f] a/fdb
ePsf] k}ofF e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL
cfof] u n] >L % dxf/fhflw/fh
;/sf/;dIf hfx]/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ;fy
/x]sf gDa/ l6k]sf gf]6x g} /x]sf]
tYonfO{ ;ldltdf aofg ubf{ :jLsf/
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 =======

l/;jt lbg] elgPsf clwjQmf d]3/fh esf]


sfuh ldlt @)^!.!@.!! u/fO{ ;f]xL lbg lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, Ko'7fgn] ;Ssn ldl;n /
dflg; e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]udf k7fPsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm zfxL cfof]un] ldlt @)^!.!@.!&
df tTsfnLg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh;dIf sf/jfxLsf]
nflu k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/]kl5 tTsfnLg >L %
dxf/fhflw/fhsf k|dv
' ;lrjfnoaf6 cfjZos
sf/jfxLsf] nflu ldl;n Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfnodf
cfP kZrft\ ldlt @)^!.!@.@( sf] /fhkqdf
;"rgf k|sflzt u/L Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf ^ adf]lhd ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf dfggLo
GofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf Ps ;b:oLo hfFrj'em
;ldlt u7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;ldltn] k|ltj]bg
k]z u/]sf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd' f/ s0f{pk/
d'2f rn]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= k|ltjfbLnfO{ e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df
cleof]u bfo/ ubf{ d'Vo cfwf/sf] kdf /x]sf]
tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_ tyf Gofokl/ifb\
P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd ul7t Ps
;b:oLo hfFra'em ;ldltf/f Ko'7fg lhNnf
cbfntsf GofofwLz jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{n] 3";vfO{
e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf hfFra'em
u/L Gofokl/ifb\df k]z u/]sf] /fo;lxtsf]
k|ltj]bgsf] d'Vo /fo o; k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^!.!@.!) sf] kqaf6 s;}n] t:s/L
u/]sf] jf /fhZj 5n]sf] jf clgoldt
7]Ssf kf jf sld;gdf ;+nUg ePsf]
jf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd e|i6frf/
dflgg] sfo{ u/]sf] s'/f s'g} ;|ft] af6
hfgsf/L kfPdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln]
k|of]u ug]{ ;a} clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]

*= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]usf]


u7g Pj+ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfo{ ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf
/ p2]Zo ljk/Lt ePsfn] cfof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] @)^@.!.!^ sf] cfb]z o; cbfnt ljz]if
Ohnf;af6 c;+jw} flgs 7x/ e} ldlt @)^@.!!.!
df lgj]bs /fhLj k/fh'nLsf] xsdf ;+hLj
1495

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

k/fh'nL lj?4 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u


;d]t jGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2fdf -g]sfk @)^@,
c !!, k[ !#)&_ lg0f{o e};s]sf] 5 . pQm
lg0f{okZrft\ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]uf/f
sf/jfxL rnfO{ lg0f{o ePsf d'2fxdf k/]sf
k'g/fj]bgx, @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&%$,
#&%%, #&&#, #&&$, #!$#, #!$$, #!#&,
#!#*, #!$) k'g/fj]bsx qmdzM elj/fh
Ogfd, hd'gfs[i0f tfd|fsf/, zfGtd'gL tfd|fsf/,
sdneQm >]i7, z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, k|sfzdfg
l;+x, lgzf yfkf -If]qL_, gGbgxl/ zdf{, /
zzLs'df/ cof{n / ljkIfL tt\sfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/ ePsf e|i6frf/ d'2fxdf o; cbfnt
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.!!.@! df km};nf
x'Fbf ldlt @)^!.!!.% sf] cfb]zf/f ul7t
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] ldlt @)^@.!.!^ df ePsf] cfb]z g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] p2]Zo / efjgf
ljk/Lt eO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemO{ cdfGo 3f]lift
e} e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u sfod /xg
g;sL ;f] cfof] u af6 eP u/] s f ;Dk" 0 f{
sfdsf/jfxLn] sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg]
7x/L ljz]if Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o e} ;s]sf]
cj:yfdf sfg" g z" G o sfdsf/jfxLsf]
cf}lrTotfsf ;DaGwdf s]xL af]ln/xg k/]g
egL lgj]bs /fhLj k/fh'nLsf] xsdf ;+hLj
k/fh'nL ePsf] d'2fdf ePsf] cfb]znfO{ cfwf/
lnO{ ljleGg lg0f{ox ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]un] sf/jfxL
rnfPsf]df ;f] n] sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt ug{
g;Sg] eGg] ljleGg d'2fxdf ghL/ k|ltkfbg
eO{ o; cbfntaf6 cEof; Pj+ cg';/0f ePsf]
kfOG5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]un] u/]sf]
;Dk"0f{ sfjf{xLsf ;DaGwdf hfFra'em ug{
dfwjk|;fb cf]emfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t cfof]un]
zfxL cfof]usf sfo{nfO{ u}/sfg"gL egL To;df

;+nUg ;a} cg';Gwfg clws[t ;d]tnfO{ bf]ifL


s/f/ u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf %# cg';f/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
(= k|:t't d'2fsf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{pk/sf] e|i6frf/sf] d'2fsf]
sfdsf/jfxLsf] p7fg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL
cfof]uaf6 ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g . k'g/fj]bs
jL/]Gb|sd
' f/ s0f{ jxfnjfnf lhNnf GofofwLz
ePsf]n] GofofwLzsf ;DaGwdf tTsfnLg jxfn
/x]sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f # cg';f/ sfo{ Ifdtfsf]
cefj jf v/fa cfr/0f ePsf]n] jf cfkm\gf]
kbLo st{Josf] kfngf Odfgbf/Lk"js
{ gu/]sf]df
lhNnf cbfntsf] s'g} GofofwLznfO{ kbaf6 d'Qm
ug{ jf v/fa cfr/0fsf] cfwf/df d'2f rnfpg
Gofokl/ifb\n] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf]
cWoIftfdf hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g u/L cf/f]ksf]
hfFra'em u/fpg] / ;f] hfFra'em ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL to ug]{ u/L
/fHosf cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf ;DaGwdf
eGbf km/s Gofokflnsfsf] lgikIftf /
:jtGqtfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg GofofwLz pk/ x'g]
sf/jfxL ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgdf g}+ 5'} Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . tTsfn axfn /x]sf] g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& tyf jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf]
;+jw} flgs k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] / zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ cg'zLng u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
;+ o ' Q m /fi6 ; + 3 sf] dxf;eff/f kf/Lt
dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($*
sf] wf/f !), Goflos :jtGqtfsf cfwf/e"t\
l;4fGt, !(*% tyf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts
clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o cg'aGw, !(^^
(ICCPR-1966) sf] wf/f !$ ;d]tn] :jtGq
Gofofkflnsfsf] d"No dfGotfnfO{ dfgj clwsf/

1496

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

;+/If0f / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] s8Lsf] kdf lnPsf


5g\ . g]kfn ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf] ;b:o ePsf]n]
pk/f]Qm k|:tfj, 3f]if0ffkq cflbsf] sfof{Gjog
ug'{ cGt/fli6o bfloTj;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
!)= ;du|df Goflos :jtGqtfleq
GofofwLzxsf] lgo'lQm pgLxn] ljgf s'g}
x:t5]k cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{;Sg] s'/f
;'lglZrt\ x'g] lsl;dn] x'g' kg],{ jfXo x:tIf]k /
bjfjaf6 GofofwLzxsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu
:ki6 / uDeL/ uNtL, c;Ifdtf / cbIftfsf]
cfwf/df dfq lgwf{ l /t ;do eGbf cl3
GofofwLzxnfO{ kbd'Qm ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf x'gk' g],{
tyf zlQmk[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] kl/kfngf
ul/g' kg]{ cflb h:tf ljifoj:t'x kb{5g .
o; cy{ d f :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf nflu
GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmb]lv sfo{ut :jtGqtf
-JolQmut / ;f+u7lgs_ tyf ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff Pj+
cfr/0f / jvf{:t ug]{ dfkb08 / k|lqmofxdf
cGo lgsfosf] x:tIf]k g/xg] u/L tL ljifox
/fHosf] ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gadf]lhd ;'lglZrt\
ul/g'kg]{ s'/fdf d'Vo hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . tTsfnLg
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&, jt{dfg
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
tyf lgodfjnLn] GofofwLzsf] v/fa cfr/0f
dflgg] cfwf/, sf/jfxL ug]{ k|lqmof cflb ;'lglZrt\
u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] Joj:yf
gu/]sf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]usf]
lgb]z
{ gadf]lhd k|zf;sLo clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clws[tn] Gofokflnsf h:tf]
5'} lgsfodf ;]jf/t\ lhNnf GofofwLzsf] kbdf
axfn /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ k|x/L k|zf;g k|of]u u/L
cglws[t kdf vfgtnf;L ug],{ kqmfp ug],{
jofg lng] cflb cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf gfddf
ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/
u/]sf] :jtGq Gofokflnsf, zlQmk[ysLs/0fsf]
l;4fGt, ;+ j } w flgs ;jf] { R rtf / ljlwsf]

zf;gljk/Ltsf u}/sfg"gL / u}/ ;+j}wflgs


sfdsf/jfxLx x'g . ;Eo ;dfhdf cg'lrt
dflgg] o:tf sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ nf]stflGqs zf;g
Joj:yfdf dfGotf lbg' plrt x'g ;Sb}g .
GofofwLzaf6 s'g} cfr/0f ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ x'g]
l:ylt b]lvPdf jf ePsf] kfOPdf ;f]sf] hfFr /
sf/jfxL Gofo kl/ifb P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf % /
^ cGtu{t x'g] xf] . s'g} u}/ / c;Da4 lgsfoaf6
x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't k|s/0fdf Gofo kl/ifb P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf ^ cGtu{t hfFrj'em / sf/jfxL
ug]{ lgsfo ;lqmo / lhjGt 5Fbf5Fb} u}x|
c;fGble{s lgsfoaf6 eP ul/Psf sfo{ k|f/DetM
g} cglws[t eO{ k|efjz"Go x'g] x'bF f ;f]nfO{ jb/
u/fO{ /fVg' gkg],{ k|efjz"Go 3f]lift u/] k'Ug]
b]lvof] .
!!= lhNnf GofofwLzn] v/fa cfr/0f
dflgg] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf hfFra'em ug]{
k|lqmof, ;+oGq / sf/jfxLsf] ljlw ;+ljwfg /
Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& ;d]tdf ;dfj]z ePsf]
cj:yfdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]usf]
lgb]{zgdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Laf6 ePsf]
cg';Gwfg txsLsft If]qflwsf/ljxLg eO{ k|f/DetM
z"Gok|efjL (Ab-initio-void) b]lvG5 .
!@= o; l:yltdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f
zfxL cfof] u sf] lgb] { z gdf k| d ' v lhNnf
clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] cg';Gwfg txsLsftaf6
lhNnf GofofwLzpk/ e|i6frf/ d'2f rNg} g;Sg]
cj:yf ePklg k| f /lDes cg' ; Gwfg
txsLsftnfO{ ;"rgf jf hfgsf/Lsf] kdf
u|x0f u/L Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ^
adf] l hd ;jf] { R r cbfntsf axfnjfnf
GofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g
u/L To;n] :jtGq kdf hfFra'em ul/lbPsf]
k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f bfo/
ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf hfFra'em ;ldltn] lbPsf]
k|ltj]bgsf] x}l;ot klg z"Go g} x'g] xf] jf

1497

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

To;nfO{ :jtGq 5fgaLgsf] ;+1f lbO{ dfGotf


lbg ldNg] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf Ps hl6n
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] d'Vo k|Zg
p7fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]un] k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/LnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]s} lbg
k|ltjfbLsf] z/L/ vfgntf;L lng k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/Ln] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nonfO{ lnlvt
cfb]z lbPsf] / lhNnf k|x/L sfof{non] klg
;f]xL lbg k|ltjfbLsf] z/L/ vfgtnf;L lnO{
k|ltjfbLnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm
lgsfoxsf sfdsf/jfxL :jfefljs / lgoldt
b]lvg gcfO{ k"j{ lgof]lhtkdf ul/Psf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . o;/L o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!!.!
sf] km};nfaf6 c;+j}wflgs egL 7x/ e} ;s]sf]
lgsfon] Pp6f k|zf;sLo sd{rf/LnfO{ clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg u/L ;f]xL k|Tofof]ht clwsf/sf]
cfwf/df /fHosf] 5'} c+usf] kdf /x]sf]
Gofokflnsf h:tf] lgsfodf ;]jf/t:\ lhNnf
GofofwLznfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{sIfdf g} k|rlnt
;+ljwfg / sfg"gljk/Lt j/fdb u/L p7fg
u/] s f] sf/jfxL tTsfnLg >L %
dxf/fhflw/fh;dIf hfx]/ u/L tTsfnLg >L %
dxf/fhflw/fhsf] k| d ' v ;lrjfnon]
Gofokl/ifb\df l;kmfl/z u/L k7fPkZrft\
Gofokl/ifb\af6 5fgaLg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] Gofokl/ifb\n] u7g u/]sf] 5fgaLg
;ldlt :jtGq kdf u7g ePsf] b]lvPg .
Gofokl/ifb\ a f6 u/fOPsf] hfF r a' e msf]
sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL
cfof]usf] cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL;Fu cGtlg{e/
(Interdependent) /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
!#= cgflws[t / u}/sfg"gL kdf
xfl;n u/]sf] k|df0fnfO{ cbfntn] dfGotf k|bfg
ub}{g . s'g} klg u}/sfg"gL vfgtnf;L jf

u}/sfg"gL ;f]wk'5n] k|fKt k|df0fnfO{ dfq b"lift


ub}{g of] k|lqmofaf6 kQf nufPsf] tYonfO{
klg b"lift ub{5 . o; k|sf/sf] u}/sfg"gL
vfgtnf;L jf ;f]wk'5jf6 k|fKt u/]sf] k|df0f
k|ltjfbLsf] lj?4df :jLsf/ ug'{ j[if j[Ifsf]
kmn;DaGwL l;4fGt -Fruit of Poisonous Tree
Doctrine) ljk/Lt x' g hfG5 . olb k| d f0f
;+sngsf] ;|f]t, clwsf/If]q / k|lqmof g} b"lift
5 eg] To;sf] kl/0ffd :jk k|fKt k|df0f
u|x0fof]Uo x'g ;Sb}g . o;f] ug'{ eg]sf] ljiffn'
j[Ifaf6 kf]lifnf] kmn k|fKt x'G5 eGg' ;/x xf] .
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ Gofokl/ifb\af6
5fgaLg ;ldlt u7g u/L d'2f rnfOPsf]
elgPklg o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!!.! sf]
km};nfaf6 c;+j}wflgs 7x/ ePsf] lgsfon]
;+ljwfg / sfg"gljk/Lt Pp6f k|zf;sLo
sd{rf/LnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/L lhNnf
GofofwLznfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{sIfdf g} vfgtnf;L
lnO{ /sd j/fdb ePsf] egL p7fg u/]sf]
sf/jfxL :jtM k|efj z"Go x'g] / To:tf]
sf/jfxLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] k|df0f u|x0fof]Uo gx'g]
x' F b f To:tf] u} / sfg" g L sf/jfxL / k| d f0f
;+sngnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ k|ltjfbLpk/sf] sf/jfxL
/ 5fgaLgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] Gofo kl/ifbsf]
sfdsf/jfxL j[if j[Ifsf] kmn;DaGwL l;4fGt
-Fruit of Poisonous Tree Doctrine) ljk/Lt b]lvg
cfof] .
!$= o;sf cltl/Qm k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|sd' f/
s0f{sf ;DaGwdf hfFra'em ug{ Gofokl/ifb\af6
ul7t Ps ;b:oLo hfF r a' e m ;ldltsf]
k|ltj]bgdf klg Psftkm{ u}/;+jw} flgs lgsfosf]
kdf /x]sf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]usf]
cg';Gwfg txsLsft If]qflwsf/ljxLg ePsf]n]
clwsf/If]qljxLg clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] a/fdbL,
jofg / u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] d"Nofg g} ul//xg
cfjZos gePsf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg]

1498

**(& - jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{ lj=Gofo kl/ifb\

csf{tkm{ To:tf] u}/sfg"gL / If]qflwsf/ljxLg


sfdsf/jfxLsf] kl/0ffd:jk lgh lhNnf
GofofwLzaf6 a/fdb ePsf] egL b]vfOPsf] /sdn]
hl6ntf l;h{gf u/]sf] eGb} e|i6frf/ jf cGo
pko'Qm sf/jfxL rnfpg' kg]{ /fo JoQm ul/Psf]
5 . o;af6 pQm hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg
cfkm}d
+ f lgikIf geO{ e|fds / lj/f]wfefifk"0f{
;d]t b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
!%= o;/L Gofokl/ifb\ a f6 ePsf]
5fgaLg k|lqmof :jtGq geO{ u}/sfg"gL / b"lift
5fgaLg k|lqmofsf] lg/Gt/tf dfq ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] To;nfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvFb}g . o; l:yltdf k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg
txsLsft ug]{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u
jf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf]
k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg txsLsftnfO{ ;"rgf jf
hfgsf/Lsf] kdf u|x0f u/L Gofo kl/ifb\af6
u/fOPsf] hfF r a' e msf] sfdsf/jfxL ;d] t
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]usf] cg';Gwfg
sf/jfxL;Fu cGtlg{e/ /x]af6 ;+ljwfg /
sfg"gk|lts"n x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg] ;DaGwdf
c;d~h:otfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5 eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] /fo;Fu ;xdt
x'g ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg . u}/sfg"gL ;|f]t /
k|lqmofaf6 p7fg ePsf] sf/jfxL / To;sf]
lg/Gt/tf clGtd cj:yf;Dd klg u}/sfg"gL
g} x'G5 .
!^= o; l:yltdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f
zfxL cfof]u h:tf] c;+jw} flgs lgsfon] u}/sfg"gL
kdf If]qflwsf/ljxLg cg';Gwfg txsLsft
u/]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't d'2fsf] p7fg g} x'g
g;Sg] b]lvG5 . o:tf] If]qflwsf/ljxLg / u}/sfg"gL
cg' ; Gwfg txsLsftnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
Gofokl/ifb\af6 ePsf] hfFra'emnfO{ :jtGq
hfFra'em dfgL d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'leq k|jz
] u/L
lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf;d]t b]lvFbg} .

!&= o;sf cltl/Qm Gofokl/ifb\af6


ul7t hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt
e|i6frf/ d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ eGg] d'Vo cfwf/ klg
pQm u}/sfg"gL cg';Gwfg txsLsftaf6 a/fdb
ePsf] elgPsf] /sdnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . t/,
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] k|f/Deb]lvg} /sd cfk"maf6
a/fdb ePsf] :jLsf/ u/]klg pQm /sd cfkm"n]
;fk6L:jk lnPsf] eg]sf] kfOG5 . 3"; lbg]
elgPsf d]3/fh en] ldlt @)^!.!@.!! df
u/]sf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuhdf k|ltjfbLaf6 j/fdb
ePsf] /sd cfkm"n] lbPsf] xf]Og egL pNn]v
u/]sf]] b]lvG5 eg] Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf ^ adf]lhd ul7t hfFrj'e
' m ;ldlt;dIf
lbPsf] jofgdf cfkm"nfO{ lhNnf k|zf;gdf jf]nfO{
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, zfxL cfof]u / b/jf/af6
clVtof/L cfof] egL /fHonfO{ ;xof]u ug'x{ f];\
egL vfd lbPsf]n] ;f] vfd nu]/ k|ltjfbLnfO{
lbPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} lghn]
ldlt @)^#.#.@( df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, t'N;Lk'/
bfdf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf :yfgLo k|zf;gn]
dfgl;s bjfj lbO{ Hofg hfg];Ddsf] l:yltdf
k'ofO{ cfkm\gf] cg'sn
" jofg ug{ bjfjdf kf/]sf]
/ k|ltjfbLn] 3/ hfG5' s]xL /sd cfjZos 5
egL eGg' ePsf]n] ?=@),))). d}n] ;fk6L lbPsf]
x'F egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
l/;jt lbg] elgPsf d]3/fh en] df}sfdf cfkm"n]
s'g} /sd glbPsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf, hfFrj'em
;ldlt;dIf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 /fHonfO{
;xof]u ug'{ kof] egL vfd lbPsf]n] ;f] vfd
k|ltjfbLnfO{ lbPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] / kl5
cbfnt;dIf dfgl;s bjfjdf k/]/ To:tf] jofg
u/]sf] / k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfkm"n] ;fk6 lbPsf] egL
pNn]v u/]af6 lghsf] egfO{df Psktf
gb]lvPsf]n] :jLsf/of]Uo -Credible_ k|df0fsf]
kdf u|x0f ug{ of]Uo -Admissible_ b]lvPg .
o;/L x/]s k6ssf] egfO km/skm/s /x]sf]

1499

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

JolQmsf] cleJolQmnfO{ k|fdfl0fs dxTj lbg ldNg]


b]lvFbg} .
!*= o;}u/L lhpg] sfdLn] cbfnt;dIf
u/]sf] jskqdf GofofwLznfO{ /sd lbg] d]/]f
of]hgf klg lyPg lbPsf] klg xf]Og . GofofwLzn]
s'g} klg /sd daf6 dfu u/]sf tyf lnPsf
klg xf]Ogg egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . wgf
lj=s= sf] jskqdf klg nf]Ug]nfO{ 5'6fpg
GofofwLznfO{ /sd lbg] ;DaGwdf s' g }
;/;Nnfx gePsf], GofofwLzn] nf]Ug] 5'6fpg
/sd rflxG5 klg geg]sf] egL k|ltjfbLnfO{
/sd lbPsf] s'/fdf OGsf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf
;fy} Ko' 7 fg lhNnf cbfntsf tTsfnLg
;| ] : t] b f/n] cbfnt;dIf u/] s f] jskqdf
k|ltjfbLaf6 j/fdb ePsf] /sd lghn] ;fk6L
lnPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
klg ;f] /sd cfkm" a f6 j/fdb ePsf] /
;fk6L:jk lnPsf] egL z'?b]lv clGtd
cj:yf;Dd eg] s f] b] l vPsf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLaf6 j/fdb ePsf] /sd l/;jt lnPsf]
/sd geO{ ;fk6 lnPsf] /sd xf] eGg] s'/f
tYout kdf k'li6 ePsf] b]lvof] .
!(= t;y{, ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
;jf] { R r cbfnt ljz] i f Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^@.!!.! df ePsf] km};nfn] zfxL cfof]unfO{
u}/;+jw} flgs 7x/ u/L ;s]sf] / ;f] cfof]un]
u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x u}/sfg"gL eO{ ;s]sf] tyf
zfxL cfof]usf]] HofbtLsf ;DaGwdf hfFra'em
ug{ dfwjk|;fb cf]emfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t
cfof]un] zfxL cfof]usf sfo{nfO{ u}/sfg"gL egL
To;df ;+nUg ;a} cg';Gwfg clws[t ;d]tnfO{
bf]ifL s/f/ u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf %# cg';f/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] ;d]t kl/k|I] odf jfbL bfjLaf6 k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{n] ;kmfO{ kfpg] 7xofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]s}

b]lvPsf]n] ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . t/ jfbL bfjL gePsf]


ljifodf a/fdb ePsf] ;fk6L /sd ?=@),))).
hkmt u/L kbLo cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt sfo{
u/]sf] egL k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{
Gofo kl/ifb\nfO{ / d]3/fh esf] xsdf sfg"g
Joj;foL kl/ifbdf hfgsf/L lbg] eGg] ldlt
@)^%.!.@^ sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'N;Lk'/ bfsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd pQm km};nfsf]
c+z jb/ x'g] u/L s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ .
Gofokl/ifb\sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
c?df tk;Ln adf]lhd ug"{ .
tk;Ln
dfly OG;fkm v08df pNn]v ePadf]lhd
a/fdb ePsf] ;fk6L /sd ?=@),))). hkmt
u/L kbLo cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] egL
k| l tjfbLnfO{ cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{
Gofokl/ifb\ n fO{ hfgsf/L lbg] eGg] ldlt
@)^%.!.@^ sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'N;Lk'/ bfsf]
km};nf ;f] xb;Dd s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/]sf]n]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'n;Lk'/ bfsf] km};nfsf]
tk;Ln v08sf] b]xfo ! g+=df plNnlvt nut
sf u/L ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpFm egL k|ltjfbLsf]
lgj]bg k/] sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{ lbg' egL k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt t'n;Lk'/ bfdf n]vL k7fO{ lbg" !
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg" @
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L

1500

&

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

ul/Psf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] csf]{ cy{


nufO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;lrj kbdf
a9'jf ubf{ lgj]bsxpk/ e]befjsf]
Jojxf/ gePsf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
g]kfn Gofo ;]jf afx]s cGo ;]jfxsf]
nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lxsf] s]Gb|Lo
lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnodf clen]v /xg] sd{rf/Lxsf]
;f]xL dGqfnoaf6 To:tf] clen]v lemsfO{
x] g { ;Sg] / g] k fn Gofo ;] j fsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf Gofo ;] j f cfof] u df /x] s f]
lghxsf] sfo{ ; Dkfbg d" N ofg
nufotsf] clen]v lemsfO{ x]/L P]gsf]
bkmf !( adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
;lrj kbdf a9'jf k|lqmof k|z:t
ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_

lg0f{o g+= **(*

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;


dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
)^(WS))!)
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.*.@!.%
ljifoM pTk]i| f0f, k|ltif]wo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM lh= ef]hk'/, bnufpF uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
! 3/ eO{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, ;/sf/L
jsLn ;d"x /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf
sfo{/t o'j/fh ;'jb] L ;d]t
lj4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fdfGo1 -Generalist_
cGtu{tsf] ;lrj kbdf lghfdtL ;]jfs}
ljlzi6s[t ;]jfcGtu{t sfo{/t\ ljz]if1
-Specialist_ sf] kdf /x]sf] Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[txnfO{
a9'jf ug{ gldNg] egL cy{ ug]{ xf] eg]
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ g]tT[ j
txsf] ;lrj kbdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
s' g } vf;vf; ;] j fdf sfo{ / t\
sd{rf/Lx?sf] dfq jr{Zj sfod x'g
hfg] / csf]{ ;]jf rflxF ;f] cj;/af6
;bfsf nflu jl~rt x'g hfg] cj:yf
l;h{gf x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
sfg"gn] :ki6 kdf s'g} e]befj gu/]sf]
l:yltdf s'g} Pp6f k|of]hgsf nflu

lgj]bsxsf] tk{maf6M l/6 lgj]bs ls/0f kf}8n] Pj+


ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf ;'zLns'df/ kGt
tyf ljfg clwjQmfx afns[i0f g]pkfg]
/ dft[sfk|;fb lg/f}nf
ljkIfL tk{maf6M ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf k'ik/fh
sf]O/fnf, ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfx ;"og{ fy
k|sfz clwsf/L, t]hgf/fo0f kf}8]n /
dbgaxfb'/ wfdL

cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]k] fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf]


pkbkmf -!s_
g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf / a9'jf_
lgodx @)%! sf] lgod !!-!_

1501

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ cGtu{t
o; cbfntdf btf{ eO{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5M
xfdL lgj]bsxdWo] clwsf+ztM tTsfn
k|rlnt lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# / lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)@! adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfdf
k|jz
] u/]sf / cGo s]xL lgj]bsx lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/L xfn
g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] sfg"g ;d"x, ;/sf/L jsLn
;d"x / Gofo ;d"xsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf]
;x;lrj kbdf sfo{/t\ 5f}+ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# n] d'ns
' sf] k|zf;g
;~rfng ug{ g]kfn lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo
cfjZos ;]jfxsf] u7g ug{ ;Sg] u/L g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cg'k
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # n] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] u7g u/L ljleGg !) j6f ;]jfx /xg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf $ df
lghfdtL ;]jfdf /xg] /fhkqflt kbx dWo]
t[tLo >]0fLb]lv ljlzi6 >]0fL;Ddsf $ >]0fLx
/xg] Joj:yf 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
k|f/De ePkl5 ldlt @)%%.#.@( df klxnf]
;+zf]wg ePsf] / ;f] ;+zf]wgaf6 P]gsf] bkmf ^
sf] pkbkmf -!_ kl5 pkbkmf -!s_ yk ul/Psf]
lyof] . tTkZrft\ ldlt @)^$.$.@# df ePsf]
bf];f| ] ;+zf]wgn] pQm pkbkmf -!s_ df k'gM
;+zf]wg eO{ " g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f
;]jfsf] kbdf afx]s cGo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLeGbf dflyNnf] kbxdf ;]jf ;d"x jf
pk;d"x /xg] 5}g" eGg] Joj:yf ul/of] .
kmn:jk lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf # adf]lhd
u7g ePsf] !) j6f lghfdtL ;]jfx dWo] *

j6f ;]jfsf ljlzi6 >]0fLdf a9'jf x'gsf] nflu


;dfg cfwf/ / Jojxf/ nfu" x'g] t/ Gofo ;]jf
/ n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jfnfO{ tt\ tt\ ;]jf ;d"xleqdfq
;Lldt u/L ;f] b'O{j6f ;]jf afx]ssf cGo
;]jfxdf ljlzi6 >]0fLdf a9'jf x'g gkfpg]
u/L aGb]h nfUg uPsf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf
-@_ n] /fhkqflt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf
ug]{ ;f/e"t cfwf/x tf]lslbPsf] 5 . h;
cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj kbdf
Ho]i7tf / sfo{sz
' ntfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 u/L
a9'jf ul/g] / ;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] l/Qm kbdf
a9'jf ubf{ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x dWo]af6 pknAw
eP;Dd t]Aa/ ;+Vofdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf
cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L c\s k|fKt ug]{nfO{
l;kmfl/z ug]{ / ;f]dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ho]i7tf
/ sfo{sz
' ntfsf cfwf/df pko'Qm 7xofPsf]
pDd]bjf/nfO{ a9'jf ug]{ u/L ls6fgL cfwf/x
to ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ljlzi6 >]0fLdf
a9'jf x'g ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'gsf] nflu
pRr:t/Lo Joj:yfkg tfnLd k|fKt ug'{kg]{,
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg u0fgf ubf{ hlt jif{ Go"gtd\
;]jfcjlw cfjZos kg]{ xf] kl5Nnf] TolQ jif{sf]
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofg ul/g], l/Qm kbdf a9'jf
ubf{ k|To]s jif{sf] k'; dlxgfleq Psk6s /
c;f/ dlxgfleq Ps k6s u/L jif{sf] b'Ok{ 6s
ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yfx ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;lrj kbdf
a9'jfsf] sf/jfxL ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\n]
lghfdtL ;] j f P] g adf] l hd u7g ePsf
;]jfxdWo] g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f
;]jfafx]s cGo ;]jfxnfO{ v'Nnf /fvL tL ;a}
;]jf cGtu{t sfo{/t of]Uotf k'us
] f /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLdf sfo{/t ;x;lrjxnfO{ ;lrj
kbdf a9'jf ug{ of]Uo dfgL tL ;a} ;]jfsf
;x;lrjxsf] d" N ofg u/L of] U otd\

1502

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

pDd]bjf/xnfO{ a9'jf l;kmfl/z ub}{ cfPsf]


5 . t/ lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{t g} u7g ePsf
;]jf ePklg g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f
;]jfdf sfo{/t ;x;lrjx hlt;'s} of]Uo, bIf,
s'zn / Ho]i7 eO{ sfo{/t /x]sf ePklg ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g] cj;/af6 jl~rt
/lxcfPsf] cj:yf 5 . csf]t{ km{, Gofo ;]jf /
n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jfsf ;x;lrjxsf] t'ngfdf cGo
;]jfsf ;x;lrjxsf] j[lQ ljsf; l56f] kdf
x'g] t/, Gofo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjx jiff};
{ Dd
Pp6} kb / >]0fLdf al;/xg'kg]{ lje]bhGo
cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g uPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f !@-@_
-r_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] k]zf / /f]huf/L ug]{ xs
;d]tsf ;+jw} flgs xsx xfdL lgj]bsxsf]
nflu ;d]t ;dfg kdf nfu" x'g] xsx x'g\ .
t/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf]
pkbkmf -!s_ df ldlt @)^$.$.@# df ePsf]
bf];f| ] ;+zf]wgaf6 ylkPsf] Joj:yfn] g]kfn Gofo
;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf ljlzi6 >]0fLdf
;d]t ;]jf ;d"x sfod} /xg] / cGo ;]jfxdf
k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly s'g} ;]jf ;d"x sfod
g/xg] u/L c;dfg Joj:yf /fv]sf] sf/0fn]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @) adf]lhdsf]
a9'jf ;ldltn] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf l;kmfl/z
ubf{ Gofo ;]jfsf clws[tx?nfO{ afx]s ub}{ cfPsf]
5.
o;}u/L, g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf
nflu @)%!.#.^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] g]kfn Gofo
;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm,
;jf / a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !!
-!_ n] sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df
/fhkqflt kbdf x'g] a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg]df ;DalGwt ;d"xsf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq of]Uo dfg]sf] 5 . ;f]

Joj:yfn] Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt txsf


sd{rf/Lsf] kbf]Gglt / j[lQ ljsf;df cjfl~5t
kdf s'l07t kf/]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yfn]
Gofo ;] j fsf /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ cem lje]bk"0f{ / c;dfg Jojxf/
u/L j[lQ ljsf;df Psk|sf/n] cj/f]w g} k}bf
u/]sf] 5 . lsgeg], Ps}ldltdf a9'jf eO{ ;dfg
kbdf axfn /x]sf cGo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjx
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ePsf] % jif{
k"/f eO{ cjsfzsf] r/0fdf k'Ubf klg Gofo
;]jfsf ;x;lrjx ;f]xL kbdf /lx/xg' kg]{ /
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g} gkfO{
cjsfz x'gk' g]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o:tf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf lgM;Gb]x kdf Gofo ;]jfk|ltsf]
c;dfg / :j]R5frf/L Joj:yf xf] . ;dfgtfsf]
xs lg/k]If kdf nfu" gx'g] eP tfklg s'g}
sfg"gL Joj:yf s;}sf] xsdf nfu" x'g] / s;}sf]
xsdf gx'g] u/L Joj:yf ubf{ To:tf] juL{s/0f
ljj]s;Ddt / cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g} kb{5 . cGoyf
To:tf] juL{s/0f :j]R5frf/L / cGofok"0f{ x'g
hfG5 . cGttM To:tf] :j]R5frf/L juL{s/0fn]
;+ljwfgf/f k|Tofe"t ;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ g}
lgik|efjL / cf}lrToxLg agfO{ lbG5 . To;}n]
Pp6} lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf s'g} ;]jfdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx ljlzi6 >]0fL;Dd a9'jf x'g] ;xh /
:jfefljs dfu{ k|bfg ug]{ t/ csf]{ ;]jfsf]
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;f] dfu{nfO{ ;Lldt, ;+sl' rt
/ c:jfefljs kdf cf}lrToxLg agfO{ a9'jf
x'g] cj;/ g} glbg] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf ^-!s_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / Gofo
;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm,
;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !!-!_
df /x]sf qmdzM g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] kbdf
afx]s cGo ;]jfsf] eGg] / ;DalGwt ;d"xsf
eGg] jfSofFzx ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f
-!_ / -@_ n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs

1503

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

ljk/Lt /x]sf] x'bF f Goflos k'g/nf]sg u/L cnu


ug]{ l;4fGt (Doctrine of Severability) adf]lhd
pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm .
;dfg tx / :t/sf sd{rf/LxnfO{
5fg]/ a9'jf ubf{ ;lrj:t/sf] >]0fLdf k'Ug] t/
;dfg:t/sf Gofo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjxnfO{ eg]
afx]s ug]{ ubf{ Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lxsf]
;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs xgg x'g uPsf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @@ n]
cof]Uo gePsf], bkmf @! -!_-v_ / lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod &% -!_ adf]lhd z}lIfs
of] U otf ;d] t xfl;n u/] s f ;x;lrjx
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf
a9'jfsf] nflu of]Uo x'G5g\ . ;f] kbdf a9'jf ubf{
j:t'lgi7 dfkb08 ckgfpg' kb{5 eGg];Dd P]gsf]
cfzo /x]sf]df ;f]sf] ljk/Lt q'l6k"0f{ JofVof
u/L :j]R5frf/L tj/n] a9'jf ug]{ ul/Paf6
Gofo ;]jfsf of]Uo, h]i7 / s'zn ;x;lrjx
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'gaf6
al~rt eO{ j[lQ ljsf;sf] :jfefljs dfu{ g}
cj4 x'g uPsf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf !(-@_-_ n]
a9'jfsf] sf/jfxL k|To]s jif{sf] k'; dlxgfleq
Ps k6s / c;f/ dlxgfleq Psk6s u/L
jif{df b'O{ k6s ul/g] lglZrt\ u/]sf] x'bF f lgs6
eljiod} l/Qm /xg] ;lrj kbdf g]kfn Gofo
;]jfsf of]Uo, jl/i7, s'zn ;x;lrjx ;lrj
kbdf a9'jf x'gaf6 k'gM al~rt x'g] k|an ;Defjgf
/x]sf] To;/L Gofo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjxnfO{ afx]s
u/L ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!@-#_ -r_, !# / !( f/f k|fKt xfdL lgj]bsxsf]
df}lns xs Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf !(-@_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] sfg"gL xssf] xgg
x'g hfg] x'G5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf /xg]
g]tT[ jn] ljsf;d"ns cjwf/0ff (Incremental
Approach) / pbfx/0fLo kl/jt{g (Paradigm

sf] cg'el" t lbg' kb{5 . ;f] lbg g;s]


;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf kfGt/0f x'bF g} . o;nfO{
cem ultzLn agfpg lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] :ki6
kn] k|ltaGw gnufPsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn Gofo
;]jfsf of]Uo, s'zn / bIf ;x;lrjxnfO{
a9'jf ;ldltn] d"Nof\sg g} gug]{ / afx]s ug]{
h'g sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5, Tof] sfo{af6 Gofo
;]jfk|lt g} cGofo ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf
P]gsf] bkmf ^-!s_ df g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn
n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf afx]s cGo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly ;]jf, ;d"x jf
pk;d"x g/xg] pNn]v ePsf] sf/0f ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf !(-@_ sf] v08 -v_-u_ / -3_ n] g]kfn
Gofo ;]jfsf /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf ;x;lrj jf
;f] ;/xsf of] U o, bIf, Ho] i 7 / s' z n
sd{rf/LxnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrj:t/sf]
kbdf a9'jf ug{df s'g} aGb]h gePklg a9'jf
;ldltn] d"Nofg ug]{ u/]sf] 5}g . ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug{ a9'jf ;ldltn] ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/x dWo]af6 pknAw eP;Dd l/Qm
kbsf] t]Aa/ ;+Vofdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf]
cfwf/df ;j}eGbf a9L c k|fKt ug]x{ nfO{
l;kmfl/z ug'k{ g]{ / To;/L l;kmfl/z ul/Psf
pDd]bjf/x dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ho]i7tf
/ sfo{sz
' tfsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm 7xofPsf]
pDd]bjf/nfO{ a9'jf ug]{ P]gsf] bkmf !(-@_-v_
df :ki6 pNn]v 5 . xfdL lgj]bsx dWo]
clwsfFzn] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ x'g g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] pRr
:t/Lo Joj:yfkg tfnLd (Senior Executive
Development Training) k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . cGo
;]jfsf ;x;lrjx ;lrjsf] kbdf a9'jfsf]
nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g of] tfnLd cfjZos
eP h:t} Gofo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjxnfO{ klg of]
tfnLd cfjZos kg]{ x'bF f xfdL Gofo ;]jfsf
;x;lrjxn] klg of] tfnLd lnO;s]sf 5f}+ .
shift)

1504

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

P] g sf] bkmf !(-@_ n] Gofo ;] j fsf


;x;lrjxnfO{ ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug{ /f]s
gnufPsf] cj:yfdf dlGqkl/ifb\n] P]gn] lgif]w
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf klg Gofo ;]jfdf sfo{/t
;x;lrjxdWo]af6 ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug]{
sfo{ gu/L Gofo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjxnfO{ afx]s
u/L ;lrj kbsf] a9' j f ubf{ ul/cfPsf]
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{ ck"/0fLo
Iflt k'Ug uPsf] 5 .
g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjxnfO{
o; ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"xleqsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf
dfq a9'jf x'g ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ dfGg] xf] eg]
P]gsf] bkmf !(-@_ n] v'Nnf /fv]sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ;+sl' rt JofVof x'g uO{ Gofo ;]jfsf
clws[txsf] j[lQ ljsf;df 3f]/ cGofo kg{
hfG5 . Gofo ;]jfsf /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf
clws[txdf P]gsf] bkmf @@ df pNn]v ePh:tf]
a9'jfsf nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg]
s'g} cj:yf ljBdfg klg 5}g . bkmf @^ adf]lhd
;]jf kl/jt{g u/]sf] sf/0f s'g} lglZrt cjlw;Dd
a9'jf x'g gkfpg] cj:yf klg 5}g . lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod &*s= n]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{ s'zntfsf] d"Nof\sgsf]
cfwf/df cGo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjxsf] eGbf Gofo
;]jfsf ;x;lrjxsf] Go"g c cfPsf] eGg]
cfwf/ / cj:yf klg 5}g . P]gn] u/]sf] juL{s/0f
cg'k ;]jf ;d"xsf] ljefhg ;d]t ljj]s;Ddt,
Gofok"0f{, :jR5 Pj+ dgfl;j x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg,
lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx @)%! sf] lgod
$-@_-s_ n] /fhkqflt ;]jfdf ljlzi6 >]0fL
;d]t /xg] u/]sf] Joj:yf cGo ;]jfsf nflu
geO{ oxL ;]jfsf nflu ;Dd xf] . P]gsf] bkmf
!(-@_-s_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;lrj kbdf a9'jf
ubf{sf] ljutsf] cEof;n] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . sfg"g ;d"xsf] ;lrjnfO{ g]kfn

;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj kbdf a9'jf lgo'lQm u/L


o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] s'/f Pp6f ghL/sf]
kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ^-!s_ sf] g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf]
kbdf afx]s cGo ;]jfsf] eGg] jfSof+z / Gofo
;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm,
;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx @)%! sf] lgod !!-!_
sf] clGtd jfSofFzdf /x]sf] ;DalGwt ;d"xsf
eGg] jfSofFzn] k|sf/fGt/df Gofo ;]jfsf /f=k=
k|yd >]0fLsf ;x;lrjxnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'gaf6 /f]s
nufpg] cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . ctM pQm
jfSof+zx pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L lg0f{o
ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm .
;fy} P]gsf] bkmf !(-@_-_ n] /fhkqflt
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] l/Qm ;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu
sf/jfxL ubf{ k|To]s jif{sf] kf}if dlxgfleq Ps
k6s / c;f/ dlxgfleq Ps k6s u/L jif{sf]
@ k6s ul/g] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . Gofo ;]jfdf
/xg] /f=k= k| y d >] 0 fLsf ;x;lrjxsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd Gofo ;]jf cfof]udf
/xG5 . k|To]s jif{ el/g] / d"Nofg x'g]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fdn] sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf,
bIftf / sfo{sz
' ntfsf] j:t'ut d"Nofg ug]{
ePsf]n] P]gsf] bkmf @) cg';f/sf] a9'jf ;ldltn]
Gofo ;]jf cfof]uaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd
lemsfO{ l/Qm kbsf] osLg u/L g]kfn Gofo
;]jfsf /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf clws[txdWo] cjlw
k' u ] s f of] U o, h] i 7 / sfo{ s ' z ntf ePsf
;x;lrjxnfO{ ;d]t j:t'lgi7 d"Nofg u/L
P]gsf] bkmf !(-@_ adf]lhd ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] l/Qm
;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug'{ egL ljkIfLsf gfddf
k/dfb]z;lxtsf] pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k"hL{
;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj:t/sf] kbx l/Qm /x]sf]
/ lgs6 eljiodf yk ;lrjsf] kb l/Qm x'bF }

1505

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

hfg] cj:yf /x]sf] x'bF f g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf]


ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 a9'jf
x'g] / P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 cGo
;]jfsf ;lrjxsf] a9'jf x'g] Joj:yfcg'k
tTsfn} dlGqkl/ifb\af6 cGo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjx
;lrj kbdf a9'jf lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z
ePdf Gofo ;] j fsf ;DefJo / of] U o
pDd]bjf/xnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt;d]t k'Ug] x'bF f
k|:t't lgj]bgsf] 6'f] gnfUb} a9'jf ;ldltn]
Gofo ;]jfnfO{ afx]s u/L ;lrj kbsf] a9'jf
l;kmfl/z u/]df of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt
x'g] x'bF f ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf b[li6n] ;d]t Gofo
;]jfsf ;DefJo ;x;lrjxnfO{ d"Nofgdf
;dfj]z gu/fO{ a9'jf ;ldltaf6 PstkmL{ kdf
d"Nofg / lg0f{o u/L ;lrj kbdf a9'jf l;kmfl/z
;d]t gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
cGtl/d cfb]z;d]tsf] hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf ;"rgf k7fpg' . ;fy}
lgj]bsxn] a9'jf ;DaGwL ljifodf l/6 lgj]bg
lbPsf] / rfF8f] lsgf/f x'g pko'Qm b]lvFbf k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5
eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.%.& sf] cfb]z .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^
sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn
n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf afx]s cGo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly ;]jf, ;d"x,
pk;d"x g/xg] Joj:yf 5 . ljz]if1tfsf] nflu
pQm b'O{ ;]jfx cnu /xg'kg]{ cfwf/df ;f]
Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt k|yd

>]0fLsf sd{rf/L /fhkqflt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]


kbdf a9'jf x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;f] Joj:yfn]
aGb]h gnufPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf tkm{af6 k]z
ePsf] ldlt @)^(.%.@& sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!
sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf]
nflu ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf x'g] kbeGbf
Pstxd'lgsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
/ % jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k'Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . t/ ;f]xL
pkbkmf -@_ n] dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt,
dw]zL, blnt, ckf+u / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf :yfoL
a;f]jf; ePsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf
cjlw plNnlvt cjlweGbf Psjif{ sd ePklg
a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg]
Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfg"gL Aoj:yf adf]lhd
z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/L ;]jf cjlw k'us
] f
g] k fn Gofo ;] j fsf /f=k=k| y d >] 0 fLsf
;x;lrjx lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'gsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/
x'g gldNg] b]lvFbg} . To:t} bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf
-@_ n] pQm P]gdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtfklg /fhkqflt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj
kbdf ;f] pkbkmfdf Aoj:yf ePadf]lhd a9'jf
x'g] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}sf] v08 -v_ n]
;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] l/Qm kbdf a9'jf ug{
a9'jf ;ldltn] ;DefAo pDd]bjf/dWo]af6 pknAw
eP;Dd l/Qm kbsf] t]Aa/ ;+Vofdf sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofgaf6 pko'Qm 7xofPsf pDd]bjf/nfO{
a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug]5
{ eGg] Aoj:yf /x]sf] /
v08 -u_ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tf]ss
] f] pRr:t/Lo Aoj:yfkg tfnLd ;d]t
pQL{0f{ u/]sf], bkmf @! adf]lhd Go"gtd ;]jf
cjlw k'us
] f] / z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfn
Gofo ;] j fsf] /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf]

1506

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

sd{rf/LnfO{ /fhkqflt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] l/Qm


;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu bkmf @) adf]lhdsf]
a9'jf ;ldltn] ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ agfO{ a9'jf
ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf
!(-!_ df g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf
afx]s cGo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf
a9'jf ubf{ bkmf @) adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf ul/g] Aoj:yf ePcg'k g]kfn
Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf afx]s cGo
/fhkqflt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf x'g
of]Uotf k'us
] f] g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ bkmf @) adf]lhdsf]
a9'jf ;ldltn] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf
a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug{ s'g} afwf k'Ug]
b]lvFbg} .
hxfF;Dd P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf
-!s_ df " g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] kbdf afx]s cGo
;]jfsf]" eGg] / g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x
tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf / a9'jf_
lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !!-!_ sf] clGtd
jfSof+zdf /x]sf] " ;DalGwt ;d"xsf]" eGg] zAbx
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] elgPsf] 5, ;f]tkm{ x]bf{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !!$
sf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"gadf]lhd
Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf lgo'lQm, ;jf,
a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] s'g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ Gofo ;]jf
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf ug]{5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs
Aoj:yf /x]s]fn] ;f] cg's"n Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt kbdf x'g] a9'jf Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/zdf ug]{ u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!_ df Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt kbnfO{ afx]s u/]sf] cj:yf xf] .
P]gsf] bkmf ^-!s_ n] g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6
>]0fLdf ;d"x /xg] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L
g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg,

lgo'lQm, ;jf / a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%! sf]


lgod !! sf] pklgod -!_ sf] Aoj:yf klg
g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf sfo{
Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfdf
cfslif{t x'g] Aoj:yf xf] . g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf]
ljlzi6 >]0fLdf s'g} ;d"x g/x]sf] / g]kfn Gofo
;]jf nufot s'g} klg ;]jfsf ;x;lrjnfO{
a9'jf ug{ pQm sfg"gL Aoj:yfn] s'g} cj/f]w
l;h{gf gu/]sf] / ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf
klg gx'bF f ab/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf / l:ylt 5}g eGg]
sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]
ldlt @)^(.^.$ sf] lnvt hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^
sf] pkbkmf -!s_ sf] sfg"gL Aoj:yf cg';f/
g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf]
kbdf afx]s cGo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt k|yd
>]0fLeGbf dfly ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x /xg g;Sg]
Joj:yf ePsf] x'bF f bkmf !(-!_ df g]kfn Gofo
;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf afx]s cGo lghfdtL
;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf a9'jf ubf{ bkmf @)
adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf ug'k{ g]{
Aoj:yf /x]sf] / bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -!_ df
g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf / /fhkq
cglt kbaf6 /fhkqflt kbdf a9'jf x'g]
kbafx]s lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cGo /fhkqflt kbdf
a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
a9'jf ;ldlt /xg]5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . t;y{
g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf]
kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug]{
sfo{ o; a9'jf ;ldltsf] clwsf/If]qleq gkg]{
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] a9'jf
;ldltsf] ;lrjfno ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] ldlt @)^(.^.@ sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt k|yd
>]0fLsf clws[txnfO{ Gofo ;]jfleq} ljlzi6

1507

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

>]0fLdf a9'jf x'g ;Sg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] t/


cGo cf7j6f ;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
clws[txsf] nflu cfkm\gf] ;DalGwt ;]jfdf
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf ;]jf ;d"x gePsf]n]
lghxn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf
a9'jf x'g] ck]Iff /fVg] / lghxnfO{ a9'jf
ul/g'nfO{ Pp6} / ;dfg >]0fLdf /fvL x]g{' x'bF g} .
cGo ;] j fsf /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;]jf ;d"xleq ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] kb gePsf]n] cfkm\gf] ;]jf ;"dxleq
a9'jf x'g] cj;/ k|fKt 5}g . t/ Gofo ;]jf /
n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ cfkm\g} ;]jf
;d"xleq ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf ;]jf ;d"x /x]sf]n]
cfkm\gf] ;]jf ;d"xleq a9'jf x'g kfpg] cj;/
k|fKt 5 . To;}n] P]gn] Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f
;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/LaLr
ju{ 5'ofO{ ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf x'g]
;Gbe{df k[ys Aoj:yf u/]sf] xf] . o:tf]
auL{s/0fsf] p2]Zo jf]wuDo -Intelligible_ /x]sf]
5 . Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
sd{rf/Lx g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ x'g
g;Sg] / cGo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
sd{rf/Lx Gofo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf
a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg]
Aoj:yf ePsf]n] o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ lje]bsf/L
eGg ldNb}g .
g]kfn Gofo ;]jfdf /fhkqflt k|yd
>]0fLeGbf dfly ;d]t ;]jf ;d"x sfod /x]sf] /
cGo ;]jfxdf eg] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf
;]jf ;d"x g/x]sf] sf/0fn] lgj]bsxnfO{ e]befj
ePsf] cy{ ug{ ;lsFbg} . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ n] g} o:tf]
Aoj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f of] ljwflosL a'l4dtfaf6
lgwf{/0f ePsf] Pp6f gLlt g} xf] . o:tf] Aoj:yfsf]
cf}lrTotkm{ cbfntn] Goflos k/LIf0f ug{ klg

ldNb}g . ;f] Aoj:yf x'g' cufj}bl] v g]kfn Gofo


;]jfdf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kb /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn
Gofo ;]jf u7g ePb]lv g} ;f] ;]jfdf ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] kb /x]sf] / ;f] ;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd
>]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx cfkm\gf] ;DalGwt ;]jfleq
g} ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf dfq a9'jf eOcfPsf]
tyf Gofo ;]jfdf cGo ;]jfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf
tyf a9'jf gx'g] Aoj:yf @)$^ ;fn cufl8;Dd
klg lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] lyof] . @)$& ;fnsf]
;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf lgo'lQm,
;jf, tyf a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/z ug{ Gofo ;]jf
cfof]usf] 5'} Aoj:yf u/]sf] / ;f]xL Aoj:yf
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;d]tdf /lx/x]sf]
5 . pQm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!$ sf] pkwf/f -!_
df Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] Aoj:yf /x]sf] 5 . l/6
lgj]bsxn] dfu u/]adf]lhd Gofo ;]jfsf
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/LxnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @) ad]flhdsf]
a9'jf ;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fhkqflt
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf] ;DefAo
pDd]bjf/ dfGg] xf] eg] cGo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/LxnfO{;d]t Gofo ;]jfsf]
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefAo
pDd]bjf/ dfGg] / a9'jf ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . t/ Gofo
;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf ;jf / a9'jf ubf{
Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf dfq ug'k{ g]{
;+ j } w flgs Joj:yf ePsf] n ] cGo ;] j fsf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ Gofo ;]jfsf] kbdf ;jf jf
a9'jf ug{ ldNb}g .
Gofo ;]jfdf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbnfO{
;d]t ;d"xLs[t ul/Psf] x'Fbf Gofo ;]jfsf
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx cfkm\g}
;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu dfq ;DefAo
pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] P]gsf] bkmf @)
adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;ldltn] lghxnfO{ a9'jfsf]
;DefAo pDd]bjf/ dfGg ;Sg] sfg"gL cj:yf g}

1508

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

5}g . P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -!_ df" g]kfn


Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf / /fhkq cglt
kbaf6 /fhkqflt kbdf a9'jf x'g] afx]s
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cGo /fhkqflt kbdf a9'jfsf]
nflu l;kmfl/z ug{ Ps a9'jf ;ldlt /xg]5"
eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt
k| y d >] 0 fLsf clws[ t x pQm ;ldltsf]
clwsf/If]qleq g} gkg]{ x'bF f ;f] a9'jf ;ldltn]
Gofo ;]jfdf sfo{/t lgj]bsxnfO{ ;lrj kbdf
a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ dfGg ;Sg]
cj:yf g} 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ sf]
Joj:yf ldlt @)%%.#.@( df ePsf] k|yd
;+zf]wgaf6 sfod ePsf] xf] . ldlt @)^$.$.@#
df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jf
;d]t yk u/]sf] x'bF f Gofo ;]jfsf] xsdf z'b]lv
g} sfod ePsf] Aoj:yfnfO{ xfn cfP/ r'gf}tL
lbg kfOFb}g . Aojxf/, cEof; / cfr/0faf6
:jLsf/ u/L lg/Gt/ canDjg x'Fb} cfPsf]
Aoj:yfnfO{ ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] dfubfjL
lng laaGwgsf] l;4fGtn] klg ldNb}g . cGo
;]jfdf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbfdfly ;]jf
;d"x g/x]sf] t/ Gofo ;]jfdf /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly klg ;]jf ;d"x /x]sf]
leGgtfnfO{ gx]/L bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 .
g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf / a9'jf_ lgod, @)%!
sf] lgod !! sf] pklgod -!_ sf] clGtd
jfSof+zdf /x]sf] ;DalGwt ;d"xsf eGg] jfSof+z
Gofo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] xsdf nfu" x'g]
geO{ /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] ;x;lrj kbsf]
xsdf ;Dddfq nfu" x'g] Aoj:yf xf] eGg] s'/f
;f] lgodsf] cg';r
" L # sf] v08 -^@_ sf] Aoj:yfn]
;d]t k'i6L ub{5 . ljlzi6 >]0fLnfO{ ;d"xdf
;Lldt gul/Pkl5 lgod !!-!_ sf] clGtd

jfSof+zsf] plNnlvt Aoj:yf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]


a9'jfsf] xsdf cfslif{t x'g} ;Sb}g . t;y{, ;f]
Aoj:yf ab/ ug'k{ g]{ s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f ;d]t
b]lvFbg} . ctM lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf sfg"gL
Aoj:Yffx ab/ ug'k{ g]{ s'g} cf}lrTok"0f{ cfwf/
gePsf] / lgj]bsxsf] a[lQljsf;df cj/f]w
klg gePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] ldlt
@)^(.^.( sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf]
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbsf] a9'jfsf] nflu ;f]xL ;]jfsf
Gofo, sfg"g / ;/sf/L jsLn ;d"xsf /fhkqflt
k| y d >] 0 fLsf ;DefAo pDd] b jf/xsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg, sfo{Ifdtf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg
kmf/fd ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf of]UonfO{
ljlzi6 >] 0 fLsf] kbdf a9' j f ug{ g] k fn
;/sf/;dIf Gofo ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf # adf]lhd l;kmfl/z ub{5 . Gofo ;]jf
cfof]un] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf ug{
l;kmfl/z u/]pk/ lgj]bsxn] s'g} u'gf;f] u/]sf]
klg b]lvFbg} . sfg"gadf]lhd a9'jf l;kmfl/z
ug]{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{af6 lgj]bsxsf]
s'g} xs xgg\ klg gePsf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Gofo ;]jf
cfof]usf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] ldlt @)^(.^.!@
sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxsf]
tk{maf6 l/6 lgj]bsdWo]sf ls/0f kf}8]n Pj+
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf ;'zLns'df/ kGt, ljfg
clwjQmfx afns[i0f g]pkfg] / dft[sfk|;fb
lg/f}nfn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf #
n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . h;cg';f/ Gofo ;]jf ;d]t Ps xf] .
P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df Gofo ;]jf

1509

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

/ n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jf jfx]s cGo ;]jfdf


/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly ;]jf, ;d"x
jf pk;d"x /xg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
t/ ;f] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df @)^$.$.@#
l/:df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] Gofo ;]jf / n]vf
k/LIf0f ;]jfdf eg] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fL
eGbf dfly klg ;]jf ;d"x /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . ;f] Joj:yfn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cGo ;]jfsf]
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'gaf6
Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfdfsfo{/t
;x;lrjxnfO{ aGb] h nufO{ lghxsf]
a[lQljsf;df cj/f]w l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . To;/L
Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfnfO{ jfx]s u/L
cGo ;]jfsf ;x;lrjx ;lrjdf a9'jf x'g
kfpg] t/ Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfdf
/x]sf] dfq cfwf/n] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g
cof]Uo u/fpg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg ;dfgtfsf] xs
ljk/Lt eO{ cGofok"0f{ 5 . To;/L ;lrj kbsf]
nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'gaf6 jl~rt u/L
a]Un} auL{s/0f ug'{kg]{ s'g} cf}lrTo / cfwf/
klg b]lvFb}g . P]gsf] bkmf !( / @) df ePsf]
a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf x]bf{ klg Gofo ;]jfnfO{
jfx]s u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . To;}n] bkmf ^ sf]
pkbkmf -!s_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If kdf
gx]/L bkmf !( / @) sf] Joj:yf;Fu bfFh]/ x]g'{
kb{5 . bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf ! n] g]kfn Gofo
;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdfjfx]s cGo lghfdtL
;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf a9'jf ubf{ bkmf @)
adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf ul/g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -!_
df ;d]t g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf
jfx]s lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cGo /fhkqflt kbdf
a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug{ a9'jf ;ldlt
/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt kbdf a9'jf ug{ 5'} Gofo ;]jf
cfof]u /xg] ePsfn] Jojxf/d} lghfdtL ;]jf

P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @) adf]lhdsf] a9'jf


;ldltn] Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
clws[txnfO{ ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug{ gldNg]
l:ylt k} b f ePsf] 5 . To;} n ] oL ;du|
Joj:yfxnfO{ x]bf{ Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx ;lrj kbdf a9'jf
x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ sf] g]kfn Gofo
;]jfsf kbdf jfx]s cGo ;]jfsf] eGg] jfSof+z
ab/efuL 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm Gofo ;]jf u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf
/ a9'jf_ lgodx @)%! sf] lgod !!-!_ sf]
clGtd jfSof+zdf /x]sf] " ;DalGwt ;d"xsf"
eGg] jfSof+zn] klg Gofo ;]jfsf # j6f
;d" x leqsf /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf
clws[tx aLrd} e]befjsf] l;h{gf u/]sf]
5 . lsgeg] ;f]xL lgodsf] lgod % n] Gofo
;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbnfO{ ;d'lxs[t u/]s}
5}g . t/ lgod !!-!_ sf] clGtd jfSofz+sf]
" ;DalGwt ;d"xsf" eGg] jfSof+zn] s'g} ;d"xsf]
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf ubf{ eg] ;DalGwt
;d" x df /x] s f ;x;lrjx dfq ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ x'g] ;+sl' rt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t;y{
;f] Joj:yf ;d]t ab/efuL x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f jb/ u/L Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;lrj kbsf] a9'jfsf] nflu / Gofo ;]jfleqsf]
s'g} ;d"xsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf x'gsf]
nflu ;d]t dfu{ k|;:t x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t
ax; ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{ n o;d] t sf] tk{ m af6 ljfg gfoj
dxfGofoflwjQmf k'ik/fh sf]O/fnf, ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmfx ;"o{gfyk|sfz clwsf/L,
t]hgf/fo0f kf}8n
] / dbgaxfb'/ wfdLn] lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_

1510

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

n] Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls[t


;]jf agfO{ ;f] ;]jfleqsf] a9'jfsf] sfo{nfO{
;Dd lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cGo ;]jfsf] a9'jfeGbf
km/s lsl;dn] lgoldt ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] . ;f]
Joj:yfadf]lhd P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhd u7g
x'g] a9'jf ;ldltn] ;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu
l;kmfl/z ubf{ Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt kbdf cGo ;]jfaf6 a9'jf eO{
cfpg;Dd /f] s nufPsf] ePtfklg tL
;]jfleqsf of]Uo /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ cGo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf
a9'jf ug'{ x'Fb}g egL /f]s nufPsf] 5}g . Gofo
;]jfsf] /fhkqflt sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v Gofo
;]jf cfof]udf /xg] / cGo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lxsf]
clen]v ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf /xg] x'Fbf
Gofo ;] j fsf /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf
sd{rf/Lxsf] d"Nof+g u/L ;lrj kbdf a9'jf
l;kmfl/z ug{ sfo{ljlwut c:ki6tf /x]sf]
dfq xf] . o;}sf/0f P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhd
ul7t a9'jf ;ldltn] Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f
;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{
g] k fn ;/sf/sf] ;lrj kbdf a9' j f ug{
l;kmfl/z gu/]sf] cj:yf xf] . t/ lgj]bsxn]
ab/ ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ n]
Gofo ;] j fsf /fhkqfls+ t k| y d >] 0 fLsf
clws[tnfO{ ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg]
u/L s'g} Joj:yf u/]s} 5}g . ;f] Joj:yfn]
Gofo ;]jfdf 5'f5'} ;d"x u7g ug{ /f]s
gnufPsf] ;Dd xf] . o;sf] cy{ Gofo ;]jfsf
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;]jf ;d"x g} nfu" gx'g] ;lrj kbdf
a9'jfsf] nflu cof]Uo x'G5g\ eGg] xf]Og .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf l;kmfl/z
ug{ P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhd u7g x'g] a9'jf
;ldltn] ;+ljwfg Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gadf]lhd

a9'jf x'g ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ aGg] of]Uotf k'us


] f
JolQmxsf] clen]v cfk}mFn] /fVg'sf ;fy} Gofo
;]jfsf] clws[tsf] xsdf Gofo ;]jf cfof]uaf6
clen]v dfu u/L a9'jf k|lqmofnfO{ k|z:t ug{
s'g} sfg"gL jfwf b]lvFb}g . bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf
-!s_ n] s]jn Gofo ;]jfdf ;d"x sfod /fVg]
k|of]hgsf nflu dfq g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn
n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf jfx]s cGo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly ;]jf ;d"x
jf pk;d"x /xg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] .
o;sf ;fy} Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo'lQm ;jf / a9'jf_ lgodx
@)%! sf] lgod !!-!_ sf] clGtd jfSof+zdf
/x]sf] " ;DalGwt ;d"xsf" eGg] jfSof+z s]jn
;x;lrjsf] xsdf dfq cfslif{t x'g] geO{
Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt ;a} kbxsf] xsdf
nfu" x'g] ;fdfGo Joj:yf xf] . ;f] jfSof+zn]
Gofo ;]jfsf] ljleGg ;d"xdf /xg] kbxnfO{
ljlzi6Ls[t agfpg] p2]Zocg'k dflyNnf] kbdf
a9'jf x'g ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ dflgPsf] x'Fbf ;f] jfSofz+ ;d]tnfO{
ab/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . t;y{, lgj]bsxsf]
dfu adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df, /x]sf] " g]kfn
Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf
jfx]s" eGg] jfSof+z / g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g,
;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm ;jf /
a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !!-!_ sf]
clGtd jfSof+zdf /x]sf] " ;DalGwt ;d"xsf" eGg]
Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] gx'Fbf l/6 hf/L
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
b'j} kIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .
lg0f{otk{m, ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f ul/g' kg]{
b]lvof]M

1511

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

!=

@=

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf]


pkbkmf -!s_ df /x]sf] " g]kfn Gofo ;]jf
/ g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf jfx]s"
eGg] jfSof+z / g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g,
;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf
/ a9'jf_ lgodx @)%! sf] lgod !!-!_
sf] clGtd jfSodf /x]sf] ";DalGwt
;d"xsf" eGg] jfSof+zn] g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug{
aGb]h nufPsf] xf], xf]Og / ;f] Joj:yf
g]k] fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!# f/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] ;dfgtfsf]
xsljk/Lt 5, 5}g <
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{
xf], xf]Og <

@= ;j{ky| d lg/f]k0f x'gk' g]{ klxnf] k|Zgsf]


;DaGwdf ljj]rgf u/f}+ . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df /x]sf]
" g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] kbdf jfx]s" eGg] Joj:yf
/ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf / a9'jf_ lgodx,
@)%! sf] lgod !! sf] pklgod -!!_ sf]
clGtd jfSodf /x]sf] " ;DalGwt ;d"xsf" eGg]
jfSof+zsf] sf/0f g]kfn Gofo ;]jfdf sfo{/t\
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !( adf]lhd ;lrj
kbdf a9'jf ug{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhd
u7g x'g] a9'jf ;ldltn] d"Nofg g} ug{ gldNg]
eO{ Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
clws[tx ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g gkfO{
lghxsf] a[lQljsf;df k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf],
Gofo ;] j fsf /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf
clws[tx klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]

;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g of]Uo ePsf]n] a[lQljsf;


ug{ kfpg] ;dfgtfsf] xsaf6} al~rt x'g k'us
] f]
x'bF f plNnlvt sfg"g" L Joj:yfx pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f jb/ u/L Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLsf clws[txsf] ;d]t d"Nofg u/L
;lrj kbsf] a9'jf;DaGwL sf/jfxL ug'{ u/fpg'
eGg] k/dfb] z ;d] t hf/L ul/kfpF m eGg]
lgj]bsxsf] d'Vo dfu /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df k|oQ
' m " g]kfn Gofo ;]jf
/ g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf jfx]s" eGg]
jfSofz+nfO{ lgj]bsxn] ;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf
nflu Gofo ;] j fsf k| y d >] 0 fLsf
clws[txnfO{jfx]s ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/ /x]sf] egL
k|Zg p7fPsf] x'bF f ;f] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ /
-!s_ sf] b'j} Joj:yfnfO{ Ps};fy x]l/g' kg]{
b]lvPsf] 5 . h;c'g;f/ bkmf ^ df ;d"x tyf
pk;d"xx eGg] zLif{scGtu{t pkbkmf -!_ df
lghfdtL ;]jfdf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf ljleGg ;d"x
tyf pk;d"xx /xg ;Sg] 5g\ eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] pkbkmf -!s_ df pkbkmf -!_
df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg g]kfn Gofo
;]jf / g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf jfx]s
cGo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly
;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x /xg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= bkmf ^ sf] pko'Q
{ m ;+/rgf x]bf{
lghfdtL ;] j fdf ljleGg ;d" x Pj+ tL
;d" x cGtu{ t pk;d" x x;d] t /xg ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . tyflk lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLeGbf dflysf kbxdf eg] ;d"x jf
pk;d"xsf] Joj:yf cfslif{t gx'g] jf nfu" gx'g]
eGg] b]lvG5 . t/ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn
n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] xsdf eg] /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLeGbf dflysf] kbdf ;d]t ;d"x jf
pk;d"xsf] Joj:yf /xg] eGg] ;f]xL pkbkmf

1512

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

-!s_ sf] Joj:yfaf6 b]lvG5 . pkbkmf -!s_ n]


g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf]
xsdf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly klg
;d"x jf pk;d"x /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df
;f] b'O{ j6f ;]jfsf] xsdf /fhkqflt ljlzi6
>]0fL;Dd g} ;d"x jf pk;d"x sfod /xg ;Sg]
eGg] b]lvG5 .
%= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df k|o'Qm " g]kfn Gofo
;]jf / g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf jfx]s
cGo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly
;]jf ;d"x jf pk;d"x /xg] 5}gg\" eGg]
Joj:yfaf6 g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn n]vf
k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] ljleGg ;d"xcGtu{t ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] ;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf ;d]t
ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff sfod ug{ vf]lhPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f]adf]lhd g]kfn Gofo ;]jfcGtu{t
kg]{ ljleGg ;d"xsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf ;f]xL ;]jfsf
;DalGwt ;d"xsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
clws[tx tt\ tt\ ;d"xsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf
a9'jf x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] pkbkmf -!s_
n] lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{t kg]{ cGo ;]jfx
cyf{t\ bkmf # adf]lhd u7g ePsf ljleGg
!) j6f ;]jfxdWo] g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn
n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jf afx]s afFsL * j6f ;]jfxdf
eg] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fL;Dd dfq ;d"x jf
pk;d"x /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lv+bf tL ;]jfxdf
/fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fL;DdnfO{ ljz] i f1
(Specialist) kbsf] kdf / ;f]eGbf dfly cyf{t\
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbnfO{
;d"x jf pk;d"xdf ;Lldt gu/L ;f] kbnfO{
;fdfGo1 (Generalist) kbsf] kdf u|x0f u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
^= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] kb gLlt lgdf{0f txsf]
pRr k|zf;lgs kb xf] . ;f] kbdf /xg]

kbflwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt lgsfosf] gLlt lgwf{/0f


u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ d"ne"t lhDd]jf/L
lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ / ;f+u7lgs g]tT[ j Ifdtf b]vfpg'
kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] ;f] kbnfO{ s'g} vf; ljifo jf
ljwfsf] ljz]if1sf] kdf dfq ;Lldt jf
ljlzi6Ls[t gu/L lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{t h'g;'s}
;]jfaf6 klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;lrjsf] kbk"lt{
ug{ ;lsg] u/L P]gsf] bkmf !(-@_ -v_ df
km/flsnf] bfo/f agfOPsf] b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yfn]
;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/z ug{ bkmf @)
adf]lhd u7g x'g] a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ lghfdtL
;]jfleqsf ;a} ;]jfxaf6 of]Uotd\ JolQmsf]
5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg] u/L km/flsnf] bfo/f pknJw
u/fPsf] / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu lghfdtL
;]jfcGtu{tsf] h'g;'s} ;]jfleqsf] of]Uotd\
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[tnfO{ ;lrj
kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Ifd agfPsf]
b]lvG5 .
&= ljkIfL a9'jf ;ldlt / k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] wf/f !!$ sf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfn
;/sf/n] sfg"gadf]lhd Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt
kbdf lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf]
kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo
ubf{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf ug]5
{ eGg]
Joj:yf ePsf] x'bF f lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf @) adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;ldltn] Gofo
;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf clws[txnfO{
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug{ ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ dfGg gldNg], To;f] ubf{ ;+jw} flgs /
sfg"gL hl6ntf pTkGg x'g,] olb lghxnfO{
klg ;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/
dfGg] xf] eg] cGo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd
>]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{;d]t Gofo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/

1513

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 eGg] ;d]tsf] lhsL/ lnPsf]


b]lvof] .
*= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !!$ df Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf
u/L Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf lgo'lQm,
;jf, a9'jf ;d]t ubf{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/zdf ul/g' kg]{ u/L ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf
ul/Psf] a f6 Gofo ;] j fnfO{ lghfdtL
;]jfcGtu{tsf cGo ;]jfxeGbf a]Un} :yfg
lbO{ Gofo ;]jf cGtu{tsf /fhkqflt kbxdf
gofF egf{f/f :yfoL k"lt{ ug]{ cj:yfdf nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf ug]{, ;f]afx]s To:tf]
kbxdf lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf nufotsf
sfo{x Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf dfq
ug'k{ g]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgn]
g} Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt kbxdf lgo'lQm,
;jf, a9'jf ;d]tsf] sfo{sf nflu 5'} Gofo
;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f Gofo ;]jfleqsf]
/fhkqflt kbxdf x'g] a9'jf ;DaGwL sfo{df
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @) adf]lhd
u7g x'g] a9'jf ;ldltsf] clwsf/ /xg g;Sg]df
s'g} lljwf 5}g .
(= Gofo ;] j fleqsf] /fhkqflt
kbx?df lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jfnufotsf sfo{sf]
nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ 5'} Gofo ;]jf cfof]u
/x]sf] sf/0fn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf @) adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;ldltn] Gofo
;] j fleqsf] /fhkqflt kbx?df a9' j fsf]
l;kmfl/z ug]{ cj:yf cfpFb}g . t/ Gofo ;]jf
cGtu{tsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLdf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !( adf]lhd
;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug{ l;kmfl/z ug{ bkmf @)
adf]lhd u7g x'g] a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ P]gsf] s'g}
klg Joj:yfn] lgif]w u/]sf] jf Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t bkmf !(
adf]lhd ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g cof]Uo x'g]

egL afx]s u/]sf] jf cof]Uo 3f]lift u/]sf]


cj:yf 5}g . Gofo ;]jfcGtu{tsf ljleGg
;d"xleq l/Qm x'g] /fhkqflt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
kbdf a9'jf ubf{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] ug]{ Joj:yf
ePklg Gofo ;]jfcGtu{tsf ljleGg ;d"xdf
cfa4 e} sfo{/t\ /x]sf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
clws[tx lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/
x'g cof]Uo x'g] jf Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflt
k| y d >] 0 fLsf clws[ t xnfO{ afx] s u/L
lghfdtL ;]jfsf cGo ;]jfxdf sfo{/t
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx dfq P]gsf]
bkmf !( adf]lhd ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'gsf]
nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] eGg] JofVof
ubf{ To:tf] JofVof ;j{yf Psf\uL / cfTdk/s
x'g'sf] ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!( / @) ;d]tsf] p2]Zo / efjgfsf] k|lts"n
x'g hfG5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgdf g} Gofo ;]jfsf
/fhkqflt kbxdf lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf /
ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ 5'} Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf]
Joj:yf /x]sf] / Gofo ;]jfsf] sfd k|s[lt tyf
;f] ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotf ;d]tsf]
sf/0fn] ;f] ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf cGo ;]jfaf6
a9'jf x'g gkfpg] u/L ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . To;}n] Gofo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
kbdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf cGo ;]jfdf sfo{/t
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx a9'jf
x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] eGg] cfwf/ b]vfO{
Gofo ;] j fsf /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf
sd{rf/Lx lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf !( adf]lhd x'g] ;lrj kbsf] a9'jfsf]
nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g} g;Sg] eGg] b]lvFbg} .
!)= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ n] " g]kfn Gofo ;]jf
/ g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfsf] kbdf afx]s"
eGg] jfSof+ z /fvL oL b' O { j 6f ;] j fleq

1514

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly;Dd g} ;d"x


/xg] t/ cGo ;]jfxdf /fhkqflt k|yd
>]0fLeGbf dfly ;d"x pk;d"x /xg] 5}g eGg]
Joj:yf u/]sf]af6 Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f
;]jfnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf] c ;]jfxeGbf
sfo{ k|sl[ tsf cfwf/df klg ljlzi6 ;]jf dfg]sf]
/ ;f]xLcg'k pQm b'j} ;]jfxdf /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly klg ;d"x /xg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}sf/0f P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf]
pkbkmf -!s_ n] ;d"x sfod /fVg] k|of]hgsf]
nflu;Dd g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / g]kfn n]vf
k/LIf0f ;]jfnfO{ afx]s u/]sf] xf] . ;f] pkbkmf
-!s_ n] tL b'O{j6f ;]jfnfO{ afx]s ug'{sf] cGo
s'g} sf/0f /x]sf] klg b]lvFbg} . ;d"x jf pk;d"x
sfod /fVg] k|of]hgsf nflu c ;]jfaf6
Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfnfO{ afx]s u/L
5'ofPsf] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf cy{ ub}{ lghfdtL
;]jf P]gsf] bkmf !( cg'k ;lrj kbdf
ul/g] a9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu g} tL b'O{j6f
;]jfnfO{ afx]s u/]sf] eGb} ;lrjsf] kbdf pQm
b'O{ j6f ;]jfnfO{ afx]s u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf
cGo ;]jfxdf sfo{/t /fhkqflt k|yd
>]0fLsf clws[txdfq ;lrj kbsf] nflu
;DefJo pDd]bjf/ dflgPsf] eGg] ljkIfL ;fdfGo
k| z f;g dGqfno ;d] t sf] lnlvt
hjfkm;d]taf6 b]lvG5 .
!!= Gofo ;]jf / n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfleqsf]
ljlzi6s/0fsf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ sfod /fVg
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf
-!s_ / bkmf !(-!_ df k|oQ
' m ePsf g]kfn Gofo
;]jfsf] kbdf afx]s" eGg] jfSof+zxnfO{
cgfjZos kdf lj:tf/ u/L tL jfSof+zn]
Gofo ;] j fsf] ljlzi6s[ t ;] j fdf sfo{ / t
/fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf] clws[ t xnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{tsf] ;d"xLs[t gul/Psf]
Pj+ ljlzi6s/0f klg gul/Psf] ;lrj kbdf

a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ g} aGg gldNg]


egL afx]s ug{ ldNg] b]lvFbg} . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
;fdfGo1 -Generalist_ cGtu{tsf] ;lrj kbdf
lghfdtL ;]jfs} ljlzi6s[t ;]jfcGtu{t sfo{/t
ljz]if1 -Specialist_ sf] kdf /x]sf] Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[txnfO{ a9'jf
ug{ gldNg] egL cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ g]tT[ j txsf] ;lrj
kbdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} vf;vf; ;]jfdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] dfq jr{Zj sfod x'g
hfg] / csf]{ ;]jf rfFlx ;f] cj;/af6 ;bfsf
nflu jl~rt x'g hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g hfG5 .
!@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
n] lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{t u7g x'g] ljleGg
;]jfxsf aLrdf g} c;dfg jf e]befjk"0f{
Jojxf/ ug]{ s'g} 7fpF lbPsf] klg 5}g . ;d"x
sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jf
P]gcGtu{t s'g} ;]jfnfO{ 5'} k|sf/n] juL{s/0f Classification_ ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ b]vfO{
P]gn] kl/sNkgf g} gu/]sf] ;Gbe{ cyf{t\ ;lrj
kbdf a9'jf x'g ;d]t To:tf] ;]jfnfO{ alx:s/0f
u/]sf] eGg] cy{ nufO{ a9'jf ;ldltnufotsf
ljkIfL lgsfoxn] u/]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf]
bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ sf] JofVof / k|of]u Pj+
tL lgsfoaf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmsf
ts{xdf of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g] cj:yf /x]g .
!#= b]zsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] s]Gb|Lo
lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno,
;f] dftxt lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhd
u7g x'g] a9'jf ;ldlt Pj+ bkmf !( adf]lhd
;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug{ clVtof/k|fKt g]kfn
;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no
;d] t n] lghfdtL ;] j f P] g sf ;DalGwt
k|fjwfgxsf] JofVof / k|of]u ubf{ ;f] P]gsf]
;du| p2]Zo Pj+d\ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ /
;jf]Q
{ d lxtsf nflu ;xof]uL x'g] u/L JofVof /

1515

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

k|of]u ug'k{ b{5 . t/ k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsxn]


h'g k|Zg p7fO{ o; cbfnt;Dd Gofosf] nflu
cfpg' k/]sf] xf], ;f] ljifodf ljkIfLxn] cfk"mv';L
kdf sfg"gsf] ckJofVof / k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . ljkIfL lgsfox?sf] o:tf] unt
a'emfO{ Pj+d\ sfg"gsf] unt JofVofaf6 lghfdtL
;]jf P]gn] e]befj gu/]sf] cj:yfdf klg
lgj]bsxnfO{ e]befj u/]sf] / lghxsf] ;lrj
kbdf a9'jf x'g kfpg] xsnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] k|i6
b]lvg cfpF5 . ctM sfg"gn] :ki6 kdf
lgj]bsxpk/ s'g} e]befj gu/]sf] l:yltdf
s'g} Pp6f k|of]hgsf nflu ul/Psf] sfg"gL
k|fjwfgsf] csf]{ cy{ nufO{ ckJofVof u/L ljkIfL
lgsfoxn] lbPsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6;d]t
lgj]bsxn] eg] h:t} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;lrj
kbdf a9'jf ubf{ lghxpk/ e]befjsf] Jojxf/
gePsf] eGg ldn]g .
!$= lgj]bsxn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ sf] g]kfn
Gofo ;]jfsf] kbdf afx]s cGo ;]jfsf] eGg]
jfSof+z g} ab/ ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] ePklg
;f] jfSof+zn] lgj]bsx nufot Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
bkmf !( adf]lhd ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g gkfpg]
u/L aGb]h nufPsf] jf k|lts"n Joj:yf u/]sf]
eGg] gb]lvPsf], a ;f] jfSof+z g]kfn Gofo
;]jfsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly klg
;d"x /xg ;Sg] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq k|oQ
' m
ePsf] b]lvPsf], To;/L Gofo ;]jfdf /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly klg ;d"x /xg] eGg]
Joj:yfn] bkmf !( adf]lhd ;lrj kbdf a9'jf
x'gaf6} lgj]bsxnfO{ /f]s nufPsf] eGg] cy{ /
JofVof ug{ gldNg] x' F b f pQm jfSof+ z
;+ljwfgk|lts"n jf e]befjhGo eGg] b]lvPg .
ctM pQm jfSof+z ab/ g} ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf eg]
b]lvPg .

!%= Gofo ;] j fsf /fhkqflt


clws[tx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] clen]v
Gofo ;]jf cfof]udf /xg] x'Fbf Jojxfl/s kdf
Gofo ;] j fsf /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf
clws[tx?sf] d"Nofg ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf]
bkmf @) adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;ldltn] gldNg]
eGg] klg ts{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] af/]df ljrf/
ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhd u7g x'g] a9'jf
;ldltn] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !( adf]lhd ;lrj
kbdf a9'jf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu of]Uotf k'u]sf
lghfdtL ;]jfsf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf
;DefJo clws[txsf] clen]v ;DalGwt
lgsfoxaf6 lemsfO{ lghxn] k|fKt u/]sf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg jfktsf] c;d]tnfO{
x] / L bkmf !(-@_ -v_ adf] l hd l;kmfl/z
ug'{kb{5 . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn Gofo
;]jf afx]s cGo ;]jfxsf] nflu lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lxsf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf]
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf clen]v /xg]
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;f]xL dGqfnoaf6 To:tf] clen]v
lemsfO{ x]g{ ;Sg] / g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
Gofo ;] j f cfof] u df /x] s f] lghxsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg nufotsf] clen]v
lemsfO{ x]/L P]gsf] bkmf !( adf]lhd lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf k|lqmof k|z:t ug'k{ g]{
b]lvG5 . t/ ljkIfL a9'jf ;ldlt;d]tn] P]gsf]
bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!s_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
unt JofVof u/L bkmf !( adf]lhd ;lrj
kbdf x'g] a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x?sf]
5gf}6 ug]{ km/flsnf] bfo/fnfO{ g} ;Lldt /
;+s'lrt ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] . To;}n] ca pk|fGt
;lrj kbdf a9'jf l;kmfl/z / a9'jf lgo'lQm
ubf{ ;f]sf] nflu of]Uo / ;DefJo g]kfn Gofo
;] j fsf /fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf
clws[tx;d]tnfO{ a9'jfsf] k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z

1516

**(* - o'j/fh ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

u/fO{ l;kmfl/z ug'{, ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu Gofo


;]jfsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf clws[txsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg;lxtsf] clen]v Gofo
;]jf cfof]u jf hf] hf];Fu a'em\g' kg]{ xf] a'emL
dfuL ;lrj kbsf] a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/
l;kmfl/z ug{] lg0f{o ug'{ / ;f] l;kmfl/zleq
k/]sf pDd]bjf/x?dWo]af6 bkmf !( adf]lhd
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ug'{ u/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/Psf]
5 . ca, hxfF;Dd Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x
tyf >]0fL ljefhg lgo'lQm, ;jf / a9'jf_
lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !! sf] pklgod
-!_ sf] clGtd jfSodf /x]sf] " ;DalGwt
;d"xsf" eGg] Joj:yf ;d]tn] Gofo ;]jfleqs}
sd{rf/Lxdf lje]b u/]sf] xF'bf ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bsxsf] dfu /x]sf] 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ pQm lgod !!-!_ df " s'g} ;d"xsf]
l/Qm /fhkqflt kbxdf sfo{ I fdtfsf]
d"Nofgf/f a9'jf ug{sf] lgldQ To:tf] l/Qm
kbeGbf Ps >]0fLd'lgsf] kbdf lgodfjnLsf]
lgod &% sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw
/ xfn axfn /x]sf] kbdf ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu
lgwf{l/t Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf k'us
] f ;DalGwt
;d"xsf sd{rf/L ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g]5g\"
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|:t't lgod
!!-!_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf ;a}
;d"xsf /fhkqflt ;a} >]0fLsf kbxdf
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df a9'jf ug{sf] nflu
;DefJo pDd]bjf/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] of] Joj:yfnfO{ Gofo
;] j fleqsf] s' g } Pp6f ;d" x jf ;f]
;d"xcGtu{tsf] /fhkqflt s'g} Pp6f >]0fL
jf kbsf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'g] Joj:yf egL
lg/k]If kdf x]g{ / cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . csf]{
zAbdf pQm Joj:yf Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt
t[tLo >]0fLb]lv dflysf ;a} >]0fL / kbxdf

;dfg kdf nfu" x'g] ;fdfGo Joj:yf eGg]


b]lvG5 .
!^= g]kfn Gofo ;]jfcGtu{t leGgleGg
;d"xx u7g ePsf] / tL ;d"xcGtu{tsf]
sfdsf] k|sl[ t, To:tf] sfd ug{ cfjZos kg]{
sfo{ ljlzi6tf / Ifdtfnufotsf cfwf/df
a]Unfa]Un} ;d"xcGtu{t a]Unfa]Un} ljlzi6Ls[t
k|zf;g ug]{ p2]Zon] To:tf ;d"xx u7g ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f]xL cg'k lgod !!-!_ sf] clGtd
jfSof+zdf Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt kbdf a9'jf
ubf{ tf]lsPadf]lhd of]Uotf k'us
] f ;DalGwt
;d"xsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq ;DefJo pDd]bjf/
x'g ;Sg] u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
!&= lgod !!-!_ sf] clGtd jfSof+zdf
k| o ' Q m ePsf] " ;DalGwt ;d" x sf " eGg]
zAbxnfO{ ;f]xL lgod % ;Fu ;fb[Zo u/L
x]l/Pdf ;f] lgod % n] Gofo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d"xLs[t ul/Psf] 5}g .
o; cj:yfdf lgj]bsxn] bfjL u/] h:tf]
lgod !!-!_ sf] pQm jfSof+zn] Gofo ;]jfleqsf]
s'g} Pp6f ;d"xsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofgsf cfwf/df csf]{ ;d"xsf] /fhkqflt
k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[tnfO{ a9'jf x'g gldNg]
u/L afx]s u/]sf] xf] ls eGg] h:tf] nfUb5 .
t/ lgod % n] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
;d"xLs[t gug]{ h'g Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, To;sf]
cfzo x]bf{ ljlzi6 >]0fLdf a9'jf eO;s]kl5
dfq s'g} Pp6f ;d"xaf6 csf]{ ;d"xdf hfg;Dd
/f]s gnufO{ v'Nnf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ lgod
!!-!_ sf] clGtd x/kmdf /x]sf] " ;DalGwt
;d"xsf" eGg] jfSof+zn] Gofo ;]jfsf] s'g}
;d"xsf] l/Qm /x]sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofgf/f a9'jf x'gsf] nflu
eg] ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf]
clws[t dfq ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] b]lvg
cfpF5 . olb lgj]bsxn] bfjL u/] h:tf] Gofo

1517

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

;]jfsf] s'g} Pp6f ;d"xsf] /fhkqflt ljlzi6


>]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf x'g ;f] ;]jfsf] h'g;'s}
;d"xsf] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
of]Uo dfGg] xf] eg] Gofo ;]jfleqsf] ;d"x
ljefhgsf] cf}lrTo dfly g} k|Zg lrGx v8f
x'g k'Ub5 . lsgeg] lgod !!-!_ nfO{ o;
Ohnf;n] s]jn ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] a9'jfdf dfq
cfslif{t x'g] Joj:yfsf] kdf x]/L lg/k]If
kdf To;sf] JofVof ug]{ l:ylt 5}g .
!*= Gofo ;]jfleq ;d"x k|0ffnL sfod
/x];Dd lgod !!-!_ sf] clGtd x/kmdf k|o'Qm
" ;DalGwt ;]jfsf" eGg] jfSof+zsf] pkl:ylt
jf ljBdfgtfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . olb ;f]
jfSof+z lemlslbg] xf] eg] Gofo ;]jf -u7g,
;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf /
a9'jf_ lgodx @)%! sf] ;du| p2]Zo /
;+/rgf g} vNalng hfg] b]lvG5 . To;}n] Gofo
;]jfleq ;d"x k|0ffnLsf] cf}lrTonfO{ cGoyf
gu/];Dd pQm jfSof+znfO{ e]befjk"0f{ jf
cgfjZos dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . Gofo
;]jfleqsf] ;d"x k|0ffnLnfO{ lgj]bsxn] s'g}
k|ltjfb jf cGoyf eGg ;Sg' ePsf] klg 5}g .
;d"x k|0ffnLsf] cf}lrTodf s'g} k|Zg g} gp7fO{
To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ t/ tbg'k ;DalGwt
;d"xsf l/Qm /fhkqflt kbdf sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofgsf cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfsf] nflu ;DalGwt
;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq ;DefJo pDd]bjf/
dfGg] l:sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ rflxF cdfGo 3f]lift
ul/kfpFm eGg] dfubfjL lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]lvPsf]
5.
!(= csf]{tkm{, Gofo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu lgod !!-!_ sf]
ljjflbt jfSof+znfO{ afws dfgL ab/ g} 3f]lift
ubf{ klg lgj]bsxn] bfjL u/] h:tf] Gofo
;]jfsf] s'g} Pp6f ;d"xsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
kbdf csf]{ ;d"x;d]taf6 a9'jf ug{ :jtM

dfu{ k|z:t x'g ;Qm}g . lsgeg] km};nfsf]


dfWodaf6 s'g} sfg"gsf] ;du| ;+zf]wg jf
kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{ o; cbfntn] ug]{ xf]Og .
To;df ;DalGwt lgsfo g} lg0ff{os x'G5 .
To;}n] ljjflbt jfSof+z lemSbf jf ab/ ubf{
pTkGg x'g] c;/ / ;f] lgodsf] k|of]udf b]vfkg]{
hl6ntfxnfO{ gx]/L ;txL kdf To;nfO{
lemSg jf ab/ ug{ klg ;lsF b } g . Gofo
;]jfleqsf] /fhkqflt t[lto >]0fLb]lv dflysf
;a} >]0fL / kbxdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgf/f
ul/g] a9'jfsf nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ tf]Sgsf]
nflu ;fdfGo kdf /flvPsf] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 ab/ ug{ dgfl;j
klg x'Fb}g . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bsxn] Gofo
;]jfcGtu{t sfod /x]sf] ;d"x k|0ffnLnfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] k|0ffnLnfO{ g}
w/f;foL x'g] u/L lgod !!-!_ sf] clGtd
x/kmdf k|o'Qm ;DalGwt ;d"xsf eGg] jfSof+z
lemSg jf ab/ ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg . ctM lgod
!!-!_ sf] clGtd x/kmdf k|o'Qm " ;DalGwt
;d"xsf" eGg] jfSof+z ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
xb;Ddsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . of]
cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk;d]t /fvL cfjZos sfofy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{
n]vL k7fpg" . ;fy} k|:t't cfb]zsf] jf]wfy{
km};nf sfof{Gjog dxflgb]z
{ gfno;d]tnfO{ lbO{
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodadf]lhd
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t -pk ;lrj_M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

1518

&

**(( - hubLz lu/L lj=hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=;d]t

P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !@ f/f k|Tofof]lht


ljwfogcGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf]
lgodfjnL eGg] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm
lgodfjnL g] k fn sfg" g sf]
kl/efiffcGtu{t kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] ;f]
lgodfjnLf/f Jojl:yt xs clwsf/sf]
k|rngsf] nflu g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#, **-@_
tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ cGtu{t o;
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t
l/6 lgj]bg lbg gkfpg] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
sf/vfgf / aLdf ;+:yfgjLr ePsf]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ aLdf ;+:yfgn] To:tf]
aLdf x/]s aif{sf] clk|n !$ tfl/v
-k|foM a}zfv ! ut]_ b]lv dfq k'gf/De
ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / lgj]bssf] j9'jf
eO{ tnj a[ l 4 ePsf] ldlt /
cjsfz ldltsf] cjlwleq !$ clk|n
-a}zfv !_ k/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'bF f aLdf
;+ : yfgsf] lgodcg' ; f/ lgj] b sn]
bfjLadf]lhdsf] aLdf /sd e'QmfgL kfpg]
cj:yf b]lvg gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_

lg0f{o g+= **((

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;


dfggLo GofofwLz j}Bgfy pkfWofo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
d'2f g+=)^&WF))!)
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.@%.%
ljifoM k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM lhNnf wg'iff, wgf}hL uf=la=;=j8f g+=&
3/ eO{ xfn lhNnf wg'iff hgsk'/
gu/kflnsf j8f g+=$ a:g] hubLz
lu/L
lj?4
ljkIfLM lhNnf wg'iff, hgsk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f
g+=* l:yt hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf
ln=hgsk'/ ;d]t
sDkgL P]g, @)@! cg'k k|Tofof]lht
ljwfogcGtu{t hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf
lnld6]8sf] lgodfjnL hf/L ePsf] / ;f]
lgodfjnLadf]lhd ;~rfns ;ldltn]
jgfPsf] lgod g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt
k|bfg u/]kl5 dfq nfu" x'g] eGg] Joj:yf
/x] a f6 hgsk' / r' / f] 6 sf/vfgf
lnld6]8sf] lgodfjnL / hgsk'/ r'/f]6
sf/vfgf lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] x}l;ot ;dfg
x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
hgsk' / r' / f] 6 sf/vfgf lnld6] 8
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL sDkgL

lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf k|sfz s]=;L=


ljkIfL tk{maf6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z
zdf{ kf}8]n Pj+ ljfg clwjQmf /flhj
cfrfo{
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f @#, **-@_ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@,!)&-@_

1519

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

sDkgL P]g @)@! sf] bkmf !!, !@,


!#&-s_
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL @)%^
sf] &#-s_-@_
cfb]z
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{M o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL
@)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k]z ug'{ eGg] cfb]z eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
d lgj]bs tTsfnLg wfg rfdn lgof{t
sDkgL hgsk'/df ldlt @)#@.!@.^ ut]af6
clws[t 5f}7f] kbdf lgo'lQm kfO{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf]df
pQm sDkgLaf6 hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=df
ldlt @)$).#.!( sf] cGt/ ;+:yfg lg0f{o
adf]lhd ldlt @)$).#.@) af6 xfhL/ x'g] u/L
5}7f] txdf ;?jf ul/of] . d]/f] sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs
ePsfn] d ;ftf} txdf a9'jf ePF . ;f]xL qmddf
;]jf ub}{ hfFbf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s g+=!*@%
sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ cf7f}+ tx ck|fljlws kbdf
@)^@.&.@ ut]bl] v g} nfu" x'g] u/L a9'jf ul/of] .
d}n] cfkm\gf] bfloTj adf]lhd sfo{ ub}{ hfFbf o;}
kl/k|I] odf )^@.(.@$ ut]df d]/f] pd]/ %* aif{
k"/f ePsf]n] sf/vfgfsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL @)%^ sf] lgod &%-s_ cg';f/
@)^@.(.@% ut]bl] v nfu" x'g] u/L sf/vfgfsf]
;]jfaf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz lbOof] . ;f] cf7f}} tx
ck|fljlws kbsf] sfod ePsf] :s]n adf]lhd
ljdf;DaGwL ;' l jwf lgodfjnLdf pNn] v
ePadf]lhd aLdf ;+:yfg;Fu ;dGjo u/L a[l4
ePsf] ?=!),#*). z'? :s]ndf ladf /sd
sfod u/L lk|ldod a'emfpg' kg]d
{ f @)^@ ;fn
cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd sfod /x]sf] k"/fg} ;ftf}

txsf] tnj :s]n adf]lhd lk|ldod aLdf


;+:yfgnfO{ a'emfPsf] s'/f ldlt @)^@.(.@% ut]df
clgjfo{ cjsfz kfPkl5 sf/vfgfdf cfkm\gf]
;]jfsf] cjlwe/sf] lx;fj lstfj ug{ hfFbf pQm
s'/f yfxf eof] .
d lgj]bsn] tTsfnLg cWoIfHo" hgsk'/
r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln= / ;~rfns ;ldltdf ;d]t
d]/f] cf7f} txsf] @)^@ ;fn ;fpgb]lv nfu"
tnjdfgdf ldlt @)^@.&.@ b]lv d lgj]bssf]
z'? :s]n ?=!),#*). sfod e} ;f]xLcg';f/
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln= sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod &#-s_ adf]lhd
d}n] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] @)^@ ;fnsf] z'? tnj
:s]n adf]lhd a[l4 ePcg';f/ aLdf ;+:yfg;Fu
;dGjo /fvL ljdf /sd sfod u/L ;f]xLadf]lhd
afFsL lk|ldodjfkt /sd sfod u/L ;f]xL
adf]lhdsf] afFsL /sd sf/vfgfaf6 e'Qmfg u/fO{
kfpg ldlt @)^@.!).!) ut] dfu u/]sf]df
dfuadf]lhd sf/vfgfn] lbg OGsf/ u/L ldlt
@)^#.!.!% ut] df}lvs hfgsf/L lbPsf] x'gfn]
cGofodf k/L ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf lgj]bg
k|:t't u/]sf] 5' . ljkIfLn] d]/f] cf7f} txsf] z'?
:s]nadf]lhd aLdf /sd hDdf u/L Psd'i6
aLdf /sddf a[l4 x'g'kg]{ ?=!,#*,#)). u/L
hDdf ?=^,@@,*)). e'QmfgL lbg' kg]d
{ f hDdf
?=$,*$,))). dfq lng dnfO{ bjfj lbO/x]sf]df
cfh;Dd d}n] ;f] /sd e'QmfgL lnPsf] 5}g .
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf
zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod &#-s_
adf]lhdsf] aLdf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ug]{ lqmof
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!,
!@-_, !& f/f k|bQ d]/f] xsdf k|ToIftM cf3ft
kg]{ sfo{ u/]sf] x'bF f hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf
ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
lgod &#-s_-@_ adf]lhd z'? :s]ndf a[l4
ePadf]lhd aLdf ;+:yfg;Fu ;dGjo u/L j[l4

1520

**(( - hubLz lu/L lj=hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=;d]t

ePcg';f/ x'g] ljdf /sd sfod ul/g]5 eGg]


;]jf zt{ lgodfjnLadf]lhd d]/f] ldlt @)^@.&.@
b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L a9'jfkl5sf] z'? :s]n
?=!),#*). sf] ljdf lk|ldod sfod u/L aLdfsf]
Maturity sf] ldlt;Dddf yk /sd x'gk
' g]d
{ f
ljkIfLn] e] b efjk" 0 f{ Jojxf/ u/L dnfO{
ljdf;DaGwL ;'ljwf lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] lqmof
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!,
!@-_, !& tyf hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=sf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod
&#-s_-@_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf] x'bF f ljkIfLnfO{
d]/f] a9'jf e} cf7f}+ txdf kb:yfkgf ePcg';f/
;f]xL kbsf] z'? :s]nadf]lhd lk|ldod sfod
u/L aLdf /sd e'QmfgL ug'{ egL ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf
k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] cf1f, cfb]z jf k"hL{
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{
xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf
Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n
;fy /fvL dxfGofofwljQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf]
Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL pBf]u afl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnonfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf]
af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{
lbg' . lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf
ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt
hjfkm lnO{ cfkm} jf cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwf/f
pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn
;fy} /fvL ljkIfL hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf
ln= hgsk' / ;d] t nfO{ ;DalGWft lhNnf
cbfntdfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.#.#@
sf] cfb]z .

hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln= sd{rf/L


;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod &#-s_-@_
cg';f/ aLdf ;+:yfg;Fu ;dGjo /fVbf /fli6o
aLdf ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)^@.&.@* sf] kqf/f
sf/vfgfsf] aLdf k|f/De ldlt !$ clk|n !(*@
ePsf]n] !$ clk|nkZrft\ a9'jf jf aLdf a[l4
ePsf JolQmxsf] ;Gbe{df lghxsf] cfufdL
!$ clk|n gk'Ub} aLrdf /fhLgfdf jf cjsfz
k|fKt ePsf JolQmxsf] aLdf se/ lgodcg';f/
ug{ gldNg] egL n]vL cfPsf] 5 . lgodfjnLsf]
lgod &#-s_-@_ df ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd aLdf
;+:yfg;Fu ;dGjo /fvL a[l4 ePcg';f/ x'g]
ljdf /sd sfod ul/g] u/]sf] tyf sf/vfgf /
aLdf ;+:yfgaLr ePsf] k"j{ ;xdltcg';f/ aLdf
;+:yfgn] To:tf] aLdf x/]s aif{sf] clk|n !$
tfl/v -k|foM a}zfv ! ut]_ b]lv dfq k'gf/De
ug]{ u/]sf]n] ljkIfLsf] tnj a[l4 ePsf] ldlt,
cjsfz ldltsf] cjlwleq !$ clk|n -a}zfv
!_ gk/]sf] x'bF f aLdf ;+:yfgsf] lgodcg';f/
ljkIfLsf] bfjLadf]lhdsf] aLdf /sd e'QmfgL
gkfpg] k|i6 5 . ljkIfLn] ;~rfns ;ldltdf
lbPsf] elgPsf] lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'uf]+ gnfUb}
dfuadf]lhdsf] /sd lbg OGsf/ u/L ldlt
@)^#.!.!% ut] df}lvs hfgsf/L lbPsf] egL
;j{yf em"7f Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L lgj]bg btf{
u/fpg' ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] lgodfjnLsf] lgod
&# -s_-@_ ;d]tsf] cIf/; kfngf u/]sf], sfg"gsf]
k|lts"n s'g} sfo{ xfdLaf6 gePsf], sfg"gadf]lhd
u/]sf] sfo{af6 ljkIfLnfO{ ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ
xsdf cf3ft k'us
] f] dfGg g;lsg] ;d]tsf
cfwf/af6 ljkIfLsf] bfjL vf/]h xf];\ eGg] hgsk'/
r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=, ;f]sf dxfk|aGws /
dxflgb]z
{ s ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bs hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=sf]
sd{rf/L ePsf] / lghsf] lgo'lQm cjsfz tyf
aLdfsf /sdnufot ;]jf ;'ljwfx ;f]xL

1521

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

sDkgLsf] lgodadf]lhd x'g] ePsf] Pj+ ;f]


;DaGwdf dGqfnon] s'g} lg0f{o ul/lbPsf] jf
u/L lbg' kg]{ cj:yf gePsf]n] ljkIfLn] o;
dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ g} b]lvb}g . o;
dGqfnoaf6 lgj]bssf] xs hfg] s'g} lsl;dsf]
sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g . lgj]bs cfk}mn]
klg To:tf] s'g} bfjL lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;/L
ljkIfL agfpg' g} gkg]{ lgsfonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{
bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg bfjL+ vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u afl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
k|sfz s]=;L=n] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 km};nf
x'Fbf pNn]v ePsf ghL/x g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf] sDkgL P]gadf]lhd :yflkt
;+:yf xf]Ogg\ . To;sf/0f tL s'g} klg ghL/
k|:t't d'2f;Fu cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] x'bF f hgsk'/
r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sfg" g g} ePsf] x' F b f pQm
lgodfjnLadf] l hd bfo/ ePsf] lgj] b g
sfg"g;+ut g} /x]sf]n] l/6 If]qflwsf/ u|x0f
u/L Gofo lg/f]k0f ug{ ldNb5 . lgj]bs ldlt
@)^@.&.@ ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L cf7f}+ tx
ck|fljlws kbdf a9'jf e} lghsf] tnj :s]n
?=!),#*). sfod ePsf] 5 . ;f] txsf] kbsf]
sfod ePsf] :s]nadf]lhd hgsk'/ r'/f]6
sf/vfgf ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL,
@)%^ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd aLdf ;+:yfg;Fu
;dGjo u/L a[l4 ePsf] z'? :s]ndf aLdf
/sd sfod u/L lk|ldod lbg'kg]{df k'/fg}
txsf] tnj :s]nadf]lhdsf] lk|ldod aLdf
/sd ;+ : yfgnfO{ a' e mfPsf] cj:yf x' F b f
lgj]bssf] j9'jf ldltb]lvg} nfu" x'g] u/L
aLdf lk|ldod sfod u/L lgj]bsnfO{ /sd

e' Q mfgL ug' { egL lgj] b g dfuadf] l hd


ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g'k5{
egL jx; ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln= sf]
tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf /flhj cfrfo{n]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;+:yfgxn]
jgfPsf] ljlgodfjnL ;d]tnfO{ g]kfn sfg"g
;/x dfGotf k|bfg u/L ;DdfgLt cbfntn] k"0f{
kdf u|x0f u/L km};nf ;d]t ul//x]sf] cj:yf
;d]taf6 ;f]xL k|sl[ tsf] hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfO{ sfg"g
;/x dfGotf k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 . hgsk'/ r'/f]6
sf/vfgf ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] lgod &#-s_-@_ df ePsf]
Joj:yfadf]lhd aLdf ;+:yfg;Fu ;dGjo /fvL
a[l4 eP cg';f/ x'g] ljdf /sd sfod ul/g]
u/]sf] tyf sf/vfgf / aLdf ;+:yfgaLr ePsf]
k"j{ ;xdltcg';f/ aLdf ;+:yfgn] To:tf] aLdf
x/]s aif{sf] clk|n !$ tfl/vb]lv dfq k|f/De
ug]{ u/]sf] x'bF f ljkIfL lgj]bssf] tnj a[l4
ePsf] ldlt / cjsfz ldltsf] cjlwleq !$
clk|n gk/]sf] x'bF f aLdf ;+:yfgsf] lgod cg';f/
lgj]bssf] bfjLadf]lhdsf] aLdf /sd e'QmfgL
ug{ gldNg] ePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h x'g' k5{ egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z zdf{ kf}8n
] n] ljkIfL
lgj] b ssf] lgo' Q mL, ;] j f, zt{ , ;' l jwf /
cjsfz;DaGwL sfo{x dGqfnon] gug]{ x'bF f /
lgj]bssf] xsdf cf3ft kg]{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n]
s'g} sfo{ gu/]sf] x'bF f l/6 vf/]h x'gk' 5{ egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/
;d]t ;'gL lgj]bg kq ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
sfuhft cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgDg k|Zg dfly
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof]M

1522

**(( - hubLz lu/L lj=hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=;d]t

s_ hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8sf]


sd{rf/L ;]jf, zt{ ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%^ cGtu{tsf] xs k|rngsf] nflu
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f @#, **-@_ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_
cGtu{t o; cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg lbg
ldNg] xf] jf xf]Og <
v_ lgj]bss dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{
xf] jf xf]Og <
@= hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8sf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf, zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
cGtu{tsf] xs k|rngsf] nflu ;+j}wflgs
pkrf/sf] xscGtu{t o; cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg
lbg ldNg] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] klxnf] k|Zgtkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8
sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !#&-s_ cGtu{t
:yfkgf ePsf] ;/sf/L sDkgL ePsf]df ljjfb
b]lvFbg} . pQm sf/vfgfsf] p2]Zo x]bf{ /fli6o
cy{tGqdf pBf]u wGbfsf] of]ubfg j9fpFb} n}hfg
kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL hg;fwf/0fn]
pkef]u u/L cfPsf] cfj:os j:t'x/sf] cfk"lt{df
cfTd lge{/ x'gs
' f] ;fy} b]zsf] cfly{s ;d[l4tkm{
of]ubfg k'ofpg] eGg] o;sf] k|jGw kqaf6
b]lvG5 . o; sf/vfgfsf] z]o/jfnfxdf cy{
;lrj / Psfp06]06 hg/n, pBf]u jfl0fHo
;lrj / Psfp06]06 hg/n tyf lgb]z
{ s pBf]u
ljefu / Psfp06]06 hg/n /x]sf] / o;sf]
z]o/sf] vl/b ljqmL jf x:tfGt/0f ;d]t sDkgL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !#&s adf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf]
;Ful7t ;+:yfxnfO{ dfq ug{ ;lsg] o;sf]
k|jGwkqaf6 b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ ljkIfL sf/vfgf
k"0f{kdf ;/sf/L nufgL / :jfldTj /x]sf],
g]kfn ;/sf/n] Jooef/ jxg ug'k{ g]{ ;+:yf eGg]

b]lvG5 . csf]t{ km{ k|= sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf]


bkmf !#&-v_ sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg adf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/sf] cfb]z jf lgb]z
{ gsf] kfngf ug'{ ;f]
sf/vfgfsf] st{Jo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
;f] P]gsf] bkmf !! adf]lhd pQm P]g;Fu gjflemg]
u/L bkmf !@ df plNnlvt s'/fx ;d]t v'nfO{
cfkm\ g f] lgodfjnL jgfpg] clwsf/ ;f]
sf/vfgfnfO{ k|fKt x'gs
' f] ;fy} o;/L jgfPsf]
lgodfjnL ;DalGwt ljefuaf6 :jLs[t ePkl5
dfq nfu" x'g] Joj:yf sDkgL P]gdf ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'k hgsk'/
r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] lgodfjnL, @)$# jgfOPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] lgodfjnLsf] lgod %$-@_ n] P]g,
k|jGw kq / ;f] lgodfjnLsf] clwgdf /xL
sf/vfgfsf] ;'Joj:yf / ;~rfngsf] nflu sd{rf/L
tyf dhb'/xsf] lgo'lQm, vf];j' f, j9'jf cflb /
;Dk"0f{ cfGtl/s k|zf;g / cfly{s Joj:yf
;DaGwL lgodx jgfO{ nfu" ug{ ;~rfns
;ldltn] ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]cg'k hgsk'/ r'/f]6
sf/vfgf lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL
@)%^ jgfO{ pQm lgodfjnL ;DalGwt ljefuaf6
:jLs[t eP kZrft nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6
ljkIfL sf/vfgf /fli6o cy{tGqdf pBf]u wGbfsf]
of]ubfg j9fpFb} n}hfg] / b]zsf] cfly{s ;d[l4tkm{
of]ubfg k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/L sDkgLsf]
kdf v8f ul/Psf] ;+:yf b]lvPsf] / o;sf
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnL lgdf{0f
ug]{ tyf ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ ;DalGwt ljefusf]
k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf x'g] x'bF f ljkIfL sf/vfgf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;+:yf eGg]
b]lvG5 .
#= sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !@
adf]lhd lgod agfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf sDkgL
P]gn] u/]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . ;f] adf]lhd jg]sf]
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8sf] lgodfjnL
lgdf{0f ePsf] / ;f] lgodfjnLn] sf/vfgfsf]

1523

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

;'Joj:yf / ;~rfngsf] nflu sd{rf/L tyf


dhb'/xsf] lgo'lQm, vf];'jf, j9'jf cflb /
;Dk"0f{ cfGtl/s k|zf;g / cfly{s Joj:yf;DaGwL
lgodx agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;~rfns
;ldltnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ To:tf] lgod
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt ePkl5 dfq
nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L sDkgL
P]g, @)@! cg'k k|Tofof]lht ljwfog cGtu{t
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8sf] lgodfjnL
hf/L ePsf] / ;f] lgodfjnLadf]lhd ;~rfns
;ldltn] agfPsf] lgod g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt
k|bfg u/]kl5 dfq nfu" x'g] eGg] Joj:yf /x]af6
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8sf] lgodfjnL
/ hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8 sd{rf/L
;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] x}l;ot ;dfg
x'g] b]lvG5 .
$= ;~rfns ;ldltn] jgfPsf] hgsk'/
r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL @)%^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt
ljefun] jfWofTds kdf h:tfsf] t:t} :jLs[lt
ug}{ kg]{ eGg] geO{ nfu" x'gsf] nflu eg] :jLs[lt
clgjfo{ /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . plNnlvt
Joj:yfn] hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL jgfO{ nfu" ug]{
clGtd clwsf/ hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf]
;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] geO{ s]jn
sfo{ ;xhtfsf nflu ;~rfns ;dltnfO{
lgodfjnLsf] d;f}bf ug]{ sfo{;Dd ;'lDkPsf] /
;f] d;f}bf :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;DalGwt ljefudf
k]z ug]{ bfloTj klg ;f] ;ldltsf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o; l:yltdf hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL sDkgL P]g, @)@!
sf] bkmf !@ f/f k|Tofof]lht ljwfogcGtu{t
g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf] lgodfjnL eGg] b]lvPsf]
x' F b f pQm lgodfjnL g] k fn sfg" g sf]
kl/efiffcGtu{t kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] ;f] lgodfjnLf/f

Jojl:yt xs clwsf/sf] k|rngsf] nflu g]kfn


clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#, **
-@_ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f #@, !)&-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t l/6 lgj]bg lbg
gkfpg] eGg ldn]g .
%= t;y{, tTsfn k|rlnt sDkgL P]g,
@)@! cGtu{t :yflkt ljkIfL sf/vfgfn]
agfPsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnLnfO{
pQm sf/vfgf / To;sf sd{rf/Lx aLrsf]
cfk;L ;DaGwsf] lgwf{/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{
cfGtl/s aGbf]j:tsf] lnvt dfq dfGg' kg]{ egL
ljkIfL hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8sf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
nfO{ g]kfn sfg"gsf] kdf dfGotf lbg jf
c+lusf/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g
;lsPg .
^= cj lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z
hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=sf] sd{rf/L
;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]] lgod &# -s_@_ df plNnlvt z'? :s]ndf a[l4 ePadf]lhd
aLdf ;+:yfg;Fu ;dGjo u/L a[l4 ePcg';f/
x'g] aLdf /sd sfod ul/g] eGg] Joj:yfadf]lhd
ldlt @)^@.&.@ b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L a9'jf kl5sf]
z'? :s]n ?=!),#*). sf] ljdf lk|ldod sfod
u/L a9'jf e} t];f| ] txdf kb:yfkgf ePcg';f/
;f]xL kbsf] z'? :s]nadf]lhd lk|ldod sfod
u/L aLdf /sd e'QmfgLsf nflu cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bssf] d'Vo bfjL /x]sf] 5 .
lgj]bs ldlt @)^@.&.@ b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L cf7f}
tx ck|fljlws kbdf j9'jf ePsf]df ljjfb
b]lvFbg} . hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=sf] sd{rf/L
;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]] lgod &# sf]
Joj:yf x]bf{ sf/vfgfsf] :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ z'?

1524

**(( - hubLz lu/L lj=hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=;d]t

tnj :s]nsf] kfFr jif{sf] tnj /sd j/fj/sf]


;fjlws hLjg aLdf ul/g] Joj:yf lgod &#
-s_-!_ df / sf/vfgfsf] sd{rf/Lxsf] z'?
tnj :s]ndf j[l4 ePdf jLdf ;+:yfg;Fu ;dGjo
/fvL j[l4 eP cg';f/sf] ljdf /sd sfod
ul/g] eGg] Joj:yf lgod &#-s_ -@_ df pNn]v
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
&= lgj]bs ldlt @)^@.&.@ b]lv nfu"
x'g] u/L j9'jf eO{ ldlt @)^@.(.@% b]lv nfu"
x'g] u/L pd]/ xbsf sf/0f ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf]
eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L j9'jf ePkl5 z'? tnj
:s]n ? !),#*). x'g] x'gfn] ;f]xLadf]lhd aLdf
/sd sfod x'g' k5{ eGg] g} lgj]bssf] d'Vo
bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL hgsk'/ r'/f]6
sf/vfgf ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ sf/vfgfsf]
aLdf k|f/De ldlt !$ clk|n !(*@ ePsf]n]
!$ clk|n -k|fo a}zfv ! ut]_ kZrft\ a9'jf jf
aLdf a[l4 ePsf JolQmxsf] ;Gbe{df lghxsf]
cfufdL !$ clk|n gk'Ub} aLrdf /fhLgfdf jf
cjsfz k|fKt ePsf JolQmxsf] aLdf se/
lgodfg';f/ ug{ gldNg] egL aLdf ;+:yfg;Fu
;dGjo /fVbf /fli6o aLdf ;+:yfgsf] ldlt
@)^@.&.@* sf] kqf/f n]vL cfPsf] eGg] pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLsf] pQm egfO{nfO{ lgj]bsn]
cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] klg b]lvFbg} . o;/L ljkIfL
sf/vfgf / aLdf ;+ : yfgaLr ePsf]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ aLdf ;+:yfgn] To:tf] aLdf x/]s
aif{sf] clk|n !$ tfl/v -k|foM a}zfv ! ut]_
b]lv dfq k'gf/De ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / lgj]bssf]
j9'jf eO{ tnj a[l4 ePsf] ldlt / cjsfz
ldltsf] cjlwleq !$ clk|n -a}zfv !_ k/]sf]
gb]lvPsf] x'bF f aLdf ;+:yfgsf] lgodcg';f/
lgj]bsn] bfjLadf]lhdsf] aLdf /sd e'QmfgL
kfpg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg .
*= t;y{ ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
lgj]bs dfuadf]lhd j9'jf ePsf] kbsf] z'?

:s]nadf]lhd lk|ldod sfod u/L aLdf /sd


e'QmfgL ug'{ eGg] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz j}Bgfy pkfWofosf] /fo
o;df lgj]bsn] hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf
ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL @)%^
adf]lhd ldlt @)^@.&.@ b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L
a9'jf ePkl5 sfod ePsf] z'? :s]nadf]lhd
aLdf sfod u/L lk|ldod ltg'k{ g]d
{ f ljkIfLn]
e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/L aLdf;DaGwL ;'ljwf lbg
OGsf/ u/]sf] lqmof g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f !!, !@ -_,!& tyf hgsk'/
r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod &#-s_-@_ ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n ePsf] egL a9'jf kb:yfkgf ePcg';f/
;f]xL kbsf] z'? :s]nadf]lhd lk|ldod sfod
u/L aLdf /sd e'QmfgL ug'{ egL ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf
k/dfb]znufotsf] cfb]z cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] d'Vo bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;;dIf
k]z x'Fbf ljkIfL hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf
lnld6]8sf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] agfO{ nfu" u/]sf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
nfO{ g]kfn sfg"gsf] dfGotf lbg g;lsg] / pQm
lgodnfO{ ljkIfL sf/vfgf / o;sf sd{rf/Lxsf]
aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ tyf Jojl:yt
ug]{ lnvt jf ;Demf}tfsf] x}l;otdf dfq x]g{'
a'g' kg]{ x'bF f o:tf] ;DaGwsf] hl/ofaf6 pTkGg
ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t o;
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qleq gkg]{ eGg]

1525

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

cfkm\gf] /fo sfod u/L ;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf]


b]=k'=g+=)^&^ df ePsf] ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf] lg0f{odf
pQm Ohnf;sf] ?ln aflemg uO{ sfg"gsf]
JofVof;DaGwL k|Zg p7]sf] egL k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k]z ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;j{ky| d hgsk'/
r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
lgodfjnL, @)%^ g] k fn sfg" g sf]
kl/efiffcGtu{t k5{ jf kb}g{ / pQm lgodfjnLn]
Joj:yf u/]sf] xs clwsf/sf] k|rngsf nflu
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cfslif{t
x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8 sDkgL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !#&-s_ cGtu{t :yfkgf
ePsf] / o;sf] :yfkgf x'bF f cGo lghL sDkgL
;/x k|jGwkq / lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
;/sf/L sDkgL eGg]df ljjfb b]lvFbg} . sDkgL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !! adf]lhd pQm P]g;Fu
gjflemg] u/L bkmf !@ df plNnlvt s'/fx
;d]t v'nfO{ cfkm\gf] lgodfjnL jgfpg] clwsf/
ljkIfL sf/vfgfnfO{ k|fKt ePsf]n] ;f]xL sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg'k hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf]
lgodfjnL, @)$# agfOPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
lgodfjnLsf] lgod %$-@_ n] P]g, k|jGwkq /
;f] lgodfjnLsf] clwgdf /xL sf/vfgfsf]
;'Joj:yf / ;~rfngsf] nflu sd{rf/L tyf
dhb'/xsf] lgo'lQm, vf];'jf, j9'jf cflb /
;Dk"0f{ cfGtl/s k|zf;g / cfly{s Joj:yf;DaGwL
lgodx jgfO{ nfu" ug{ ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
zlQmk[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt cg';f/
/fHosf] tLg c+u dWo] sfg"g agfpg] d'Vo
clVtof/L Joj:yflksfsf] ePsf] tYo ;+jw} flgs
ljlwzf:qdf ;j{:jLsfo{ kdf /x]sf] 5 .
Joj:yflksfn] ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmof
adf]lhd ljw]os k]z u/L P]gsf] k lng],] /

Joj:yflksfsf] j}7s gj;]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfn


s]xL ug{ cfjZos k/]sf] l:yltdf hf/L ePsf
cWofb]z :jLsf/ u/L To;n] P]gsf] k lng]
Joj:yf b]lvG5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf cfwf/
lnPsf] tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] efu ( df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/
s'g} klg laifodf agfOg] P]gx ;j{k|yd
ljw]ossf] kdf k|:t't eO{ ;+;bdf k]z x'g] /
;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgaf6 pQm ljw]os kfl/t ePkl5
dfq ;+;bdf k|:t't ljw]osn] sfg"gsf] k
wf/0f ug]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] efu * df klg Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw
cGtu{t o; k|sf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L ;+ljwfgtM sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] ;Dk"0f{
clwsf/ Joj:yflksfnfO{ ePtfklg /fHon]
;Dkfbg ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ If]qsf] Jofkstf / ljljwtfsf]
sf/0fn] x/]s ljifoj:t';uF ;DalGwt sfg"gsf]
lgdf{ 0 f ug] { ljz] i f1tf / kof{ K t ;do
Joj:yflksfnfO{ k|fKt gx'g] ePsf]n] k|fljlws
tyf ljlzi6 1fgsf] cfjZostfkg]{ ljifoxdf
P]gsf] kdf cfwf/e"t gLlt lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ lj:t[t sfg"gsf]
lgdf{0f ug{ sfo{kflnsf tyf ;f] cGtu{tsf cGo
lgsfoxnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . t/ o;/L k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t
:j]R5frf/L kdf sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ gkfOg]
ePsf]n] o;sf nflu lglZrt\ l;4fGt / ;Ldfsf]
ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . k|Tofof]lht ljwfogcGtu{t
sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;DalGwt P]g;Fu jflemg]
u/L ug{ gkfOg] / k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ d"n
P]gsf] :ki6 clVtof/Lj]u/ k'gM k|Tofof]hg x'g
g;Sg] l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf Sub-delegation sf] l;4fGt lqmofzLn
x'G5 . Tof] xf] Delegatus non potest delegare
cyf{t\ A delegate cannot further delegate unless
the parent law itself gives authority to the

1526

**(( - hubLz lu/L lj=hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=;d]t


government to that effect. o; k|sf/ s'g} P]gf/f

k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L s'g} P]g lgdf{0f


ul/G5 eg] P]gn] :ki6 clVtof/ lbPsf] cj:yfdf
jfx]s To:tf] lgodn] sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ clVtof/
k'gM k|Tofof]hg ug{ ldNb}g . olb o;/L k'gM
k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u u/L s'g} lgod agfOG5
eg] To;n] sfg"gsf] :yfg u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g .
plNnlvt ;}4flGts k[i7e"lddf ;+;baf6
kf/Lt eO{ sfg"gsf] k wf/0f ug]{ P]g jfx]ssf]
sfg"gsf] dfGotf kfpg] cGo ;jfn, lgod,
cfb]z jf pklgod sf] ;|ft] / lgdf{0f x'g]
k|lqmof km/s x'g] ePklg oL sfg"gxsf] lgdf{0f
s'g} Ps lgsfoaf6 dfq x'g] geO{ ;+ljwfg jf
s'g} P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;f]xL P]gdf
plNnlvt p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu sfo{kflnsf jf
s'g} ;+jw} flgs lgsfo jf s'g} k]zf, Joj;fosf]
lgodgsf nflu P] g n] g} l;h{ g f u/] s f]
lgodgsf/L lgsfoxaf6 x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
Joj:yflksfn] agfPsf] P]g jfx]s cGo s'g}
lgod, ljlgod tyf pklgodxn] sfg"gsf]
x}l;ot k|fKt ug{sf] nflu o:tf lgod, ljlgod
tyf pklgodx agfpg] af/]df ;DalGwt
;/sf/L lgsfo jf lgodgsf/L lgsfonfO{ k|rlnt
P]gn] g} s'g p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu To:tf lgod
jf ljlgod agfpg] xf] ;f] ;d]t ls6fg u/L
lgod jf lalgod agfpg] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . o;/L P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/L
k|of]u u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
agfOPsf lgod, ljlgod, pklgodn] dfq
sfg"gsf] dGotf kfpg] x'G5 .
g]kfn sfg"g AofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!)
sf] bkmf @ -_ n] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] kl/efiff
cg';f/ ;a} g]kfn P]gx, g]kfnsf] s'g} efudf
sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] ;jfn, lgod, cfb]z jf
pklgod nfO{ sfg"g dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf Pp6f ;Lldt bfloTj

ePsf] ;/sf/L sDkgL xf] . cGo sDkgL ;/x


o;n] klg sDkgLsf] k|aGwkq / lgodfjnL
agfO{ :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ljkIfL
sf/vfgf s'g} P]g jf sfg"gf/f :yflkt ;/sf/L
lgsfo, ljefu jf lgodgsf/L lgsfo geO{ tTsfn
k|rlnt sDkgL P]g, @)@! cg';f/ tof/ kfl/Psf]
k| a Gwkq tyf lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ btf{ ePsf] Pp6f pBf]u ePsf]
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 b]lvG5 . of] sf/vfgfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] tyf o;sf ;a}
;]o/ wgLx ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ljefu ePsf]
b]lvP klg o;nfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ljefu
;/xsf] dfGotf k|bfg ug{ ldNg] b]lvFbg} . o;sf
cltl/Qm ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 ug'k{ g]{ s'g} ;fj{hlgs
bfloTj jf lhDd]jf/L pQm sf/vfgfn] ug'k{ g]{
egL s'g} k|rlnt sfg"g jf P]gn] tf]ss
] f] klg
b]lvFbg} .
o; l:yltdf z]o/wgLsf] kdf g]kfn
;/sf/ jf o;sf] s'g} ljefu jf sfof{no /x]sf]
eGg] sf/0fn] dfq cGo lghL nufgLdf :yflkt
sDkgL jf k|lti7fgsf] eGbf a9L jf ljz]if
x}l;ot jf sfg"g agfpg] ljz]if clVtof/L k|fKt
ub{5 egL JofVof ug'{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtcg'sn
"
x'g] b]lvPg . olb ;/sf/L sf/vfgf ePsf] sf/0fn]
sDkgL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd jgfPsf]
lgodfjnL k|Tofof]lht ljwfogcGtu{t agfPsf]
dfGg] xf] eg] klg ;f] lgodfjnLsf] lgod %$-@_
n] sf/vfgfsf] ;'Joj:yf / ;~rfngsf] nflu
sd{rf/L tyf dhb'/xsf] lgo'lQm, vf];j' f, j9'jf
cflb / ;Dk"0f{ cfGtl/s k|zf;g / cfly{s
Joj:yf ;DaGwL lgodx jgfO{ nfu" ug{
;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/
k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k'gM k|Tofof]hg x'g g;Sg]
eGg] l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt b]lvg hfG5 . s'g} pBf]u
Joj;fo jf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] sDkgL
P]gadf]lhd :yflkt sf/vfgf jf sDkgLsf

1527

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

;~rfns ;ldltn] agfPsf lgodfjnLnfO{ g]kfn


lg0f{o g+= *())
sfg"gsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t kg]{ egL JofVof ubf{
o:t} k|sl[ tsf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfxn] jgfPsf
lgodnfO{ klg g]kfn sfg"g dfGg' kg]{ cj:yfsf]
l;h{gf x'g hfG5 . h'g s'/f o; cbfntaf6
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
:yflkt l;4fGt / Goflos k'g/fnf]sgsf] ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g hfG5 .
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk]t| L
o; l:yltdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg;Fu
l/=g+= @)^*WO!)$!
;DalGwt hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] sd{rf/L
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.*.@
;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfO{ sfg"g
dfGg tyf pQm lgodfjnLdf Jojl:yt xsnfO{
ljifoM pTk]i| f0f ;d]t .
sfg"gL xs dfGg gldNg] b]lvFbf To:tf] xssf]
k|rngsf] nflu tTsfn k|rlnt g]kfn clw/fHosf] lgj]bsM sf=lh=,sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= #$ a:g]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ tyf g]kfnsf]
uf]/vf a8Ldflnsf h]=eL=sDkgLsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_
tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt ljho dNn
adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q
lj?4
cfslif{t x'g] b]lvPg . hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] ljkIfLM ;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{no,
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
tfxfrn ;d]t
nfO{ g]kfn sfg"gsf] dfGotf lbg ldNg] u/L
JofVof ePsf] jx'dt /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g g;s]sf]n]
@) dlxgfdf ;DkGg ug]{ k|ltj4tf;lxt
of] 5'} /fo JoQm u/]sf] 5' .
;Demf}tf ul/Psf] sfo{ % jif{ JotLt
t;y{, hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] sd{rf/L
x' F b f;Dd klg ;DkGg gug] { tyf
;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfO{ g]kfn
k6sk6s sfd 5f8L lx8\g] / ;DalGwt
sfg"gsf] kdf dfGotf lbg ;lsg] cj:yf
sfof{non] pkl:yt eO{ sfo{ ;'rf? ug{
gePsf]n] ;f] lgodfjnLdf Jojl:yt xsnfO{
k6sk6s df}sf lbFbf ;d]t sfdk|lt
klg sfg"gL xs dfGg gldNg] x'bF f To:tf] xssf]
pbf;Lgtf b]vfpg] sfo{ k|f/lDes kdf
k|rngsf] nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
g} u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ b]lvg cfpg] .
clwsf/If]q cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] x'bF f k|:t't l/6
;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{
lng] kIfn] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf, tf]lsPsf]
jx'dtsf] lg0f{odf ;xdt ePklg d'2fsf] tYo
u'0f:t/ sfod ub}{ ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
leq k|jz
] u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] lg0f{ofwf/df c;xdt
sfo{ ug'{ sfg"gL / g}lts bfloTj ePsfn]
ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] 5'} lg0f{ofwf/ k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ckof{Kttf v8\lsPsf]
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg" .
ljsf;f]Gd"v d'ns
' df b|t' t/ kdf ef}lts
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ 68\sf/f]
Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L
cfjZostf /x]sf] j:t'tYonfO{ o; If]qdf
;+nUg ;a}n] x[bo+ud ug'k{ g]{ .

&

1528

*()) - a8Ldflnsf h]=eL=sDkgL lj=;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{no ;d]t

cfk\mgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ x/;Dej k|of;


ubf{ub}{ klg sfa"aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt kg{
uO{ sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;Sg' cs}{ l:ylt
xf] t/ o;sf] nflu k|of; u/]sf] ;d]t
klg gb]lvg'nfO{ plrt dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd ;Demf}tfcg'ksf]
bfloTj ;f/e"tkdf kfngf gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf sfnf];r
" Ldf /fVg] u/L ePsf]
lg0f{o cGoyf b]lvg gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf xl/k|;fb pk|t] L
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf b'uf{aGw'
kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
^#-!_-u_
cfb]z
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bs ;d]tn] btf{ u/]sf] uf]/vf
sG:6Szg sDkgL g]kfn k|f=ln=/ xl/l;+x af]xf]/f
;d]tn] btf{ u/]sf] a8Ldflnsf lgdf{0f ;]jf
sDkgL k|f=ln= sf aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd
v8f ul/Psf] uf]/vf a8Ldflnsf h]=eL= sDkgLn]
g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf sfof{no;Fu ;Demf}tf
u/L g]kfnu~h l:yt dx]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;sf]
l8u|L Ans, uN;{ xf]:6]n tyf afp08L afn
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu ?=!,(^,&*,#@#.$^ df
7]Ssf lnPsf] lyof] . krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L
sfd ;DkGg u/]kl5 b]zdf ljBdfg /x]sf]

/fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf, aGb x8tfn,


3]/fp h:tf sf/0f / lgdf{0f ;fdu|Ldf ePsf]
tLj| d"Noj[l4, lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] cefj, OGwgsf]
cefj, h]=eL= kf6{g/ xl/l;+x af]xf]/fsf] b'Mvb\
lgwg tyf ?=#!,&^,)!&.^( -Eof6 ;lxt_ sf]
5}6f}+ /lg aLnsf] e'QmfgL glbPsf] / pN6}
h]=eL= sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 gu/kflnsfsf] kIfdf
hf/L u/]sf] k/kmd]G; aG8sf] kdf /x]sf]
?=(,*%,))). /sd kof{ K t x' F b fx' F b }
gu/kflnsfn] ?= !%,)),))). -k|Gw nfv_
yk a}+s Uof/]G6L dfuL b}lgs sfd rnfpgsf]
nflu yf]/} /sd dfq pknAw u/fpg] / a}+s
hdfgtsf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ;fdu|L pknAw
u/fpg gu/kflnsf hdfgL a;L lbg] ;xdtL
ePsf]df ;f] sfd ;d]t gu/kflnsfn] gu/L
pQm u}/sfg"gL kdf ylkPsf] a}+s Uof/]G6L
;d]t hDdf ?= @$,*%,))). sf] a}+s Uof/]G6L
bfjL u/L e'QmfgL lnPsf] / ;fj{hlgs v/Lb
P]g adf]lhdsf] d"Noj[l4 (Price Excalation) sf]
k6sk6s dfu ubf{ klg To;k|lt j]jf:tf
u/]sf] sf/0fn] lgwf{l/t ;doleq sfd ;DkGg
x'g ;s]sf] lyPg .
o;} aLrdf gu/kflnsfn] ldlt
@)^*.&.^ sf] kqaf6 ;f]xL ldltb]lv s/f/ e+u
ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd cfjZos sfg'gL pkrf/df hfg]
o; sDkgLsf] xs ;'/lIft g} 5 .
d"Noj[l4 cg';f/ 7]Ssfsf] /sddf j[l4
u/L @)^* r}t d;fGt;Ddsf] ;do cjlw yk
ug{ cg' / f] w ubf{ u b} { gu/kflnsfn] ldlt
@)^*.&.!* sf] kqaf6 ;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg
sfof{nonfO{ sfnf];r
" Ldf /fVgsf nflu cg'/f]w
u/L k7fPadf]lhd ldlt @)^*.!).@^ sf] kqaf6
:ki6Ls/0f dfu u/]sf]df ldlt @)^*.!!.# df
kq a'emL ;f]sf] hjfkm ldlt @)^*.!@.@ df k]z
u/]sf] ePtfklg ;f] hjfkmnfO{ jf:t} gu/L ldlt

1529

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

@)^(.!.!% sf] uf] / vfkqdf o; h] = eL=


sDkgLnfO{ ! jif{ ^ dlxgfsf] nflu sfnf];r
" Ldf
/fVg] egL ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/Psf]n] ;fx}| cGofodf
k/L Goflos pkrf/sf] lgldQ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
lnO{ ;DdfgLt cbfnt ;dIf pkl:yt ePsf]
5' .
7]Ssfsf] sfddWo] krf; k|ltzt sfd
;DkGg ePsf] s'/f gu/kflnsfn] n]vs
] f] ldlt
@)^*.&.!* sf] kqdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] t/ hDdf
7]Ssf /sd ?=!,(^,&*,#@#.$^ ePsf]df krf;
k|ltzt /sd glbO{ hDdf ?= &),!),&%).)%
dfq e'Qmfg u/]sf] s'/f ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] /
k6sk6s /lg ljnsf] e'QmfgL kfpg cg'/f]w
ubf{ ;d]t e'QmfgL glbPsf] sf/0f 7]Ssfsf] sfd
cufl8 a9fpg g;s]sf] j:t'ut oyfy{tf :ki6
b]lvPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]gsf] bkmf ^# sf]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sfnf];r
" Ldf /fv]sf] elgPsf]
5 . h;sf] cy{ bkmf ^#-!_ cGtu{t v08 -s_
b]lv -r_ ;Ddsf ;a} cj:yfnfO{ cfs[i6 ug{
vf]hs
] f] x'G5 . t/ :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug]{ df}sf
lbFbf bkmf ^#-!_-u_ sf] cj:yf dfq b]vfO{
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf]df sfnf];r
" Ldf /fVg] ;"rgf
k|sflzt ubf{ ;f] v08 -u_ df dfq ;Lldt g/xL
k"/} ^#-!_ nfO{ k|of]u u/]af6 lg0f{o / :ki6Ls/0f
k|i6} kdf aflemPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
;g\ @)!) h'g dlxgf;Ddsf] nflu
7]Ssfsf] cjlw yk u/]sf] s'/f gu/kflnsfn] g}
:jLsf/ u/]s} 5 . h'g cj:yf / kl/l:yltsf]
sf/0faf6 s/f/sf] cjlw h'g @)!) ;Ddsf]
nflu a9fOPsf] xf] ToxL cj:yf / kl/l:yltdf
@)^* r}q;Ddsf] nflu Dofb yk cg'/f]w
ul/Psf]df Dofb yk klg gug]{ / lg0f{o klg
ul/Pg .
plNnlvt tYo / sfg"gsf] cfwf/df
ljkIfLxsf] pQm sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{oaf6

dnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_,


!#-!_ / !(-!_ f/f k|bQ df}lns xs Pj+ dfly
plNnlvt sfg"gf/f k|bQ sfg"gL xsx ;d]t
xgg\ x'g uPsf] / tL xsx k|rng u/fpg]
cGo s'g} j}slNks Pj+ k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf]
af6f] ;d]t gePsf] x'gfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ /
!)&-@_ adf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt
ePsf] 5' .
ctM ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^(.!.!% sf] uf]/vfkqdf
o; h]=eL=sDkgLnfO{ ! jif{ ^ dlxgfsf] nflu
sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f]
lg0f{ o adf] l hd k| s flzt ;" r gf tyf o;
;DaGwdf lgj]bsnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L
ePsf ofjt sfd sf/jfxL lg0f{o, ;"rgf,
kqfrf/ cflb pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
lgj]bsnfO{ sfnf];"rLaf6 x6fO{ oyfjt kdf
lgdf{0f tyf 7]Ssfkf;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ lbg'
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z nufot
cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L k"0f{
Gofo kfpFm . ;fy} k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
6'f] nfUbf 7x/] adf]lhd x'g] u/L pQm lg0f{o
/ ;"rgf sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' oyfjt
kdf lgdf{0f tyf 7]Ssfkf;DaGwL sfo{ ug{
lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L u/L k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/
lbO{ x]l/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg
kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f eP of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s
!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n sfuhft ;fy}
/fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{
lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf ;f]sf] cjlw JotLt

1530

*()) - a8Ldflnsf h]=eL=sDkgL lj=;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{no ;d]t

ePkl5 lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d


cfb]zsf] dfu ;DaGwdf 5nkmn lgldQ ldlt
@)^(.@.% sf] tfl/v tf]sL ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLnfO{
lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
cfb]z .
o;df xfn lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L u/L /xg' k/]g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
sf/jfxLnfO{ cu|flwsf/ k|bfg u/L k]z ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.@.*
sf] cfb]z .
tL; lbgleq lnlvt :ki6Ls/0f k]z
ug{ lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lbPsf]df @)^*.!!.#
df ;"rgf k|fKt u/L ;f]sf] #! cf}+ lbg ldlt
@)^*.!@.# df o; sfof{ n odf lnlvt
:ki6Ls/0f k]z u/]sf] clen]vaf6 b]lvPsf]n]
To;nfO{ sfg"gL cfwf/ dfGg g;lsPsf] .
:ki6Ls/0fdf h'g;'s} s'/f pNn]v u/] klg
lgj]bsn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg
gu/]sf]n] sfg"gadf]lhd sfnf];"rLdf /fVg'
k/]sf] xf] . l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f ! df lghn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ g;s]sf]
s'/f :jo+ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf sfnf];"rLdf
/fVg] u/L o; sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg" g ;Ddt ePsf] n ] l/6 lgj] b g vf/] h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;fj{hlgs v/Lb
cg' u dg sfof{ n osf] tkm{ a f6 k] z ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:'tt
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk|]tLn] sfd
;DkGg ePsf] 5}7f}+ /lg jLn e'QmfgLsf nflu
k6sk6s cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df e'QmfgL glbg'sf
;fy} yk a}+s Uof/]06L dfu u/]sf sf/0f /sd
cefj eO{ ;dodf sfd ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf]
xf] . lgj]bssf] sf/0faf6 ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]

sfo{ ;DkGg x' g g;s] s f] geO{ ljkIfL


gu/kflnsfs} sf/0faf6 To:tf] ePsf]tkm{ Wofg
lbOPsf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf ^#-!_-u_ adf] l hd :ki6Ls/0f
;f]lwPsf]df bkmf ^#-!_ adf]lhd sfnf];"rLdf
/flvPsf] q' l 6k" 0 f{ 5 . sfnf] ; " r Ldf /fVbf
k|lqmofut / sfo{ljlwut q'l6 ePsf] 5 .
d}n] k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f Dofb gf3L k]z
ePsf] egL x]b}{ gx]/L lg0f{odf k'u]af6 k|fs[lts
Gofosf] ;d]t pNn+3g ePsf] 5 . Goflos
ljj]ssf] k|of]u gu/L sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] u/L
ePsf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ x'g'
kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
k| T oyL{ ;fj{ h lgs v/Lb cg' u dg
sfof{ n osf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L b'uf{aGw' kf]v/]nn] sfo{;DkGg
ug{'kg]{ u/L ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] cjlw
tLg k6s;Dd yKbf klg lgj]bsn] sfo{;DkGg
ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;fy} ylkPsf] ;dodf
sfo{ ;DkGg gePdf 7]Ssf tf]l8g] s'/fsf] ;d]t
hfgsf/L u/fOPs} 5 . lgj]bsnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^#-!_-u_ adf]lhd g}
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] / ;f]xL bkmf k|of]u u/L
sfnf];"rLdf /flvPsf] xF'bf :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wbf /
sf/jfxL ubf{ km/s sfg"gL cfwf/ pNn]v u/]sf]
cj:yf 5}g . :ki6Ls/0f #! cf}+ lbgdf k]z
ePsf] eGg] s'/f;Dd lg0f{odf pNn]v ePklg
To;nfO{ x]b}{ gx]l/Psf] eGg] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't
ug'{eof] .
kIf ljkIfsf]] tkm{af6 ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; ;'gL
l/6 lgjb]g ;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft cWoog
u/L x]bf{ lgj]bsnfO{ sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] u/L
ePsf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 5, 5}g /
lgj]bg lhsL/cg';f/ ;f] lg0f{o ab/ x'g' kg]{ xf],

1531

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

xf]Og < eGg] ljifodf g} lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g


cfPsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ 7] S sf
;Demf} t fadf] l hdsf] s/La %) k| l tzt
sfo{;DkGg u/]sf]df 5}7f}+ /lg jLnsf] e'QmfgL
glbPsf], yk a}+s Uof/]06L dfu u/]sf] nufot
ljleGg sf/0faf6 ;dodf sfo{;DkGg x'g
g;sL ljkIfL gu/kflnsf sfof{nodf Dofb
yksf] nflu lbPsf] lgj]bgcg';f/ Dofb klg
gyKg] / lg0f{o klg gu/L pN6} 7]Ssf tf]8L
sfnf];"rLdf /fVg n]vL k7fPcg';f/ ljkIfL
;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{non] d}n] k]z
u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f ;d]t gx]/L :ki6Ls/0f
;f] l wPeGbf km/s sfg" g L cfwf/af6
sfnf];"rLdf /fv]sf] x'Fbf ldlt @)^(.!.!% sf]
lg0f{onufotsf sfd sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ oyfjt sfd
ug{ lbg' egL k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg
sfof{ n osf] lnlvt hjfkm x] b f{ lgj] b sn]
:ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ lbOPsf] ;"rgfadf]lhdsf]
Dofbleq :ki6Ls/0f k]z gu/L #! cf}+ lbgdf
k]z u/]sf] tyf ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg
ug{ g;s]sf]n] sfg"gadf]lhd sfnf];"rLdf
/flvPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
#= o;df dx]Gb| ax'dv
' L SofDk;sf] l8u|L
Ans, uN;{ xf]:6n / sDkfp08 jfn ;d]t
;Demf} t f ePsf] ldltn] @) dlxgfleq
lgdf{0f;DkGg ug{] u/L lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL
g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf sfof{no aLr !% hgj/L
@))& df ;Demf}tf ePsf] eGg] tYodf s'g}
ljjfb /x] s f] kfOF b } g . ;Demf} t f /sd
?=!,(^,&*,#@#.$^ ePsf] pQm sfo{sf] nflu
lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^#.!).# df sfof{bz
] lnPsf]

b]lvg cfpF5 . To:t} lgj]bsn] k6sk6s u/L


tLg k6s;Dd z'? ;Demf}tfdf tf]lsPsf] lgdf{0f
;DkGg ug'k{ g]{ cjlw yk ug{sf] nflu lgj]bg
lbO{ ljkIfL gu/kflnsfsf]tkm{af6 h'g @)!)
;Dd cjlw ylkPsf] / ;f] cjlwdf ;d]t lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ l/6 lgj]bg
n]vdf g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= o; k| s f/ lgj] b s sDkgLn]
k6sk6s Dofb yk u/fO{ ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw
c:jfefljs kdf a9fPsf] b]lvP klg %)
k|ltzteGbf a9L lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{
g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ dfg]s} b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs
v/Lb cg'udg sfof{noaf6 k|fKt o; ;DaGwL
k|dfl0ft sfuhft cjnf]sg ubf{ lgj]bsn]
;Demf}tf tyf sfo{tflnsfadf]lhd sfd ug{
g;s]sf]n] k|ult ljj/0f k]z ug{ ljkIfL
gu/kflnsf sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^$.!).!# /
!% lbgb]lv lgdf{0f sfo{ aGb /x]sf]n] cljnDa
sfo{ ;'rf ug{ ldlt @)^%.!.@% df kqfrf/
e}/x]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv g}
lgj]bsn] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ kfngf u/]sf] dfGg
;lsg] cfwf/ b]lvFb}g .
%= o;sf ;fy} ljkIfL gu/kflnsfaf6
t'?Gt pkl:yt eO{ sfo{;~rfng ug{ ldlt
@)^%.#.# df lgj]bsnfO{ kqfrf/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5
]Q:eg] ldlt @)^%.!!.@$ df ;f] ;DaGwL
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf g} k|sflzt ePsf] / k'gM
ldlt @)^%.!@.@% df sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ kqfrf/
ul/Psf] b] l vPsf] 5 . lgj] b s :jo+ n ]
@)^%.!@.@% df sfd z' ? u/] s f] egL
gu/kflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf]df xfn;Dd
klg lgdf{0f:yndf s'g} sfo{ z'? gu/]sf]n]
sfnf];"rLdf /fVg gkg]{ cfwf/ eP & lbgleq
lnlvt :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ ldlt @)^^.!.% df
;"rgf lbOPsf] / ;f]sf] hjfkm ;d]t k]z
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ To;/L k6sk6s hgfPsf]

1532

*()) - a8Ldflnsf h]=eL=sDkgL lj=;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{no ;d]t

k|ltj4tfljk/Lt lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'rf? gu/]sf]


x'bF f 7]Ssf tf]8g] sf/jfxL e}/x]sf]n] 7]Ssf tf]8g\
gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP & lbgleq hjfkm k]z ug{
ldlt @)^^.(.@$ df kqfrf/ ul/Psf]df ca
pk|fGt lgdf{0f sfo{ lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ug]{ 5'
egL k'gM k|ltj4tf hgfO{ ldlt @)^^.(.@* df
lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvG5 .
^= tTkZrft\ km]a'|c/L @))* b]lv h'g
@)!) ;Dd Dofb yKg] u/L ldlt @)^^.!@.!&
df Dofb yk ePsf]df To;/L ylkPsf] cjlw
JotLt e};Sbf ;d]t sfddf s'g} k|ult gePsf]
/ lgdf{0f sfo{k|lt s'g} rf;f] gb]vfPsf]n]
cfjZos sfuhft;lxt !) lbgleq
gu/kflnsf sfof{nodf pkl:yt x'g / geP
cfjZos sf/jfxL e} h fg] 5 egL ldlt
@)^*.@.@& df kqfrf/ ul/Psf]df lgj]bs
pkl:yt g} gePsf] sf/0f ldlt @)^*.&.^ df
7]Ssf tf]8\g] lg0f{o eO{ ldlt @)^&.&.!* sf]
kqaf6 sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] sf/jfxLsf] nflu
clVtof/jfnf lgsfo ;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg
sfof{nodf n]vL k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL
;fj{ h lgs v/Lb cg' u dg sfof{ n oaf6
g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsfsf] pQm kqadf]lhd
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^#-!_-u_
cg';f/ sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] sf/jfxL ug'{ gkg]{
s'g} cfwf/ k|df0f eP ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] ldltn]
#) lbgleq lnlvt :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ ldlt
@)^*.!).@^ sf] kqaf6 ;f]w]sf] / ;f] kq
lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^*.!!.# df a'emL ;f]sf] #!
cf}+ lbgdf ldlt @)^*.!@.# df :ki6Ls/0f k]z
u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
&= k|fKt sfuhft ;d]taf6 lgj]bsn]
%) k|ltzt sfo{;DkGg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] /
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^# -!_-u_
adf]lhd ;f/e"t kdf sfo{;DkGg u/]sf] egL
dfGg ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf] egL ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs

v/Lb cg'udg sfof{noaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{


! jif{ ^ dlxgfsf nflu sfnf];r
" Ldf /fVg] u/L
ldlt @)^(.!.!$ df lg0f{o eO{ ;f]xL !% ut]sf]
uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;d]t
k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvof] .
*= pk/f]Qm tYout cfwf/ / cj:yfx
x]bf{ lgj]bsnfO{ k6sk6s cj;/ lbFbf ;d]t
tf]lsPsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg .
;fy} sfnf];"rLdf g/fVg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP
#) lbgleq k|df0f;lxt :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{
df}sf k|bfg ul/Psf]df :ki6Ls/0fdf tf]lsPsf]
Dofbleq hjfkm k]z gu/L #! cf}+ lbgdf dfq
hjfkm k]z u/]sf] b]lvof] . @) dlxgfdf ;DkGg
ug]{ k|ltj4tf;lxt ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] sfo{ %
jif{ JotLt x'Fbf;Dd klg ;DkGg gug]{ tyf
k6sk6s sfd 5f8L lx8\ g ] / ;DalGwt
sfof{non] pkl:yt eO{ sfo{ ;'rf? ug{
k6sk6s df}sf lbFbf ;d]t sfdk|lt pbf;Lgtf
b]vfpg] lgj]bs sDkgLsf] sfo{ k|f/lDes kdf
g} u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ b]lvg cfpF5 . ;fj{hlgs
k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lng] kIfn]
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf, tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/ sfod
ub}{ ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug'{ sfg"gL /
g}lts bfloTj klg xf] . cem xfd|f] h:tf] ef}lQs
k"jf{wf/sf] ckof{Kttf v8\lsPsf] ljsf;f]Gd"v
d'n'sdf b|'tt/ kdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf]
j:t'tYonfO{ o; If]qdf ;+nUg ;a}n] x[bo+ud
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k/Gt' cfk\mgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{
x/;Dej k|of; ubf{ub}{ klg sfa"aflx/sf]
kl/l:ylt kg{ uO{ sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;Sg' cs}{
l:ylt xf] t/ o;sf] nflu k|of; u/]sf] ;d]t
klg gb]lvg'nfO{ plrt dfGg ;lsFb}g .
(= lgj]bsn] Pp6f cfwf/df :ki6Ls/0f
;f]wL cs}{ cfwf/df sf/jfxL u/]sf] eGg] lhsL/
lnPsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^*.!).@^

1533

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

sf] kqaf6 ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf


^#-!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd ;Demf}tfadf]lhd
sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] ljifodf g}
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To;}u/L
;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{nosf] l6Kk0fL
lg0f{ o df ;d] t ;f] x L bkmf k| o f] u eO{
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ krf; k|ltzt dfq
k"/f u/L ;Demf}tfcg'ksf] bfloTj ;f/e"t kdf
kfngf gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df ldlt @)^(.!.!$
df sfnf];r
" Ldf /fVg] lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvPsf]n]
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPcg'k lg0f{o gePsf] eGg]
lgj] b g lhsL/ cfwf/xLg b] l vG5 . ;f]
lg0f{oadf]lhd ldlt @)^(.!.!% sf] uf]/vfkq
b}lgsdf k|sflzt ;"rgfdf lgj]bsnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^#-!_ cg';f/
sfnf];r
" Ldf /flvPsf]n] ;f]xL pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd
sfnf];r
" Ldf /flvPsf] cjlw;Dd pQm sDkgL;Fu
v/Lb sf/jfxL ug{ gx'g] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] km/s k|of]hgsf nflu k|sflzt ePsf]
pQm ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6Ls/0f
/ lg0f{o;Fu t'ngf u/L x]g{ cfjZos b]lvFbg} .
!)= P]gsf] bkmf ^# sf] pkbkmf -!_
sf] b]xfo v08 -u_ df cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm
;Demf}tfcg'ksf] bfloTj ;f/e"tkdf kfng
gug]{ lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;d]tnfO{ lghn] u/]sf]
sfo{sf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df Ps jif{b]lv tLg
jif{;Dd sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] z'? ;Demf}tfdf
pNn]v ePsf] @) dlxgf / ;f]kl5 k6sk6s
u/L tLg k6s;Dd yk ul/Psf] b'O{ jif{eGbf
klg a9L cjlwdf ;d]t krf; k|ltzteGbf
a9L lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;s]sf] eGg]
gb] l vPsf] n ] pQm sfg" g L Joj:yfadf] l hd
;Demf}tfcg'ksf] bfloTj ;f/e"tkdf kfngf
u/]sf] dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf gePsf]n] sfnf];r
" Ldf
/fVg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o cGoyf b]lvg cfpFb}g .

!!= t;y{ pk/f]Qm cfwf/ sf/0f / sfg"gL


Joj:yf ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0faf6 ljkIfL ;fj{hlgs
v/Lb cg'udg sfof{noaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{
sfnf];r
" Ldf /fVg] u/L ldlt @)^(.!.!$ df ePsf]
lg0f{o tyf ;f] adf]lhd ldlt @)^(.!.!% sf]
uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf k|sflzt ;"rgf ;d]t sfg"g;Ddt
g} b]lvPsf] / ;f] lg0f{o tyf sfd sf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|bQ s'g} klg
xsflwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvPsf]n]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;Djt @)^( ;fn c;f]h * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L

&
lg0f{o g+= *()!

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ


' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz 8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
l/6 gDj/ )^^WO)%$$
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.@.#.$
ljifo k/dfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsM hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f=] klAns_
tyf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 sf=lh= j8f g+= #$
afg]Zj/ a:g] clwjQmf sljtf kfF8] ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t

1534

*()! - hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_ lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

dflg;sf] :jtGqtf, k| l ti7f /


cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'ofpg] vfnsf
s'g} klg k|yfx Dffgj clwsf/sf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 dfGo x'g ;Sb}gg\ /
sfg"gn] dfGotf glbPsf s'g} klg
;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, d"No dfGotf h:tf
s'g} klg cfwf/df JolQmsf] cfwf/e"t
clwsf/nfO{ ;+s'rg / s'l07t u/]/
/fVg gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
dlxnf ju{nfO{ kLl8t agfpg] h'g;'s}
k|yf, k/Dk/f / ;F:s[lt dlxnfsf] ljsf;
/ dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] afwssf] kdf
/x]sf] x'G5 . To:tf k|yf, k/Dk/f /
;F:s[ltn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr c;dfgtf
/ lje]bsf] kl/l:ylt pTkGg ug]{ x'bF f
c;dfg / lje]bsf/L k|yf / k/Dk/fnfO{
;dfhdf x'sg{ ] cj:yfnfO{ st}af6 ;dy{g
ul/g gx'g] .
j} s Nof k| y f t/fO{ If] q sf s] x L
lhNnfxdf ljBdfg ljz]if lsl;dsf]
;d:ofsf] kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf]
k|yfsf] sf/0f dfOtL 3/d} ljwjf ePsf
jf kltn] gnuL 5fl8Psf dlxnfxsf]
c+z xs ;DaGwdf ljjfx e};s]sL
5f]/LnfO{ c+z lbg] sfg"gdf Joj:yf
gePsf] / gfjfns cj:yfd} ePsf]
ljjfxsf] sfg"gL clen]v gx'gs
' f] ;fy}
nf]Ug] kIfsfn] :jLsf/ u/L 3/ gnu]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf kLl8txsf] kfl/jfl/s
x}l;ot / c+z xssf] ;d:of pTkGg
x'g] e} j}olQms x}l;ot / ;DklQs
clwsf/sf] nflu ljleGg ;d:of ef]Ug'kg]{
cj:yf 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 . k/Gt', o;
ljifodf cfjZos / kof{Kt cWoog /
cg';Gwfg ePsf] b]lvFbg} . h;sf] sf/0f

;d:ofsf] dfqf / k|sl[ t kof{Kt dfqfdf


lglZrt geP klg o; ;d:ofsf]
ljBdfgtfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt
klg 5}g . t/fO{ If]qdf aflnsfxn]
Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] vf; lsl;dsf] o:tf]
;d:ofnfO{ ljz]if k|sf/n] ;Daf]wg
ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bstkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo zdL{nf
>]i7 / lbg]z lqkf7L
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
p4jk|;fb k'8f;}gL
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^@, lg=g+=&%#!, c $
g]sfk @)^#, lg=g+=&&)%, c %
g]sfk @)^@, lg=g+=&$(*, c @
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g, ljxfjf/Lsf] dxnsf] @ g+=
;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)##
sf] bkmf %-@_, ^
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ tyf ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( adf] l hd o;
cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5 .
xfd|f] ;dfhdf dlxnfnfO{ >Ldfgsf]
d[To'kZrft ljleGg hfthftLn] cfcfkm\g}
efiffcg'k ljleGg gfd lbOPsf] kfOG5 . t/fOsf
lhNnfxdf j}sNof egL ;Daf]wg ul/g] ljwjfx
afn ljwjfx tyf b'nxfn] uf}gf gx'bF } >Ldfgsf]
d[To' ePdf Jff >Ldfgn] dg gk/fO{ 5f]8d
] f jf
bfOhf]sf sf/0f 5f]l8lbPsf afn ljjfxsf
aflnsfxnfO{ g} j}sNof egL ;Daf]wg ul/G5 .

1535

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

j}sNof -afn ljwjf_ k|yfsf] k|rng t/fO{sf


ljz]if u/L af/f, ;Kt/L tyf /f}tx6nufot
lhNnfsf dw]zL ;d'bfodf /x]sf] kfOG5 . dw]zL
;d'bfodf 5f]/Lsf] ;fg}df ljjfx ul/lbg] jf
ljjfxsf] s'/fsfgL clGtd 6'f] nufO{ bx]hsf]
/sd k]ZsL:jk b'nfxf kIfnfO{ lbO{ afn
b'nxLnfO{ dfOtdf g} /fVg] ul/G5 . ljjfxkl5
b'nfxf kIfaf6 uf}gf -lng_ gcfP;Dd b'nxL
cfkm\gf] kltsf] 3/ ghfg] rng /x]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L uf}gf gub}s
{ f] cj:yfdf To:tf afn b'nxLsf]
kltsf] d[To' ePdf jf bx]hsf] /sd ;dodf
pknAw u/fpg g;s]sf] sf/0f uf}gf x'g g;Sbf
dlxnfx j}sNofsf] kdf dfO{tdf g} a;L
si6k"0f{kdf hLjgkfog ug'k{ g]{ afWotfaf6
aflnsfsf] ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg
kfpg] xs, lzIffsf] xs, :jf:yk"js
{ afFRg kfpg]
xsdfly k|ToIf gsf/fTds c;/;d]t k/]sf] 5 .
;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/ P]g, @)## sf]
bkmf % n] bfOhf]df k|ltaGw nufO{ ljjfxdf
cfly{s n]gb]gnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy aGb]h nufPsf]
5 . To:t} d'ns
' L P]g, ljjfxjf/Lsf] dxnn] !*
jif{eGbf d'gLsf] ljjfxnfO{ aGb]h nufPsf] 5 .
bfO{hf] tyf afnaflnsf lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg"gsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] ljleGg
;dodf ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbFbf ;d]t To;sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;/sf/L kIfaf6 gx'bF f
j} s Nofx l;h{ g f x' F b } uO/x] s f 5g\ .
cWoogcg';f/ j}sNofxnfO{ kf]if0fo'Qm ef]hg
glbg], h'Qf rKkn k|of]u ug{ glbg], ;DklQdf
clwsf/ glbg], gful/stfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
gul/lbg], To;df kx'r
F glbg] / pk]lIft Pj+
ckdfgk"0f{ Jojxf/ kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6 ef]Ug
kl//x]sf] tYo k|i6 x'G5 .
;Ddfgk" j { s tyf :jtGqtfk" j { s
hLjgofkg ug',{ s'g} zf]if0f, bdg cGofo lje]b
tyf 8/ qf;af6 pGd'Qm eO{ cfkm\gf] af/]df

lg0f{o lng kfpg', ;a}vfn] cGofo lj?4 oyf]lrt


sfg"gL ;+/If0f k|fKt ug{ kfpg' kg]{ s'/f s'g}
JolQmsf] g};lu{s tyf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/
xf] eg] To:tf] clwsf/sf] kl/k"lt{ tyf k"0f{
pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{ /fHosf]
bfloTj xf] . /fHosf lhDd]jf/ lgsfoxn] g]kfnn]]
cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL
dxf;lGwsf ;fy} ljjfxsf] nflu k"0f{ / :jtGq
;xdlt x'gk' g]{ CEDAW sf] wf/f !^-!_ n] lgb]z
{
u/]adf]lhdsf] bfloTj ;/sf/n] lgjf{x gubf{
afn ljjfx h:tf] s'/Lltaf6 kLl8t dfq geO{
j}sNof h:tf] k|yfaf6 kLl8t x'gn
' ] afn clwsf/sf]
7f8f] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 .
;+ l jwfgk| b Q ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/,
hLjgsf] clwsf/, j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/,
:jf:Yosf] clwsf/, pko'Qm vfgfsf] clwsf/,
k}ts
[ ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/, ;fdflhs tyf
dfgl;s oftgf lj?4sf] clwsf/ / zf]if0f
lj?4sf xs j}sn jf j}sNof dlxnfx -afn
ljwjf_ xsf nflu sfuhL clwsf/sf kdf
dfq ;Lldt ePsf 5g\ .
afnaflnsf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%!n]
ljkIfL s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltnfO{ afn
ljjfx nufot k|yfxsf] cGTo ug{ cfjZos
pkfox cjnDa ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj tf]s] tfklg
cfkm"cGtu{t ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltnfO{
;lqmo u/fO{ afn ljjfx ug]{ lj?4 sf/jfxL
rnfpg kxn ug'k{ g],{ afnaflnsfaf6 l;lh{t
afnljwjf, j}sNofxk|lt ePsf] lje]b cGTo,
j}sNofnufot ;Dk"0f{ afn ljwjfxsf] ;+ljwfg
tyf afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+3Lo
dxf;lGwf/f ;+/lIft clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{
u/fpg" kg]{ bfloTj lgjf{x gu/]sf] tYo b]zsf
clwsf+z lhNnfdf afn ljjfx e}/x]sf] / t/fO{sf
lhNnfxdf j}sNof -afn ljwjf_ xn] k|yfsf]
gfddf ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . /fHof/f

1536

*()! - hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_ lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]t{ d lxtnfO{ Wofg glbPsf]


sf/0f afnaflnsfnfO{ cfh ljleGg k|yf /
k/Dk/fsf] sf/0f zf]if0f tyf kLl8tsf] hLjgofkg
ug{ afWo eO/x]sf] s'/f cg'/f]w ug{ rfxfG5f}+ .
j}sNof k|yf klg afn ljjfxsf] pkh xf] . afn
ljjfxsf] pGd"ngaf6 j}sNof k|yfsf] cGTo ug{
;lsG5 . afn ljjfxnfO{ P]gn] b08gLo agfO{
o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf]
cg';r
" Ldf ;dfj]z u/L ;/sf/af6 cg';Gwfg
u/L o;df bf]ifLnfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ p2]Zo lnP
tfklg ;/sf/sf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lkgn] o:tf] s'ky| fsf]
cGTo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljleGg k|yf, k/Dk/f /
k|rngxsf] gfpFdf afnaflnsf dfly eO/x]sf]
zf]if0f tyf lx+;f / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts Gofosf] ljifodf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&
-@_ cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] kdf
;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of
xfdL lgj]bsxdf /x] ePsf] Joxf]/f lgj]bg
ub{5f}+ .
ctM afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfxsf]
dof{lbt hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lj?4
eO/x]sf] j}sNof k|yfsf gfddf pgLx dfly
x'g] u/]sf] zf]if0f, lx+;f tyf lje]bx /f]Sg
tTsfn sfg"g agfO{ nfu' ug'{ u/fpg", j}sNof
k|yfsf sf/0f dlxnf tyf sfnaflnsfxdf
kl//x]sf] gsf/fTds c;/af/] ljleGg k|rf/ k|;f/
tyf r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug"{
u/fpg", xfn j}sNofsf] kdf si6k"0f{ ug{ afWo
dlxnfxnfO{ cfjZos lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns
tfnLdxsf] Joj:yf u/L pgLxsf] JolQmTj
ljsf; x'g] sfo{ ug{" u/fpg", j}sNof k|yfsf]
cGTosf nflu ;j{ky| d afn ljjfx / bfOhf]
k|yfsf] cGTo ug'k{ g]{ x"bF f afn ljjfx sfo{ ug]{
u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gf/f lgwf{l/t s8feGbf
s8f ;hfo ug"{ u/fpg", j}sNof k|yfsf] gfddf
aflnsf tyf dlxnfxdfly e}/x]sf] lje]bk"0f{

cdfgjLo Jojxf/ /f]Sgsf nflu tTsfn sfg"g


gag];Ddsf nflu lgb]l{ zsf agfO{ nfu" ug"{
u/fpg", j}sNof k|yf ljBdfg lhNnf / :yfgx
tyf j}sNofxdfly e}/x]sf] lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/xsf]
jf:tljstf kQf nufO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntdf
k]z ug"{ u/fpg", j}sNof k|yfsf] Psdfq sf/s
tTjsf] kdf /x]sf] afn ljjfxsf] bf]lifxdfly
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL rnfpg] nufotsf afn
ljjfx cGTo ug]{ sfo{ cfkm\gf ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf afn
sNof0f ;ldltdfkm{t ug"{ u/fpg" egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
l/6 lgj]bg .
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g' gkg]{ ;DaGwdf !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvthjfkm k7fpg' egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' eGg] ;d]t o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.(.@! sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] l/6
lgj] b gdf g] k fn ;/sf/, k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd,
sf/jfxLaf6 ;+ l jwfg tyf sfg" g k| b Q
afnaflnsfsf] df}lns tyf sfg"gL clwsf/
xgg\ x'g uPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f k'li6 x'g] u/L s'g}
tYoo'Qm cfwf/ sf/0f b]vfpg g;s]sf]n] o;
sfof{nosf gfddf ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ cj:yf 5}g .
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no k|rlnt ;a} g]kfn sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog u/fO{ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
;fsf/ kfg]{ s'/fdf cToGt uDeL/, ;+j]bgzLn
/ ;r]t /x]sf] Joxf]/f ;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{
cjut u/fpFb5' . sxLF+ st} k|rlnt g]kfn
sfg"gsf] alv{nfk afn ljjfx eP, u/]sf] kfO{Pdf
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L jf ;Ifd lgsfodf ;f]
lj?4 ph"/L u/L plrt pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{
j} s lNks dfu{ v' n f /x] ePsf] cj:yfdf

1537

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'


;Sb}g . ;lGwsf] ljifonfO{ g} k|ToIf kdf
clwsf/ :jk JolQmn] k|of]u -Invoke_ ug{
g;Sg] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6o ;lGwsf] ;Gbe{ lbO{
u/]sf] lgj]bg lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . ctM
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] lnlvthjfkm .
sfg"gn] j}sNof k|yfnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf
k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . d'n'sL P]g, ljjfxjf/Lsf]
dxnn] afn ljjfxnfO{ k|ltaGw nufO{ b08gLo
u/L kmf}Hbf/L s;"/sf] kdf kl/eflift u/]sf]
x'bF f ;f] ljifodf 5'} sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ eGg]
ljkIfLsf] egfO{ ts{;u+ t b]lvFbg} . s'g} klg
JolQmpk/ s'g} k|yf tyf k/Dk/fsf gfddf zf]if0f,
lx+;f tyf lje]b ug{ gx'g] s'/fdf g]kfn ;/sf/
;b}j ;+jb] gzLn /xL cfPsf] 5 . ljkIfL l/6
lgj]bsxn] sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'k{ g]{ dfu ug'{ ePsf]
ljifonfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gaf6} ;Daf]wg eO/x]sf]
b] l vG5 . ;dfhdf /x] s f ljs[ l t tyf
s'/LltxnfO{ x6fO{ To:tf] sfo{nfO{ b08gLo
agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf sfg"g
lgdf{ 0 f ul//x] s f] / eljiodf klg
cfjZostfcg';f/ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ yk kxn
ug]{ g} x'bF f ljkIfLsf] dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvFbg} . s'g ljifodf s:tf]
sfg"g agfpg] jf gagfpg] ;f] ljwflosfsf]
Psnf}6L If]qflwsf/ -Exclusive Jurisdiction_
cGtu{tsf] ljifo xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# -;+ljwfg_ cGtu{t /fHosf cx lgoGq0f
/ ;Gt'ng -Check and balance_ sf] l;4fGtdf
cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'gfn] ljwflosfn] ;+ljwfg
adf]lhd cEof; u/]sf] sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/nfO{
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf]
lnlvthjfkm .

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f


dGqfno cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} dlxnfxsf]
xs, lxt Pj+ pTyfgsf] nflu ;tt\ k|oTgzLn
/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befj
pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw -Convention on the
Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against

-CEDAW_ sf] g]kfn kIf /fi6 eO{


;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df dGqfnon] /fli6o
sfo{ of]hgf, @)^) tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ub}{
cfO{/x]sf] 5 . 3/]n" lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g,
@)^^, dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ lgoGq0f
P]g, @)^$, 5fpk8L k|yf pGd"ng lgb]l{ zsf,
@)^$, n}ls ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf z;lQms/0f
/fli6o sfo{ of]hgf, @)^! Pj+ of}g tyf >d
zf]if0fsf] nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf a]rlavg
lj?4sf] /fli6o sfo{ of]hgf, @)%* tof/ u/L
dGqfnon] cfkm\gf] ;|ft] / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd
dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{x ub}{ cfO{/x]sf]
Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5' . dGqfnoaf6 ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;fdflhs s'/Lltsf] gfddf dlxnfdfly
x'g] lje]b / lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos sfg"g
agfpg] tof/L eO/x]sf] Joxf]/f ;d]t ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm .
k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nonfO{ s'g} sfg"gn]
;hfo ug]{ u/fpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g .
;hfo u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L klg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#%-@_ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmf
/ lghaf6 clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/L clVtof/
kfPsf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] xf] . ctM s8f ;hfo
ug]{ u/fpg] bfloTj k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nosf] gePsf]
x'gfn] lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd o; sfof{nosf]
lj?4 s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ cj:yf 5}g .
tyfkL zflGt ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L / ;/sf/L d'2f
;DaGwL P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gn] k|x/Ln]
Women

1538

*()! - hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_ lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

cg';Gwfg ug]{ bfloTj kfPsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg


ug]{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ o; sfof{no dftxtsf ;a}
k|x/L sfof{nn] k"/f ul//x]sf] g} 5 . o;
sfof{no;d]t lj?4sf] plNnlvt l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|x/L k|wfg
sfof{nosf] lnlvthjkm .
l/6 lgj]bg bfjLadf]lhdsf] afn ljjfxdf
/f]s nufpg] u/L d'ns
' L P]g, @)@) sf] ljjfxjf/L
dxnsf] @ df ljjfx ug{ kfpg] pd]/ ls6fg
ul/lbPsf] 5 . afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]gn] ;d]t
afnaflnsfsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff u/]sf] 5 .
bfOhf] nufotsf] s'/Llt lj?4 s8f sf/jfxLsf]
Joj:yf ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/ P]g, @)## sf]
bkmf # df ltns lng gx'g,] bkmf $ df b'nxL
kIfn] lng gx'g,] bkmf % df bfOhf]df lgoGq0f
nufotsf sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kfngf ug'{ gful/ssf] st{Jo
klg xf] . sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ u/]sf] ljifodf
ph"/L kg{ cfPdf sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g] /
e}cfPsf] 5 . o; dGqfnon] afnaflnsfsf] xs
clwsf/ xgg x'g] lsl;dn] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf]
5}g . ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ePsf cfb]z
sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ sl6a4 /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L pk/f]Qm tYo / sfg"gL Joj:yf ljBdfg
/x]sf] cj:yfdf o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{
l/6 lgj]bg lbO/xg' kg]{ xf]Og . t;y,{ k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] u[x
dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm .
afns cj:yfdf g} ljjfx ul/lbg] sfo{
u}/sfg"gL sfo{ xf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb ug'k{ g]{
cj:yf 5}g . o:tf] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gn] g} jlh{t
u/] s f] 5 . o:tf] sfo{ ePsf] cj:yfdf
sfg"gadf]lhd If]qflwsf/k|fKt lgsfodf ph"/L
k/]sf avt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/afxL x'G5 / ul/g'
kb{5 klg . o; ;DaGwdf d'ns
' L P]gnufotsf
ljleGg sfg"gxn] jfn ljjfxnfO{ ck/flws/0f

u/L jfn ljjfx ul/lbg]nfO{ ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf


ul//x]sf] 5 . o; ;ldlt cGt/f{li6o dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL b:tfj]hx tyf /fli6o sfg"gdf
ePsf Joj:yfcg';f/ afnaflnsfxsf] xs, lxt
Pj+ clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf]
k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ nufot afnaflnsfxsf] lxtsf]
;+/If0ffy{ ;|f]t ;fwgn] EofP;Ddsf ljleGg
sfo{x ul/cfPsf] 5 . o:tf sfo{qmdxdf
ljz]if u/L afn clwsf/xsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{
r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx /x]sf 5g\ . ;|ft] ;fwgn]
EofP;Dd cem yk sfo{qmdx ug{ o; ;ldlt
k|ltj4 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f
;ldltsf] lnlvthjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n cWoog
u/L l/6 lgj]bstkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf zdL{nf
>]i7 / l/6 lgj]bs ljfg clwjQmf lbg]z lqkf7Ln]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg t/fOdf dw]zL ;d'bfodf
k|rlnt s';:+ sf/sf] lj?4df bfo/ ul/Psf] xf],
;fg} pd]/df ljjfx u/L nf]Ug]sf] 3/df gcfO{
nf]Ug]sf] d[To' ePdf jf nf]Ug] lng ghfFbf dfOtdf
g} a:g' kg]{ k|yf j}sNof xf], o; k|yfaf6 ;+ljwfgn]
k|bfg u/]sf] xs / clwsf/sf] ;fy} klxrfgsf]
cl:tTj ;d]t ;dfKt x'g] cj:yf 5, j}sNof
k| y f k| r ngdf /x] s f] g] k fn ;/sf/sf]
lnlvthjfkmdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5, g]kfn afn
clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] kIf ePsf] /
afnaflnsfsf] cfTd;Ddfg / dof{bfljk/Lt x'g]
o:tf s';:+ sf/ / s'ky| fsf] lj?4df Gofofnon]
e"ldsf lgj{xg ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ug'e
{ Psf]
ax; ;'lgof] . To:t} pkGofoflwjQmf p4jk|;fb
k'8f;}gLn] afn ljjfx ePsf] eP To; ;DaGwdf
ph"/L ;'Gg] / sf/jfxL ug]{ lgsfo 5, k|rlnt
sfg"gn] afn ljjfxnfO{ ca}w 3f]lift ul/;s]sf]n]
To;pk/ j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] 5, lgj]bg
jf:tljs tYodf geO{ sNkgfdf cfwfl/t 5,

1539

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

afn ljjfx, 3/]n' lx+;fnufotsf ;DaGwdf sfg"g


alg;s]sf] x'bF f k'gM sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ cj:yf
5}g| , l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fPsf s'/fxsf] ;DaGwdf
;/sf/;Fu lgj]bsxn] s'g} s'/f dfu gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g ;Qm}g, l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ug'e
{ Psf] ax;
;'lgof] .
l/6 lgj]bstkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfx
/ ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfsf] jx; ;' g L
ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfh
lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf]
jf xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf t/fO{ If]qsf vf; u/L af/f,
l;/fxf / /f}tx6 nufotsf lhNnfsf dw];L
;d'bfodf k|rngdf /x]sf] a}sNof k|yfsf] sf/0f
;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ / kl5 b'nfxf lng
gcfPdf jf kltsf] 3/df g :uO{ afn ljwjf
ePdf dfOtd} a;L si6s/ hLjg latfpg' kg]{
eO{ ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]
xs, lzIffsf] xs, :jf:Yok"j{s afFRg kfpg]
xsdfly k|ToIf gs/fTds c;/ k/]sf] egL
ljleGg k|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf
afnaflnsf dfly eO/x]sf] zf]if0f tyf lx+;f /
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts Gofosf]
ljifodf ljleGg cfb]zx hf/L ul/kfpFm egL
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] kdf k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bg;Fu}
afn ljjfx ;DaGwL ljleGg ;dfrf/ kqxdf
k|sflzt ;dfrf/xsf k|ltlnkLx klg k]z
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljkIfLxsf] lnlvthjfkm
x]bf{ afn lajfx ePsf] ph"/L k|fKt ePdf /
tt\;DaGwdf sfg"gL k|fjwfg ePsf] eGg] ;d]t
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]tsf] lnlvthjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . To:t} g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf, afnaflnsf

tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkmaf6


;fdflhs s'/Lltsf] gfddf dlxnfdfly x'g] lje]b
/ lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos sfg"g agfpg]
tof/L e}/x]sf] eGg] klg b]lvg cfpF5 . k/Gt',
l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] j}sNof k|yfsf]
cl:tTjnfO{ ljkIfLxn] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf
5}g .
@= j:t'tM l/6 lgj]bsxn] p7fPsf]
k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{, d'ns
' L P]g, ljxfjf/Lsf]
dxnsf] @ g+= n] afn ljjfxnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf
glbO{ b08gLo agfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L
;fdflhs Jojxf/ -;'wf/_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf %
n] bfOhf]df lgoGq0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmfsf]
pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ ljjfx x'bF f hLpdf nufPsf]
Ps;/f] uxgf afx]s cfkm\gf] s'n k/Dk/fcg';f/
/fhLv'zLn] klg a9Ldf bzxhf/ k}ofF;Ddsf]
dfq bfOhf] lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . pQm P]gsf]
bkmf ^ n] ljjfxdf cGo cfly{s bfloTj Joxf]gd
{ f
k|ltaGw nufPsf] b]lvFbf afn ljjfx / bfOhf]
k|yfnfO{ lgif]w ub}{ sfg"gx alg;s]sf] g} b]lvG5 .
o;/L /fHon] ljleGg axfgfdf x'g] ljleGg
ck/fwxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ sfg"gx agfOPsf]
/ ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf c+uxsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . tfklg To:tf sfg"g ljk/Ltsf s'/fx
lg?T;flxt x'gs
' f] ;f6f] a[l4 e}/x]sf] cj:yfaf6
sfg"g aGg' / lg/f]k0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] lqmof x'g
glbg tt\;DaGwL lgsfo v8f ug'{ dfq kof{Kt
xf]Og /x]5 eGg] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . sfg"gL /
;'/Iff lgsfosf] Joj:yfaf6 s'ky| f, s';:+ sf/ /
s'/Lltx lgjf/0f x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg kg'e
{ Gbf cufl8 klg dlxnfdfly x'g]
kL8fhGo 5fpk8L k|yf -@)^! ;fnsf] l/6
gDj/ ##)#, g]sfk @)^@, lg=g+=&%#!, c $_,
sdn/L k|yf -@)^! ;fnsf] l/6 gDa/ #@!%,
g]sfk @)^#, lg=g+=&&)%, c %_, jf]S;L k|yf
-@)%* ;fnsf] l/6 gDj/ @*(!, g]sfk @)^@,

1540

*()! - hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_ lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

lg=g+=&$(*, c @_ cflbsf ;DaGwdf o;


cbfntaf6 tt\;DaGwL cfb]zx hf/L e};s]sf]
kfOG5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt a}sNof
k|yfsf] hl/ofsf] kdf /x]sf] afn ljjfx /
bfOhf] k|yf lgif]w ug{] ;DaGwL df}hb' f sfg"gx
/ ;/sf/L :t/af6 tt\ ; DaGwdf ul/Psf
Joj:yfx eP klg tL s'/fx Jojxfl/s kdf
k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
#= l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt a}sNof
k|yfdf gfafns cj:yfd} ljjfx u/L dfOtd}
5f8\g] / kl5 bfOhf] gkfP jf b'nfxfn] pd]/
k'u]kl5 cs}{ ljjfx u/L lng ghfg], b'nfxfn]
dfOtLaf6 b'nxLnfO{ gnUb} b'nxfsf] d[To' ePdf
afnlawjf e} dfOtd} a:g afWo x'gk' /]sf] h:tf
tYonfO{ p7fOPsf] 5 . k5fl8 k/]sf cNk;+Vos
;d'bfodf ljjfxof]Uo pd]/df a/ jf aw' gkfOg]
eGg] dfgl;s 8/sf] pkhsf] sf/0faf6 klg
sltko hftLxdf afn ljjfx ug]{ k/Dk/f
a;]sf] tYonfO{ cgb]vf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
5}g . k/Gt', dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{
To:tf k| y f / k/Dk/fn] To;af6 kLl8t
ePsfxk|lt zf/Ll/s, cfly{s, ;fdflhs
;d:ofxsf] ;fy} dfgj x'g'sf] ul/df /
k|lti7fnfO{ g} r'gf}tL lbG5 . dfgjsf], klxrfg,
k|lti7f, ul/df / dfgj ePsf] gftfn] k|fKt ug]{
;fdflhs, kfl/jfl/s, ;fDklQs / ;fF:s[lts
clwsf/x To:tf] k| y fhGo ;+ : sf/sf
kLl8txn] s'g xb;Dd pkef]u ug{ ;Ifd
x'G5g\ eGg] ljifo klg plQs} 68\sf/f] 5 .
k/Dk/fut k|yfsf] kdf ;dfhdf h/f] uf8]/
a;]sf] s'/LlthGo ;d:ofsf] lgjf/0f k|efjsf/L
kdf gul/g] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf]
;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;fdflhs
;' / Iff, ;DklQsf] xs, dlxnfsf] xs,
afnaflnsfsf] xs, zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs h:tf
df}lns xsxaf6 tL k|yfsf kLl8tx ljd'v

x'g hfg]qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf k|z:t x'g uO{ sfg"gL


zf;gsf] r'gf}tLsf] kdf /xg hfG5 .
$= k|fs[lts b[li6n] x]bf{ dlxnf / k'?if
:jod\df :jtGq JolQmTj x'g\ / kf/:kl/stfsf]
lx;fjn] Ps csf{df kl/k"/s x'g\ . b'j}sf] cf
cfkm\g} k|fs[lts / ;fdflhs bfloTj 5 . zf/Ll/s
b[li6n] k'?if alni7 x'g ;Snf . t/ k|fs[lts /
sfg"gL b[li6n] b'j}sf] ;dfg cl:tTj 5 . k'?if
zf/Ll/s kdf tGb'?:t ePs} cfwf/df p;nfO{
a9L clwsf/ / dlxnf sdhf]/ ePs} sf/0f
lgh k'?ifsf] bofsf kfq x'g\ eGg] ;f]r cfhsf]
k|hftflGqs / sfg"gL zf;g Joj:yfdf dfGo
x'Fb}g . s'g} klg ;dfhdf JofKt ePsf] :yfgLo
jf If]qLo k|yfnfO{ tt\;dfhn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] /
sfo{k lbPsf] x'G5 . To:tf k|yf tfls{s,
dfgjLo jf cGo s'g} klg b[li6n] cg'ko'Qm eP
klg ;dfhn] ?rfPsf] sf/0f To:tf k|yfaf6
kLl8t ePsfxsf] kIfdf ;fwf/0ftM clwstd
kdf To:tf] ;dfhn] cfjfh p7fpg] u/]sf]
kfOFb}g . o;sf] ;fy} ;dfhdf pd]/ k'u]sf
a'9fkfsfxsf] r]tgfsf] :t/, k/Dk/fut kdf
x' l s{ F b } cfPsf] ;fdflhs kl/j] z / ;du|
kf/Ljfl/s jftfj/0f cflbsf] sf/0fn] ubf{
plgxsf] k/Dk/fut kdf :yflkt dgl:yltdf
sfg"g agfpg'n] dfq kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sg] klg
xf]Og . of] s'/f l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf
afnljjfx / bfOhf] k|yf lj?4sf sfg"gx
k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]af6 g}
k|dfl0ft x'g cfpF5 . ;fdflhs Jojxf/df
vf;u/L afn ljjfx tyf bfOhf] k|yf cflbnfO{
ck/flws/0f ul/P klg To;sf]] v'nfdv'Nnf
pNn+3g / pkxf; e}/xg'n] cfhsf] k|hftflGqs
/ sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ g} 7f8f] r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf]
5 . dflg;sf] :jtGqtf, k| l ti7f /
cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'ofpg] vfnsf s'g} klg
k|yfx Dffgj clwsf/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 dfGo

1541

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

x'g ;Sb}gg\ / sfg"gn] dfGotf glbPsf s'g}


klg ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, d"No dfGotf h:tf s'g}
klg cfwf/df JolQmsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/nfO{
;+s'rg / s'l07t u/]/ /fVg ;lsg] x'Fb}g .
%= x'g t ;dfhn] lj/f]w gu/]sf] /
?rfPsf] sf/0f To:tf k|yfx k/Dk/fut
kdf s'g} vf; ju{, hflt jf If]qdf x'ls{+b}
cfPsf] x'G5 . To:tf k|yfx lj?4 sfg"g
ag]sf / To:tf sfg"g sfof{Gjog / kfng ug{
;Ful7t ul/Psf lgsfox x'Fbfx'Fb} klg tL
k|yfhGo u}/sfg"gL lqmofsnfkx k|efjsf/L
kdf lgoGq0fdf gcfpg'n] xfd|f] sfg"g /
To;sf] kfng u/fpg] lgsfoxsf] e"ldsf
;jn 5}g eGg] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
lzIffsf] sdL, clwsf/sf] cgle1tf jf cfly{s
ljkGgtf cflbsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;+ljwfgn]
cfkm"nfO{ ljleGg xsx k|bfg u/]sf] 5 / tL
xsx xgg\ e}/x]sf] eP klg cbfntaf6
k|rng x'g ;S5 eGg];Dd klg hfgsf/L
geO{ ;fdflhs k| y fsf] sf/0f k| t fl8t
dlxnfxsf] xs k|rng u/fOlbg / To:tf
;fdflhs s'/Llt / s'ky| fxsf] lj?4df To;sf
kLl8txk|lt Gofo xf];\ / ltgLx dfgj
eP/ afFr"g\ egL k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnP/
cfpg] l/6 lgj]bsxsf] of] sfo{nfO{ ;fdflhs
Gofosf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] k|of;sf] kdf o;
cbfntn] x]/]sf] 5 .
^= l/6 lgj]bsx u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu
cfj4 ePsf] tYo :ki6} 5 . ;/sf/L k|of; /
b[li6 gk'u]sf] If]qdf / vf;u/L lk5l8Psf
cNk;+Vos hflt, ;d'bfo / dlxnf ju{sf] xs
lxt / dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] If]qdf cfjfh
p7fpg] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx k|ToIf kdf tt\tt\
If]qdf ;+nUg x'g] ePsf] sf/0f cbfntdf d'2f
lnO{ cfpg] / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ To:tf
;+:yfxn] p2]Zo / ;kmntfsf] ljGb" dfGg' x'bF g} .

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo hgsNof0f


xf] eg] To;sf] k|ltkmn Jojxfl/s kdf nlIft
ju{n] k|fKt ug'n
{ fO{ g} ;kmntf dfgL sfo{ ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, ljlwsf]
zf;g h:tf k|Zgxdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn]
cfkm"nfO{ v/f] ptfg{ ;Sg' kb{5 . dlxnfsf]
lxtdf sfo{ ubf{ lzIffsf] :t/, ;fDklQs x}l;ot,
wfld{s / /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, hft, hflt,
;+:s[lt h:tf s'/fxnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg' x'bF g} .
/fHosf] b[li6 gk'us
] f] If]qdf dlxnf ju{n] ef]Ug'
k/]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ phfu/ ug'{ ;x|fgLo sfo{ eP
klg Tof] ;d:of Jojxfl/s kdf g} ;dfwfgfy{
k|of; ug'{ klg plQs} 68\sf/f] / dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 .
&= dlxnf ju{nfO{ kLl8t agfpg]
h'g;'s} k|yf, k/Dk/f / ;F:s[lt dlxnfsf]
ljsf; / dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] afwssf] kdf
/x]sf] x'G5 . To:tf k|yf, k/Dk/f / ;F:s[ltn]
dlxnf / k'?ifaLr c;dfgtf / lje]bsf]
kl/l:ytL pTkGg ug]{ x'Fbf c;dfg / lje]bsf/L
k|yf / k/Dk/fnfO{ ;dfhdf x's{g] cj:yfnfO{
st}af6 ;dy{g ul/g' x'Fb}g . To:tf k|yf
k/Dk/faf6 hf] sf]xL gfjflnsf jf dlxnf
kLl8t aGg] cj:yf pTkGg ePdf To;n] l;Fuf]
;dfhnfO{ g} c;/ kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . plNnlvt
j}sNof k|yf t/fO{ If]qsf s]xL lhNnfxdf
ljBdfg ljz]if lsl;dsf] ;d:ofsf] kdf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] k|yfsf] sf/0f dfOtL
3/d} ljwjf ePsf jf kltn] gnuL 5fl8Psf
dlxnfxsf] c+z xs ;DaGwdf ljjfx e};s]sL
5f]/LnfO{ c+z lbg] sfg"gdf Joj:yf gePsf] /
gfjfns cj:yfd} ePsf] ljjfxsf] sfg"gL
clen]v gx'g'sf] ;fy} nf]Ug] kIfsfn] :jLsf/
u/L 3/ gnu]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf kLl8txsf]
kfl/jfl/s x}l;ot / c+z xssf] ;d:of pTkGg
x'g] e} j}olQms x}l;ot / ;DklQs clwsf/sf]

1542

*()! - hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_ lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

!= afn ljjfxnfO{ k"0f{kdf lgif]w ug{ sfg"gL


Pjd\ Jojxfl/s hf] rflxg] pkfo u/L
sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug",{
@= j}sNofsf] kdf /x]sf JolQmx /x]sf]
;d'bfo jf If]qdf To; ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf]
k|s[lt / kl/0ffdnfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6
cWoog ug{ ljz]if sfo{bn u7g u/L
cWoog / k|ltj]bg k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf
dlxnf, afnjflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfnon] ug",{
#= j}sNofxn] sfg"gljk/Lt ef]us
] f] e]befj
jf oftgfhGo Jojxf/sf] cWoog u/L ;f]
x6fpg plrt pkfox k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
u/fpg] ;DaGwdf dlxnf, afn jflnsf
tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] vf;
;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf u/L nfu" ug',{
u/fpg",
$= o; ;DaGwdf sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo
/ s]Gb|bl] v lhNnf:t/ ;Ddsf afn sNof0f
;ldltxaLr ;dGjo u/L cfjZos
sfo{x ug',{ ug{ nufpg",
%= j}sNof k|yfsf] cGTo ug{ / a}sNof x'g]
bfOhf] nufotsf] sf/0fxsf] h/f];Dd
k'u/] ;f] k|yfsf] ;d"n ;dfKt ug{nfO{
sfg"gL, ;+:yfut / hgr]tgfsf/L sfo{qmd
;d]t ;~rfng ug{' u/fpg" .

nflu ljleGg ;d:of ef]Ug'kg]{ cj:yf 68\sf/f]


b]lvG5 . k/Gt', o; ljifodf cfjZos / kof{Kt
cWoog / cg';Gwfg ePsf] b]lvFb}g . h;sf]
sf/0f ;d:ofsf] dfqf / k|s[lt kof{Kt dfqfdf
lglZrt geP klg o; ;d:ofsf]
ljBdfgtfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt klg
5}g . t/fO{ If]qdf aflnsfxn] Joxf]g'{ k/]sf]
vf; lsl;dsf] o:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ ljz]if k|sf/n]
;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
*= dlxnf lj?4 cGt/f{li6o :t/df
klg ljleGg ;lGw ;Dd]ngx gePsf xf]Ogg\ .
dlxnf lj?4 ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{
;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(&( -Convntion on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against women, 1979_

/ To; cGtu{tsf
ljleGg ;dodf hf/L ul/Psf k|f]6f]snx
nufotsf ;lGw tyf ;Dd]ngxdf dlxnf
lj?4sf e]befjhGo s'/fxnfO{ jlh{t ub}{
dlxnfsf] cfTd;Ddfg, k|lti7f, clwsf/ cflbsf]
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] / /fHon] To;k|lt
k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . ;}4flGts
kdf ;lGw ;Dd]ngdf k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug'{
jf lnlvtkdf sfg"g agfO{ k|ltsfTds kdf
Joj:yf ug'{ dfqn] ;dfhdf k|rngdf /x]sf /
;dfhn] ?rfPsf s'/LlthGo k|yfxsf] cGTo
x'Fb}g . ;dfhdf JofKt s'k|yfxsf] pGd"ngsf]
nflu hgr]tgf km}nfO{ ;a} If]qsf] ;fd"lxs
k|of; x'g cfjZos x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf
sfof{no, ;+:yf jf kbflwsf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
nufot ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s tyf gful/s
cu'jfxn] ;d]t o; sfo{af6 klG5g] cj:yf
5} g . To;} n ] dlxnf ju{ n fO{ kLl8t kfg] {
plNNlvt k|yf nufot ;a} vfn] k|yfxsf]
pGd"ng ug{ lgDgadf]lhd pkfo ug'{ u/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf lgb]{zfTds cfb]z
hf/L ul/Psf] 5M

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut


sf u/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t
ljkIfLxnfO{ cfb]zsf] k|ltlnkL k7fO{ ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdtL 5 .
Gof=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 # ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM bLkss'df/ bfxfn

1543

&

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

lg0f{o g+= *()@

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ


' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
)^*WO)@!%
km};nf ldltM @)^(.*.#.!
d'2f M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf
j8f g+=!) k'/fgf] afg]Zj/ 3/ eO{ g]kfn
6]lnlehg ;+:yfgdf ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs
-Hofnfbf/L_ kbdf sfo{/t lzIff e6[/fO{
lj?4
ljkIfLM clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
;d]t
clgoldttf ePsf] eGg] s'g} 7f]; ;a"b,
k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] / ;fdfGo
b/vf:tjfnf klg x'g g;Sg] JolQmsf]
ph"/Lsf cfwf/df j}w kdf ;DkGg
ePsf] k/LIffaf6 ;kmn pDd]bjf/sf]
lgo'lQm kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ k|lts"n c;/
kg]{ u/L s'g} klg ;/sf/L u}/;/sf/L
lgsfon] lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] .
u}/sfg"gL xf] eGg] o'lQmo'Qm cfwf/ /
sf/0f j]u/ s;}sf] ph"/ k/]sf] eGg]
cfwf/df dfq /Ltk"js
{ ;DkGg ePsf]
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ cg'lrt kdf /f]Sbf
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] sfdsf/jfxLdf
kg{ hfg] c;/nfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ gu/L
sfd ug{ ldNb}g . b"lift sfdsf/jfxLnfO{
/f]Sg] gfpFdf csf]{ b"lift lg0f{o x'g hfg]
;DefjfgfnfO{ ljrf/ ul/g' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

l/6 lgjbs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf xl/k|;fb


pk]t| L
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/] Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfo af]0f{axfb'/
sfsL{ / 1fg]Gb| g]kfn
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg;lxtsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o;
k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]lbsfn] -cu|h
] L_ tyf ;dfhzf:q
ljifodf :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/]kl5 g]fkfn
6]nLlehg ;+:yfgdf ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs k|lzIffyL{
-On the job_ sf] kdf ( -gf}_ dlxgf;Dd sfd
u/L To;kl5 ldlt @)^^.(.!! b]lv ;dfrf/
;Dkfbs kbdf g} lg/Gt/ kdf xfn;Dd
Hofnfbf/L kdf sfd ub}{ cfPsL 5' .
o;}aLrdf ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltjf6
k|sflzt lj1fkg g+= @))^&.)^* sf] k|fljlws
;]jf ;dfrf/ ;d"xsf] clws[t tx ^ ;dfrf/
;Dkfbs -cu| ] h L+ _ kb ;+ V of ! v' N nf
k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ ug]{ u/L ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/]sf] x'gfn] d lgj]lbsfn] ;d]t pQm kbdf
bvf{:t kmf/fd e/L lnlvt / k|of]ufTds k/LIffaf6
d ;d]t $ hgf JolQmxsf] gfd 5gf}6 eO{
cGtjf{tf{df ;d]t ;fd]n ePsf]df cGtjf{tf{
;d]tjf6 d]/f] gfd d'Vo pDd]bjf/sf] kdf
lgo'lQmsf] nflu ldlt @)^*.@.@# df l;kmfl/z
eO{ j}slNks pDd]bjf/sf] kdf ;'/G] b| kf}8n
] sf]
gfd 5gf}6 ePsf] lyof] .
To;kl5 d}n] ldlt @)^*.%.^ df k6s
k6s cg'/f]w ubf{ klg dnfO{ lgol'Qm glbPsf]

1544

*()@ - lzIff e6[/fO{ lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t

x'gfn] glbg'kg]{ sf/0fjf/] hfgsf/L kfpFm egL


lgj]bg ubf{ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*.$.!^ sf] kq ;d]t ;+nUg
u/L ldlt @)^*.%.!! sf] ;+:yfgsf] kqjf6
hfgsf/L u/fPadf]lhd pQm kbk"lt{ k|lqmofsf]
;DaGwdf lnlvt / k|of]ufTds k/LIffaf6 5gf}6
ePsL nIdL k' g n] clVtof/ b' kof] u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ph"/L u/]sf]df ;f] ;DaGwdf
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ldlt
@)^*.@.@@ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd ;f] kbsf] lgo'lQm
glbg n]vL k7fPsf] / To;s} cfwf/df ;+:yfgsf]
;~rfns ;ldltn] ldlt @)^*.#.@! sf]
lg0f{oaf6 lgo'lQm /f]Sg] lg0f{o ePkl5 clVtof/
b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u n] k' g M ldlt
@)^*.$.!^ sf] kqjf6 ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns
;ldltnfO{ oyflz3| 5fgaLg u/L plrt /
cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf]n] 5fgaLgjf6
lg0f{o geP;Dd lgo'lQm lbg g;lsPsf] Joxf]/f
hfgsf/L x'g cfof] . To;dfly klg pQm kbsf]
nflu ul/Psf] lj1fkgsf] ;"rgfdf g} ljb]zL
z}lIfs ;+:yfaf6 k|df0fkq k|fKt ug]{ cfj]bsn]
;dsIftfsf] k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t k]z
ug'{kg]{ zt{ /flvPsf]df To:tf] zt{ k"/f gug]{
pDd]bjf/sf] bvf{:t kmf/fd g} u|x0f ug{ gldNg]df
bvf{:t kmf/fd :jLsf/ u/L lnlvt k/LIffdf
;d]t ;fd]n x'g lbO{ lnlvt k/LIffjf6 5gf}6
u/L cGtjf{ t f{ s f] nflu jf] n fpg] sfo{ g}
sfg"gljk/Lt 5 .
ldlt @)^*.@.!^ sf] lbg g} cGtjf{tf{
sfo{qmd to ePsf]df ldlt @)^&.@.!& df k/]sf]
lgj]bgpk/ sf/jfxL ug]{ k|Zg} p7b}g . ToxL
s'/fnfO{ p7fP/ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]un] pQm lgb]z
{ g lbg] sfg"gL cfwf/ g}
5}g . kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 s'g} u}/sfg"gL sfd
gePsf]n] clVtof/sf] lg0f{odf tt\;DaGwdf s]xL
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .

nf]s;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^& sf]


lgod @(-@_ sf] Joj:yf ;F:yfgsf] sd{rf/Lxsf]
xsdf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf g} xf]Og . ;f] Joj:yfsf]
xjfnf lbO{ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
u/]sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL 5 . ljkIfLxsf]
sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{oaf6 xfdLnfO{ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@ -#_ -r_ !#-!_-@_ / !(-!_
f/f k|bQ df}lns xs ;d]tsf] xgg ePsf]n]
wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q
u|x0f u/L clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
ldlt @)^*.@.@@ / ldlt @)^*.$.!! sf] lg0f{o,
;f] lg0f{o adf]lhdsf] ldlt @)^*.@.@@ / ldlt
@)^*.$.!^ sf] kq tyf ;F:yfgsf] ;~rfns
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.#.@! sf] lg0f{o / ;f]
lg0f{oadf]lhdsf] ldlt @)^*.%.!! sf] kqnufot
d lgj] l bsfnfO{ k| l ts" n c;/ kfg] { u/L
ljkIfLxaf6 ePsf cGo s'g} lg0f{o kqfrf/,
;"rgf cflb ;d]tnfO{ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/
u/L lgj]lbsnfO{ pQm kbdf lgo'lQm lbO{ sfd
sfhdf nufpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm
cfb]z hf/L u/L k"0f{ Gofo kfpFm / lgj]lbsfnfO{
lgo'lQmkq lbO{ sfddf nufpg' egL cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg
dfu bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bsf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb jfx]s
!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvthjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfL clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof] u nfO{ ;" r gf k7fO{ To;sf] jf] w fy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg" .
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g
gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf

1545

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{


cfkm} jf cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL
l/6 lgj]bgsf] !-Ps_ k|lt gSsn ;fy}/fvL
cGo ljkIfLxnfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf
cbfntdfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug"{ .
o;df cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{, oL lgj]lbsfn] lj1fkg g+= @). )^&)^*
sf] ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs -cu|h
] L_ tx ^ sf] lnlvt
/ k|of]ufTds k/LIffaf6 5gf}6 eO{ cGtjf{tf{
;d]taf6 d'Vo pDd]bjf/sf] kdf lgo'lQmsf]
nflu l;kmfl/z eP klg oL lgj]lbsfnfO{ pQm
kbdf /Ltk"js
{ lgol'Qmkq lbO{ sfddf nufpg'
kg]d
{ f ljgf cfwf/ sf/0f lgo'lQm glbO{ clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*.$.!^
sf] kqsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL nIdL k'gsf] ph"/L
egL cGtjf{tf{df g} gj;]sf] JolQmsf] ph"/L ;'gL
u/]sf] sf/jfxLsf= cfwf/df oL lgj]bLsfnfO{
lgo'lQm glbPsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] k|:t't lgj]bgsf]
clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u sf] ldlt @)^*.@.@@ /
@)^*.$.!! sf] lg0f{o ;f] lg0f{o adf]lhdsf]
ldlt @)^*.@.@@ / @)^*.$. !^ sf] kq tyf
;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.#.@!
sf] lg0f{ o x sfof{ G jog gug' { gu/fpg'
oyfl:yltdf /fVg' / kl5 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] u/L
lgj]lbsfnfO{ lgo'lQmkq lbO{ sfd nufpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnL,@)$( sf] lgod $! -!_ adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;f]sf] ;"rgf
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;jf6 ldlt
@)^*.%.@(df ePsf] cfb]z .
d lgj] l bsfn] ef/tsf] uf] j f
o'lgel;6L{af6 ;g\ @))@ df :gfts tx pQL0f{

u/L g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf] cu|h


] L ;dfrf/
jflrsf -;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs_ eO{ @)^% ;fnb]lv
lg/Gt/ Hofnfbf/Ldf sfo{/t /xFb} cfPsf]df g]kfn
6]lnlehgsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 k|sflzt lj1fkg
g+=@))^&.^* ;d]tdf v'Nnftkm{ ;dfrf/
;Dkfbs tx ^ sf] lj1fkg cfXjfg ePsf]df d
lgj]lbsfn] bvf{:t lbO{ pQm k/LIffdf ;fd]n eO{
v'Nnftkm{ ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs tx ^ df lnlvt
tyf k|of]ufTds k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePsL lyPF . d
lj/fdL ePsf]n] pQm lbg @)^*.@.!^ df tf]lsPsf]
cGtj{ftf{df ;fd]n x'g g;s]sf]n] d}n] g]kfn
d] l 8sn sn] h k| f =ln lzIf0f c:ktfnsf]
;l6{lkms]6 ;d]t k]z u/L k'gM cGtjftf{df ;fd]n
u/fO{ kfpg ldlt @)^*.@.!& ut] lgj]bg k]z
k/]sf]df d]/f] pQm lgj]bgpk/ s'g} sf/jfxL gu/L
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod
@(-@_ n] cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuL x'g kfpg] xsjf6
dnfO{ jl~rt u/L ldlt @)^*.@.!( ut] cGtjf{tf{
k/LIffsf] glthf k|sflzt u/L To;kZrft dfq
d lgj]lbsfsf] uf]jf o'lgel;{6Laf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
Jofrn/ n]ensf] :t/ lgwf{/0f -;dsIftf_ x'g
g;ssf]n] d lgj]lbsf nIdL k'gsf] bvf{:t /2
u/L d]/f] gfd cGtjftf{sf] ;"rLjf6 x6fpg] Joxf]/f
;lxtsf] kq ldlt @)^*.@.@) ut] dnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fP kl5 d}n] clVtof/df lgj]bg
lbPsf] lyPF .
ldlt @)^*.#.!# df d lgj]lbsfn]
;dsIftfsf] k|df0fkq ;d]t k|fKt u/L a'emfO{
;s]sf] 5' . g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg sd{rf/L,
;]jf zt{ -5}7f} ;+zf]wg _ ljlgodfjnL @)^^
sf] s'g} klg bkmfdf cGtjf{tf{df ;fd]n x'gsf
nflu ;dsIftfsf] k|df0f kqsf] h?/L k5{ egL
pNn]v x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . d lgj]lbsf nf]s;]jf
cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod @(-@_ sf]
b]xfo adf]lhd lj/fdL eO{ cGtjft{df pkl:yt
x'g g;s]sf]n] dnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;fd]n u/fpg'

1546

*()@ - lzIff e6[/fO{ lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t

kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ d lgj]bsnfO{ ljgfsf/0f


;dsIftfsf] k|df0fkq gePsf] Joxf]/f hgfO{
dnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;fd]n gu/fpg] / ljkIfL
lzIff e/fO{ ;d]tnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;fd]n u/fO{
;~rfng u/]sf] cGtjf{tf{ k/LIff u}/sfg"gL Pj+
q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5 eGg] ljkIfL nIdL k'g cf]nLsf] tkm{af6 o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g] k fn 6] l nlehgaf6 k| s flzt
c+uh
]| Ltkm{sf] ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs kbsf] nflu ePsf]
lj1fkg ;DaGwdf clgoldttf ePsf] egL kg{
cfPsf] ph"/Lpk/ cg';Gwfg eO{ o; cfof]usf]
ldlt @)^*.$.!! sf] a}7saf6 ;+:yfgdf c+uh
]| L
;dfrf/df sfo{/t hgzlQm sd ePsf] egL
;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.!).* sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd nIdL k'g ;d]tnfO{ l:s|g 6]i6 /
cGtjf{tf{af6 ;d]t 5gf}6 u/L ldlt @)^^.*.!!
b]lv tx ^ ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs ;/xsf] kfl/>lds
kfpg] u/L ;dsIftfsf] k|df0fkq k]z gePsf]
cj:yfdf klg Hofnfbf/Ldf lgol'Qm ul/;s]sf] /
lghn] lgoldt kdf ;+:yfgdf sfd ul//x]sf]
cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPsf]n] uf]jf o'lgel;{6L ef/taf6
lj=P pQL0f{ u/]sf] lqe"jg ljZjljBfnoaf6
;dsIftfsf] k|df0fkq k]z gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/
b]vfO{ cGtjf{tf{df ;fd]n u/fpg gldNg] egL
g]kfn 6]lnlehg kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o
plrt gePs]f / ;f] lg0f{okZrft\ klg lghsf]
gf]s/LnfO{ eg] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lv+bf pQm
lg0f{o jb\lgotk"0f{ 5}g eGg ;lsPg . nf]s;]jf
cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod @(-@_
adf]lhd klg cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf]
k|df0f;lxt ^ lbgleq lgj]bg lbPdf cGtjf{tf{df
;xefuL u/fpg ;lsg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ nIdL k'gn] cGtjf{tf{ x'g] lbg ldlt
@)^*.@.!^ df pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f;lxt
ldlt @)^*.@.!& df g]kfn l6lnlehgdf

hfgsf/L u/fPsf], xtf/xtf/df cGtjf{tf{ x'g]


lbg ldlt @)^*.@.!^ df g} kbk"lt{ ;ldltn]
lgh nIdL k'gsf] bvf{:t /2 u/L cGtjf{tf{df
;fd]n gu/fO{ lnlvt k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePsf
cGo pDd]bjf/xsf] ;f]xL ldltdf g} cGtjf{tf{
lnO{ glthf ;d]t k|sflzt u/]sf] g]kfn 6]lnlehg
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] sfo{ :j:Yf / :jR5 geO{ lgh
nIdL k'gsf] cGtjf{tf{df ;fd]n x'g] xs
clwsf/sf] ;d]t s'l07t ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 .
o;/L nIdL k'gsf] k|df0fkqsf] ;dsIftfsf]
k|df0fkq k]z x'g gcfPsf] egL lghsf] gfd
cGtjf{tf{sf] ;"rLaf6 x6fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf]df
g]kfn 6]lnlehgd} tx ^ ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs
;/xsf] kbdf ;f] k|df0fkq ljgf g} Hofnfbf/Ldf
lgo'lQm lbPsf], / lghn] cfkm" @)^*.@.!^ sf]
cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt x'g g;ssf] sf/0f;lxtsf]
lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t lghnfO{
cGtjf{tf{df ;fd]n gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf 5fgaLg
u/L plrt / cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ o; cfof]un]
n]vL k7fPsf] sfo{af6 ljkIfLsf] s'g} klg xsdf
cf3ft kg{ uPsf] cj:yf 5}g .
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'bf+ o; cfof]unfO{
5nkmnsf nflu lemsfOPsf] cj:yf geO{
ljkIfLsf] dfq PskIfLo ;'gj' fO ePsf]n] o;
cfof]unfO{ cfkm\gf] s'/f k|:t't ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt
ePsf] 5}g . o;/L cfof]uaf6 k|lt/Iff ;d]t
ug{ gkfPsf] kl/k|I] odf ;d]t pQm cGtl/d
cfb]z /2 u/L kfpg ;d]t ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf
;fb/ cg'/f]w ul/G5 eGg] clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d"ntM lj1fkg g+= @)@)^&.)^*
;dfrf/ -;Dkfbs_ c+uh
]| L kbsf pDd]bjf/ nIdL
k'gn] lnlvt / k|of]ufTds k/LIffdf ;fd]n
cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuL x'g gkfPsf] egL clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ph"/L u/]sf] x'bF f

1547

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

;f]xL ph"/Lsf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'kof]u


cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ldlt @)^*.@.@@ ut] ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] 5fgaLg k|ltj]bg k|fKt
gx'Gh]n;Dd cGtjf{tf{sf] l/hN6 k|sflzt ul/Psf]
ePklg lgo'QmL glbg' egL n]vL k7fPsf] / ldlt
@)^*.$.!^ ut] k'gM csf]{ kq k7fO{ cfof]usf]
a}7saf6 ePsf] lg0f{o egL ljleGg lg0f{ox
;d]t u/L o; ;DaGwdf oyflz3| 5fgaLg u/L
plrt / cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ egL g]kfn
6]lnlehgnfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] x'bF f lgh lgj]lbsfnfO{
;dodf lgo'lQm lbg g;lsPsf] Joxf]/f lgj]bg
ug{ rfxG5' .
;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 gofF kb l;h{gf ug]{ /
csf]{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf]
eGg] ljkIfL lgj]lbsfsf] cf/f]k lg/fwf/ em"7f
xf] . ;DdfgLt ;jf] { R r cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^*.%.@( ut]sf] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ;Ddfg
ub}{ lgh lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^*.^.!) ut]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ;+:yfgsf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL,@)^^ sf] ljlgod
#!-!_ adf]lhd ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs -c+uh
]| L_ tx
^ df lgo'lQm lbO{ ;lsPsf] x'Fbf ;F:yfgsf]
sf/0faf6 lghnfO{ lgo'lQm lbg l9nfO{ gePsf] /
;+:yfgsf] lghnfO{ lgo'lQm glbO{ b'Mv lbg] cf;o
;d]t g/x]sf] k|i6} 5 . ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL g]kfn 6]lnlehg
;+:yfg ;~rfns ;ldlt ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n
cWoog ul/of] . l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
/xg'ePsf ljfg clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk]t| Ln]
lj1fkgdf g} ;dsIftfsf] k|df0fkq k]z ug'k{ g]{
egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfL pDd]bjf/ g}
x'g g;Sg] JolQm x'g\ . ljkIfL pDd]bjf/ g} x'g
g;Sg] JolQm ePsf]n] lgj]bg lbg kfpg] xsb}of

g} 5}g . lzIff e6[/fO{n] lgo'lQm kfO{ k/LIf0fsfn


;dfKt eO{ :yfoL ;b/ e};ssf] 5 . To;pk/
r'gf}tL 5}g . l/6 hf/L xf]; eGg] ;d]t jx;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL nIdL k'g cf]nLsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt /xg' e Psf ljfg clwjQmf >L
af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{n] d]/f] kIfn] lnlvt k/LIff
kf; u/]sf] 5 . lj/fdL k/L cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt
x'g g;s]sf] egL ef]lnkN6 lgj]bg lbPsf]nfO{
larf/ ul/Pg . ;dsIftfsf] k|lqmof rln/x]s}
lyof] . ljkIfL lzIff e6/fO{nfO{ kf; u/fpg]
lgotn] sfd ePsf] 5 . t;y{ l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf
tkm{af6 /xg'ePsf ljfg clwjQmf >L 1fg]Gb|
g]kfnn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ePkl5 lgj]bs lzIff e6[/fO{n] lgo'lQm
kfO{ k/LIf0fsfn ;d]t ;b/ e};s]sf] 5 .
lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo 5}g eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
To;}u/L ljkIfL clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf tkm{af6 pkl:yt /xg' ePsf
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]n]
ljkIfL nIdL k'gn] clVtof/df ph"/ xfn]sf]
cj:yf 5 . lghnfO{ h'g k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df
s/f/df /flvPsf] 5 ;f]xL k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df
:yfoL ug{ gldNg] s] xf] egL clVtof/n] lgo'lQm
kq lbg /f]s nufPsf] cj:yf xf] . cGtjftf{
lbg' kg]{ JolQm cg'kl:yt ePsf] lbg g} glthf
k|sfzg ePsf] sf/0f glthf k|sfzgsf] sfo{
z+sf:kb b]lvPsf] xf] . cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt x'g
gkfpFb} k/LIffkmn lgsfNg' Gofof]lrt gePs]fn]
clVtof/sf] lgb]z
{ g sfg"g;Ddt 5 eGg] ;d]t
jx; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt sfg" g Joj:yfoLxn]
ug'{ePsf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL x]bf{ l/6

1548

*()@ - lzIff e6[/fO{ lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t

lgj]bssf] dfu bfjLadf]lhdsf cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{


xf], xf]Og ;f]xL ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ ePsf]
5.
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, d lgj]lbsfn]
c+uh
]| L tyf ;dfhzf:q ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ kf;
u/L g] k fn 6] l nlehg ;F : yfgdf ;dfrf/
;Dkfbsdf ldlt @)^^.(.!! b]lv lg/Gt/
Hofnfbf/L sfd ub}{ cfPsL 5' . o;} aLr
;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 k|sflzt lj1fkg
g+= @))^&.)^* k|fljlws ;]jf ;dfrf/ ;d"xsf]
clws[t tx ^ ;dfrf/ ;+kfbs -cu|h
] L_ kb
;+Vof ! df v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ ug]{ u/L
;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf]df bvf{:t lbO{ lnlvt,
k|of]ufTds / cGtjf{tf{ ;d]taf6 d]/f] gfd d'Vo
pDd]bjf/sf] kdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu ldlt
@)^*.@.@# df l;kmfl/z ePsf] lyof] . k6s
k6s lgo'lQmsf] nflu cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df klg
dnfO{ lgo'lQm glbPsf] sf/0f dfu ubf{ clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 nIdL k'gn] lbPsf]
ph"/L adf]lhd 5fgaLg u/L cfjZos lg0f{o
ug{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf]n] 5fgaLgaf6 lg0f{o geP;Dd
lgol'Qm lbg g;lsPs]f eGg] hfgsf/L x'g cfof] .
kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 s'g} u}/sfg"gL sfdsf/jfxL
geP klg lgo'lQm gkfPsf]n] ljkIfL clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*.@.@@
/ @)^*.$.!! sf] lg0f{o / @)^*.@.@@ /
@)^*.$.!^ sf] kq tyf ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*.#.!! sf] lg0f{ o /
@)^*.%.!! sf] kq;d]t ab/ u/L lgj]lbsfnfO{
pQm kbdf lgo'lQm lbO{ sfddf nufpg' egL
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg
dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= nIdL k'gn] lbPsf] ph"/Lsf cfwf/df
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ldlt
@)^*.@.@@ ut] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf]
5fgaLg k|ltj]bg k|fKt gx'Gh]n l/hN6 k|sflzt

e};s]sf] ePklg lgo'lQm glbg' eGg] n]vL k7fPsf]


;d]taf6 lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;dodf lgo'lQm lbg
g;lsPsf] / ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.%.@(
sf] cGtl/d cfb]znfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ ;~rfns
;ldltsf] @)^*.^.!) sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd lgo'lQm
lbO;lsPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg ;~rfns ;ldlt
;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6
b]lvg cfpF5 .
$= ljkIfL nIdL k'g ;d]t lj=g+=@)
)^&. )^* sf] ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs -cu|h
] L_ tx ^
-%_ df lnlvt tyf k|of]ufTds k/LIffdf pQL{0f
ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb /x]sf] 5}g . ;f] kbsf
nflu lnlvt k/LIff ;d]tdf pQL0f{ k|ltof]uLxsf]
cGtjf{tf{ ldlt @)^*.@.!^ df tf]lsPsf] / ;f]
cGtjf{tf{df cfkm" ;+nUg x'g g;s]sf] s'/f :jo+
ljkIfL nIdL k'gn] :jLsf/ u/L ef]lnkN6 ldlt
@)^*.@.!& df 5'6s
] f] cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ kfpFm egL
6]lnlehg ;+:yfgdf lgj]bg lbPsf] eGg] b]lvg
cfpF5 . o;/L 5'6s
] f] cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ kfpFm eg]/
lgj]bg lbFbf 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgdf jxfn /x]sf]
s'g sfg"g / lgod ljlgodn] To:tf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 egL pNn]v ug{ g;sL s]jn nf]s;]jf
cfof]u lgodfjnL @)^& sf] lgod @(-@_
adf]lhd ;f] ;'ljwf kfpg bfjL u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;f] nf]s;]jfsf] Joj:yf k|:t't 5gf}6 ;ldltn]
cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ eGg] jfWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf] eGg] b]lvFbg} .
%= o;sf cltl/Qm g]kfn 6]lnlehg
;+ : yfgsf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ df k| s flzt
lj1fkgdf g} ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yfaf6 k|df0fkq
k|fKt ug]{ cfj]bsn] plNnlvt k|df0fkqsf
cltl/Qm ;dsIftf k| d f0fkqsf k| d fl0ft
k|ltlnkLx klg cfj]bg kmf/d ebf{ g} k]z
ug'k{ g]{ eGg]] ;f] ;"rgfaf6 b]lvg cfp+5
F . ljkIfL
nIdL k' g cf] n Ln] cfkm" ef/tsf] uf] j f

1549

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

o'lgel;{6Laf6 ;g @))@ df :gfts tx pQL0f{


u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] / cfkm"n] bvf{:t
kmf/fd ebf{ kmf/fd;fy ;dsIftf k|df0fkq
klg ;+nUg u/]sf] gb]lvO{ s]jn @)^*.#.!# df
dfq ;dsIftfsf] k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] eGg]
lghsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
o;af6 ;+:yfgn] k|sfzg u/]sf] lj1fkgsf]
;"rgfadf]lhd lghn] ;dsIftfsf] k|df0fkq
k]z u/]sf] gb]lvPaf6 lghsf] bvf{:t km/fd g}
sfod /xg g;Sg]df lghnfO{ lnlvt k/LIffdf
;xefuL x'g lbO{ k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf] sfo{ g}
u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . lnlvt
k/LIffdf pQL0f{ eO;s]kl5 klg tf]lsPsf]
cGtjf{tf{df lgh pkl:yt e} cGtjf{tf{ lbg
;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
^= o;k|sf/ ljkIfL g]kfn 6]lnlehg
;+ : yfgn] cfkm\ g f] ;+ : yfgdf l/Qm /x] s f]
sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL k"lt{ ug{sf] nflu /Ltk"j{s
lj1fkg u/L ePsf] k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf
oL lgj]bs lzIff e/fO{ pQL{0f ePsf]df ljjfb
5}g . lghsf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf] eGg] lhsL/ klg
/x]sf] 5}g . ;F:yfgf/f ;~rflnt k/LIffdf
clgoldttf ePsf] k' l i6 ePsf] 5} g .
;dsIftfsf] k|df0fkq ;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sL
/ cGtjf{tf{df g} pkl:yt gePsL ljkIfL nIdL
k'gn] ljkIfL clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]udf lbPsf] ph"/Lsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL
cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.@.@@ df ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6 5fgaLg k|ltj]bg k|fKt
gx'Gh]n;Dd cGtjf{tfsf] l/hN6 k|sflzt u/]sf]
ePklg lgo'lQm glbg egL g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{
kqfrf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . wfFwnL u/L
tTsfnLg dxfk|jGwssL elthLnfO{ lnlvt tyf
cGtjf{tf{df pQL0f{ u/fPsf] eGg] ph"/ k/]sf]
egL ldlt @)^*.@.!^ df cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ glthf
k|sfzg u/]sf] g]kfn 6]lnlehg kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf]

sfo{ :j:Yf / :jR5 gePsf] tyf nIdL k'gsf]


cGtjf{tf{df ;fd]n x'g] xs clwsf/ ;d]t
s'l07t ePsf] eGg] ;d]t ldlt @)^*.$.!^ df
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt lg0f{o / kqdf s'g
cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 ;f] k/LIffdf clgoldttf
ePsf] xf] / lgo'lQm /f]Sg' k/]sf] xf] eGg] laZjfl;nf]
/ a:t'lgi7 sf/0f pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
clgoldttf ePsf] eGg] s'g} 7f]; ;j"b,
k| d f0faf6 k' l i6 x' g g;s] s f] / ;fdfGo
b/vf:tjfnf klg x'g g;Sg] JolQmsf] ph"/Lsf
cfwf/df j}w kdf ;DkGg ePsf] k/LIffaf6
;kmn pDd]bjf/sf] lgo'lQm kfpg] clwsf/nfO{
k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} klg ;/sf/L
u} / ;/sf/L lgsfon] lg0f{ o ug{ ldNb} g .
u}/sfg"gL xf] eGg] o'lQmo'Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f
j]u/ s;}sf] ph"/ k/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq
/Ltk"js
{ ;DkGg ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ cg'lrt
kdf /f] S bf ;/f] s f/jfnf lgsfosf]
sfdsf/jfxLdf kg{ hfg] c;/nfO{ ;d]t ljrf/
gu/L sfd ug{ ldNb}g . b"lift sfdsf/jfxLnfO{
/f]Sg] gfpFdf csf]{ b"lift lg0f{o x'g hfg]
;DejfgfnfO{ ljrf/ ul/g' kb{5 . o;y{ s]jn
ph"/L k/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq 7f]; k|df0fjf6
clgoldttf ePsf] egL k'li6 ge} g]kfn
6]lnlehg kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 k|sflzt glthf
;d]tsf cfwf/df oL lgj]lbsf lzIff e6[/fO{nfO{
lgo'lQm glbg' egL ePsf] ldlt @)^*.@.@@ /
@)^*.$.!^ ;d]tsf ljkIfL clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u sf] lg0f{ o tyf kqx
cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lvPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/LlbPsf] 5 .
&= cj lgj]bssf] dfu bfjLadf]lhd
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ /
sf/0faf6 cGtjf{tf{df ga;]sf] JolQmsf] ph"/Lsf]

1550

*()# - z]/axfb'/ n']nL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

cfwf/df ljkIfL] clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg


lg0f{o g+= *()#
cfof]uaf6 lgo'lQmkq glbg' egL ePsf] lg0f{o
/ kqfrf/ ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ b]lvO{ ab/ x'g] 7x/
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
e} ; s] s f] 5 . oL lgj] l bsf ljkIfL g] k fn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
6]lnlehg ;+:yfg kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] lnPsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
k/LIffsf] lnlvt tyf cGtjf{tf{ ;d]taf6 plQ{0f
)^* WO!@%%
e};s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf lghn] lgo'lQm kfpg' kg]{
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.&.!
tYodf s'g} ljjfb /xb}g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.%.@( df oL
ljifoM pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]lbsfnfO{ lgo'lQmkq lbO{ sfddf nufpg'
egL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L e};s]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . o;k|sf/ o; cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z lgj]bsM lhNnf dxf]Q/L, jlb{jf; uf=lj=;=, j8f
g+=* a:g] z]/axfb'/ n'n
] L ;d]t
hf/L ePkZrft ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt
lj?4
@)^*.^.!) ut]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ;dfrf/
;Dkfbs tx ^ df lgo'lQm lbO;s]sf] eGg] ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
ljkIfL g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgaf6 k|:t't
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f]
s' / fnfO{ lgj] b stkm{ s f ljfg sfg" g
cfd hgtf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljsf;
Joj;foLxn] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]s} b]lvg
lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt c:ktfn nufotsf
cfPaf6 lgo'lQm lbg' eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{
ejg lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu pko'Qm :yfgsf]
cj:yf b]lvPg .
Joj:yf ug]{ bfloTj ;/sf/sf] x'g] x'gfn]
*= t;y{ plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
c:ktfn s'g 7fpFdf agfpg pko'Qm
ljkIfL g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf gfddf
x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf pko'Qm :yfgsf]
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg .
rog ug]{ tt\ ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ /
;f] xb;Dd l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'G5 . of] cfb]zsf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ klg ;/sf/sf]
hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t ljkIfL
;DalGwt lgsfosf] xf] . k|:t't ljifo
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ lbO{
;/sf/sf] gLltut lg0f{osf] s'/f ePsf]
bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
x'bF f cd's :yfgdf c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug'{
a'emfO{ lbg" .
cd' s :yfgdf lgdf{ 0 f gug' { egL
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ # ut] /f]h ! z'ed

Ohnf; clws[tM r'/fdg v8\sf

lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx /dg


>]i7 / dfwjs'df/ j:g]t

&
&
1551

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfo


7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6L / wd{/fh kf}8n
] ,
ljfg clwjQmfx jf]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{,
/fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L / ljho ld>
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^*
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t kg{
cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f Pj+ o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
dxf]Q/L lhNnfsf] alb{jf; k"j{ klZrd
/fhdfu{ tyf jg]kfjlb{jf; ;8ssf] ldng
laGb" ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ToxfFsf] hg3gTj clj/fd
j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 .
ToxfF dflg;xsf] :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] nflu
yf]/} hg;+Vof ePsf] / ahf/ lj:tf/ gePsf]
a]nfdf Tolt a]nfs} cfjZostfnfO{ dx;"; u/]/
:yflkt yf]/} Ifdtf ePsf] :jf:Yo rf}sLdfq
/x]sf] 5 . ;'ne kdf :jf:Yo ;]jf lbgsf]
nflu k"jk{ l ls hgsk'/, ls nfxfg / klZrddf
x]6f}8+ f cfOk'Ug' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] / ToxL :yfgdf
lghL gl;{+ xf]dx /x]sf] eP klg ;'ky ;]jf
pknAw x'g g;s]sf] tyf jlb{jf;df ;'ljwfo'Qm
c:ktfnsf nflu xfdL lgj]bs nufotsf hgtfn]
Pp6f ;'ljwf ;DkGg c:ktfn :yfkgf ug{sf]
nflu w]/} cl3b]lv ;/sf/;Fu dfu u/L cfPsf
lyof}+ .
ToxL qmddf g} c:ktfnnfO{ cfjZos
kg]{ hUufsf] pknAwtfsf] nflu ljkIfL :jf:Yo
dGqfnoaf6 b'O{ j6f ;ldlt ;d]t u7g u/]sf]
/ b'j} ;ldltxn] ljleGg ljsNk;lxt k|ltj]bg
;d]t lbPsf lyP . To;dWo] klxnf] dWodf~rn
If]qLo :jf:Yo lgb]z
{ gfnosf lgb]z
{ s 8f=dxfgGb

ld>sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;ldltn] s] s:tf


;'emfj lbPsf] / l;kmfl/z u/]sf] lyof]+ eGg]
Plsg hfgsf/L geP klg To;kl5 sfzL/fh
bfxfnsf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g ePsf] ;ldltn]
c:ktfn :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu sDtLdf @)
sf hUufsf] cfjZostf kg]{ eGb} j8f g+= ! /
# df /x]sf] Rofg8fF8f ;fd'bflos jg /x]sf]
:yfgdf klg hUuf pknAw x'g ;s]df ;f]
:yfgdf klg :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] eGg] nufotsf
y' k | } ljsNkx lbPsf] eP klg c:ktfn
:yfkgfsf] nflu cfjZos hldg k|fKt x'g
g;s]sf] sf/0fn] xfdL lgj]bsx ;d]tsf]
k| o f;df jlb{ j f;;F u hf] l 8Psf] dfO:yfg
uf=lj=;= j8f g++ @ sf] k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{;+u
hf]l8Psf] dfO:yfg ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] tLg
x]S6/ hUuf pknAw u/fpg] egL ;j{bnLo /
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;d]tn] lg0f{o
u/L c:ktfn :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu sfzL/fh
bfxfn ;ldltn] bzf{Psf] ;'emfjfTds tYonfO{
Vofn u/L # x]S6/ hUuf pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o
eO{ To;} adf]lhd gfkL sfof{noaf6 hUuf klg
5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] .
o;/L hUufsf] 6'u+ f] nflu;s]kl5 c:ktfn
agfpg] osLg eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j+=
@)^^.)^& sf] ah]6 zLif{s g+= &)$*%% af6
/sd 5'6o\ fO{ c:ktfn agfpg] af]nkq dfu u/L
;f]adf]lhd 8fFkm]l;4afaf h]=eL= gfds 7]sb] f/sf]
af]nkq :jLs[t u/L ?=%,)@,)!,))*.%) df @$
dlxgfleq c:ktfn agfO;Sg] zt{df ldlt
@)^&.#.@% df 7]sb] f/;Fu s/f/ ;DkGg eO{
7]sb] f/nfO{ sfof{bz
] ;d]t lbO{ ;lsPsf] lyof] .
o;} aLr alb{jf;df lghL c:ktfn
vf]n]/ a:g] ;~rfnsx tyf cGo s]xL
JolQmx ldn]/ ;s];Dd c:ktfn aGg glbg]
s;/tdf nfu] s f] n ] To; lsl;dsf s] x L
lqmofsnfk cl3b]lv g} b]lvg yfn]sf lyP . of]

1552

*()# - z]/axfb'/ n']nL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

qmd ljkIfL :jf:Yo dGqL eO{ sfof{ e f/


;Dxfn]b]lv tLj| ultdf a[l4 eO{ cGTodf uP/
@)^(.@.!^ df dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{o u/L klxnf
hUuf k|fKt ug{ g;lsPsf] jlb{jf; uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= ( df g} !( sf hUuf k|fKt ePsf]
x'gfn] ToxfF c:ktfn lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ egL
;f]xL ldltdf r=g+= ^(#&, k=;+= cf= k|=
*@)^*^( af6 kq k7fOPsf] /x]5 . ;f]
s'/f xfdLn] hfgsf/L kfO{ u}/sfg"gL kdf
ljkIfL dGqLnfO{ k|efjdf kf/L lgdf{0fsf] sfo{
g} z'? x'g nflu;s]sf] c:ktfn ;fg]{ lg0f{on]
xfdL lgj]bsnufotsf JolQmxsf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#
-!_, !^-!_ f/f k|bQ df}lns xsdf c;/
kg's
{ f] cltl/Qm hgtfsf] s/sf] Jofks b'kof]u
u/L slxn] stf slxn] stf c:ktfn ;fg]{
sfo{ u/]sf] x'gfn] xfdLnufot To; c:ktfnaf6
;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ;Dk"0f{sf] ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] ljifodf
of] lgj] b g lnP/ ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf
pkl:yt ePsf] 5f}+ .
ljkIfL :jf:Yo dGqfnoaf6 ul7t
sfzL/fh bfxfn;ldltn] c:ktfnsf] nflu
sDtLdf @) sf hUuf cfjZos x'g] eGg]
k|ltj]bg ePsf] cj:yfdf j8f g+= ( df pknAw
u/fOPsf] !( sf hUufdf lgdf{0f ug{ egL
lg0f{o ug{' :jtM pQm k|ltj]bgljk/Lt 5 .
xfdL lgj]bs nufotsf] cys k|of;n] c:ktfn
:jLs[t u/fO{ 7]Ssf ;d]t nflu @$ dlxgfleq
c:ktfn lgdf{0f x'g] ePkl5 To;nfO{ c;kmn
agfpg g;s] klg cfkm\gf] Joj;fonfO{ c;/
gkfg]{ :yfgdf :yfgfGt/ u/fpFg ;s] klg x'g]
eGg]df nfuL k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ eGbf s/La #
lsnf]dL6/ blIf0fdf ;fg{sf] nflu dlGq:t/Lo
lg0f{o u/fOPsf] 5 .
jg dGqfno cGtu{tsf] jg ljefun]
;f] :ynsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug{sf]

nflu sf/jfxL ;d]t cufl8 a9fO;s]sf] lyof] .


o;/L ;f] :yfgdf c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf nflu
k|lqmof k'ofpg] sfo{ tLj| ultdf cufl8
al9/x]sf] / ;fj{hlgs 9's'6Lsf] /sd ;d]t
vr{ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf cs:dft :yfg kl/jt{g
ug"{ ljkIfL dGqLsf] b'lg{ot afx]s s]xL klg x'g
;Sb}g .
ctM plNnlvt cfwf/df ljkIfL
dGqLn] u/]sf] ldlt @)^(.@.!^ sf] lg0f{on]
xfdLxnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#-!_ tyf !^-!_ ;d]t
f/f k|bQ df}lns xsdf cf3ft kf/]sfn] ;f]
lg0f{ o wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf] l hd
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L ljkIfL :jf:Yo
dGqL / dGqfno tyf cGo ;DalGwt
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;d]t 7]Ssf nufOPsf] :yndf
g} c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu tTsfn hUuf
pknAw u/fpg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpFm .
ldlt @)^(.@.!^ df c:ktfn agfpg
lg0f{o ul/Psf] :yndf k|fljlws kdf hUuf
ck'u eP klg ;a} s'/fnfO{ lsgf/f nufO{
c:ktfnsf] lznfGof; ug{sf] nflu tof/L ug]{
bjfj lbO/fv]sf] a'lemPsf] x'gfn] ljkIfLn]
;f]adf]lhd u/]sf] v08df ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g]
ePsf] x'gfn] @)^(.@.!^ sf] lg0f{o of] lgj]bgsf]
clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd sfof{Gjog gug"{
gu/fpg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
l/6 lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bsxsf]
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g
gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf
Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy
/fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t\ lnlvt

1553

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{


lnlvt hjfkm k/] kl5 jf cjlw gf3] kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug"{ .
cGtl/d cfb] z sf] dfu ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{, o;df dxf]Q/L lhNnf dfO:yfg
uf=lj=;=df !% z}o\ofsf] c:ktfn lgdf{0f
ug]{ ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^&.#.@% df 8fFkm]
l;4 afaf gfds 7]s]bf/;Fu ;Demf}tf eO{
af]nkq ;d]t :jLs[t eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf
dxf]Q/L lhNnfsf] alb{af; uf=lj=;=j8f g+=*
df c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug]{ u/L @)^(.@.!^ df
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqL:t/_af6 ePsf] lg0f{o
pQm ;Demf}tf / k|fljlws k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt x' g ] u/L ePsf] lg0f{ o af6
lgj]bsxnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'Ug hfg] l:ylt
b]lvPsf]n] ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^(.@.!^ sf] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfpFdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.#.@! sf] cfb]z .
g] k fn /fHoleqsf] jg If] q cGo
k|of]hgsf nflu lb+bf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt
lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf jg P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf ^* cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 / To:tf]
jgsf] hUuf lbg} kg]{ jfWosf/L Joj:yf jg
P] g , @)$( n] u/] s f] b] l v+ b } g . ldlt
@)^(.@.!^ sf] lg0f{o x'Fbf c:ktfn lgdf{0f
ug'{ gkg]{ egL lg0f{o gePsf] s]jn 7fpF dfq
kl/jt{g ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf pQm
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf eGg ;Sg]
cj:yf b]lvPg . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jg ljefusf] lnlvt
hjfkm .

c:ktfn s'g 7fpFdf lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg]


ljifo o; dGqfnosf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifo
xf]Og . c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu dxf]Q/L lhNnfsf]
dfO:yfg uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ sf] ;fd'bflos
jgleqsf] hUuf k|fKt ug{ dftxt lgsfoaf6
l;kmfl/z eO{ o; dGqfnoaf6 sf/jfxL ePsf]
5}g . ldlt @)^(.!.!$ df c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf]
nflu :yfgLo JolQmx / 7]s]bf/ ;d]tn]
cglws[t kdf pQm :yfgdf 8f]h/ nufO{ hUuf
;Dofpg yfn]sf] x'Fbf lhNnf jg sfof{no,
dxf]Q/Ln] :yfgLo k|zf;g ;d]tsf] ;xof]u lnO{
pQm sfo{ /f]ss
] f] xf] .
jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^* cg';f/
/fli6o k|fyldstf k|fKt of]hgf ;~rfng ug{
jgsf] k|of]u ug'{ afx]s cGo s'g} ljsNk gePdf
/ To:tf] of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ jftfj/0fdf
pNn]vgLo k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ ePdf dfq To:tf]
of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6o
jgsf] s'g} efu k|of]u ug{ lbg ;Sg]5 . t/
k|:t't jlb{jf; c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu jg
If]qsf] ;f cGo hUuf k|fKt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf
k'gM jg If]qsf] hUuf lbO/xg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf]
5}g .
l/6 lgj]bs ;d]tn] c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf]
nflu jg If]qs} hUuf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ s'g} cfwf/
/ sf/0f v'nfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] lg0f{o u/L jg If]qsf]
hUufsf] ef]uflwsf/ lbg ldNb}g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
;j{k|ydtM s'g :yfgdf c:ktfn ejg
lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg] ljifo >L :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qsf] ljifo xf] . jlb{jf;
c:ktfn dxf] Q /Lsf] ejg lgdf{ 0 f :yn
dfO{:yfg uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ sf] jg If]qdf
/x]sf] pQm hUuf ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos

1554

*()# - z]/axfb'/ n']nL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

kg]{ jg If]qsf] hUufsf] ef]uflwsf/ pknAw


u/fpg lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, dxf]Q/Ldf
a;]sf] :yfgLo l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] a}7saf6
lg0f{o e} cfjZos sfo{jfxLsf] nflu >L :jf:Yo
tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnodf k7fPsf] / ;f]xL
cfwf/df pQm sfdsf] af]nkq cfJxfg e} ldlt
@)^&.)#.@$ df 8fFkm]l;4afaf gfds lgdf{0f
Joj;foL;F u ?=%,)@,)!,))*.%) df @
jif{leq c:ktfn lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{ ;Demf}tf
ePsf] xf] . jg If]qdf /x]sf] pQm hUufdf
c:ktfnsf] gfddf ef]uflwsf/ k|fKt ug{ lhNnf
jg sfof{no dxf]Q/Ldfkm{t\ jg dGqfnodf
sf/jfxL cl3 a9] s f] d f jftfj/0f ;+ / If0f
lgodfjnL, @)%$ adf] l hd k| f /lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] TOR :jLs[t eP tfklg
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt eO{ gcfP;Dd
k|:tfljt hUufdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL lhNnf jg sfof{no,
dxf]Q/Ln] lgdf{0f sfo{df /f]s nufPsf] xf] .
bfjLcg' ; f/ o; l8lehg sfof{ n oaf6
lghxsf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg]{ s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL gePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefu, l8lehg
sfof{no wg'iffsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof;DaGwL gLlt
of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdnufotsf :jf:Yo ;]jf;Fu
;Da4 ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL g]kfn ;/sf/
-sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^( adf]lhd
o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qleq gkg]{ x'Fbf l/6
lgj]bsn] tT;DaGwL ljifodf sf/0f, cfwf/
k|df0f a]u/ o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{
bfo/ ul/Psf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ef}lts of]hgf lgdf{0f
tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .

alb{jf; c:ktfnsf] ejg lgdf{0fsf]


nflu dfu eO{ cfPsf] dfO{:yfg uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= @ sf] # x]S6/ jg If]qsf] ef]uflwsf/ pknAw
u/fO{ lbg] af/]sf] kq / lhNnf jg sfof{no
dxf]Q/Ln] jg If]qsf] hUuf ef]uflwsf/ ;DaGwdf
>L alb{jf; c:ktfn alb{jf; dxf]Q/LnfO{
;Daf]wg u/L ldlt @)^&.!!.( df n]vs
] f] kqdf
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod
# cg';f/ jg If]q /fli6o lgs'Gh, cf/If,
;+/lIft If]q, dWojtL{ If]q / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
If]qdf l/;f]6{, xf]6n / ;kmf/L tyf lzIf0f
;+:yf, c:ktfnt / pBf]u :yfkgf / cGo
lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ clgjfo{ kdf jftfj/0fLo
k|efj d"Nofg ug'k{ g]{ eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf
ePsf]n] ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jLs[lt k|fKt eO{ gcfP;Dd k|:tfljt hUufdf
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ gug'{
gu/fpg' x'g cg'/f]w 5 egL kqfrf/ ;d]t
ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L :yfgLo hgtfsf]
dfu / rfxgfadf]lhd kfos kg]{ :yfgdf
c:ktfn lgdf{0f u/L ;j{;'ne kdf :jf:Yo
;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu pQm lg0f{o
ul/Psf]n] l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z
hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfno / :jf:y dGqLsf] k[ysk[ys lnlvt
hjfkm .
cGtl/d cfb]z /2 ul/kfpFm eGg] :jf:Yo
tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] lgj]bg k/]sf]] /x]5 .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx >L /dg >]i7 /
>L dfwjs'df/ j:g]tn] jlb{jf;df c:ktfn
ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu pko'Qm hUuf vf]hL ug]{
sfo{ @)^$ ;fnb]lv k|f/De ePsf] / pko'Qm
hUuf gkfOPsf] sf/0fn] nfdf] ;do lgdf{0f

1555

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

x'g ;s]g . nfdf] cWoog kl5 jlb{jf;;Fu


hf]l8Psf] dfO:yfg uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ df
kg]{ k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ ;Fu hf]l8Psf] dfO:yfg
;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] # x]S6/ hUuf pknAw
u/fpg] jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o e} hUuf
5'6\ofO{ 7]s]bf/nfO{ sfof{b]z ;d]t lbPsf]
cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/n] c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug]{
egL Ps k6s lg0f{o u/L 7]s]bf/nfO{ 7]Ssf
lbO{ lgdf{0f ;fdu|L ;d]t NofO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf
;f] :yfgdf c:ktfn gagfO{ lsg cGoq lgdf{0f
ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] Tof] lg0f{odf v'nfOPsf] 5}g .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g} lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] x'Fbf
oxfF jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^* n] 5]Sb}g,
clxn] c:ktfn agfpg vf]lhPsf] 7fpFdf
kof{Kt hUuf ge} !( sf dfq 5 . dGqLsf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/L ;fljsadf]lhds} :yfgdf
c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{ k/dfb]z hf/L x'g'k5{
egL ax; ug'{eof] . ljkIfL :jf:Yo dGqfno
;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmfo >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6L /
>L wd{/fh kf}8]nn] jg If]qsf] hUufdf s'g}
;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ jftfj/0fLo k|efjnufotsf
ljifodf cWoog u/L ;f] :yfg jfx]ssf cGo
ljsNk gePsf] cj:yfdf /fli6o k|fyldstf
k|fKt ;+/rgf dfq} lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/
oxfF cGo ljsNk b]lvPsf] 5 . ToxfF k|of{Kt
?v lj?jfx /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f] :yfgdf c:ktfn
lgdf{0f ubf{ jftf/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{
cj:yf 5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf]
cfwf/df jg If]qleqsf] hUufdf c:ktfn
lgdf{0f ug{ ldNb}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt
lng'k5{ t/ oxfF To:tf] :jLs[lt k|fKt ePsf]
klg 5}g . :jf:Yo dGqLsf] ldlt @)^(.@.!^
sf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 5}g . sfg"gL
q'l6 g} gePsf] l:yltdf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g ;Sb}g l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL jx;

k|:t't ug'{eof] . jlb{jf; c:ktfnsf] tkm{af6


pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx >L jf]0f{axfb'/
sfsL{, >L /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L / >L ljho
ld>n] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z dfu ug]{sf] bfjLdf
ljjfb/lxt clwsf/ x' g ' k 5{ / tf] l sPsf]
clwsf/Lsf] klg hUuf pknAw u/fpg] st{Jo
tf]lsPsf] x'g'k5{ oxfF o:tf] l:ylt 5}g .
c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu jg k|of]u ug'{ afx]s
cGo ljsNk 5}g eGg] s'/f :yflkt u/fpg'
kg]{df oxfF Tof] s'/f :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] cfb]zaf6g} ;f] :yfgdf
lgdf{ 0 f sfo{ /f] l sPsf] 5 t/ ;f] jg
sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL g} agfOsf] 5}g . jg
P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{
hUuf k|fKt ul/Psf] 5}g . t;y{ k|:t't l/6
lgj] b g vf/] h x' g ' k 5{ egL ax; k| : t' t
ug'{eof] .
b'j} tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] jx; ;'gL lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ o;df cfh cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf
5nkmnsf] lgldQ k]z x'g cfPsf] ePklg k|:t't
d'2fdf ;a} ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt
e};s]sf] x+bF f ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod $!-!_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z -$_
cg';f/ cGtl/d cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf dfq s]lGb|t
geO{ k|:t't lgj]bg bfjLsf ;DaGwdf clGtd
lg0f{o u/L lbg pko'Qm b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df
jlb{af;df ;'ljwfo'Qm c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ hUuf pknAw u/fpg :jf:Yo
dGqfnoaf6 sfzL/fh bfxfnsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
ul7t ;ldltn] lbPsf] ;'emfjnfO{ dWogh/
u/L xfdL lgj]bsxsf] k|of;df k"j{klZrd
/fhdfu{ Pj+ jlb{jf;;Fu hf]l8Psf] dfO:yfg
;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] tLg x]S6/ hUuf pknAw
u/fpg] egL ;j{bnLo / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf

1556

*()# - z]/axfb'/ n']nL ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

;ldltaf6 lg0f{o u/L hUuf 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] .


pQm :yfgdf c:ktfn agfpg ah]6 :jLs[t e}
7]s]bf/ ;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L sfof{b]z ;d]t lbO{
;s] s f] cj:yfdf ldlt @)^(.@.!^ df
dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{o u/L pQm c:ktfn /fhdfu{
eGbf s/Lj # ls=dL= blIf0fdf 5'6\ofOPsf] !(
sf hUufdf lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o;af6
;'ky / ;'ne :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ xsaf6
jl~rt x'g' k/]sf] x'Fbf pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/L
7]Ssf nufOPs} :yfgdf c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug'{
egL k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg
bfjL b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt lnlvt
hjfkm x]bf{ lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] :yfgdf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt geP;Dd
k|:tfljt hUufdf s'g} lsl;dsf] lgdf{0f sfo{
gug{' eGg] lhNnf jg sfof{no dxf]Q/Ln] kq
k7fPsf] / :yfgLo hgtfsf] dfu ;d]tnfO{
ljrf/ u/L pQm lg0f{o ePsf] xf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^* cg';f/ jgsf]
pkef]u ug'{ jfx]s cGo ljsNk gePdf /
jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ ePdf dfq
/fli6o jgsf] s'g} efu g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|of]u
ug{ lbg ;Sg] xf] . c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu
cGo hUuf k|fKt e};s]sf] x'Fbf jg If]q lbg'kg]{
cj:yf 5}g eGg] jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= o;df lgj]bg bfjLsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsxn] c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf]
nflu egL pNn] v u/] s f] dxf] Q /L lhNnf
dfO{:yfg uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ df kg]{ dfO{:yfg
;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] hUuf ;fj{hlgs jg
If]qleqsf] hUuf ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lv+b+}g .
To:tf] ;fj{ h lgs jg If] q leqsf] hUuf
;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf
jg P]g, @)$( x]l/g' kg]{ x'G5 . jg P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ^* x]bf{ /fli6o k|fyldstf

k|fKt of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ jgsf] k|of]u ug'{


jfx]s cGo s'g} klg ljsNk gePsf] / To:tf]
of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo
k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ ePdf To:tf] of]hgf
;~rfng ug{sf] lgldQ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;/sf/
f/f Jojl:yt jg, sj'lnotL jg jf wfld{s
jg s'g}sf] k|of]u ug{ :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
$= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{ jgsf] k|of]u ug'{ jfx]s
cGo ljsNk g/x]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jLs[lt lnP/ dfq jg If]qsf] k|of]u ug{
;lsg] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f] c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf]
nflu lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] jg If]qsf] hUuf
k|of]u ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt k|fKt
ePsf] 5 ls 5}g / c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu
;f] hUuf afx]ssf] cGo ljsNk 5 ls 5}g
eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To; ;DaGwdf
:jf:Yo tyf hg;+ V of dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^(.@.!^ sf] lg0f{o x]bf{ jlb{jf; uf=lj=;=
j8f g++ ( sf jfl;Gbfaf6 s/Lj !( sf hUUff
ufpF j:tLleq :j]R5fn] pknAw x'g ;Sg]
b]lvPsf]n] pQm hUuf jlb{jf; c:ktfnsf]
gfpFdf /lhi6]zg kfl/t u/fO{ ;f]xL :yfgdf
c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{ pko'Qm x'g] egL lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{ocg';f/ dxf]Q/L
lhNnfsf] jlb{jf;df c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu
jlb{jf; uf=lj=;=j8f g+=( sf :yfgLo jfl;Gbf
bfgaxfb' / ljZjsdf{ ;d] t sf JolQmxn]
:j]R5fk"j{s ldlt @)^(.@.@$ df /lhi6]zg
kf; u/L jlb{jf; c:ktfnsf gfpFdf hUuf
gfd;f/L tyf /lhi6] z g kfl/t ePsf]
/fhLgfdfsf k|ltlnlk ;d]t k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
o:tf] cj:yfdf pQm c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu
;fd'bflos jg k|of]u ug'{ eGbf csf]{ ljsNksf]
ljBdfgtf /x]sf] kfOof] .

1557

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

%= ;fj{hlgs jg If]qleq kg]{ hUufdf


ef}lts lgdf{0f ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt
lng' k g] { sfg" g L Joj:yfcg' ; f/ g] k fn
;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]{df pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ :jLs[lt lnPsf] b]lv+b}g . ;f]xL
sf/0faf6 lhNnf jg sfof{no, dxf]Q/Ln] ldlt
@)^&.%.# df jg ljefu, aa/dxnnfO{
;Daf]wg u/L jlb{jf; c:ktfnnfO{ jf]wfy{
n]v]sf] kq Joxf]/f x]bf{ jg P]g, @)$( /
jg lgodfjnL, @)%! cg';f/ /fli6o jg
-;fd'bflos, wfld{s, sa'lnotL jg ;d]t_
If]qsf] hUuf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jLs[lta]u/
cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf
/x]sf] x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt j]u/ jg
If]qdf c:ktfn ejg lgdf{0f gug{ cg'/f]w
5 egL kq k7fO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ /f]sL lbPsf]
b]lvG5 .
^= o; k|sf/ lgj]bg bfjLcg';f/sf]
dfO:yfg ;fd'bflos jg If]qleqsf] hUufdf
c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt
ljgf jg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^* cg';f/ pQm
hUufdf c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{ ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvPg . jlb{jf; c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu :yfgLo
hgtfn] :j] R 5fk" j { s hUuf pknAw u/fO{
c:ktfnsf] gfddf /fhLgfdf /lhi6z
] g kfl/t
ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
&= cfd hgtf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljsf;
lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt c:ktfn nufotsf ejg
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu pko'Qm :yfgsf] Joj:yf
ug]{ bfloTj ;/sf/sf] x'g] x'gfn] c:ktfn s'g
7fpFdf agfpg pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
pko'Qm :yfgsf] rog ug]{ tt\ ;DaGwL lg0f{o
ug]{ / lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ klg ;/sf/sf]
;DalGwt lgsfosf] xf] . k|:t't ljifo ;/sf/sf]
gLltut lg0f{osf] s'/f ePsf] x'bF f cd's :yfgdf
c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug'{ cd's :yfgdf lgdf{0f

gug'{ egL cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg]


cj:yf klg /x+b}g . Psftkm{ jg P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf ^* df /x]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ jg
If]qleqsf] hUuf k|of]u ug'{ jfx]s cGo ljsNk
gePsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnP/
dfq k| o f] u ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] d f
lgj]bsxn] c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ egL bfjL
u/]sf] hUuf jg If]q leqsf] ePsf] / ;f]
:yfgdf c:ktfn ejg lgdf{0f ug{ ;/sf/sf]
:jLs[lt lnPsf] kfOb}g . csf]{tkm{ c:ktfn
ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu :yfgLo hgtfaf6 csf]{
:yfgdf hUuf pknAw u/fOPsf] b]lvG5 o:tf]
l:yltdf lgj]bg bfjLcg';f/sf] hUufdf c:ktfn
lgdf{0f gu/L jlb{jf; uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( df
:yfgLo hgtfn] pknAw u/fPsf] hUufdf
c:ktfn lgdf{ 0 f ug] { egL ePsf] ldlt
@)^(.@.!^ sf] lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg]
b]lvPg .
*= ctM lgj]bg dfu bfjLcg';f/sf]
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'G5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgg} vf/]h ePsf]
x'Fbf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.#.@! df
hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t sfod /xg
;Sb}g, lgliqmo x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fsf] nut
bfo/Laf6 sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h & ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM Clif/fd cfrfo{

1558

&

*()$ - em+sgfy zdf{ kf}8n


] lj=o'uaxfb'/ k'g

sfg"gadf]lhd ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6


cfkm\gf] xs :yflkt u/fPsf] x'G5 .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
cbfntsf] clGtd km} ; nfaf6 Ps
JolQmsf] gfddf bfv]n vf/]h gfd;f/L
ug]{ xs :yflkt eO;s]sf] hUufnfO{
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf g} csf]{
JolQmsf gfddf /lhi6]z
g kf; x'bd
} f
To:tf] /lhi6]z
g kf; ePsf] lnvt h]7f]
lnvt dfGg ;Demg gldNg] .
cbfntsf] km} ; nf ldltkZrft\
cglws[ t JolQmsf gfddf kfl/t
lnvtnfO{ h]7f] lnvt dfGbf cbfntsf]
clGtd km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g g;sL
km} ; nf g} lg:k| e fjL x' g ] x' G 5 .
cbfntsf] clGtd km} ; nf z" G osf]
l:yltdf /xg g;Sg] / clGtd eO/x]sf]
km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] clgjfo{tf x'g]
x'Fbf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofnfO{
g} 5n]/ ePsf] /lhi6]zgn] sfg"gL
dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_

lg0f{o g+= *()#

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ


' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
;+jt\ )^#CI ))%$
km};nf ldltM @)^*.*.^.#
d'2fM km};nf ab/
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM :ofhf lhNnf, lrnfpg]jf;
uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= # a:g] em+sgfy zdf{
kf}8n
]
lj?4
ljkIfL k|ltjfbLM gjnk/f;L lhNnf, :jf7L
uf=lj=;=, jf8{ g+= % a:g] o'uaxfb'/ k'g
z'? km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L hutk|;fb >]i7
k'g/fj]bg txdf km};nf ug]M{
df=d'=Gof=>L df]xg k|sfz l;6f}nf
df=Gof=>L ljZjgfy hf]zL
hUuf bftfsf] gfddf ;|:] tf sfod ePkl5
/lhi6]z
g x'g] sfof{nodf uO{ /lhi6]z
g
u/L xs xGtfGt/0f u/]sf] lnvtn] dfq
sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg ;Sg] x'G5 . tTsfn
xs x:tfGt/0f x'g g;Sg] k|s[ltsf]
hUufnfO{ cfkm\gf] gfddf ;|:] tf ;d]t
sfod gx'bF } bftfn] 3/;f/df ul/lbPsf]
lnvtsf] cfwf/df dfq pQm hUufdfly
s;}sf] sfg"gL xs l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg
;Demg ldNb}g . 3/;f/df 5f]8kq
s/f/gfdf u/L lnPsf] hUufdfly qm]tfsf]
sfg"gL xs ta dfq :yflkt x'G5 ha

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M


ljkIfL k|ltjfbL tkm{af6Mljfg clwjQmfx
s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f, ltnk|;fb uf}td /
cfgGbk|;fb e';fn
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)#&, c &, lg=g+= !#*(,
k[=!#(
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o; cbfntsf]
clwsf/If]q leqsf] eO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

1559

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^@.!!.@! sf] km};nf pk/


bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
ldlt @)#^.&.@& df dfnkf]t sfof{no
gjnk/f;Laf6 ;| ] : tf sfod eO{ ldlt
@)$^.&.@& eGbf klxn] /lhi6]z
g kfl/t x'g
g;Sg] ljkIfL eQmjL/ sfdLsf] gfdsf] hUuf
kf; v'ns
] f avt d]/f gfddf /lhi6]z
g kf;
ug]{ zt{df ?=#),))). df 5f]8kq s/f/gfdfsf]
sfuh u/L ldlt @)#*.&.!% df lnPsf] lyPF .
d}n] eQmjL/ sfdL;Fu 5f]8kq u/L lnPsf]
hUufdWo] bIfL0ftkm{af6 h=lj= )!$) hUuf
?=@!,))). df xl/dfof lj=s= nfO{ 5f]8kq
ul/lbPsf] / afFsL hUuf o'uaxfb'/nfO{ sdfpg
lbPsf] lyPF . pQm hUuf d}n] cfkm\gf] s/f/ zt{
adf]lhd ldlt @)%^.&.!! df /=g+= (@( af6
/fhLgfdf kf; u/fO lnPsf] 5' . d}n] 5f]8kqaf6
vl/b u/]sf] hUufnfO{ g} rf/ lsNnf pNn]v u/L
ls=g+= ^$ sf] hUuf egL eQmjL/ ;'gf/ sfdLn]
o'uaxfb'/ k'gnfO{ ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df 5f]8kq
s/f/gfdfsf] sfuh ul/lbPsf] / ;f]xL lnvtnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL o'uaxfb'/ k'gn] gjnk/f;L lhNnf
cbfntdf s/f/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm egL lkm/fb
bfo/ u/L k|ltjfbLn] k|ltjfb ;d]t gu/L
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)#*.!@.!! sf] s/f/adf]lhd
lnvt kfl/t u/L lng kfpg] 7x/ eO{ ldlt
@)%%.!@.!) df km};nf ePsf] /x]5 . d}n]
3/;f/df 5f]8kq lnvt kfl/t u/]sf] klxnf]
lnvt x'bF f klxnf] lnvtn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg'
kg]{ x'G5 . d}n] lnPsf] ls=g+= % xf] ls=g+= ^$
xf]Og . o;/L ldlt @)#*.!@.!! sf] lnvtnfO{
cfwf/ lnO{ ul/Psf] >L gjnk/f;L lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%%.!@.!) sf] km};nfdf
plNnlvt ljkIfL o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf gfddf lnvt
kfl/t ePsf] lhNnf gjnk/f;L :jf7L uf=lj=;
j8f g+=% ls=g+= % sf] h= lj= !*) dWo] pQ/

tkm{sf] h=lj= )!$) hUufsf] xb;Ddsf] km};nf


ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb kq .
jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL em"7f xf] . jfbLnfO{
d}n] ljqmL u/]sf] hUufsf] /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/L
lbO;s]sf] cj:yfdf jfbLnfO{ d pk/ lkm/fb
bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL emQmlj/ sfdLsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] ldlt @)#*.&.!%
sf] slyt s/f/gfdfsf] lnvtnfO{ sfg"gL
lg/Gt/tf lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . sfg"gL cl:tTj
sfod ug{ g;s]sf] lnvtnfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNg]
xf]Og . bfjLsf] hUuf eQmjL/ sfdLn] dnfO{
ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df s/f/gfdf 5f]8kqsf]
sfuh ul/lbPsf / s/f/sf] zt{ kfngf gu/]sf]
x'bF f @)%$ ;fndf ;xk|ltjfbL eQmjL/ sfdLsf
pk/ d}n] s/f/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm egL d'2f bfo/
u/L ldlt @)%%.!@.!) df bfjLadf] l hd
s/f/adf]lhd hUuf d]/f gfddf gfd;f/L bf=vf=
x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePkl5 km};nf sfof{Gjog s}
cj:yfdf jfbLn] ldlt @)%^.&.!! df /=g+=
(@( af6 )!$) hUuf kfl/t u/]tfklg
dfnkf]t sfof{non] cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd
d]/f] lnvt kfl/t bf=vf= u/] u/fPsf] sfo{
sfg"g;Ddt 5 . jfbL d o'uaxfb'/ k'g k|ltjfbL
eQmjL/ sfdL ePsf] s/f/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm
d'2fsf] gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%%.!@.!) sf]] km};nf ab/ x'g' k' g]{ xf]Og eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf]
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
em+sgfy zdf{ / eQmjL/ sfdLsf aLrdf
v8f ePsf] ldlt @)#*.!!.!% sf] lnvt
hfn;fhLk"0f{ tl/sfn] v8f ePsf] xf] . d}n]
ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df eQmjL/ sfdLaf6 ljjflbt
hUuf s/f/sf] lnvt u/L lnPadf]lhd lgh
pk/ d'2f bfo/ u/L ljjflbt hUuf d]/f gfddf
bf=vf= e};s]kl5 eQmjL/ sfdL tyf em+sgfy

1560

*()$ - em+sgfy zdf{ kf}8n


] lj=o'uaxfb'/ k'g

zdf{ ;d]t ldnL d]/f] xs d]6g\ sf nflu k'/fgf]


ldlt /fvL gofF sfuh v8f u/]sf x'g\ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|=o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf] jf/];
dLgaxfb'/ s'jF /n] u/]sf] ;gfvt aofg .
k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] aofg Joxf]/f em"7f]
xf] . s/f/sf] lnvt ;2] xf] . hfn;fhL u/]
u/fPsf] xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf jf/];
s]zj/fh l;+xn] u/]sf] aofg .
d}n] ldlt @)#*.!!.!% df em+sgfy
zdf{nfO{ ul/lbPsf] 5f]8kq s/f/gfdf hfn;fhL
ge} ;To ;fFrf] xf] k|ltjfbLsf] aofg em"7f] xf]
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL eQmjL/ sfdLsf jf/];
r'NxfO{ ld>sf] aofg .
bfjLsf] hUuf eQmjL/n] em+sgfynfO{
3/;f/df 5f]8kq ul/lbg] egL eg]sf] x'bF f lnvtsf]
;fIfL dxndf ;lx5fk u/]sf] x'F . k|ltjfbLsf]
xs d]6g\ ] s'g} sfd u/]sf] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
sf/0fL ;/x #) lbg] Dofbdf pkl:yt ePsf
gGbs'df/ lj=s=n] u/]sf] aofg .
eQmjL/ sfdLn] cfkm\gf] xssf] hUuf
em+sgfy kf}8n
] nfO{ 5f]8kq ul/lbg] ;Nnfx e}
5f]8kq lnvt v8f ePsf] / pQm lnvtdf d}n]
;fIfLsf] kdf ;lx5fk u/]sf] x'F . k|ltjfbLsf]
xs d]6g\ ] sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g . k|ltjfbLsf] aofg
em"7f xf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] #) lbg] Dofbdf xfhL/
ePsf dg;f/fd lj=s=sf] aofg .
jfbL o'uaxfb'/ k'g k|ltjfbL eQmjL/
sfdL ePsf] gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntsf] ;+jt\
@)%$ ;fnsf] b]=g+= !!^) sf] s/f/adf]lhd
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fsf] ldlt @)%%.!@.!) sf]
km};nf ;lxtsf] l5+gj' f ldl;n k|df0fsf] nflu
;fy} k]z ePsf] .
o;df jfbLsf] xs :jfldTjsf] hUufdf
c;/ kg]{ u/L jfbL, log} k|ltjfbL o'uaxfb'/ k'g,
k|ltjfbL log} eQmjL/ sfdL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%$
;fndf b]=g+= !!^) sf] s/f/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm

egL d'2f bfo/ u/L ldlt @)%%.!@.!) df


ljjflbt ls=g+= % sf] hUufsf] s/f/sf] lnvt
kfl/t x'g] 7x/L o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf
jfbL bfjLadf]lhd lhNnf gjnk/f;L :jf7L
uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= % r, ls=g+= % sf] h=lj= !
*) hUufdWo] )!$) pQ/ tkm{af6 ab/
x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? gjnk/f;L
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.#.@! df ePsf]
km};nf .
o;df bfjLsf] hUufdf oL jfbLsf] ef]u
sAhf gePsf], dnfO{ sdfpg lbPsf] eGg] bfjL
ePklg ;f] k'li6 ug]{ cfwf/ k|df0f k|:t't ug{
g;s]sf], ljkIfLsf] slyt xssf] ;|ft] sf] lnvt
xfn;Dd klg k] z ug{ g;s] s f] , slyt
@)#*.!!.!% sf] lnvt bflvn u/]tfklg ;f]
lnvt d}n] cbfnt k|jz
] ug'{ cl3sf] lnvt
/lhi6]z
g kfl/t u/fPsf] jf s/f/adf]lhd u/fpg
;d]t g;s]sf] l:yltdf ljgf cfwf/ k|df0f jfbLsf]
xs :jfldTjdf c;/ kg]{ egL ePsf] z'? km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pQm km};nf ab/ u/L ldlt
@)%%.!@.!) sf] km};nf / ;f]cg';f/ :yflkt
ePsf] d]/f] xs btf{ ;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf]
k' g /fj] b g cbfnt j' 6 jndf bfo/ ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df o;} nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= !!)& sf]
bf=vf= l6Kk0fL cfb]z ab/ d'2fdf k|ToyL{ lemsfpg]
cfb]z ePsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf klg k|ToyL{ lemsfO{
k]z ug{' eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnaf6 ldlt
@)^@.@.!) df ePsf] cfb]z .
jfbL em+sgfy / eQmjL/ sfdLaLr
ePsf] ldlt @)#*.!!.!% sf] b"lift lnvt
Jojxf/af6 bfjLsf] hUufpk/ oL jfbLsf] sfg"gL
xs l;lh{t x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf bfjLsf] hUufpk/
jfbLsf] sfg"gL xsflwsf/ g} gePsf] l:yltdf
z'? cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%%.!@.!) df ePsf]

1561

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

km};nfn] oL jfbLsf] xsflwsf/df s'g} c;/


kf/]sf] gb]lvbf ;f] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
lkm/fb bfjL;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . ctM
@)%$ ;fnsf] b]=g+= !!^) sf] s/f/adf]lhd
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf ldlt @)%%.!@.!) sf]
km};nf ab/ ug]{ cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] ;f]
km};nfdf plNnlvt ls=g+= % sf] h=lj= !*
) hUufdWo] pQ/tkm{af6 )!$) hUufsf]
km};nf ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] z'? gjnk/f;L lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.#.@! sf] km} ; nf
gldn]sf]n] pN6L x'G5 eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
j'6jnsf] ldlt @)^@.!!.@! sf] km};nf .
d k'g/fj]bsn] eQmjL/ sfdLaf6 5f]8kq
u/fO{ lnPsf] ljjflbt, gjnk/f;L lhNnf, :jf7L
uf=lj=;, j8f g+=%-r_ ls=g+= % sf] hUufsf]
;|]:tf ldlt @)#^.&.@& df tof/ ePsf] 5 /
d]/f bftfn] o'uaxfb'/ k'g nfO{ ul/lbPsf]
elgPsf] ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df ePsf] slyt
s/f/gfdfsf] lnvtdf If] q Lo a;f] j f;
sfof{noaf6 ls=g+= ^$ sf] hUufnfO{ ljqmL
u/]sf] k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] 5 . eQmjL/ sfdLn]
d / k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ul/lbPsf] 5f]8kqsf] sfuh
/ ljkIfL o'uaxfb'/ k'gnfO{ s/f/gfdf ul/lbPsf]
elgPsf] b'j} sfuh @)#^.&.@& kl5sf] x'Fbf
pQm ls=g+= % / ls=g+= ^$ cnucnu x'g\
eGg] s'/f ldl;n sfuhaf6 b]lvO{ /x]sf] cj:yf
5 . lghsf] xsb}of g} gePsf] ls=g+= % sf]
hUufdf bfjL lnO{ @)%$ ;fndf lkm/fb u/L
km};nf u/fPsf] k|i6 5 . ljkIfLn] eQmjL/;Fu
ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df u/]sf] elgPsf] slyt
s/f/gfdfsf] sfuh / d k'g/fj]bsn] ljjflbt
hUuf eQmjL/ sfdL;Fu ldlt @)#*.!!.!% df
5f]8kqsf] lnvtaf6 k|fKt u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df
ldlt @)%^.&.!! df /=g+= (@( af6 /fhLgfdf
kfl/t ul/Psf]af6 bfjLsf] hUufsf ;DaGwdf
ePsf s/f/gfdfsf] lnlvt / /fhLgfdf u/L

lnPsf] ldlt ;d] t ljkIfLsf] eGbf h] 7 f]


b]lvO/x]sf] cj:yfdf d / eQmjL/aLr ePsf]
lnvt b"lift 7xofO{ ePsf] km};nf ab/efuL
5 ctM z'? gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^!.#.@! df ePsf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] jfbLsf] o; cbfnt;dIf bfo/ ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df o;} nufpsf] ldlt )^#CI))##
sf] km};nf ab/ d'2fdf k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] egL
cfh o;} Ohnf;af6 cfb]z ePsf] x'bF f ;f]
d'2f;Fu cGt/k|efjL /x]sf] o; d'2fdf klg c=j+=
@)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/
u/L k] z ug' { eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.^.!& sf] cfb]z
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLDff r9L Ohnf;
;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n
cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs kIfn] @)#^ ;fndf g}
;]:| tfdf ls= g+= % hlgO{ ldlt @)#*.!!.!% df
eQmjL/ sfdL;Fu 5f]8kqsf] lnvt u/L lnPsf]
hUufnfO{ kl5Nnf] ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df ljkIfL
o'uaxfb'/ k'gn] k'g eQmjL/af6 ls= g+= ^$
pNn]v u/L 5f]8kqsf] s/f/gfdf u/L lnPsf] /
k'g/fj]bssf] xsdf cf3ft kfg]{ u/L gjnk/f;L
lhNnf cbfntdf b]=g+= !!^) sf] s/f/adf]lhd
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2f u/L pQm cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)%%.!@.!) df jfbL bfjL k'Ug] u/L km};nf
;d]t u/fPsf] x'bF f ls= g+= % sf] h= lj= !*
) dWo] pQ/tkm{sf] h= lj= )!$) hUufsf]
xb;Ddsf] km};nf ab/ x'gk' g]d{ f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
a'6jnn] km};nf ab/ gx'g] 7xofPsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f pQm km};nf pN6L u/L bfjLadf]lhd
km};nf ab/ x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] z'? gjnk/f;L
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm egL
ug'{ ePsf] 5nkmn lhsL/ ;'lgof] .
k| T oyL{ tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfx >L s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f, >L ltn

1562

*()$ - em+sgfy zdf{ kf}8n


] lj=o'uaxfb'/ k'g

k|;fb uf}td / >L cfgGbk|;fb e';fnn] dfnkf]t


sfof{noaf6 tTsfn /lhi6z
] g kfl/t x'g g;Sg]
cj:yfsf] hUuf jfbLn] 3/;f/df 5f]8kqsf]
lnvt ub}{df To:tf] lnvtn] sfg"gL dfGotf
k| f Kt ug{ ;Sb} g . d] / f] kIfn] 5f] 8 kq
s/f/gfdfaf6 vl/b u/] s f] hUufnfO{
s/f/adf]lhd lnvt kfl/t ul/kfpFm egL ldlt
@)%$.!@.!( df lhNnf cbfntdf k|j]z u/L
ldlt @)%%.!@.!) sf] bfjL k'Ug] u/L ePsf]
km};nfaf6 bfjLsf] ls=g+= % sf] hUUffdf sfg"gL
clwsf/sf] l;h{gf eO{ pQm km};nf clGtd eO{
/x]sf] cj:yfdf bfjLsf] hUufdf xs g} gePsf
jfbLnfO{ km};nfab/ tkm{ lkm/fb bfo/ ug]{
xsb}of ;d]t gx'Fbf jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf]
z'? km};nfnfO{ pN6L u/L km};nf ab/ gx'g]
7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf
;b/ ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t
;'lgof] .
plNnlvt ax; ;d]t ;'gL x]bf{ k|:t't
d'2fdf lgDg k|Zgx pk/ ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfof]M
!_

@_

k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] eQmjL/ sfdLaf6 u/fO{


lnPsf] ldlt @)#*.!!.!% sf] 5f]8kqsf]
lnvtdf plNnlvt ls= g+= % sf] hUuf /
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df u/L
lnPsf] 5f]8kqsf] lnvtdf plNnlvt ls=
g+= ^$ sf] hUuf Pp6} xf] jf km/s km/s
hUUff xf] <
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] ldlt @)#*.!!.!% sf]
3/;f/sf] 5f]8kqsf] lnvt Pj+ ldlt
@)%^.&.!! sf] /fhLgfdfsf] lnvt /
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)#*.!@.!! sf] s/f/
lnvtadf]lhd ul/kfpFm ldlt @)%$.!@.!(
df cbfntdf d' 2 f bfo/ u/L ldlt
@)%%.!@.!) df clGtd km} ; nf

ePadf]lhdsf] lnvtdWo] s'g lnvtn]


sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg] xf] <
#_ gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%%.!@.!) sf] km};nf ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]
jf xf]Og <
$_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5 jf 5}g < k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5 jf ;Sb}g <
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ jfbLn] cfkm\gf]
lkm/fbdf dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Ldf ;|:] tf
sfod ePsf] eQmjL/ sfdLsf] gfdsf] lhNnf
gjnk/f;L, :jf7L uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= %r ls=g+=
% sf] h= lj= !*) hUuf ldlt @)#*.!!.!%
df 5f]8kq s/f/gfdfsf] lnvtcg';f/ eQmjL/
sfdLaf6 d}n] vl/b u/]sf] hUuf xf] . ;f]dWo]
)!$) hUuf xl/dfof lj=s= nfO{ ljqmL u/L
afFsL )!$) hUUff d]/f] xs sfod ePsf]df
eQmjL/ sfdL / k|ltjfbL o'uaxfb'/ k'gn]
ldnf] d tf] u/L ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df
s/f/gfdfsf] lnvt v8f u/L o'uaxfb'/ k'gn]
s/f/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm egL eQmjL/ sfdLpk/
gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf b]=g+= !!^) sf]
d'2f bfo/ u/L ldlt @)%%.!@.!) df PstkmL{
km};nf u/fO{ km};nfcg';f/ pQm hUuf cfkm\gf]
gfddf bf=vf= ;d]t u/fPsf]n] d]/f] xs ;Ddsf]
)!$) hUUffsf] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o'uaxfb'/ k'gn] k|ltjfb
ubf{ jfbLn] pNn] v u/] s f] lnvt sfg" g L
cl:tTjljxLg ePsf] / d]/f] lnlvt sfg"gL
kdf h]7f]] eO{ cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfaf6
d]/f] xs l;h{gf eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf km};nf
ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
z' ? gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd km};nf ab/ x'g] 7x/ u/]sf]df
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnn] z'? cbfntsf]

1563

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf]


b]lvof] .
#= lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ jfbLn] lkm/fbkq Pj+ o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg ubf{ lgh jfbL e+msgfy zdf{ kf}8n
] n]
eQmjL/ sfdL;Fu ldlt @)#*.!!.!% df 5f]8kqsf]
lnvtaf6 lnPsf] hUUff lhNnf gjnk/f;L, :jf7L
uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= %r, ls=g+= % ePsf] t/
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df eQmjL/ sfdL;Fu
s/f/gfdf u/L lnPsf] hUuf ls=g+= ^$ sf]
km/s hUUff xf] egL bfjL u/]sf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt
ldlt @)#*.!!.!% / ldlt @)#*.!@.!! sf
lnvtdf ls=g+= % tyf ls=g+= ^$ n]lvPsf
hUuf Pp6} x'g\ jf km/s km/s x'g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf
pQm b'j} s/f/ lnvt ul/lbg] JolQm eQmjL/
sfdLn] cfkm\gf] k|ltpQ/ kqdf Pj+ cbfntdf
cfO{ jofg ubf{ ;d]t pQm hUufx cnucnu
x'g egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvGg . ljjflbt ls=g+=
% sf] hUUff eQmjL/ sfdLn] If]qLo a;f]af;
sfof{noaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]df ljjfb b]lvGg . If]qLo
a;f]jf; sfof{noaf6 ljt/0f ePsf] hUuf bz
jif{;Dd xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ gkfOg] x'bF f lkm/fbLn]
lkm/fb Joxf]/fdf g} ljjflbt hUUff ldlt @)#^.&.@&
df ;|:] tf sfod eO{ @)$^.&.@& eGbf klxn]
/lhi6]z
g kf; x'g g;Sg] hUUff egL pNn]v
u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . tTsfn /lhi6]z
g x'g
g;Sg] hUuf eO{ jfbL / k|ltjfbLn] eQmjL/af6
5f]8kq Pj+ s/f/gfdfsf] lnvt u/fPsf] kfOG5 .
lgh eQmjL/ sfdLn] If]qLo a;f]af; sfof{noaf6
pQm ljjflbt hUUuf afx]s cGo ls=g+= sf hUuf
kfPsf] gb]lvPaf6 klg ls=g+= % / ^$ km/s
km/s geO{ Pp6} hUuf ePsf] b]lvG5 . gjnk/f;L
lhNnf cbfntsf] ;+jt\ @)%& ;fnsf] b]=g+=
*&($$ cyf{t\ o; cbfntsf] b]=k'=g+= )^#
CI))%@ sf] bf=vf= l6Kk0fL cfb]z ab/ d'2fdf
z' ? gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt

@)^).%.!* df eO{ cfPsf] gS;f d'rN' sfdf


g=g+= & sf] hUufdf emu8f hlgPsf] / pQm
hUuf ls=g+= % sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pQm
g= g+= & sf] hUufsf] rf/ lsNnf k|ltjfbL
o' u axfb' / k' g n] eQmjL/ sfdLaf6 ldlt
@)#*.!@.!! df u/L lnPsf] s/f/gfdfsf] lnvtdf
plNnlvt hUufsf] rf/ lsNnf Pj+ If]qkmn ;d]t
ldn] le8]sf] kfOG5 . jfbLn] ls= g+= ^$ sf]
cnu} hUuf xf] eg]tfklg ljjflbt hUufsf] gSzf
d'rN' sf x'bF fsf avt jfbLn] To:tf] 5'} cl:tTjsf]
hUUff b]vfpg ;s]sf] klg kfOPg . To:t} nufpsf]
)^#CI))%@ sf] l6Kk0fL cfb]z ab/ d'2fdf
z' ? ldl;n ;+ n Ug dfnkf] t sfof{ n o
gjnk/f;Lsf] ldlt @)%&.&.* sf] lg0f{oaf6
;fljs ls=g+= ^$ sf] !*) hUuf xfn ls=g+=
% sf] hUuf eGg] pNn]v ePsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .
o;y{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] eQmjL/ sfdLaf6 ldlt
@)#*.!!.!% df u/L lnPsf] 5f]8kqsf] lnvtdf
plNnlvt ls=g+= % sf] hUUff / k|ltjfbL o'uaxfb'/
k'gn] lgh eQmjL/ sfdLaf6 ldlt @)#*.!@.!!
df u/L lnPsf] s/f/gfdfsf] lnvtdf plNnlvt
ls= g+= ^$ sf] hUUff Pp6} hUuf ePsf] k'li6 x'g
cfof] .
$= bf];f| ] lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ k|Zg k'g/fj]bs
jfbL / k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] ljjflbt ls=g+= % sf]
hUufsf ;DaGwdf eQmjL/ sfdLaf6 ul/lnPsf
lnvtdWo] jfbL / k|ltjfbLdWo] s;sf] s'g
lnvtn] dfGotf kfpg] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{, jfbL em+sgfy zdf{ kf}8n
] n] lkm/fbkqdf
d}n] emQmlj/ sfdL;Fu ldlt @)#*.!!.!% df
ljjflbt hUuf 5f]8kq u/L lnPsf] / k|ltjfbLsf]
s/f/gfdf ldlt @)#*.!@.!! df ePsf]n] d]/f]
s/f/gfdf h]7f] ePsf]n] ljjflbt hUufsf] sfg"gL
xs cfkm\gf] x'g] eGg] bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
k|ltjfb ubf{ ljjflbt hUuf eQmjL/ sfdLsf
gfddf dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Lsf] ldlt

1564

*()$ - em+sgfy zdf{ kf}8n


] lj=o'uaxfb'/ k'g

@)%$.!!.$ sf] lg0f{on] dfq ;]:| tf sfod ePsf]


/ hUuf bftfsf] gfddf ;|:] tf sfod x'gf;fy
s/f/adf] l hd /fhLgfdf gu/] s f] n ] ldlt
@)%$.!@.!( df b]=g+= !!^) sf] s/f/adf]lhd
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2f bfo/ u/L bfjL k'Ug] 7xofO{
ePsf] gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%%.!@.!) sf] km};nfadf]lhd ljjflbt hUufsf]
sfg"gL xs klxn] cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] bfjL
u/L lkm/fb bfjL sfg"g;Ddt gePsf] lhsL/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljjfbsf] ls=g+= % sf] hUuf
eQmjL/ sfdLn] If]qLo a;f]jf; sfof{no
a'6jnaf6 k|fKt u/L lghn] tTsfn xs x:tfGt/0f
ug{ g;Sg] k|sl[ tsf] hUuf ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g .
If]qLo a;f]jf; sfof{noaf6 df}sfdf g} kfPtfklg
eQmjL/ sfdLsf gfddf dfnkf]t sfof{no
gjnk/f;Laf6 ldlt @)%$.!!.$ sf] lg0f{on]
dfq ljjlbt hUufsf] ;|:] tf sfod ePsf] tYo
ldl;n ;+nUg dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Laf6
ePsf] ;|]:tf sfod ug]{ lg0f{osf] k|dfl0ft
k|ltlnlkaf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
%= hUuf bftfsf] gfddf ;|:] tf sfod
ePkl5 /lhi6]z
g x'g] sfof{nodf uO{ /lhi6]z
g
u/L xs xGtfGt/0f u/]sf] lnvtn] dfq sfg"gL
dfGotf kfpg ;Sg] x'G5 . tTsfn xs x:tfGt/0f
x'g g;Sg] k|sl[ tsf] hUufnfO{ cfkm\gf] gfddf
;|]:tf ;d]t sfod gx'Fb} bftfn] 3/;f/df
ul/lbPsf] lnvtsf] cfwf/df dfq pQm hUufdfly
s;}sf] sfg"gL xs l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg ;Demg
ldNb}g . 3/;f/df 5f]8kq s/f/gfdf u/L lnPsf]
hUufdfly qm]tfsf] sfg"gL xs ta dfq :yflkt
x'G5 ha sfg"gadf]lhd ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6
cfkm\gf] xs :yflkt u/fPsf] x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf
jfbL k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)#*.!!.!% Pj+ ldlt
@)#*.!@.!! df eQmjL/ sfdLaf6 u/L lnPsf
3/;f/sf lnvtx :jo+df k"0f{kdf xs :yflkt
x'g] lnvt xf]Ogg\ . o;y{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] d]/f]

lnvt h]7f] x'bF f ls=g+= % sf] hUufdf cfkm\gf]


xs x'g] egL lnPsf] bfjL sfg"g;Ddt b]lvPg .
^= ljjflbt ls=g+= % sf] hUuf eQmjL/
sfdLsf gfddf ldlt @)%$.!!.$ df ;|:] tf sfod
eO{ ;s]kZrft\ ;j{ky| d k|ltjfbL o'uaxfb'/ k'gn]
cfkm\gf] s/f/gfdfsf] lnvtsf] cfwf/df ljjflbt
ls=g+= % sf] hUuf dfly sfg"gL xs l;h{gf ug{
s/f/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm egL gjnk/f;L lhNnf
cbfntdf b]= g+= !!^) sf] d'2fsf] lkm/fb ldlt
@)%$.!@.!( df bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm d'2fdf
eQmjL/ sfdLn] k|ltjfb g} gu/L Dofb u'hf/L
a;]sf]n] gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntaf6 bfjLsf]
ls=g+= % sf] hUuf o'uaxfb'/ k'gn] eQmjL/ sfdLaf6
s/f/adf]lhd bf=vf= gfd;f/L u/L lng kfpg]
7x/fO{ ldlt @)%%.!@.!) df km};nf eO{ pQm
km};nf clGtd eO{ /x]sf] kfOof] . cbfntdf d'2f
bfo/ x'g' Pj+ km};nf x'gk' j" { k'g/fj]bs jfbL em+sgfy
zdf{ kf}8n
] n] ljjflbt hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
uO{ /lhi6]z
g kf; u/L cfkm\gf] gfddf xs :yflkt
ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvGg . cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfn]
ljjflbt hUufdf o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf] xs :yflkt
eO{ ;s]kZrft\ ldlt @)#*.!!.!% sf] 5f]8kq
lnvtsf] cfwf/ b]vfO{ cbfntsf] km};nf k|lts"n
ldlt @)%^.&.!! df eQmjL/ sfdL;Fu ldn]dtf]
u/L ljjflbt hUuf jfbLn] lnvt kfl/t u/L
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . cbfntsf] ldlt @)%%.!@.!)
sf] clGtd km};nfaf6 o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf] xs :yflkt
ePsf] hUufnfO{ km};nf ePsf] ldlt kZrft\
km};nf sfof{Gjog s} cj:yfdf jfbL em+sgfy
zdf{ kf}8n
] n] eQmjL/ sfdL;Fu ldn]dtf] u/L
ljjflbt hUuf ldlt @)%^.&.!! df /fhLgfdf
kf; u/L lnPtf klg pQm /fhLgfdfsf] lnvt
cbfntsf] km};nf ldlteGbf kl5sf] x'bF f pQm
/fhLgfdfsf] lnvt :jo+df b"lift / ab/of]Uo
ePsf]n] To:tf] lnvtnfO{ h]7f] / sfg"g;Ddt
lnvt eGg ldn]g .

1565

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

&= ljjflbt hUufsf] ef]uflwsf/ tkm{


x]bf{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] cfkm\gf] lkm/fbdf g} hUuf
k|ltjfbLn] sdfPsf] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lghn]
hUuf o'uaxfb'/ k'gnfO{ sdfpg lbPsf] xf] eGg]
lhsL/ u/]tfklg To;sf] k'li6 k|df0ff/f ug{
;s]sf] b]lvb}g . cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfaf6
Ps JolQmsf] gfddf bfv]n vf/]h gfd;f/L ug]{
xs :yflkt eO;s] s f] hUufnfO{ km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf g} csf]{ JolQmsf gfddf
/lhi6]zg kf; x'b}df To:tf] /lhi6]zg kf;
ePsf] lnvt h]7f] lnvt dfGg ;Demg ldNb}g .
cbfntsf] km};nf ldltkZrft\ cglws[t JolQmsf
gfddf kfl/t lnvtnfO{ h]7f] lnvt dfGbf
cbfntsf] clGtd km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g g;sL
km};nf g} lg:k|efjL x'g] x'G5 . cbfntsf] clGtd
km};nf z"Gosf] l:yltdf /xg g;Sg] / clGtd
eO/x]sf] km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] clgjfo{tf x'g]
x'bF f km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofnfO{ g} 5n]/
ePsf] /lhi6]z
gn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg g;Sg]
x'G5 . bf]xf]/f] lnvt ePsf]df s'g lnvtn] dfGotf
kfpg ;S5 eGg] ;Gbe{df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
km'nj]~raf6 lgj]bs sdnfb]jL /fhj+zL ljkIfL
xl/gf/fo0f pkfWofo ePsf] lnvt kf; d'2fdf
b'j} ;fx"sf] 3/;f/df lnvt ePsf]df x/L
gf/fo0fn] cbfntdf lkm/fb bfo/ u/L ;s]sf] /
l6sf/fn] lkm/fb bfo/ ug]{ ;'ljwf lnO{ P]gn]
lbPsf] Dofbleq} cbfntdf lkm/fb btf{ u/]sf]
5 . h'g lg0f{on] cbfntdf lkm/fb u/]sf] klxnf]
x'g cfPsf] 5 . xl/gf/fo0fn] cbfntdf k|jz
]
u/L ;s]sf] ;dodf 6Lsf/fdn] k|jz
] u/]sf]n]
xl/gf/fo0fsf] lnvt h]7f] 7xg]{ egL g]sfk
@)#&, c &, lg0f{o g+= !#*( k[=!#( df
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt k|:t't d'2fdf ;fGble{s b]lvPsf]
5.
*= pk/f] Q m plNnlvt cfwf/af6
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] ldlt @)#*.!!.!% sf] 3/;f/sf]

5f]8kqsf] lnvt Pj+ ldlt @)%^.&.!! sf]


/fhLgfdfsf] lnvt eGbf k|ltjfbL o'uaxfb'/
k'gn] ldlt @)#*.!@.!! sf] s/f/ lnvt adf]lhd
ul/kfpFm egL gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt
@)%$.!@.!( df d'2f bfo/ u/L pQm cbfntaf6
ldlt @)%%.!@.!) df clGtd km} ; nf
ePadf]lhdsf] k|ltjfbL o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf] lnvt
h]7f] eO{ sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg] b]lvg cfof] .
(= rf}yf] lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ k|Zg gjnk/f;L
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%%.!@.!) sf] km};nf
ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
dfly k|Zg g+= ! / @ df ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
ljjflbt ls=g+= % Pj+ ls= g+= ^$ pNn]v ePsf
hUuf km/skm/s geO{ Pp6} hUuf ePsf] k'li6
ePsf] 5 . ;fy} o' u axfb' / k' g n] ldlt
@)#*.!@.!! sf] s/f/gfdf lnvtadf]lhd
ul/kfpFm egL ldlt @)%$.!@.!( df b]=g+= !!^)
sf] d'2f bfo/ u/L k|ltjfbL eQmaxfb'/ sfdLsf
gfddf hf/L ePsf] Dofb eQmaxfb'/ :jo+n] a'emL
k|ltjfb gu/L Dofb u'hf/L a;]af6 jfbL bfjL
k'Ug] 7x/ eO{ gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)%%.!@.!) df km};nf eO{ clGtd eO{
a;]sf] b]lvG5 . cbfntaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd km};nf
eO{ clGtd eO/x]sf] b]lv+bf jfbLsf] bfjLcg';f/
pQm km};nf ab/ ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPg .
!)= ca rf}y+ f] tyf clGtd k|Zg tkm{
ljrf/ ubf{, dfly k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf ul/P
adf]lhd ljjflbt ls=g+= % sf] hUUff k|ltjfbL
o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf] gfddf gjnk/f;L lhNnf
cbfntsf] b]= g+= !!^) sf] s/f/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm
eGg] d'2fdf ldlt @)%%.!@.!) sf] km};nf cg';f/
xs :yflkt eO{ lgh o'uaxfb'/ k'gsf] lnvt
h]7f] x'gs
' f] ;fy} sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg] ePsf] /
gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%%.!@.!)
sf] km};nf ab/ gx'g] ePsf]n] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
pQm km};nfdf plNnlvt ls= g+= % sf] h=lj=

1566

*()% - u0f]z ;fx snjf/ lj=b'vf t'/xf

!*) hUUff dWo] h= lj= )!$) hUufsf]


km};nf ab/ x'g g;Sg] Pj+ hfn;fhL tkm{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM af/f lhNnf, srf]jf{ ufpF
jfbLnfO{ ;hfo ul//xg' gkg]{ 7x/ u/]sf]
ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+=# a:g] t]hgf/fo0f
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^@.!!.@!
k|;fb ho;jfn
sf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . o;
lj?4
cbfntaf6 ljkIfL lemsfpFbf lnOPsf] cfwf/;Fu k|ToyL{ jfbLM /f}tx6 lhNnf, ;/d'hjf ufpF ljsf;
;xdt x'g ;lsPg . km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
;ldlt j8f g+=! a:g] b'vf t'/xf
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n z'? km};nf ug]{ M
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
e"=;'=c=>L ;fu/s'df/ /f]sf
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k;
| fb /fhe08f/L
df=Gof=>L ljb'/ljqmd yfkf
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn d+l;/ ^ ut] /f]h # z'ed
c=a+= &@ n] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfjf6
Ohnf; clws[tMlzjk|;fb vgfn / Af;Gth+ yfkf
n]lvP eGbf a9\tf s'/f Pp6} lkm/fbkqdf
n]vL NofPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] xb;Ddsf
&
s'/fdf OG;fkm ug{ gkg]{ egL ;DalGwt
;] j fu| f xLnfO{ ;" r gf lbg' k g] {
lg0f{o g+= *()%
lkm/fbjfnfnfO{ yfxf x'gf lgldQ ;f]xL
lkm/fbkqsf] e/kfO{ n]lvlbg'k5{ eGg]
jfSo o; gDa/df ;dfof]hg u/]af6
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
k|i6 ePsfn] cf cbfntn] u|x0f
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
ul/;s] s f] gfln; ;a" b k| d f0fsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
d"Nofg tyf xsb}of xbDofb ;d]tsf
)^&CI)%^# / )^&CI!)*!
k|Zgaf6 h] 7x5{ ;f]xLadf]lhd OG;fkm
km};nf ldltM @)^(.*.!%
x'g}kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
d'2f M df]xL gfd;f/L .
kmf]6f]x lnvt k|df0f x'g\ . g]kfn sfg"g
JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf
k'g/fjb]s k|ltjfbLM /f}tx6 lhNnf, ;/d'hjf
@-3_ f/f lgwf{l/t kl/efiffsf cltl/Qm
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= ! a:g] u0f]z
k|df0f sfg"gsf ljZjJofkL dfGotfsf
;fx snjf/
sf/0faf6 kmf]6f]x lnvt k|df0fsf]
lj?4
sf]6Ldf kb{5g\ . ljlw;Ddt k|lqmofaf6
k|ToyL{ jfbLM /f}tx6 lhNnf, ;/d'hjf ufpF ljsf;
ldl;ndf ;+nUg x'g k'us
] f kmf]6f]xsf
;ldlt j8f g+=! a:g] b'vf t'/xf
xsdf ;d]t c=a+= &* cfs{lift x'g] .
1567

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

k'/ftg d:of}bfxdf sfuh eGg] zAb


k|of]u x'bF d} f cfw'lgs d:of}bfdf lnvt
eGg] zAb n]lvPsf] 5 eGb}df lnvt
eGg' / sfuh eGg' km/s x'g\ eGg] cy{
ug{ gldNg] .
hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf kmf]6f] ;DalGwt
hUufsf xf]Ogg\ eGg] ;d]tsf cfwf/df
r'gf}tL lbPsf] cj:yfdf c=a+= !&!
adf]lhd gfk hfFr u/fpg' kb{Yof] . c=a+=
!&! sf] gfk gS;f hfFra'em cbfntn]
Goflos lgisif{df k'Ug cfgf] ;Gt'li6sf
nflu cbfntsf k| l tlglwnfO{
ljjfb:ynsf] j:t'ut cWoog ug{
k7fpg cjnDag ul/g] sfo{ l jlw
ePsfn] lnvt k|df0fsf kdf /x]sf
kmf]6f]xdf d'2fsf b'j} kIfsf] d'v ldn]sf]
5 eg] logn] c=a+= !&! sf] cfjZostf
k"/f ug{ ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
Goflos lgisif{ lgsfNbf Goflos dgsf]
ljlzi7 e"ldsf x'G5 . e"ld;DaGwL
lgodcGtu{tsf ! g+=, @ g+=, $ g+= tyf
# g+= cg';r
" L ePklg e"ld;DaGwL P]gn]
g} df]lxofgL xs k|flKtsf nflu lgif]w
u/]sf] cj:yfdf P]gs} Joj:yfn] dfGotf
kfpF5 . P]gs} sfof{Gjogsf] ;'udtfsf
nflu lgod aGg] x'bF f P]gsf k|lts"n
lgod aGg g;s] h:t} ;f] lgodcg';f/
k|fKt sfuhftn] s'g} sfg"gL an k|fKt
ug{ g;Sg] .
h;/L b"lift btf{n] s'g} dfGotf kfpFbg} ,
o;sf nflu xbDofb afws aGb}g To;/L
g} b\l" ift k|df0fsf] s'g} cf}lrTo x'bF g} .
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] b"lift k|df0fn] s;}nfO{
sfg"gL xs k|bfg ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7


clwjQmf dxfb]j ofbj tyf ljfg
clwjQmf pd]zk|;fb ho;jfn
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M jl/i7 clwjQmf lszf]/s'df/
clwsf/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)@%, c !), lg=g+= $$@
k[i7 @&#
g]sfk @)$$ c !@, lg=g+= ##)),
k[i7 !@&%
g]sfk @)^^ c *, lg=g+= *@)!,
k[i7 !@^*
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g c=a+= &@, &*, !&!
g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!)
sf] bkmf @-3_
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @ -_,
@%-%_-s_
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o; cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg
k/L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pjd\ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
ljkIfL hUufwgL u0f]z ;fx snjf/sf]
gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] lhNnf /f}tx6, ;/d'hjf ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= ! ls=g+= ^(* sf] )$
) hUuf / ljkIfL t]hgf/fo0f k|;fb ho;jfnsf]
gfddf btf{ /x]sf] lhNnf /f}tx6 ;/d'hjf ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= % ls=g+= (* sf] )^
% hUufsf] df]xL :j= afa' e/f]; t'/xf ePsf]df
lgh afa' @)@( ;fndf k/nf]s x'g' ePsf] /
d]/f] cfdf @)#) ;fndf k/nf]s x'g' ePsf]df

1568

*()% - u0f]z ;fx snjf/ lj=b'vf t'/xf

Psdfq 5f]/f d jfbL ePsf]n] pQm hUufx


d]/f] gfpFdf df]xL gfd;f/L ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] b'vf t'/xfsf] lkm/fb bfjL .
jfbL tyf lghsf] afa' e/f]; t'/xfn]
bfjLsf] hUuf df]xLsf] x}l;otn] hf]tsf]8 u/]sf
5}gg\ . pQm hUuf d}n] ldlt @)@#.%.@% df
e/f]; t'/xfsf] sfsf ;'st[ t'/xfaf6 v/Lb u/L
;f]xL ldltb]lv hf]tef]u u/]sf] / @)#@ ;fndf
;f] hUufdf cfFksf] ?v, afF; of tyf l;;f}sf
?vx nufO{ ef]urng u/L cfPsf] x'bF f jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL t]hgf/fo0f k|;fb
ho;jfnsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
bfjLsf] hUuf slxn] klg jfbLaf6 hf]t
cfjfb ul/Psf] 5}g . d tyf ;fljs hUuf
wgLn] s't a'emL ul/lbPsf] ekf{O{ jfbLaf6 k]z
x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . bfjLsf] hUufdf d}n]
@)@% ;fndf g} kf]v/L vgfO{ df5f kfng ub}{
cfPsf] 5' . bfjLsf] hUufdf kf]v/L tyf
a;f]af;;d]t /x]sf] x'bF f 3/jf/Lsf] hUufsf] df]xL
gfd;f/L x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
u0f]z ;fx snjf/sf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
log} jfbL t]hgf/fo0f k|;fb ho;jfn
/ k|ltjfbL b'vf ;fx t'/xf ePsf] ld=g+= !$$)
sf] df]xL nut sf d'2f cfh} km};nf eO;s]sf]n]
jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x5{ / csf{ k|ltjfbL u0f]z
snjf/sf] gfpF btf{sf] ;/d'hjf ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= ! ls=g+= ^(* sf] )$)
hUuf;d]tsf] jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x5{ eGg] z'?
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, /f}tx6sf] ldlt @)^%.!).!#
sf] km};nf .
z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non] e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, tyf lgodfjnLsf] ljk/Lt u/]sf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L ljjflbt hUufdf
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ tyf
lgj]bs /fdfsfGt /fo ofbj lj?4 e"ld;'wf/

sfof{no, /f}tx6 ePsf] df]xL d'2fdf ;DdfgLt


;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #(@$
ldlt @)^!.!@.!( df ePsf] k| l tkflbt
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df d k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] gfpFdf
df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] 7xofO{ OG;fkm kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL b'vf t'/xfsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}8+ fdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
k|:t't d'2fdf lkm/fb kqaf6 bfjLsf]
hUufdf jfbLsf] afa' btf{jfnf df]xL b]lvPsf]df
lgh df]xLsf] d[To'kl5 df]xLsf] 5f]/fdf df]xLofgL
xs gfd;f/L x'g] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ u/L ePsf]
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, /f}tx6sf] z'? km};nf lnvt
k|df0fsf] d"Nofgsf] b[li6af6 ;d]t km/s kg]{
b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ lemsfO{ lgodadf]lhd
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt
@)^^.(.@@ sf] cfb]z .
bfjLsf] hUufdf cfFk, afF; tyf ;L;f}sf
?vx hUufwgLn] nufPsf] / pQm hUufdf
df]xLsf] hf]tef]u gePsf]n] df]xL gfd;f/Ltkm{sf]
bfjL gk'Ug] 7xofPsf] z'? km};nf sfg"g;Ddt\
x'bF f ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fdf k/]sf] lnlvt
k|ltjfb .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf t]hgf/fo0fn] ls=g+=
(* sf] hUuf v/Lb ubf{ g} e/f]; t'/xfnfO{
df]xL dfg]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L hUuf v/Lb
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . df]xL e/f]; t'/xfn] df]xLsf]
st{Jo kfng gu/]sf] jf lghsf] d[To'kl5
lghsf 5f]/f b'vf t'/xfn] plNnlvt hUuf
hf]tcfjfb gu/]sf] jf df]xLn] kfng ug'{kg]{
st{Jo kfng gu/]sf] eGg] af/]df st} s'g}
lsl;dsf] ph"/L u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvFb}g . df]xL
nfu] s f] hUufdf df] x L nut sfod /x] s }
cj:yfdf hUufwgLn] df]xLsf] d~h"/L a]u/
hUuf cfkm}Fn] sdfPsf], hUufdf 3/ kf]v/L
agfPsf] / ?v nufPsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnO{

1569

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

df]xLsf] df]lxofgL xs ;dfKt ug]{ cj:yf


/xFb}g . ls=g+= ^(* / (* sf] hUufsf] df]xL
e/f]; t'/xfsf] @)@( ;fndf / lghsL kTgLsf]
@)#) ;fndf k/nf]s ePsf] / oL k'g/fj]bs
b'vf t'/xf df]xLsf Psdfq 5f]/f ePsf]n]
e" l d;DaGwL P] g , @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_
adf]lhd d[ts df]xLsf] df]xLofgL xs oL
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] gfddf gfd;f/L x'g ;Sb}g
eGg ldNb}g . o;} nufpsf] b]=g+= !$^# sf]
df]xL nut sf d'2fdf cfh} o; Ohnf;af6
z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, /f}tx6n] df]xL nut
sf x'g] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o pN6L u/L df]xL
nut sfod x'g] lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf jfbL bfjL
gk'Ug] 7x5{ egL z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no,
/f}tx6n] ldlt @)^%.!).!# df u/]sf] lg0f{o
gldn]sf] x'gfn] pN6L eO{ k'g/fj]bs b'vf
t' / xfsf] k' g /fj] b g lhsL/adf] l hd df] x L
gfd;f/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!@
sf] km};nf .
ljkIfL jfbLf/f d k'g/fj]bs u0f]z
;fx snjf/ gfd btf{ s f] ls=g+ = ^(* /
t]hgf/fo0f k|;fb ho;jfn gfd btf{sf] ls=g+=
(* sf] hUufsf] df]xL gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm egL
b'O{ km/s km/s JolQmpk/ Pp6} lkm/fb bfo/
ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f dflg;n] hlt;'s} dflg;
pk/ Pp6} lkm/fb bfo/ ug{ / OG;fkm x'g ;Sg]
ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf g/x]sf]df k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf d'n'sL P]g c=a+= &@
g+= sf] /f]xdf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . d k'g/fj]bssf]
bfjLsf] hUufdf ljkIfLsf lktf df]xL sfod
eO{ lghn] df]xLsf] :yfoL lg:;f k|fKt u/]sf]
ePtf klg lgh e/f]; t'/xfn] df]xL 5f]8kqsf]
nflu @)@$ ;fndf g} ;DalGwt lgsfo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltdf lgj]bg lbPsf] lyof] / ;f]
hUufdf lghs} ;dodf kf]v/L vgfO{ l8ndf

3/ agfO{ j[If /f]kL ef]u ub}{ cfPsf] x'F . ljkIfLn]


slxn] klg hUuf hf]ts
] f] 5}g . hUufaf6 3/af;
tyf kf]v/Ldf kl/0ft e};s]sf] hUufsf] df]xL
gfd;f/L ug{ klg ldNb}g . ljkIfLsf lktfsf]
@)@( ;fndf / cfdfsf] @)#) ;fndf d[To'
e};s]sf]df #$ jif{kl5 df]xL gfd;f/L u/L
kfpg lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 klg ljkIfLsf] bfjL
agfj6L /x]sf] k|i6 5 . df]lxofgL xssf] hUuf
Psk6s cfkm"n] gsdfO{ kl/Tofu ul/;s] kl5
k'gM ;f]xL 3/ hUufsf] df]lxofgL xs ljkIfLn]
bfjL ug{ gkfpg] cj:yfdf ;d]t df]xL gfd;f/L
x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf]
ldlt @)^&.$.!@ sf] km};nf k|df0f P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf %$ tyf c=a+= !*$, !*%, !*( /
&@ g+ = tyf cbfntaf6 k| l tkflbt
l;4fGt;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf]n] ;f] km};nf
pN6L u/L Gofo kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL u0f]z ;fx snjf/sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
ljkIfLn] b'O{ cnucnu hUufwgLsf]
cnucnu hUuf ;DaGwdf Pp6} df]xL gfd;f/L
d'2f lbPsf] b]lvG5 . d'n'sL P]g c=a+= &@ g+=
adf]lhd, Pp6} dflg;n] Pp6} dflg;pk/
hlt;'s} ljifosf] gfln; n]vL NofP jf hlt;'s}
dflg;n] hlt;'s} dflg;pk/ Pp6} emu8fsf]
ljifodf gfln; n]vL NofP ;f]xL gfln;af6
OG;fkm x'g] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .
Pp6} dflg;n] hlt;'s} dflg;pk/ hlt;'s}
emu8fsf] ljifodf lbPsf] gfln; nfUg g;Sg]
:ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf ljkIfLn] b'O{
cnucnu hUufwgLpk/ cnucnu hUuf
;DaGwdf Pp6} gfln; u/]sf] s'/f :ki6 /x]sf]n]
ljkIfLsf] lkm/fb g} c=a+= &@ g+= k|lts"n ePsf]n]
;f] lkm/fbaf6 OG;fkm x'g ;Sb}g . ljkIfLsf]
lktf df]xL / ;fljs hUufwgL Psf;uf]nsf]
sfsf elthf /x]sf] s'/f lkmN8a'saf6 :ki6
b]lvG5 . o;/L df]xL / ;flas hUufwgL

1570

*()% - u0f]z ;fx snjf/ lj=b'vf t'/xf

Pscfk;df Psf;uf]nsf] sfsf elthf ePsf]


k|df0f k]z u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} ;f]tkm{ s'g}
Wofg glbO{ k|df0f k]z gu/]sf] egL df]xL sfod
x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nfdf e"ld;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf @s tyf @^-!_ sf] k|ToIf q'l6
5 . d}n] pQm hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] ldltdf g}
Psf;uf]nsf] df]xLsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt e};s]sf]
sf/0faf6 ;f] hUufsf] hUufwgL / df]xL b'a}sf]
x} l ;otn] d} n ] sdfO{ 3/ / au} + r f;d] t
nufPsf]df d]/f] ;f] ef]unfO{ ljkIfL ;d]tn]
lnlvt kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . pQm hUuf
d]/f] gfpFdf bf=vf= u/fpFbf dfnkf]t sfof{no
/f}tx6n] ef]u ;DaGwdf ;h{dLg ubf{ ;f]df
ljkIfL cfkm" pQm hUufsf] pQ/klsf] ;Flwof/sf]
x}l;otn] ;lx5fk u/L pQm hUuf d]/f] ef]udf
/xL cfPsf] egL :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf]
5 . ljkIfLsf] lktfsf] @)@( ;fndf / cfdfsf]
@)#) ;fndf d[To' ePsf] / ljkIfL ;f] ;dodf
rf/ jif{sf] gfafns /x]sf]n] ;f] hUuf ljkIfLn]
hf]tL sdfO{ cfPsf] xf]nf egL cg'dfg ug}{
;lsb}g . o;/L df]xLsf] x}l;ot g} ;dfKt e}
ljkIfLsf] lktfs} df]xL xs ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] /
d]/f] hf]t sfod e} d]/f] xsef]u sfod e};s]sf]
hUufdf ljkIfL df]xL sfod x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8faf6 ldlt @)^&.$.!@
df ePsf] sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L z'?
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no /f}tx6sf] ldlt @)^%.!).!#
sf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/L OG;fkm kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL t]hgf/fo0f k|;fb
ho;jfnsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df 5'f5'} hUufwgL pk/ 5'f5'}
hUufsf ;DaGwdf Pp6} gfln; lbPsf] /
To:tf] gfln; ;'gL OG;fkm u/]sf] s'/f c=a+=&@
g+= k|lts"n b]lvPsf] ;fy} u0f]z ;fxsf] ;DaGwdf
df]xL nut sf gePsf]df cGo d'2fsf s'/fnfO{
cfwf/ lnO{ lgh u0f]z ;fx snjf/sf] xsdf;d]t

lg0f{o u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf] ;fy} o:t} ljifoj:t'


;dfj]z ePsf] g]sfk @)$$ c !@, lg=g+=
##)), k[i7 !@&% lgj]bs k|uf;L ofbjgL ;d]t
lj?4 bz}+ kf;jfg ;d]tsf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf
k|ltkflbt ghL/ l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvFbf
ljkIfL lemsfO{ xfhL/ eP jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^*.!@.!) sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs u0f]z ;fx snjf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dxfb]j ofbjn] jfbLsf]
afa' e/f]; t'/xfsf] @)@( ;fndf / lghsf]
cfdfsf] @)#) ;fndf d[To' ePsf]df ;f]sf] #$
jif{kl5 df]xL gfd;f/Ldf bfjL u/]sf] cj:yf
5 . bfjLsf] hUufdf kf]v/L, 3/ tyf au+r
} f
/x]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g]
x'bF f pQm 3/jf/Lsf] hUufdf df]xL xs nfUg
;Sb}g . bfjLsf] hUuf jfbLn] hf]t cfjfb gu/]sf]
/ d]/f] kIf tyf ;fljs hUufwgLn] s't a'emL
ul/lbPsf] ekf{O{ jfbLaf6 k]z x'g g;s]sf] x'bF f
df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf pN6L x'gk' b{5 egL ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
k' g /fj] b s t] h gf/fo0f k| ; fb
ho;jfnsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
>L pd]zk|;fb ho;jfnn] b'O{ cnucnu
hUufwgLsf] cnucnu hUuf ;DaGwdf Pp6}
d'2f lbPsf] x'Fbf jfbL bfjL c=j+= &@ g+= k|lts"n
5 . jfbLsf] afa' / ;fljs hUufwgL
Psf;uf]nsf sfsf elthf ePsf] x'Fbf Pp6}
kl/jf/sf] JolQmdWo] Pshgf hUufwgL / csf]{
df]xL x'g ;Sb}g . bfjLsf] hUuf bf=vf= ubf{
dfnkf]t sfof{no /f}tx6af6 ePsf] ;h{dLgdf
k| T oyL{ jfbL;d] t ;fIfL a;] s f] / pQm
;h{dLgaf6 ;d]t bfjLsf] hUuf @)@# ;fnb]lv
d]/f] kIfsf] ef]udf /x]sf] eGg] tYo k'li6 x'g]

1571

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

x'Fbf df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg


cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] km};nf pN6L x'g'kb{5 eGg]
;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L lszf]/s'df/ clwsf/Ln] d'ns
' L P]g
c=j+= &@ g+= sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgadf]lhd Pp6}
ljifodf hlt;'s} jfbLsf] hlt;'s} k|ltjfbL pk/
d'2f nfUg ;Sb5 . df]xLsf] k|df0fkq Pp6} ePsf]
cj:yf x'Fbf cnucnu d'2f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
5}g . ljjflbt hUUffsf] xs x:tfGt/0f x'bF f ;d]t
df]xL hlgPsf] cj:yf 5 . df]xLofgL nut Ps
k6s sfod ePkl5 pQm nut sfg"gadf]lhd
ab/ geP;Dd sfod /xG5 . d]/f] kIf;Fu df]xL;Fu
x'g' kg]{ ! g+= nut, @ g+= cg';r
" L /xg'sf] ;fy}
hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ tyf lkmN8 a'sdf ;d]t
df]xL hlgPsf] x'bF f df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] 7xofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf ;b/ sfod
x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;'lgof] .
k|:t't ePsf] pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] ax;
lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5
5}g, k'g/fj]bsxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg]
xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ljkIfL
hUufwgL u0f]z ;fx snaf/sf] gfpFdf btf{
/x]sf] /f}tx6 lhNnf ;/d'hjf ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+=! l:yt ls=g+= ^(* sf] hUuf
ljufxf )$) hUuf / ljkIfL t]hgf/fo0f
k|;fb ho;jfnsf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] /f}tx6
lhNnf ;/d'hjf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+=%
l:yt ls=g+= (* sf] hUuf ljufxf )^%
hUufsf] df]xL afa' e/f]; t'/xf ePsf] / lgh
afa'sf] @)@( ;fndf tyf cfdfsf] @)#)
;fndf d[To' ePsf] x'Fbf pQm hUufx Psdfq

5f]/f d jfbLsf] gfpFdf df]xL gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm


eGg] d'Vo jfbL bfjL tyf bfjLsf] hUufdf
?vx tyf df5f kf]v/L /x]sf] / pQm hUuf
jfbL tyf lghsf] afa'n] hf]tsf]8 gu/]sf] x'Fbf
df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t k|ltpQ/
lhsL/ /x] s f] d f z' ? e" l d;' w f/ sfof{ n o
/f}tx6af6 jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofO{ km};nf
eO{ pQm km};nfpk/ jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf] z'?sf] km};nf
pN6L e} jfbL bfjLadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L x'g]
7xofO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8faf6 ePsf]
km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbL u0f]z ;fx snjf/ /
t]hgf/fo0f k|;fb ho;jfnsf] 5'f5'} k'g/fj]bg
k/L k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z eO{ lg0f{ofy{ o;
Ohnf;;dIf k|:t't ePsf] kfOof] .
#= ;j{k|ydtM o; cbfntaf6 c=a+=
@)@ g+= adf]lhd cfb]z ubf{ gfln;sf] q'l6sf
kdf cf}+NofOPsf] c=a+= &@ sf] k|of]u o;
d'2fdf x'g] xf] xf]Og eGg] ljifodf ;f] cfb]zdf
plNnlvt ghL/sf] k|of]u ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
k|j]z ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . c=a+= &@ k|lts"n
gfln; /x] s f] dflgPsf] l:yltdf kl5Nnf]
k|ltjfbLsf xsdf gfln; cdfGo x'g] eO{ s]jn
klxnf] k|ltjfbLsf xsdf lg0f{odf k|j]z u/]
k'Ub5 . c=a+= &@ k|lts"n cyf{t\ emu8fsf
Ps eGbf a9L ljifodf Pp6} lkm/fb k/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ lkm/fb cdfGo eO{ vf/]h x'g]
xf]Og . sf/0f c=a+= &@ n] u/]sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] cWoog ubf{ n]lvP eGbf a9\tf s'/f
Pp6} lkm/fbkqdf n]vL NofPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
xb;Ddsf s'/fdf OG;fkm ug{ gkg]{ egL
;DalGwt ;] j fu| f xLnfO{ ;" r gf lbg' kg] {
lkm/fbjfnfnfO{ yfxf x' g f lgldQ ;f] x L
lkm/fbkqsf] e/kfO{ n]lvlbg'k5{ eGg] jfSo
ljlwstf{n] o; gDa/df ;dfof]hg u/]af6 k|i6
5 . o;/L cf cbfntn] u|x0f ul/;s]sf]

1572

*()% - u0f]z ;fx snjf/ lj=b'vf t'/xf

gfln; ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg tyf xsb}of


xbDofb ;d]tsf k|Zgaf6 h] 7x5{ ;f]xL adf]lhd
OG;fkm x'g} kg]{ x'G5 . b'O{ cnu k|ltjfbL
tyf b'O{ cnu lsQf hUuf x'Fb}df b'O{6f lkm/fb
ul/g' kg]{df ;f] gul/Psf]n] ;Dk"0f{ lkm/fb g}
vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
lhsL/;Fu g]sfk @)@%, df3, lg=g+= $$@
k[i7 @&# sf] ;d]t kl/k|]Iodf ;xdt x'g
;lsb}g . sf/0f c=a+= &@ n] b]jfgL ljifoleq
k|ltjfbL / hUuf lsQfsf] ;+Vof uGg eg]sf]
geO{ emu8fsf] ljifo Pp6} xf] xf]Og lgwf{/0f
u/L gfln; jf lkm/fbsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug{
eg]sf] xf] emu8fsf] ljifo Pp6} xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] lgwf{/0f ug'{kbf{ cnucnu k|ltjfbLsf]
xsdf cnucnu k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ /
d'2f ug'{kg]{ sf/0f tyf ldlt cnucnu kdf
pkl:yt ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] s'/f g} lgwf{/s
tTj xf] . o; cbfntn] c=a+= @)@ g+= k|of]u
ubf{ cfwf/ lnPsf] g]sfk @)$$, r}t, lg=g+=
##)), k[i7 !@&% sf] ghL/ df]xL xssf] k|df0f
kq kfpFm eGg] ;DaGwdf k|ltkflbt ePsf] xf] .
;f] d'2fdf k|ltjfb syg cWoog ubf{ cnucnu
k|df0fsf cfwf/df df]lxofgL xssf] k|df0fkq
kfpg] xf] jf xf]Og egL lg/f]k0f ul/g'kg]{ cj:yf
5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf df]xL ;DaGwL Pp6} k|df0fkq
kfPsf] lktfsf] b]xfGt ePaf6 cfkm" Ps dfq
xsbf/ 5f]/f eO{ ;f]xL cfwf/df df]lxofgL xs
gfd;f/L ul/kfpg bfjL k/]sf] 5 . k|:t't
ljjfbsf] k|ltjfb x]bf{ 3/jf/Lsf] hUufdf jfbLsf
:juL{o lktf g} df]xL x'g g;Sg] / ;uf]nsf]
sfsf elthf df]xL / hUufwgL x'g g;Sg] k|Zg
p7fO{Paf6 oxfF cnu cnu k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf
u/L lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . c=a+= &@
;d]tsf JofVofsf] ;Gbe{df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
g]sfk @)^^ d+l;/, lg=g+= *@)!, k[i7 !@^*
df k|ltkflbt ghL/sf] cg'z/0f ug{ of] Ohnf;

afWo 5 . t;y{ b' j } k| l tjfbLsf xsdf


OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .
$= k|ToyL{ jfbLsf lktf e/f]; t'/xfn]
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no /f}tx6df e/]sf] df]xLsf]
nutsf] ldl;n ;+nUg 5fofFkl| t x]bf{ ljjflbt
ls=g+= ^(* sf] hUuf ljufxf )$) hUufdf
j+unf /x]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{
ljjflbt ls=g+= (* sf] hUuf ljufxf )^%
hUUffdf 6x/f] /x]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOof] . nufpsf] df]xL nut sf d'2fsf] ldl;n
;+nUg /x]sf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no /f}tx6af6 ldlt
@)^%.&.@ df ePsf] ;h{dLg Joxf]/f x]bf{
;h{dLgsf ;Dk"0f{ JolQmxn] ljjflbt hUufdf
cfFk tyf l;;f}sf ?vx / afF;sf of\x
/x]sf] egL n]vfPsf] kfOG5 . pQm ;h{dLgdf oL
k|ToyL{ jfbL b'vf t'/xf ;d]t /f]xj/df a;]sf]
cj:yf x'bF f ;h{dLg Joxf]/fnfO{ cGoyf eGg
ldNg] klg b] l vPg . ljjflbt hUufdf
af]6lj?jfx tyf afF;sf of\x /x]sf] eGg]
lhsL/ lnFb} af]6lj?jf tyf afF;sf of\x
b]lvg] u/L lvlrPsf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldltaf6
k|dfl0ft kmf]6fx k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf]df k]z
ul/Psf pQm kmf]6fx ljjflbt hUufsf kmf]6fx
xf]Ogg\ egL k|ToyL{ jfbLn] lhsL/ lng ;s]sf]
klg b]lvPg .
%= kmf]6f]x lnvt k|df0f x'g . g]kfn
sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @3_ f/f lgwf{l/t kl/efiffsf cltl/Qm k|df0f
sfg"gsf ljZjJofkL dfGotfsf sf/0faf6
kmf]6f]x lnvt k|df0fsf] sf]6Ldf kb{5g\ .
ljlw;Ddt k|lqmofaf6 ldl;ndf ;+nUg x'g
k'u]sf kmf]6f]xsf xsdf ;d]t c=a+= &*
cfs{lift x'G5 . k'/ftg d:of}bfxdf sfuh
eGg] zAb k|of]u x'Fb}df cfw'lgs d:of}bfdf
lnvt eGg] zAb n]lvPsf] 5 eGb}df lnvt
eGg' / sfuh eGg' km/s x'g eGg] cy{ ug{

1573

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

ldNb}g . zAbsf] k|of]u ;fdflhs kfGt/0fsf


sf/0faf6 kl/jt{g x'g' :jfefljs xf] / of]
:jfefljs kl/jt{gnfO{ sfg"gn] cfkm"leq
;dflxt ub}{ nfg' kb{5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf
k|ltjfbL kIfn] k]z u/]sf kmf]6f]xdf kf]v/Lsf]
l8n ?v kft / afF;sf of :ki6 b[li6uf]r/
x'G5g\ . jfbLn] g} k]z u/]sf df]xL;DaGwL
cg';"rL tyf lkmN8a'sdf ljjflbt lsQfsf
xsdf 3/ 6x/f hlgPaf6 kmf]6f]xsf] ;Totf
k'li6 ePsf] 5 . d"ntM tL jfbLsf] hfgsf/Ldf
cfPsf kmf]6f] ;DalGwt hUufsf xf]Ogg\ eGg]
;d]tsf cfwf/df jfbLn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] eP
c=a+= !&! adf]lhd gfk hfFr u/fpg' kb{Yof] .
c=a+= !&! sf] gfk gS;f hfFr a'em cbfntn]
Goflos lgisif{df k'Ug cfgf] ;Gt'li6sf nflu
cbfntsf k|ltlglwnfO{ ljjfb:ynsf] a:t'ut
cWoog ug{ k7fpg cjnDag ul/g] sfo{ljlw
xf] . lnvt k|df0fsf kdf /x]sf kmf]6f]xdf
d'2fsf b'j} kIfsf] d'v ldn]sf] 5 eg] logn]
c=a+= !&! sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
^= ljjflbt hUufsf] ;e]{ gfkL x'Fbfsf]
lkmN8a'ssf] Joxf]/fnfO{ oL jfbLsf] /f]xj/df
;DkGg ;h{dLgn] k'li6 ul//x]sf] 5 . ljjflbt
hUufdf ef]u s;sf] 5 eGg] s'/f tYosf] k|Zg
ePaf6 k|ltjfbLsf] ef]u /x]sf] :jLsf/ ug]{ oL
jfbLnfO{ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ n]
ljjGwg ;d]t nfUb5 . lkmN8a'ssf] Joxf]/fn]
jfbLsf lktf / ;fljs hUufwgL sfsf elthf
/x]sf] klg b]lvG5 . Psf kl/jf/df sf]xL
hUufwgL / sf]xL df]xL x'g g;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
klg :yflkt 5 .
&= ca, ljjflbt ls=g+= ^(* / (*
sf] hUuf df]lxofgL xs jfbLnfO{ k|fKt x'g]
gx'g] s:tf] k|s[ltsf] hUuf xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
x]bf{ e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @ -_
df, 3/jf/L eGgfn] dflg; a;f]jf; ug]{ 3/

/ ;f] 3/n] rr]{sf] hUuf ;Demg' k5{ / ;f]


zAbn] 3/;Fu hf]l8Psf] jf km/s /x]sf] uf]7,
esf/L, Ogf/, kf] v /L, Uof/] h , tj] n f,
kmnkm"nsf] au}Frf, t/sf/L af/L, afF;3f/L,
v/jf/L, v]ns"b jf dgf]/~hg ug]{ 7fpF / ;f]
;/xsf] c? s'g} sfddf nufOPsf] hUufnfO{
;d]t hgfpF5 eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf]
kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm kl/efiffadf]lhd ljjflbt
hUuf 3/af/Lsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t kg{ cfpg]
b]lvG5 .
*= e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @%
sf] pkbkmf % -s_ df 3/af/Lsf] hUuf sdfpg]
JolQmnfO{ df]xLsf] xs k|fKt gx'g] eGg] sfg"gL
k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
df ePsf] pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd ljjflbt
hUuf 3/jf/L /x]sf] / o:tf] k|sl[ tsf] hUufdf
df]lxofgL xs k|fKt gx'g] x'bF f ljjflbt hUUff
k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] gfddf df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
(= df]lxofgL xs gfd;f/L ug{ s'g}
xbDofbsf] Joj:yf 5}g . t/, Goflos lg0f{o
ug'{kbf{ ;do tTjnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
afa' @)@( ;fndf cfdf @)#) ;fndf k/nf]s
ePsf] eGb} afa'sf] gfdsf] df]lxofgL gfd;f/L
ug{ #$ jif{;Dd s'g'{kg]{ cj:yf s] kof]
jfbLn] lkm/fbdf b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . of]
;dosf] cGt/fnn] klg k|ltjfbL sygnfO{
k/f]If kd} ;xL ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . Goflos
lgisif{ lgsfNbf Goflos dgsf] ljlzi7 e"ldsf
x'G5 . e"ld;DaGwL lgod cGtu{tsf ! g+= @
g+ = $ g+ = tyf # g+ = cg' ; " r L ePklg
e"ld;DaGwL P]gn] g} df]lxofgL xs k|flKtsf
nflu lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf P]gs} Joj:yfn]
dfGotf kfpF5 . P]gs} sfof{Gjogsf] ;'udtfsf
nflu lgod aGg] x'Fbf P]gsf k|lts"n lgod
aGg g;s] h:t} ;f] lgod cg';f/ k|fKt

1574

*()^ - df]xDdb coo'j xnjfO{ lj=xljpn /xdfg z]if ;d]t

sfuhftn] s'g} sfg"gL an k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .


lg0f{o g+= *()^
h;/L b"lift btf{n] s'g} dfGotf kfpFb}g, o;sf
nflu xbDofb afws aGb}g To;/L g} b\"lift
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
k|df0fsf] s'g} cf}lrTo x'Fb}g . sfg"g ljk/Ltsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
b"lift k|df0fn] s;}nfO{ sfg"gL xs k|bfg ug{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
;Sb}g . jfbLn] k|:t't u/]sf cg';"rLx
l/6 g+= )^^w o)#^&
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @%-%_-s_
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.@!.!
k|lts"n /x]af6 ltgsf cfwf/df df]lxofgL
gfd;f/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g .
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t .
!)= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/,
sf/0f / k|df0fxaf6 jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^(*
/ (* sf] hUuf k|ToyL{ jfbL b'vf t'/xfsf] gfddf lgj]bsMafFs] lhNnf, g]kfnu~h g=kf=j8f g+= $
a:g] d~h"/ cnLsf] 5f]/f df]xDdb coo'j
df]xL gfd;f/L x'g ;Sg] gb]lvFbf df]xL gfd;f/L
xnjfO{
ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ . jfbL
lj?4
bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] u/L ePsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
/f}tx6sf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjLadf]lhd ljkIfLM P]=P]=j:g] xljpn /xdfg z]if ;d]t
df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
;f/jfg sfg"gf/f k|bQ xs / clwsf/
x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!@ sf] km};nf ldn]sf]
xgg\ ePdf sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] lglb{i6
gb]lvFbf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . c? tk;Ln adf]lhd
u/]sf] /Lt / tl/sfcg';f/ k|rng
ug"{ .
u/fOG5 . ;f/jfg sfg"gf/f l;lh{t xs
tk;Ln
/ clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg tf]lsPsf]
dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
/Lt gk'ud
] f cbfntn] xs tyf clwsf/
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!@
k|rng u/fpg ;Sg] cj:yf /xFbg} .
sf] km};nf pN6L e} df]xL gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
xs / clwsf/ l;h{gf ug]{ P]g -sfg"g_
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
df xs / clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg]
x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df plNnlvt
sfo{ljlw ;dfj]z ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xL
nut sf ug'{ egL pQm cbfntdf n]vL
sfg"gdf plNnlvt sfo{ljlw cjnDag
k7fpg"
!
u/L xs k|rng u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
sfg"gdf sfo{ljlw ;dfj]z ePsf] /x]g5
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" @
eg] 5'} sfg"gdf ;dfj]z ePsf] sfo{ljlw
pQm /fodf ;dxt 5' .
cjnDag u/L cbfntn] xs clwsf/
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
k|rng u/fpg' kg]{ .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ !% ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\
-k|s/0f g+=&_
Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
]
;f/jfg sfg"gdf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
qmddf lbOg] lgj]bgsf xsdf tyf ;f]sf]
&
1575

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf ;Da4 sfg"gM


g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
;fdfGo P]g ePsf gftfn] d'ns
' L P]g,
wf/f !)&-@_
c=j+= *# g+ sf] sfo{ljlw :jtM cfslif{t x'g] .
d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= *#, *#-!_, -@_, -#_ g+=
-k|s/0f g+=*_
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf]
tx;Lnbf/n] ug]{ cfb]z d'2f dfldnfsf]
bkmf %!-!_
k| Z gdf ug] { cfb] z geO{ km} ; nf
b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+
sfof{Gjogdf pkl:yt k|Zgdf ul/g]
c=j= !& g+
cfb]z dfq xf] . o;df k|lqmof jf /Lt
k'u] gk'us
] f] k|Zg dfq ;fGble{s x'g] .
cfb]z
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
tNnf] txsf Goflos lgsfo, cw{Goflos
lgsfo jf s'g} k|zf;lgs lgsfon] cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t o;
sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cGo s'/fsf cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
cltl/Qm s'g} lg0f{o ug{sf nflu lgwf{l/t ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bs jfbL / ljkIfL xjLpn /xdfg
sfo{ljlw kfngf gu/L cfb]z jf lg0f{o
ul/Psf] ePdf, lg0f{o jf cfb]z ubf{ z]if k|ltjfbL ePsf] n]gb]g d'2fdf afFs] lhNnf
lg0f{o jf cfb]z ug]{ clwsf/Ln] ;f] cbfntn] d}n] ljkIfLaf6 ?=!#,)),))). ;fjf
cfb]z ;d]tdf k|ToIf uNtL jf q'l6 / ;f]sf] e/L e/fp;Ddsf] Jofh ;d]t e/L
u/]sf] ;DalGwt ldl;naf6 b]lvPdf kfpg] 7xofO{ ldlt @)%$.#.@$ df km};nf u/L
To:tf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z o; cbfntn] ;f] km};nf clGtd eP/ a;]sf] 5 . d}n] ;f]
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ ug{ km} ; nfadf] l hd ;fjf / ;f] s f] ljuf] e/L
e/fp;Ddsf] !) k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] Jofh /
;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_ sf]6k{ mL ;d]t ljkIfLk|ltjfbLsf] gfddf /x]sf]
km};nfn] :ki6 kdf e/L kfpg] egL afFs] lhNnf g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf tfn's pQ/
7x/ u/] s f] cj:yfdf ;f] km} ; nf nfO{g la:sf]l/g 6f]n blIf0f d'v g+ !#* sf] -s_
sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w ePdf To;n] >]0fL h=lj= )!!$) hUuf / ;f] hUufdf
' L P]g, b08 ;hfosf]
;DalGwt kIfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg ;Sb}g . ag]sf] 3/ ;d]taf6 d'ns
ctM :ki6 sfg"gL q'l6sf] cefjdf n]gb]g $@ g+= adf]lhd ljuf] e/fO{ kfpg ldlt
d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g gkfpg' @)%$.^.!$ df lgj]bg u/]sf] lyPF . ;f] lgj]bg
k/]kl5 ldlt @)%*.(.( df tfobftLnufotsf
Goflos lqmof x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_ k~rs[t{] d"Nofgsf sfo{ ;d]t ;DkGg eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ljkIfL df]xDdb / lghsf] >LdtL jxf/
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf cAb'n chLh jfgf] z]ifsf] ldn]dtf]df lghxn] plNnlvt
hUuf / 3/af6 ljuf] e/L e/fp ug{ glbg]
d';ndfg
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf u'k|;fb a/fn p2]Zon] @)%$ df km};nf ePkl5 hGd]sf tLg
hgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] c+z k/ ;f/L hfohft u/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
1576

*()^ - df]xDdb coo'j xnjfO{ lj=xljpn /xdfg z]if ;d]t

kfpg /]Zfdf jfgf] z]if ;d]tsf] xsdf ljkIfL


jxf/ jfgf] ;+/Ifs agL u}/sfg"gL kdf d'ns
' L
P]g c=j+= *# g+= ljk/Lt cbfntaf6 cg'dlt g}
glnO{ ldlt @)^%.!.^ df lbPsf] lgj]bg ljkIfL
tx;Lnbf/n] btf{ u/L lgh ljkIfLnfO{ tfl/vdf
/fVg] cfb]z ePsf] /x]5 .
To;/L /]Zfdf jfgf] z]if ;d]tsf] xsdf
k/]sf] lgj]bgdf c88\fsf] cg'dlt glnO{ lgj]bg
btf{ ug]{ cfb]z tx;Lnbf/af6 ldlt @)^%.!.^
df ePkl5 ;f] cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpg dfggLo
lhNnf GofofwLz;dIf lgj]bg u/]sf] lyPF . ;f]
lgj]bgpk/ afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf dfggLo
GofofwLzaf6 afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf %!-!_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf pNn]v u/L
ldlt @)^^.#.% df tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]z ;b/
ul/Psf] 5 . tTkZrft\ plNnlvt ldlt
@)^%.!.^ / ldlt @)^^.#.% sf cfb]zx
ab/ ul/kfpg ljkIfL k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
g]kfnu~hdf lgj]bg u/]sf]df ;f] cbfntaf6
klg plNnlvt cfb]zx ldlt @)^^.%.$ df
;b/ ePsf] 5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf %!-!_ n]
clwsf/ / xs dfq l;h{gf u/]sf] xf] . ;f] xs
clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg] sfo{ljlw d'n'sL P]g
c=j+= *# g+ sf] Joj:yf g} xf] . Psflt/
sfo{ljlwsf] cg'z/0f gu/L btf{ ePsf] lgj]bgn]
xs k|rng x'Fb}g eg] csf]{lt/ d'n'sL P]g b08
;hfosf] dxnsf] @^ g+=n] C0f lnO{ vfPkl5
hGd]sf c+lzof/xsf] c+z xs k/ ;fg{' kb}{g .
;fy} pQm lgj]bg k~rs[t]{ d"Nofg ePsf]
;ft jif{ kl5 k/]sf] 5 .
ctM ljkIfL tx;Lnbf/sf] ldlt
@)^%.!.^ sf] cfb]z, afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf
lhNnf GofofwLzsf] ldlt @)^^.#.% sf] cfb]z
/ k' g /fj] b g cbfnt g] k fnu~hsf] ldlt
@)^^.%.$ sf] cfb]zn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# / !( f/f k|bQ

df}lns xsdf / d'n'sL P]g c=j+=*# tyf b08


;hfosf] dxnsf] @^ g+ sf] sfg"gL xsdf
cf3ft k'u]sf]n] j]/Ltsf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df
ljkIfLxn] gfafnsxsf] xs k/ ;f/L ljuf]
e/L e/fp ePdf dnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'Ug]
x'Fbf tTsfn gfafnsxsf] c+z xs k/ ;fg]{
sfo{ gug{' gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L kl5 clGtd 6'+uf]
nfu]sf jvt plNnlvt ldltsf cfb]zx
P]=;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ df Jojl:yt pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zn] ab/ u/L df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL xs k|rngsf]
nflu hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/
/ sf/0f eP ;f] ;d]t ;fy} /fvL !% lbgleq
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
;"rgf k7fpg" . cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu ePsf]
;DaGwdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'u+ f]
gnfu];Dd afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf tx;Lnbf/af6
ePsf] gfafnssf] c+z xs k/ ;f/L e/L e/fp
ug]{ egL ePsf] ldlt @)^%.!.^ sf] cfb]z /
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~haf6 ePsf] ldlt
@)^^.%.$ sf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^^.&.@# sf] cfb]z .
afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf tx;Lnbf/af6
ldlt @)^%.!.^ df ePsf] cfb]z / ldlt
@)^^.#.% df ;f] cbfntsf GofofwLzaf6 ePsf]
cfb] z sfg" g adf] l hd ePsf] b] l vF b f o;
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.%.$
df ;b/ ePsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~hsf] tkm{af6 k]z
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

1577

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

n]gb]g d'2fsf] km};nfn] 7x/]adf]lhd


jfbL lgj]bsn] ljuf] e/Le/fpsf] lgj]bg lbPsf]df
ljuf] e/Le/fp gx'Fb} k|ltjfbL xjLpn /xdfg
z]ifsf 5f]/f5f]/L /]zdf afgf] z]if ;d]t tLg
hgfsf] ljkIfL jxf/ jfgf] z]if ;+/Ifs eO{
ljuf] e/L e/fpsf] qmddf lgh gfafnsxsf]
xs k/ ;f/L hfohft x'g' kb{5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntdf lgj] b g k/] s f] lyof] .
gfafnsxsf] ;DaGwdf afnaflnsf;DaGwL
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %!-!_ df afnssf] xs
k'Ug] h'g;'s} s'/fdf gfln; ph"/ jf k|lt/Iff
ug'{ kbf{ lghsf] afa', cfdf jf ;+/Ifsn] gfln;
ph"/ jf k|lt/Iff ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]5g\ eGg]
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvPsf] / gfafnsxsf]
tkm{af6 lghxsf] cfdfn] ;+/Ifs agL lgj]bg
lbPsf] cfwf/df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf cfb]zx
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %!
-!_ sf] efjgfljk/Lt 5}g . ;fy} o; cbfntaf6
ePsf cfb] z x k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
g]kfnu~haf6 ldlt @)^^.%.$ df ;b/ e};s]sf]
x'Fbf sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf sfdsf/jfxLdf l/6
hf/L gx'g] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL afFs] lhNnf cbfnt
/ P]=sf tx;Lnbf/sf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* ljz]if
P]g -sfg"g_ ePsf] x'bF f ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf %!-!_
n] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd afFs] lhNnf
cbfntsf tx;Lnbf/n] u/]sf] cfb]z dfggLo
GofofwLzaf6 ;b/ eO{ plNnlvt cfb]z k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt g]kfnu~haf6 klg ;b/ ePsf] xf] .
;fy} ljz]if P]gn] g} k|i6 Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf
d'ns
' L P]g cfslif{t gx'g] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] gfafnssf]
xsdf ljkIfL jxf/ jfgf] z]ifsf] tkm{af6 k]z
ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

k|:t't ljjfbdf k~rs[t{] d'rN' sf ePsf]


;ft jif{kl5 gfafnsxsf] c+z xs k/ ;f/L
hfohft u/L kfpg lgj]bg k/]sf] eGg] tYon]
s'g} c;/ k'ofpFb}g . d'n'sL P]g b08 ;hfosf]
dxnsf] @^ g+= n] gfafnsxsf] xssf] ;+/If0f
ug{ lnnfd x'ge
' Gbf cl3 hlxn];s
' } klg lgj]bg
ug{ kfOg] x'G5 eg] afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf %!-!_ df afnssf] xs k'Ug]
h'g;'s} s'/fdf gfln;, ph"/ jf k|lt/Iff ug'{
kbf{ lghsf] afa' cfdf jf ;+/Ifsn] gfln;,
ph"/ jf k|lt/Iff ug{ ;Sg]5g\ eGg] Joj:yf
5 . cg'dlt lng'kg]{ s'g} zt{ jf aGb]h
nufOPsf] 5} g . ctM gfafnssf] xsdf
lghxsL Psf3/sL cfdf jxf/ jfgf] z]if
;+/Ifs agL lgj]bg lbPsf] / ;f] lgj]bgdf
tx;Lnbf/ ;d]tn] u/]sf] cfb]zaf6 lgj]bssf]
xsdf cf3ft gk'u]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL
xjLpn /xdfg z]ifsf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o; cbfntsf] Psn GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.&.@# df afFs] lhNnf
cbfntsf tx;Lnbf/n] ldlt @)^%.!.^ df
u/]sf] cfb]z, ;f]xL cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L
ePsf] ;f] cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] ldlt
@)^^.#.% sf] cfb]z / dfggLo GofofwLzn] ;f]
ldltdf u/]sf] cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/L ldlt
@)^^.%.$ df k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z sfof{Gjog gug{' gu/fpg' egL ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]z d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf]
@^ g+= / afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf %!-!_ sf] efjgfljk/Lt ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]
cGtl/d cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] gfafnssf] xsdf jxf/ jfgf] z]ifsf]
tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z vf/]hsf]
lgj]bg ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

1578

*()^ - df]xDdb coo'j xnjfO{ lj=xljpn /xdfg z]if ;d]t

o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.&.@# df


hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z ab/ x'g] gx'g]
;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf] nflu k|ToyL{ / l/6
lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{' eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.!@.!( sf]
cfb]z .
lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t k]z eO{ clGtd
;'g'jfOsf] nflu k]zL r9L /x]]sf] cj:yf
ldl;naf6 b]lvFbf k"0f{ ;'gj' fOsf] nflu lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.!.@%
sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
cfh k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n
;+nUg sfuhftxsf] cWoog u/L lgj]bssf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L cAb'n
chLh d';ndfgn] l/6 lgj]bsn] ljkIfL xjLpn
/xdfg z] i faf6 ldlt @)%$.#.@$ df
?=!#,)),))). ;fjf / ;f]sf] e/L e/fp;Ddsf]
Jofh ;d]t e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x/L km};nf
ePsf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . ;f] km};nf clGtd
eO{ ljuf] e/Le/fpsf] qmddf lgj] b sn]
ljkIfLk|ltjfbLsf] )!!$) hUuf / ;f]
hUUffdf ag]sf] 3/af6 e/fO{ kfpg dfu u/]sf]
lgj]bgpk/ ldlt @)%*.(.( df tfobftL nufot
k~rs[t{] d"Nofg ug];
{ Ddsf] sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf]
lyof] . t/, d"Nofg ePsf] ;ft jif{kl5 ljkIfL
xjLpn /xdfg z]if / lghsf] >LdtL jxf/ jfgf]
z]ifsf] ldn]dtf]af6 km};nf ePkl5 hGd]sf 5f]/f
5f]/Lsf] c+z xs k/ ;fg'{ kg]{ eGb} k/]sf] lgj]bg
afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf tx;Lnbf/n] c=j+= *#
g+ n] cg'dlt lnO{ btf{ ug'k{ g]d
{ f cg'dlt g}
glnO{ btf{ ug]{ u/L cfb]z ePsf] 5 . pQm
cfb]z P]=cbfntsf GofofwLz tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt g]kfnu~haf6 klg ;b/ ePsf] 5 .
ljkIfL jxf/ jfgf] z]if ljkIfL xjLpn /xdfg
z]ifn] lnP vfPsf] C0f Joxf]g{' kg]{ bfloTj ePsL

c+lzof/ x'g\ . o; cj:yfdf oL ljkIfL ;+/Ifs


;d]t aGg ldNb}g . ;+/Ifs aGg] xf] eg] cbfntn]
;+/Ifs sfod ug'k{ 5{ . cbfntn] ;+/Ifs sfod
u/]sf] 5}g . ctM c=j+= *# g+ ljk/Lt ePsf
sfdsf/jfxL ab/ x'g] x'bF f ldlt @)^%.!.^, ldlt
@)^^.#.% / ldlt @)^^.%.$ df ePsf cfb]z
ab/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL xjLpn /xdfg z]if / jxf/ jfgf]
z]ifsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf u'k|;fb
a/fnn] d]/f kIfsf 5f]/f 5f]/L gfafns ePsf]
tYodf ljjfb 5}g . lghxsf] xsdf lghxsL
cfdfn] ;+/Ifs agL lgj]bg ;d]t lbg kfpg]
s'/f afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
%!-!_ n] ;dly{t 5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] egL tYout kdf
v08g ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} . To;} u/L d'ns
' L P]g
b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] @^ g+ n] klg gfafnssf]
xsdf lnnfd x'g' eGbf cl3 hlxn] ;'s} klg
lgj]bg lbO{ pgLxsf] xs ;'/lIft ug{ kfOg]
x'G5 . ;f] xs ;'/lIft u/fpg c=j+= *# g+ n]
c88\fsf] cg'dlt lng' kg]{ x'bF g} . o;/L plNnlvt
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df afFs] lhNnf
cbfntsf tx;Lnbf/, lhNnf GofofwLz /
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~haf6 ePsf] cfb]zdf
s'g} sfg"gsf] q'l6 gePsf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
b'j} tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] pk/f]Qm Joxf]/fn] ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;d]t ;'gL lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] cfkm"
jfbL / xjLpn /xdfg z]if k|ltjfbL eO{ rn]sf]
n]gb]g d'2fdf jfFs] lhNnf cbfntn] lgh

1579

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

ljkIfLk|ltjfbLaf6 ldlt @)%$.#.@$ df ;fjf


/sd ?=!#,)),))). / ljuf] e/Le/fp;Ddsf]
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Jofh ;d]t e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/L
km};nf ePadf]lhd ljuf] e/Le/fpsf] nflu
ljkIfLk|ltjfbLsf] gfdsf] )!!$) hUuf
/ ;f] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ b]vfO{ lgj]bg u/L ;f]
lgj]bgdf ldlt @)%*.(.( df k~rs[t{] d"Nofg
;d]t e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLk|ltjfbL
xjLpn /xdfg z]if / lghsL >LdtL jxf/
jfgf] z]ifn] ljuf] e/Le/fpdf afwf k'ofpg
ldn]dtf] u/L n]gb]g d'2fsf] km};nf e} ;s]kl5
hGd]sf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] c+z k/ ;fl/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fn] lbPsf] lgj]bg afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf
tx;Lnbf/n] d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= *# g+= adf]lhdsf]
cg'dlt ;d]t glnO{ ldlt @)^%.!.^ df btf{
ug] { egL u/] s f] cfb] z nfO{ P] = cbfntsf
GofofwLzn] ldlt @)^^.#.% df / k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt g]kfnu~hn] ldlt @)^^.%.$ df ;b/
x'g] egL u/]sf cfb]zx ab/ u/L kfpg o;
cbfntdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvg
cfof] .
#= ljkIfL jxf/ jfgf] z]ifn] cfkm\gf tLg
hgf gfafns 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] c+z xs k/ ;f/L
hfohft u/L kfpg lghxsf] xsdf ;+/Ifs e}
afFs] lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf] tYodf
ljjfb 5}g . ;f] lgj]bgdf afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf
tx;Lnbf/n] ldlt @)^%.!.^ df pQm lgj]bg
btf{ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ jfbLn] tf]sL kfPsf] tfl/v
ldnfg x'g] u/L tfl/vdf /fVg' eGg] Joxf]/fn]
cfb]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . tx;Lnbf/sf] ;f]
cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpg oL l/6 lgj]bsn] P]=
cbfntsf lhNnf GofofwLz;dIf lgj]bg u/]sf]df
ldlt @)^^.#.% df lhNnf GofofwLzn]
tx;Lnbf/af6 ePsf] cfb]z afnaflnsf;DaGwL
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %!-!_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
ab/ ug'{ k/]g eGg] ;d]tsf Joxf]/fn] cfb]z

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]z lhNnf


GofofwLzaf6 klg ;b/ x'g] egL cfb]z ePkl5
log} l/6 lgj]bsn] plNnlvt b'j} cfb]z ab/
u/L kfpg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~hdf lbPsf]
lgj]bgdf ;f] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] jfFs] lhNnf
cbfntaf6 cfb]z e};s]sf] gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bssf]
dfusf] ;DaGwdf To; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.#.% df ePsf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] gb]lvg] eGb}
;b/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
$= l/6 lgj] b sn] d' V o kdf
gfafnsxsf] tkm{af6 s'g} sfdsf/jfxLsf] nflu
;+/Ifs agL lgj]bg lbFbf jf d'2f dfldnf;DaGwL
cGo s'g} sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t ug'{ kbf{ d'ns
' L P]g
c=j+=*# g+ adf]lhd cg'dlt lnO{ dfq ug'k{ g]d
{ f
ljkIfL jxf/ jfgf] z]ifn] cbfntsf] cg'dlt g}
glnO{ 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] ;+/Ifs agL k]z u/]sf]
lgj]bg tx;Lnbf/n] c=j+= *# g+ sf] sfo{ljlw
cjnDag gu/L btf{ u/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]
/ lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 tx;Lnbf/sf] cfb]z
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %!-!_
sf] Joj:yfcg'sn
" ePsf] egL cfb]z ePsf]
b]lvPsf] ;Gb{edf d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= *# g+ /
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %!-!_
sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog u/L k|:t't ljjfbsf]
lgk0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
%= d'ns
' L P]g c=j= *# g+= sf] bkmf !
df ;f]x| jif{ gk'us
] f gfafns jf pd]/ k'us
] f] eP
klg a[4fj:yf jf s'g} lsl;dsf] s8f /f]un] ubf{
xf]; 7]ufgdf gePsf] jf af}nfPsf] jf b'j} cfFvf
gb]Vg] cGwfcGwL jf jSs nf6fnf6L dflg;xsf]
/ ljb]zdf uO{ kmsL{ cfpg] 7]ufgf gePsf
dflg;sf] xs k'Ug] h'g;'s} s'/fdf gfln;,
k|ltpQ/, k'g/fj]bg, lgj]bg lbg jf d'2f
dfldnf;DaGwL cGo s'g} sfdsf/jfxL ug'k{ g]{
ePdf c8\8fsf] cg'dlt lnO{ tL dflg;xsf]
Psf3/ ;Fu a;]sf ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf] xsjfnfn]

1580

*()^ - df]xDdb coo'j xnjfO{ lj=xljpn /xdfg z]if ;d]t

xbDofbleq ug{ kfpg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf


/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;} u/L bkmf @ df dfly bkmf !
df n]lvPadf]lhd Psf3/sf xsjfnf gePdf
;f]xL bkmfdf n]lvPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf lghnfO{
/]vb]v jf ;+/If0f ug]{ JolQmn] c8\8fsf] cg'dlt
lnO{ ;f] JolQmsf] tkm{af6, gfln;, k|ltpQ/,
k'g/fj]bg, lgj]bg lbg jf d'2f dfldnf;DaGwL
cGo s'g} sfdsf/jfxL ug{ kfpg]5 eGg] / bkmf
$ df dfly ! / @ bkmfadf]lhd cg'dltsf nflu
lgj]bg k/]df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] ePtfklg hf] a'g' kg]{ s'/f a'L
cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg k/]sf] Ps dlxgfleq
lgj]bgdf lg0f{o u/L lbg'k5{ eGg] ;d]tsf d'2f
dfldnf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ljlwut sfg"gL Joj:yf
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
^= afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf %!-!_ df afnssf] xs kUg] h'g;'s} s'/fdf
gfln; ph"/ jf k|lt/Iff ug'{ kbf{ lghsf] afj',
cfdf jf ;+/Ifsn] gfln;, ph"/ ug{ jf k|lt/Iff
ug{ ;Sg]5g\ ========= eGg] ;d]tsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yf s]jn gfln;
ph"/ jf k|lt/Iff ug]{ clVtof/L;Dddf ;Lldt
/x]sf] o;sf] agf]6af6 b]lvG5 . t/, k|:t't
ljjfb eO;s]sf] km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df
p7]sf] sf/jfxLdf gfjfnssf] xsdf egL k/]sf]
lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
&= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k|I] odf
gfafns 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] tkm{af6 ljkIfL jxf/
jfgf] z]ifn] k]z u/]sf] lgj]bg btf{ x'g'eGbf
klxn] cbfntsf] cg'dlt lng'kg]{ jf gkg]{
;DaGwdf x]bf{ afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf %!-!_ n] afnssf] xs k'Ug] h'g;'s}
s'/fdf lghxsf] afa' cfdf jf ;+/Ifsn] gfln;
ph"/ jf k|lt/Iff ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;+/Ifs ;d]tn] lghxsf] xsdf
gfln; ;d]t lbg kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . xs / clwsf/ l;h{gf ug]{ sfg"g


;f/jfg sfg"g xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
;f/jfg sfg"gf/f k|bQ xs / clwsf/ xgg\
ePdf sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] /Lt /
tl/sfcg' ; f/ k| r ng u/fOG5 . ;f/jfg
sfg"gf/f l;lh{t xs / clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg
tf]lsPsf] /Lt gk'u]df cbfntn] xs tyf
clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg ;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g .
xs / clwsf/ l;h{gf ug]{ P]g -sfg"g_ df xs
/ clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg] sfo{ljlw ;dfj]z
ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xL sfg"gdf plNnlvt sfo{ljlw
cjnDag u/L xs k|rng u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
;f] sfg"gdf sfo{ljlw ;dfj]z ePsf] /x]g5
eg] 5'} sfg"gdf ;dfj]z ePsf] sfo{ljlw
cjnDag u/L cbfntn] xs clwsf/ k|rng
u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g,
@)$* sf bkmf %!-!_ df Jojl:yt xs
;d]tdf cf3ft ePdf s] s'g tl/sfaf6 xs
k|rng u/fpg] ;DaGwdf pQm P]gdf s'g}
sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfPg .
*= o;/L pQm ;f/jfg sfg"gdf km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf lbOg] lgj]bgsf xsdf
tyf ;f]sf] sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf
;fdfGo P]g ePsf gftfn] d'n'sL P]g, c=j+=
*# g+ sf] sfo{ljlw :jtM cfslif{t x'g] x'G5 .
pQm *# g+ df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{
;f]x| jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnsx ;d]tsf] xs k'Ug]
h'g;'s} s'/fdf c88\f cbfntdf gfln; ph"/
jf d' 2 f dfldnfsf cltl/Qm cGo s' g }
sfdsf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ ePdf c88\fsf] cg'dlt
lnO{ gfafnsxsf] Psf3/;Fu a;]sf] ;f]x| jif{
gf3] s f xsjfnfn] d' 2 f dfldnf ;d] t sf
sfdsf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:Yff u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;/L lgj] b g tyf d' 2 f dfldnf;DaGwL
sfdsf/jfxLdf gfafnssf] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfn]
klxn] ;f] ljifodf ;DalGwt cbfntdf

1581

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

cg'dltsf] lgj]bg lbPdf ;f] ljifodf hf] h]


a'emg' kg]{ xf] a'emL c88\fn] cg'dlt lbPdf
To:tf] lgj]bg btf{ x'g] xf] . cbfntsf] cg'dlt
ljgf k]z ePsf] lgj]bg ;d]t btf{ x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf b]lvFb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf /]Zfdf jfgf]
z]if ;d]t tLg hgfsf] xsdf ljkIfL jxf/
jfgf] z]ifn] ldlt @)^%.!.^ df afFs] lhNnf
cbfntdf k] z u/] s f] lgj] b g ljkIfL
tx;Lnbf/n] ;f] cbfntsf] cg'dlt g} glnOPsf]
cj:yfdf btf{ ug]{ egL cfb]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
(= ;f] cfb] z pk/ lgj] b sn] b08
;hfosf] ^! g+ adf]lhd lhNnf GofofwLz;dIf
lgj] b g ubf{ lhNnf GofofwLzn]
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %!
-!_ sf] Joj:yf b]vfpFb} tx;Lnbf/af6 ePsf]
cfb]z ;b/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . ;f] cfb]z ;d]t
ab/ u/L kfpg oL l/6 lgj]bsn] c=j+= !& g+
adf] l hd k' g /fj] b g cbfnt g] k fnu~hdf
lbPsf] lgj]bgdf klg ;f] cbfntn] plNnlvt
cfb] z ;b/ u/] s f] b] l vG5 . plNnlvt
cfb]zxsf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] b08 ;hfosf]
dxnsf] ^! g+ / c=j= !& g+ adf]lhdsf]
k|lqmof / j]/Ltsf] k|Zg p7fO{ cbfnt k|j]z
u/]sf] of] l/6 lgj]bgdf k|lqmof / /Lt ldn]
gldn]sf] tkm{ ljrf/ eO{ cfb]z ePsf] b]lvPg .
b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] ^! g+ n] c=j+= !& g+
sf] pkrf/ cf} N ofPsf] cj:yfdf lhNnf
GofofwLz / k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 To;tkm{
ljrf/ eO{ cfb]z x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/, k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt g]kfnu~h ;d]tn] To;tkm{ x]/L ljrf/
u/L cfb]z u/]sf]] b]lvFb}g .
!)= ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;d]tn]
;f] lgj]bg btf{ ubf{ Psflt/ c=j+= *# g+ n]
cg'dlt lng'kg]{ egL u/]sf] Joj:yf k|:t't
lgj]bgdf of] o:tf] sf/0fn] cbfntsf] cg'dlt
lng' gkg]{ egL lnlvt hjfkmdf v'nfpg ;s]sf]

b]lvFb}g eg] csf]{lt/ ljkIfL jxf/ jfgf] z]if


;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLn] klg ;f] ;DaGwdf o; Ohnf;nfO{
o'lQmo'Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf
5} g . s] j n tx;Lnbf/n] u/] s f] cfb] z
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] b]lvPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
;d]taf6 ;b/ ePsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg] Joxf]/f;Dd pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . tx;Lnbf/n] ug] { cfb] z d' 2 f
dfldnfsf] k|Zgdf ug]{ cfb]z geO{ km};nf
sfof{Gjogdf pkl:yt k|Zgdf ul/g] cfb]z
dfq xf] . o;df k|lqmof jf /Lt k'u] gk'u]sf]
k|Zg dfq ;fGble{s x'G5 .
!!= s] s:tf] cj:yfdf pTk|]if0fsf] l/6
hf/L x'g] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ tNnf] txsf
Goflos lgsfo, cw{Goflos lgsfo jf s'g}
k|zf;lgs lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{
l;nl;nfdf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm s'g} lg0f{o
ug{sf nflu lgwf{l/t sfo{ljlw kfngf gu/L
cfb]z jf lg0f{o ul/Psf] ePdf, lg0f{o jf
cfb]z ubf{ lg0f{o jf cfb]z ug]{ clwsf/Ln] ;f]
cfb]z ;d]tdf k|ToIf uNtL jf q'l6 u/]sf]
;DalGwt ldl;naf6 b]lvPdf To:tf] lg0f{o jf
cfb]z o; cbfntn] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L
u/L ab/ ug{;Sg] g} x'G5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
ljkIfL tx;Lnbf/n] btf{ ug]{ egL u/]sf] cfb]z
d'n'sL P]g c=j+= *# g+ sf] sfo{ljlwut q'l6af6
btf{ x'g cfPsf] / ;f] cfb]znfO{ afFs] lhNnf
cbfntsf GofofwLz tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
;d] t ;b/ u/] s f] b] l vF b f pQm cfb] z x
sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] b]lvPg .
!@= To;} u/L lgj]bsn] ljkIfL xjLpn
/xdfg z]ifaf6 ? !#,)),))). ljuf] / e/L
e/fp;Ddsf] ;fjf / ;f]sf] Jofh ;d]t e/fO{
lng kfpg] 7x/L ldlt @)%$.#.@$ df afFs]
lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]

1582

*()& - cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7 lj=s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|el[ t ;bfjt{ lghL u'7L ;d]t

km};nfadf]lhdsf] ljuf] el/e/fpsf] nflu oL


l/6 lgj]bsjfbLn] k|ToyL{k|ltjfbLsf] 3/ hUuf
b]vfO{+ afFs] lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df
;f] lgj]bg ;d]tsf cfwf/df @)%*.(.( df
k~rs[t{] d"Nofg e};s]sf] s'/f lgj]bg n]vaf6
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . k~rs[t{] d"Nofg e} ljuf]
e/Le/fpsf] r/0fdf ljkIfL jxf/ jfgf] z]if 5f]/f
5f]/Lsf] ;+/Ifs agL tL gfafnssf] c+z xs k/
;f/L kfpg k/]sf] lgj]bgdf tx;Lnbf/af6 ePsf]
cfb]z / ;f] cfb]z txtx ;b/ e} ljuf] e/L
e/fpg x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . km};nfn] :ki6
kdf e/L kfpg] egL 7x/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
km};nf sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w ePdf To;n]
;DalGwt kIfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg ;Sb}g . ctM
:ki6 sfg"gL q'l6sf] cefjdf n]gb]g d'2fsf]
km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g gkfpg' Goflos lqmof x'g
;Sb}g .
!#= t;y{, dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
sf/0faf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd afFs] lhNnf
cbfntsf tx;Lnbf/af6 ldlt @)^%.!.^ df
ePsf] cfb]z, lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 ldlt
@)^^.#.% df ePsf] cfb]z / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
g]kfnu~haf6 ldlt @)^^.%.$ df ePsf] cfb]z
c=j+= *# sf] k|lqmof / /Lt gk'ofO{ ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] plNnlvt cfb]zx g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ df Jojl:yt
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .

lg0f{o g+= *()&

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ


' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
)^*CI!)$)
km};nf ldltM @)^(.*.!.^
d'2f M /}s/ btf{ ;|:] tf ab/ u'7L xs sfod
ul/kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM a]vfaxfb'/sf] 5f]/f, nlntk'/
lhNnf vf]sgf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f
g+= & a:g] cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|el[ t ;bfjt{
lghL u'7Lsf ;~rfns nlntk'/ lhNnf,
nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=
!# s';G' tL a:g] ch'g{ g/l;Fx /f0ff ;d]t
z' km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L eLds'df/ cf]emf
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L s]z/L/fh kl08t
df=Gof=>L ljZjDe/k|;fb >]i7

Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\=

Ohnf; clws[tM eLdaxfb'/ lg/f}nf

&
1583

km};nfsf] 7x/ v08 g} cbfntsf] lg0f{o


xf] . ;f] lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf
lg0f{oaf6 :jfefljs ?kdf lg:sg] sf]6k{ mL
lkmtf{ , b08 h/Ljfgf, ljuf] cflb
sfof{Gjog ug{nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg
tk;Ln v08 n]lvG5 . tk;Ln v08n]
lg0f{osf] :yfg lng g;Sg] .
7x/ v08 / tk;Ln v08 aflemP 7x/
v08 g} dfGo x'G5 . 7x/ v08df pNn]v

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

gePsf jf ljj]rgf gePsf s'/f tk;Ln


v08df pNn]v x'g ;Sb}gg\, olb ePsf]
/x]5 eg] ;d]t To;n] s'g} dfGotf
kfpg g;Sg] .
7x/ v08sf] ljk/Lt jf ;f] aflemg] u/L
tk;Ln v08 n]vd] f sfg"gljk/Lt x'G5 .
tk;Ln v08df ePsf ;fdfGo eflifs
q'l6, n]vfO jf 6fOksf] uNtL jf s'g}
zAb 7x/ v08eGbf leGg x'g uPdf
7x/ v08sf] ljk/Lt gx'g] u/L ;Rofpg
jf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ OG;fkmdf g}
km/s x'g] u/L, 7x/ v08df n]lvPsf]
lg0f{o;Fu aflemg] u/L lj/f]wfefifk"0f{
9+un] n]lvPsf] tk;Ln v08n] dfGotf
kfpg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
;+ljwfg jf sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf]
cwLgdf /xL cbfnt jf clwsf/Ln] cfgf]
clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug]{ ub{5 . ;f]cg';f/
clwsf/ ;DkGg eP gePsf] lglZrt
u/]kl5 dfq lg0f{o?kL lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{
x'G5 . c?sf] clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg]n]
klxnf cfgf] clwsf/sf] lj:tf/ /
;Ldfk|lt ;hu / ;r]t /xg' kb{5 .
s'g} lg0f{ostf{, cbfnt jf lgsfon]
csf{sf] clwsf/If]q jf If]qflwsf/sf]
cltqmd0f ug{ gx'g] .
cgflws[t lgsfoaf6 ePsf lg0f{o
k|efjxLg z"Go eO{ ab/ x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf
c=j= #% g+= df ePsf] x'bF f o;sf cltl/Qm
k|:t't d'2fdf k|df0fsf] kdf k]z ePsf]
lkmN8a's ptf/sf] n]vfO{sf] Gofof]lrt
ljj]rgf gePsf] / kf/Lt g} gePsf]
ckf/Lt lnvt ljjflbt hUufsf] xssf]
z+sf/lxt ;|ft] x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_

k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg


clwjQmf /d]zs'df/ d}gfnL
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)$^, lg=g=#(*&, k[i7 !!@)
;Da4 sfg"gM
e"ld;'wf/ P]g, @)@! -;+zf]wg;lxt_ @)%#
sf] bkmf @^-!_
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-!_
d'ns
' L P]g cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] #%, *^ g+=

km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@^ sf] km};nfpk/ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ cGtu{t
jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ e} lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/
5 M
>LeQm x]dZ] j/, x]d eQm]Zj/ / zfGt
afn]Zj/ ;d]t >L # lzjfno u'7Lsf] ;fljs
vf]sgf 8f]n v]t @*) hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL
kxndfg Hofk" ePsf] / lghsf] d'To'kl5 lghsf
5f]/f t'Ol{ ;F dxh{gn] hLtaxfb'/ 8+uf]nnfO{ ldlt
@)!).#.( df ef]uaGwsL lbPsf]df hLtaxfb'/
k/nf]s ePsf]n] lghsf] xs vfg] xsbf/x
s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{g, 1fgnfn dxh{g / 1fgbf;
dxh{g ;d]t tLg hgfn] sdfO{ cfPsf]df ;e]{
gfkL x'bF f ef]uaGwsL lbg] ;fx"sf xsbf/n] 5'f5'}
gfkL ePsf] nlntk'/ lhNnf vf]sgf ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= ^-v_ ls=g+= @& sf] If]qkmn !
#)) P]= ls=g+= @* sf] If]qkmn ))(! /
P]= ls=g+= @( sf] If]qkmn )!#)) hUuf
sfod eO{ gfkL ePsf] hUuf ef]uaGwsL lbg]
t'Ol{ ;Fn] ldlt @)@@.$.!@ df ef]uaGwsL lng]
;fx" hLtaxfb'/sf] xs vfg] s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{g,
1fgnfn dxh{g / 1fgbf; dxh{g ;d]t tLg

1584

*()& - cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7 lj=s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|el[ t ;bfjt{ lghL u'7L ;d]t

hgfnfO{ /sd a'emfO{ @)#! ;fndf lgj]bsnfO{


5f]8kqsf] lnvtaf6 /fhLgfdf u/L lbO{ u'7L
;~rfns;dIf ;gfvt u/L u'7L ;~rfnsaf6
d]/f] gfpFdf df]xL gfd;f/L eO{ @)#! ;fnb]lv
xfn;Dd d lgj]bsn] sdfO{ u'7L ;~rfnsnfO{
;fn ;fn}sf] afnL a'emfO{ cfPsf] / pQm hUufsf]
df]xL gfd;f/L u/L hUUffwgL k|df0f k"hf{ kfpFm
egL ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z;lxt ldlt
@)$%.#.!( b=g+ = #!!& df lgj] b g lbO{
sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf]df pQm ljjflbt
hUuf >L s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|el[ t ;bfjt{ lghL
u'7Lsf] gfpFdf btf{ u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
lnPsf] x'bF f u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #(
-!_ adf]lhd s;}n] u'7Lsf] 3/hUuf /}s/df btf{
u/fPsf] v08df u'7L ;+:yfg -sfo{ Joj:yf_
ljlgdo @)$@ sf] ljlgdo @) sf] b]xfo @ / #
g+= adf]lhd /}s/ nut sf u/L u'7L sfod x'g]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] cfwf/df ls=g+=@& sf] If]qkmn
!#)) hUuf >LeQm x]dZ] j/, x]deQm]Zj/ /
zfGt afn]Zj/;d]t >L # lzjfno u'7Lsf] hUuf
ePsf] x'bF f /}s/df btf{ ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no,
nlntk'/af6 ldlt @)%).!@.!( df ePsf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/L ;f] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{
;|:] tf;d]t ab/ u/L d]/f] gfpFdf u'7L xs sfod
;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL
cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7sf] ldlt @)^$.*.!^ ut]sf]
lkm/fb bfjL .
ljkIfLn] xfdLn] nlntk'/ lhNnf, vf]sgf
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= ^-v_ ls=g+= @& sf]
If]qkmn !#)) P]= ls=g+= @* / @( sf] btf{
;d]t ab/ ul/kfpFm egL pNn]v ePsf] gfn];
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= &# g+= ljk/Lt eO{ gfn];
nfUg] xf]Og . xfdLnfO{ cgfjZos kdf b'Mv
lbPdf s]xL xft nfU5 ls eGg] dg;fon] gfn];
lbPsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . lkm/fbLn] /}s/
nut sf u/L u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf

#(-!_ adf]lhd u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{ g} x'g] egL


lnPsf] bfjL c=j+= *@ g+= n] xsb}ofljxLg x'bF f
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
cqm'/g/l;Fx /f0ff ;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm k|ltpQ/
lhsL/ .
jfbLn] k]z u/]sf] afnL a'emfPsf] e/kfO{
b]vfpFbf b]v,]F pQm e/kfO{x ;2] ;fFrf] xf] egL
k|ltjfbLsf jf/]; l;l2axfb'/ dxh{gn] ldlt
@)^%.#.@^ ut] c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg .
z' cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!).@^ ut]sf]
cfb]zfg';f/ ldlt @)^^.!!.!# ut] ljjflbt
hUufsf] e} cfPsf] ;h{dLg d'rN' sf ldl;n ;fd]n
/x]5 .
ljjflbt hUuf oL k|ltjfbLsf] lghL
u'7Lsf] Pj+ /}s/ geO{ ljjflbt hUuf >L #
lzjfno u'7L >L eQm x]d]Zj/, x]d eQm]Zj/ /
zfGt afn]Zj/ u'7Lsf] ePsf] x'Fbf oL jfbL pQm
hUufsf] df]xL ePsf] s'/f k'li6 eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf
x'Fbfx'Fb} oL k|ltjfbLxn] lghL u'7Ldf btf{
u/fPsf] gldn]sf] x'bF f ab/ u/L ljjflbt hUufsf]
/}s/ ;|]:tf sf u/L u'7Lsf] xs sfod eO{ oL
jfbL df]xL sfod;d]t x'g] 7x/L nlntk'/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.!@.#) df ePsf]
km};nf .
nlntk'/ lhNnf vf]sgf ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= ^-v_ ls=g+= @& sf] hUuf
@)@! ;fndf gfkL x' F b f hf] t fxf df] x Ldf
s[i0faxfb'/ Hofk", ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fdf s}nfz
ab|Lgfy k|e[lt ;bfjt{ u'7L hlgO{ gfk gS;f
ePsf] hUuf xf] . jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] >LeQm
x]d]Zj/, x]d eQm]Zj/ zfGt afn]Zj/ ;d]t
tLg lzjfno u'7Lsf] u'7L clwg:y hUuf xf]Og .
pQm hUuf xfn;Dd klg /}s/ kl/0ft ul/Psf]
5}g, u'7L g} hlgO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . pQm
hUuf >L # lzjfnosf] eGg] bfjL xf] eg] >L #

1585

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

lzjfnoaf6 d'2f ug'{k5{, df]xLn] ug]{ xf]Og,


o; d'2fdf cfslif{t g} gx'g] d'n'sL P]g h=k=
sf] !& g+=, h=ld=sf] !* g+= ;dfO{ bfo/ u/]sf]
xsb}of, xbDofbljxLg lkm/fb vf/]h ug'{kg]{df
>L s}nfz ab|Lgfy ;bfjt{ lghL u'7Lsf] xsef]u
g} nf]k x'g] u/L >L # lzjfno u'7Lsf] sfod
x'g] u/L z'n] u/]sf] km};nf pN6L u/L >L
s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|e[lt ;bfjt{ lghL u'7Lsf]
gfddf oyfjt sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] >L s}nfz ab|Lgfy ;bfjt{ u'7Lsf
;~rfnsxsf] / cfgf] xsdf ;d] t
ch'{gg/l;Fx /f0ffsf] ldlt @)^&.%.@& sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
nlntk'/ lhNnf vf]sgf ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= ^-v_ ls=g+= @& sf] hUuf
@)@! ;fndf gfkL x' F b f hf] t fxf df] x Ldf
s[i0faxfb'/ Hofk", ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fdf s}nfz
ab|Lgfy k|e[lt ;bfjt{ u'7L hlgO{ gfk gS;f
ePsf] hUuf xf] . jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] >LeQm
x]d]Zj/, x]d eQm]Zj/ zfGt afn]Zj/ ;d]t
tLg lzjfno u'7Lsf] u'7L clwg:y hUuf
xf]Og . pQm hUuf xfn;Dd klg /}s/ kl/0ft
ul/Psf] 5}g, u'7L g} hlgO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5,
pQm hUuf >L # lzjfnosf] eGg] bfjL xf] eg]
>L # lzjfnoaf6 d'2f ug'{k5{, df]xLn] ug]{
xf]Og, o; d'2fdf cfslif{t g} gx'g] d'n'sL
P]g h=k= sf] !& g+= h=ld=sf] !* g+= ;dfO{
bfo/ u/]sf] xsb}of, xbDofb ljxLg lkm/fb
vf/]h ug'{kg]{df >L s}nfz ab|Lgfy ;bfjt{
lghL u'7Lsf] xsef]u g} nf]k x'g] u/L >L #
lzjfno u'7Lsf] sfod x'g] u/L z'n] u/]sf]
km};nf pN6L u/L >L s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|e[lt
;bfjt{ lghL u'7Lsf] gfddf oyfjt sfod
ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] u' 7 Ldf
;~rfnsx cqm'/g/l;Fx / k|e'g/l;Fx /f0ffsf]
;+o'Qm k'g/fj]bg kq .

o;df o;} d'2f;Fu nufp ePsf] b]=k'=g+=


)@^# sf] u'7L xs sfod d'2fdf ljkIfL lemsfpg]
cfb]z ePsf] / k|:t't d'2f pQm d'2f;Fu
cGt/k|efjL /x]sf] b]lv+bf o;df klg k|ToyL{
lemsfO{ cfP jf cjlw JotLt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/
u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] b]=k'=g+= )@^! sf] d'2fdf
ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.*.@
ut]sf] cfb]z .
o;df ldl;n ;+ n Ug k| d f0fxsf]
;d"lrt d"Nofg ;d]t gu/L s'g s] s:tf] u'7L
sfod ePsf] xf] ;f] ;d]t k|i6 gu/L df]xL
xssf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t s] s;/L xs 5f8]sf] xf],
;f] ;d]t pNn]v ge} ePsf] z' km};nf km/s
kg{;Sg] e} ljrf/0fLo ePsf]n] 5nkmnsf] nflu
c=j+= @)@ g+=adf]lhd k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ cfP jf
cjlw JotLt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L nufpsf
d'2fx ;fy} /fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^&.*.@ sf] b]=k'=g+= )@^# sf] d'2fdf
ePsf] cfb]z .
lkm/fb n]vdf ljkIfL jfbL ls=g+= @&
sf] hUUffsf] df]xL ePsf] eGg] pNn]v u/L u'7L
xs sfod ul/kfpFmegL bfjL lnPsf]df z'
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ljjflbt hUuf /}s/ ;|]:tf
sf u/L u'7Lsf] xs sfod eO{ jfbL df]xL
sfod x'g] 7x5{ egL km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
df]xL sfod ul/kfpFm egL bfjL g} gePsf]df
klg lhNnf cbfntaf6 df]xL sfod x'g] 7x/
u/]sf] b]lvof] . hUUffsf] df]xL sf] x'g] eGg]
ljifo cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qdf kg]{ klg xf]Og .
df]xL sfod;DaGwL ljifo e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
n] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nonfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . ljjflbt ls=g+= @& sf] hUuf >L # lzjfno
u'7Lsf] :jfldTjsf] xf] egL ;f] u'7Lsf] xs
sfod ug{ ljkIfL jfbL cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7
clVtof/k|fKt JolQm ePsf] b]lvPg . lgh
ljkIfLn] k|:t't lkm/fb ug'{ cl3 o:t} dfubfjL

1586

*()& - cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7 lj=s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|el[ t ;bfjt{ lghL u'7L ;d]t

lnO{ u'7L ;+:yfgdf lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxLdf


/x]sf] klg b]lvG5 . ctM u'7Lsf] :jfldTjsf]
ljifodf ljkIfL jfbL cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7nfO{
k|:t't d'2f ug{ c=j+= *@ g+= cg';f/ xsb}of
ePsf] gb]lvFbf ljjflbt ls=g+= @& sf] hUufsf]
/}s/ ;|]:tf sf u/L u'7Lsf] xs sfod eO{
ljkIfL jfbL df]xL sfod x'g] 7xofPsf] nlntk'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.#) sf] km};nf
ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L e} k|:t't lkm/fb xsb}ofsf]
cefjdf c=j+= !*) g+= adf]lhd vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^&.!!.@^ sf] km};nf .
ls=g+ = @& sf] hUufsf] ;| ] : tfdf
@)%).!@.!( df lg0f{o ePsf] s'/f pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . ;f]afx]s s] s;/L s'g /l;b;Fu
le8L btf{ ePsf] xf] ;f] s'/f s'g} pNn]v ePsf]
klg 5}g eg] csf]{ tkm{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxn]
cfgf] s] s'g /l;b;Fu le8\g] hUuf xf] egL
s'g} ;fljs ;|ft] sf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;d]t ;s]sf
5}gg\ . nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 oL ;a}
k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L jfbL bfjL k'Ug] km};nf
ePsf] xf] . k|ltjfbLxsf] s'g} k|df0f gx'Fbfgx'Fb}
k'g/fj]bssf] bfjL gk'Ug] u/L ePsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
ePsf] km};nf ab/efuL 5 . @)!).#.( df
t'O;LF Hofk"n] hLtaxfb'/ dxh{gnfO{ ef]uaGwsL
n] v L lbF b f hUufsf] ljj/0fdf d] / f lt/f]
ef]urngsf] >Lkz'kltdf ;bfjt{g ePsf]
eQmx]d]Zj/ x]d eQm]Zj/ ;d]t tLg lzjfno
u'7Ldf bl/Psf] n]=h= jf]0f{ljqmd /f0ffsf] u'7Lsf]
txljndf a'emfpg' kg]{ egL :ki6 n]lvPsf] 5
egL ;f]xL hUuf aGwsL ;fx"nfO{ /sd a'emfO{
b/kL7 ePsf] hUuf k'g/fj]bsn] @)#!.%.!#
df /fhLgfdf u/L lnO{ >Lx]d eQm]Zj/, x]d]Zj/
/ zfGt afn]Zj/ ;d]t >L # lzjfno u'7Laf6
ldlt @)#!.*.@& df t' O { l ;F Hofk' a f6

k'g/fj]bssf] gfddf gfd;f/L x'g] lg0f{o eO{


gfd;f/L ePsf] hUuf @)#! ;fnsf] ux'jF fnLb]lv
d cfkmF}n] sdfO{ >L # lzjfnodf ;flnGbf
afnL a'emfO{ cfPsf] hUuf xf] . o;/L /fhLgfdf
/ 5f]8kqsf] lnvt u/L lnO{ df]xL gfd;f/L
;d]t eO{ ef]urngdf /xL afnL a'emfO{ cfPsf]
hUufdf d]/f] xs :yflkt eO{ ;s]sf] 5, ;f]
lnvt tyf lg0f{onufot afnL a'emfPsf] e/kfO{
;d]taf6 k|ToyL{xn] cGoyf eGg g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf d]/f] gfn]; ug]{ xsb}of /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L d]/f] xs :yflkt eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf
d]/f] xs gk'Ug] egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
ePsf] km};nf ab/efuL 5 . lkmN8a'sdf s}nfz
ab|Lgfy k|e[lt ;bfjt{ u'7L / s}nfz ab|Lgfy
k|e[lt ;bfjt{ u'7L n]lvPsf] 5, kz'klt ;bfjt{
u'7L / s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|e[lt ;bfjt{ u'7L
cnucnu cl:tTjsf u'7L x'g\ . ;fljs nut
tyf t'O{l;F / hLtaxfb'/ dxh{gaLr @)!).#.(
df v8f ePsf] ef]uaGwsL lnvtdf kz'kltdf
:yfkgf ePsf] tLg lzjfno u'7L egL pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;d]t kz'klt ;bfjt{ u'7L,
u'7L clwg:y u'7Lsf] hUuf xf] eg] s}nfz
alb|gfy k|e[lt ;bfjt{ lghL u'7L xf] . o;tkm{
slQ klg gx]/L ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n]
ab/ u/L z' km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFmeGg]
cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
k' g /fj] b g;lxtsf ldl;n sfuhftxsf]
cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L /d]zs'df/ d}gfnLn]
@))) ;fnsf] nutdf ljjflbt hUufsf]
hUufwgLdf >LeQm x]d]Zj/, x]d eQm]Zj/ /
zfGt afn]Zj/ ;d]t # lzjfno u'7L / df]xLdf
kxndfg Hofk" hlgPsf] 5 . @)#! ;fndf

1587

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

lzjfno u'7Ln] jfbL cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7nfO{


df]xL gfd;f/L ul/lbP kl5 jfbLn] @)#!
;fnb]lv xfn;Dd pQm hUuf hf]tsdf]b u/L
jif}{lkR5] afnL a'emfpFb} cfPsf] ljjflbt hUuf
>L # lzjfno u'7Lsf] ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] u'7Lsf]
xs sfod ubf{ k'g/fj]bs jfbL df]xL sfod x'g]
u/L nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf
pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL vf/]h ug]{ 7xofPsf]
k' g /fj] b g cbfnt kf6gsf] km} ; nf pN6L
ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .
ljfg clwjQmfsf] pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] ax;
;d]t ;'gL O{G;fkmtkm{ larf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf]
s] /x]5 / afbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf]
xf]Og eGg] ;DjGwdf 7x/ lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ls=g+= @& sf]
hUufsf] lkmN8a's ptf/ Pj+ ;|]:tf ptf/df
df]xL s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{g -Hofk'_ hlgPsf] @ g+=
cg';r
" L s[i0faxfb'/ dxh{g egL k|sflzt ePsf]
k|df0f ;d]taf6 e"=;'=P]g, @)@! -;+zf]wg;lxt_
@)%# sf] bkmf @^ -!_ adf]lhd ls=g+= @& sf]
If]qkmn !#)) hUuf d[ts df]xLsf gfdaf6
xsbf/ >LdtL dfof dxh{gsf] gfpFdf hf]t
gfd;f/L x'g] 7x5{ egL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
nlntk'/af6 ldlt @)^#.!!.@( df lg0f{o ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
#= ls=g+=@& sf] If]qkmn !#) hUufsf]
jf:tljs df] x L lkm/fbL ePsf] x' F b f ldlt
@)^#.!!.@( df df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] u/L e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no nlntk'/af6 ePsf] lg0f{o tyf ;f]
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df btf{ ePsf] df]xLofgL xssf]
k|df0fkq;d]t ab/ ul/kfpFmegL nlntk'/ lhNnf
cbfntdf lkm/fb lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
$= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
*-!_ df k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ cfgf] k|fb]lzs

If]qflwsf/leq /x]sf] cGo s'g} lgsfo jf


clwsf/Ln] d'2f dfldnfdf u/]sf] z' km};nf jf
clGtd cfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g5
]
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
nlntk'/n] ldlt @)^#.!!.@( df u/]sf] lg0f{opk/
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/
pQm sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
%= ljjflbt ls=g+= @& sf] hUUffsf]
ljjfbsf] af/]df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ e"ld ;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! n] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nonfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . ljkIfL jfbLnfO{ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
nlntk'/sf] pQm lg0f{oaf6 c;/ kg{ uPsf] eP
d'ns
' L P]g cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] *^ g+= cg';f/
;f] lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;DalGwt lgsfodf
hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . lkm/fb n]vdf ls=g+= @& sf]
hUufsf] ljkIfL jfbL df]xL x'F egL pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . df]xL ;DaGwL ljjfb x]g{] If]qflwsf/
lhNnf cbfntnfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g .
df]xL;DaGwL ljifodf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non] u/]sf]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] x'bF f ;f] lhNnf e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no nlntk'/n] ldlt @)^#.!!.@( df u/]sf]
lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ If]qflwsf/ z' nlntk'/ lhNnf
cbfntnfO{ /x]sf] b]lvPg .
^= lkm/fb bfjLdf ls=g+= @& sf] If]qkmn
!#) hUufsf] df]xL gfd;f/L ug]{ u/L ePsf]
ldlt @)^#.!!.@( sf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
nlntk'/af6 ;f] ldlt @)^#.!!.@( df ls=g+=
@& sf] hUufsf] xsdf ;Dd df]xL gfd;f/L x'g]
lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 . vf]sgf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
j8f g+= ^-v_ ls=g+= @*, @( hUufsf] df]xL
gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL jfbLn] u'7L txljn
tyf vr{ sfof{nodf ldlt @)^$.@.* df lgj]bg
lbO{ sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] k|df0fdf
cfPsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . ctM ;f] ls=g+= @*

1588

*()& - cfgGbaxfb'/ >]i7 lj=s}nfz ab|Lgfy k|el[ t ;bfjt{ lghL u'7L ;d]t

/ @( hUufsf] df]xLsf] ;DaGwdf k|:t't d'2fdf


bfjL g} gk/]sf] / cGo lgsfodf ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
&= z' nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf x]bf{ ls=g+= @&, @*, @( sf] df]xL sfod
x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] x'Fbf jfbL cfgGbaxfb'/
>]i7nfO{ df]xL sfod u/L lbg' egL e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no nlntk'/df n]vL k7fO{ lbg' egL
km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 . lkm/fb bfjLdf ls=g+= @& sf] df]xL
gfd;f/L lg0f{o ab/;Dd dfu u/]sf]df bfjL g}
gePsf] df]xL gfd;f/L g} geO{ k'g/fj]bss}
lgj]bgcg';f/ u'7L ;+:yfgdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]
ls=g+= @* / @( sf] hUufsf] df]xL;DaGwL
ljifosf] ;DaGwdf z' nlntk' / lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nfsf] 7x/ v08df ljj]rgf u/L
7x/ km};nf g} ePsf] b]lvb}Fg . km};nfsf] 7x/
v08df /fo JoQm eO{ 7x/ lg0f{o g} gePsf]
ls=g+= @* / @( sf] hUufsf] ;DaGwdf ;f]
km};nfsf] 7x/ v08;Fu ljNs'n} gldNg] 9+uaf6
km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df ls=g+= @*, @( ;d]t
df]xL sfod x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] x'bF f jfbLnfO{
df]xL sfod u/Llbg' egL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
nlntk'/df n]vL k7fO{ lbg] egL pNn]v u/L
z' nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 uDeL/ q'l6
u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
*= km};nfsf] 7x/ v08 g} cbfntsf]
lg0f{o xf] . ;f] lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf
lg0f{oaf6 :jfefljs ?kdf lg:sg] sf]6k{ mL lkmtf{,
b08 h/Ljfgf, ljuf] cflb sfof{Gjog ug{nfO{
;xof]u k'ofpg tk;Ln v08 n]lvG5 . tk;Ln
v08n] lg0f{osf] :yfg lng ;Sb}g . 7x/ v08
/ tk;Ln v08 aflemP 7x/ v08 g} dfGo
x'G5 . 7x/ v08df pNn]v gePsf jf ljj]rgf
gePsf s'/f tk;Ln v08df pNn]v x'g ;Sb}gg\,
olb ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;d]t To;n] s'g} dfGotf

kfpg ;Sb}g . 7x/ v08 jf OG;fkm v08 g}


s'g} klg d'2fsf] jf:tljs km};nf xf] . tk;Ln
v08 t 7x/ v08sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ efu dfq
xf] . To;sf/0f tk;Ln v08sf] 5'} cl:tTj
x'b}g . Tof] ;b}j 7x/ v08;Fu hf]l8P/ /x]sf]
x'G5 . kIfsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu / km};nf sfof{Gjog
;xh ?kdf xf];\ eGg] x]t' 5'} efusf] ?kdf
tk;Ln v08 n]lvg] ;Dd xf] . To;sf/0f 7x/
v08cg'k tk;Ln v08 tof/ x'g] ub{5 .
7x/ v08sf] ljk/Lt jf ;f] aflemg] u/L tk;Ln
v08 n]vd] f sfg"gljk/Lt x'G5 . tk;Ln v08df
ePsf ;fdffGo eflifs q'l6, n]vfO jf 6fOksf]
uNtL jf s'g} zAb 7x/ v08eGbf leGg x'g
uPdf 7x/ v08sf] ljk/Lt gx'g] u/L ;Rofpg
jf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ OG;fkmdf g} km/s
x'g] u/L, 7x/ v08df n]lvPsf] lg0f{o;Fu aflemg]
u/L lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 9+un] n]lvPsf] tk;Ln
v08n] dfGotf kfpg ;Sb}g . o;} ;Gbe{df
g]sfk @)$^, lg=g=#(*&, k[i7 !!@) df
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 km};nfsf]
7x/ v08 / tk;Ln v08 aflemPdf 7x/
v08n] dfGotf kfpg] egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
eO{ ;s]sf] kfObf k|:t't d'2fdf z'? lhNnf
cbfntn] km};nf ubf{ 7x/ v08;Fu tk;Ln
v08 aflemg] u/L n]v]sf] kfOof] . o;/L Pp6}
GofofwLzn] 7x/ v08df Pp6f s'/f / tk;Ln
v08df cs}{ s'/f af]ns
] f] egL ;Demg' cf}lrToxLg
/ c:jefljs dfGg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
(= o;} u /L k| : t' t ljjfbdf csf] {
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg clwsf/If]q;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . x'gtM clwsf/If]q slxn] klg z"Gosf]
l:yltdf /xg ;Sb}g . t/ klg x/]s If]qflwsf/sf]
cfg} ;Ldf x'G5 . s'g s'g d'2f, s'g s'g
cbfnt jf clwsf/Ln] k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{ u5{ /
To;pk/sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO{ sxfFaf6 x'G5,
clGtd lg0f{o sxfFaf6 x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfg

1589

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;f]


;+ljwfg jf sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] cwLgdf
/xL cbfnt jf clwsf/Ln] cfgf] clwsf/If]q
u|x0f ug]{ ub{5 . ;f]cg';f/ clwsf/ ;DkGg
eP gePsf] lglZrt u/]kl5 dfq lg0f{o?kL
lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . c?sf] clwsf/ k|rng
u/fpg]n] klxnf cfgf] clwsf/sf] lj:tf/ /
;Ldfk|lt ;hu / ;r]t /xg' kb{5 . s'g}
lg0f{ o stf{ , cbfnt jf lgsfon] csf{ s f]
clwsf/If]q jf If]qflwsf/sf] cltqmd0f ug'x{ bF' g} .
clwsf/ljxLg lg0f{o u/] jf ePdf To:tf] lg0f{o
cdfGo / jb/of]Uo x'G5 . To;sf/0f k|To]s
lgsfo / cbfntsf] lg0f{ostf{ cfgf] clwsf/If]q
/ cfgf] k|fb]lzsIf]qleqsf] bfjL 5 jf 5}g ;f]
s'/fsf] lgZro u/]kl5 dfq ljjfbsf] lg?k0f
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt k|:t't ljjfbdf
e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Lsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ sfod
x'g] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] d'2f nlntk'/ lhNnf
cbfntn] x]/L df]xL sfod u/L bfjL eGbf
aflx/ uO{ km};nf u/]sf] sfg"gljk/Lt b]lvg
cfof] . cgflws[t lgsfoaf6 ePsf lg0f{o
k|efjxLg z"Go eO{ ab/ x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf
c=j= #% g+= df ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf cltl/Qm
k|:t't d'2fdf k|df0fsf] kdf k]z ePsf]
lkmN8a's ptf/sf] n]vfO{sf] Gofof]lrt ljj]rgf
gePsf] / kf/Lt g} gePsf] ckf/Lt lnvt
ljjflbt hUufsf] xssf] z+sf/lxt ;|f]t x'g
g;Sg] :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb} To;}sf] cfwf/df jfbLsf]
lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvFbf / @)#! ;fnsf] lnvtdf
ljjflbt hUufsf] ls=g+=g} pNn]v gePsf] x'Fbf
lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] OG;fkm dgfl;j} b]lvg cfof] .
!)= pk/f]Qm cfwf/ sf/0f / k|df0fxsf]
ljj]rgfaf6 jfbL ls=g+=@& sf] hUufsf] df]xL
ePsf] pNn]v u/L u'7L xs sfod ul/kfpFm
egL bfjL lnPsf]df z' cbfntaf6 ljjflbt

hUuf /}s/ ;|]:tf sf u/L u'7Lsf] xs sfod


u/L lkm/fb bfjL eGbf aflx/ uO{ jfbL df]xL
sfod x'g] 7x/fPsf] km};nf If]qflwsf/sf]
cefjdf ldNg] b]lvPg . e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
nlntk'/af6 df]xL gfd;f/L ug]{ u/L ePsf]
lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ clwsf/If]q / ls=g+=@& sf]
hUufsf] df]xL;DaGwL ljjfbsf] ljifo x]g]{
clwsf/If]q ;d]t lhNnf cbfntnfO{ gePsf]
/ cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]qleq u'7L ;+:yfg tyf
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] g} x'Fbf
cGo lgsfodf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] ls=g+=@* /
@( sf] df]xL;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ c;/ kg]{ u/L /
km};nfsf] 7x/ v08;Fu g} gldNg] u/L bfjL g}
gePsf] hUufxsf] ljifodf tk;Ln v08df
pNn]v u/L z' nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6
bfjLadf]lhd e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no nlntk'/af6
ls=g+=@& sf] df]xL gfd;f/L ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt
@)^#.!!.@( sf] df]xL gfd;f/L lg0f{o ab/;d]t
x'g] 7xofO{ z' nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^^.!@.#) df ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
gb]lvFbf pN6L e} k|:t't lkm/fb ug{ oL jfbLnfO{
c=j+ = *@ g+ = cg' ; f/ xsb} o f gePsf] /
clwsf/If] q ;d] t sf] cefjdf c=j+ = !*)
g+=cg';f/ lkm/fb vf/]h x'g] 7x/ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@^ sf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ ! ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t Mk/z'/fd e/fO{

1590

&

*()* - ;'jf; j:Goft lj=;'ut/Tg s+zfsf/ ;d]t

lg0f{o g+= *()*

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ


' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
dfggLo GofofwLz 8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] ljljw lg=g+ )^&MS))!@
km};nf ldltM @)^(.^.@%
d'2f M cbfntsf] ckx]ngf .
lgj] b sM sf7df8f} lhNnf, sf7df8f}
dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+= @( 7d]n a:g]
;'jf; j:Goft
lj?4
ljkIfLM sf7df8f} lhNnf, sf7df8f}
dxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+= #! sdnfbL
u0f]z:yfg dlGb/ cufl8 ljgfosdfu{
a:g] g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud, k|wfg
sfof{no, sflGtky sf7df8f}sf tTsfnLg
sfo{sf/L cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+zfsf/ ;d]t

cbfntsf] sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ cfb]z


xf] eGg] s'/f ;j{;fwf/0f hf];'s}n] klg
hfGg' / a'g' kg]{ .
/fli6o Wjhfjfxs ljdfg sDkgL g]kfn
jfo';]jf lgudsf dxfk|jGws tyf
;~rfns h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf a;]sf
kbflwsf/Lx ePsf] cj:yfdf
ul/dfdo kbdf j;]sf kbflwsf/Lx?n]
cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cjd"Nog x'g] u/L
:ki6 cfb]znfO{ k|f;+lus syg xf],
cfb]z xf]Og / sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb}{g
eGg' ;/f;/ cbfntsf] clGtd
cfb]zsf] cj1f u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Ln]


g} cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cj1f ubf{
cbfntn] cfkm\gf] cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog
ug{ s'g} jf:tf gug]{ xf] eg] cbfnt
k| l tsf] hgcf:yfdf k| l ts" n c;/
kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+= $_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf huGgfy dxtf] l;Fx
cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] 7x/ v08df :ki6 ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf lbgdl0f kf]v/]n
?kdf lgj]bssf] lxt Pj+ ljkIfsf] cjlnDat ghL/M
bfloTj ;d]t ls6fg u/L pNn]v ePsf] ;Dab sfg"gM
jfSof+zx? cbfntsf] cfb]z x'g] /
km};nf
To:tf] cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] LM ;jf]R{ r cbfnt P]g,
x'G5 . To:tf] cfb]z s]jn k|f;+lus
syg xf] jf:tljs cfb]z g} xf]Og @)$* sf] bkmf & adf]lhd o; cbfntsf]
egL sfof{ G jog ug{ OGsf/ ug' { clwsf/If]q cGtu{t eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
u} / lhDd] j f/k" 0 f{ sfo{ x' g ' s f ;fy} lgj]bgsf] ;+IfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bs ldlt @)#$.!@.$ df g]kfn
cbfntsf] clGtd cfb] z sf]
]
cjd"Nofg ;d]t x'g] x'Fbf cbfntsf] jfo';j] f lgudsf] cl;:6]G6 kbdf ;]jf k|jz
cfb]zsf] cj1f u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . u/L ldlt @)#^.!).!@ Operation Department
cbfntsf] cfb]zdf clwsf/ / bfloTj cGtu{t Cabin Crew Section df Steward kbdf
ls6fg u/L JoQm ePsf zJbfjnL ;?jf eO{ sfdsfh ub}{ cfO/x]sf]df SR. Cabin
1591

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3


Attendant kbdf

a9'jf eO{ ldlt @)^$.$.% df


pd]/sf] xbsf] sf/0fn] ;]jf cjlw k"/f x'g] ePsf]n]
ldlt @)^$.$.^ b]lv lgudsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz
x' g ] egL dnfO{ ldlt @)^$.#.!! df
cjsfz;DaGwL kq lbOof] . ;f] cjsfz kq
lbPpk/ d}n] ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf %*
jif{sf] pd]/;Dd ;]jfdf /xg lbg' lbnfpg' egL
@)^# ;fnsf] l/6 lgj]bg g+= !@@! bfo/ u/]sf]
lyPF . pQm l/6df ldlt @)^$.#.#@ df sf/0f
b]vfp cfb]z hf/L x'gs
' f ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z
5nkmnsf] nflu ldlt tf]sL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf
lbg] / cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 5nkmn geP;Dd
lgjb]snfO{ ;fljs kbdf sfdsfh ug{ lbg' egL
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ePsf] lyof] . pQm l/6df ldlt @)^$.$.!^
df cGtl/d cfb]z jf/] 5nkmndf ;'gj' fO{ x'bF f
lgj] b gsf] clGtd lg0f{ o geP;Dd ldlt
@)^$.#.#@ sf] cfb]zadf]lhdsf] cGtl/d
cfb]znfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] lyof] . pQm
cfb]zn] d lgj]bs ;fljsadf]lhd xfhL/ eO{
sfdsfh ub}{ cfPsf] lyPF .
o;} qmddf pQm l/6 lgj]bg ldlt
@)^^.#.@! df k"0f{ ;'gj' fO{ x'bF f jfo';j] f lgudn]
lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+
;f];uF ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL q'l6k"0f{
gb]lvFbf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g .
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.#.#@ df hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL
lguddf xfhL/ u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf] b]lvPsf]n]
xfhL/ cjlwsf] lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd kfpg]
tnj eQf / ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf ljkIfLsf] bfloTj
g/xg] eGg ldn]g . ;f] jfx]s dfu adf]lhd
cfb]z hf/L x'g] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf tnj eQf
;'ljwf ;d]t kfpg] lhsL/ ug{ ldNg] b]lvGg
eGg] cfb]z ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cfb]zadf]lhd
cfb]zsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL xfhL/

/x]sf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf ;'ljwf kfpFm egL


ldlt @)^^.&.% df ljkIfL lguddf lgj]bg
lbPsf]df lgj]bgpk/ s'g} jf:tf ul/Pg .
cbfntsf] pQm cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] nflu km};nf
sfof{Gjog lgb]z
{ gfnoaf6 kqfrf/ ubf{ ;d]t
lgj]bsnfO{ tnj eQf ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] egL
lgudn] km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]z
{ gfnonfO{ kq
k7fO{ cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf
5.
lgj]bsnfO{ sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] tnj
eQf tyf ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ bfloTj lgudsf] /x]sf]
egL cfb]z ePsf] x'bF f To:tf] cfb]z kfngf
ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !!^ adf]lhd ljkIfL lgud ;d]tsf]
x'gd
] f xfhL/ ePsf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf ;d]t
glbg] egL cfb]z ePsf] eg]/ ;f] cfb]zsf]
ckJofVof u/L ljkIfL lgudn] cbfntsf] cfb]zsf]
cj1f u/]sf] :ki6 5 . ctM Gofo ;Dkfbgsf]
sfo{df ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zsf]
kfngf ug{ u/fpg ljkIfL lgudn] ;xof]u gu/L
cfb]zsf] jlvnf{k x'g] u/L u/]sf] pQm sfd
sf/jfxLaf6 cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] pkxf; ePsf]
x'bF f ljkIfLx?nfO{ cbfntsf] cjx]ngftkm{ xb};Dd
;hfo u/L d lgj]bsn] kfpg] tnj eQf tyf
;'ljwf lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bgkq .
o;df k|:t't lgj]bgdf cjx]ngf eof]
egL bfjL lnPsf] log} lgj]bsn] lbPsf] @)^#
;fnsf] l/6 g+= !@@! sf] pTk|i] f0fsf] lgj]bgdf
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.#.@! df ePsf]
cfb]zsf] /]s8{ ldl;n ;+nUg /fvL lgodadf]lhd
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!).@%
sf] cfb]z .
o;df k|:t't lgj]bg ljljw kmf}hbf/L
d'2fsf] bfo/Ldf btf{ ug'{ / o;df s] s;f] ePsf]
xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] sf/jfxL lsg

1592

*()* - ;'jf; j:Goft lj=;'ut/Tg s+zfsf/ ;d]t

x'g gkg]{ xf] < sf/jfxL x'g' gkg]{ cfwf/, sf/0f


/ ;a"b k|df0f eP ;f] ;d]t ;fydf /fvL Dofb
tfd]n ePsf ldltn] !% lbgleq cfFkm} jf
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf
cbfntdfkm{t\ Dofb k7fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf]
ldlt @)^&.!!.# sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfLn] tnj eQf kfpFm egL lgudsf
sfo{sf/L dxfk|jGwsnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/L lgj]bg
lbg' ePsf] / ;f] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf tTsfnLg
sfo{sf/L cWoIf >L ;'ut/Tg s+zfsf/n] lgudsf]
;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z ubf{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^&.$.@% sf] j}7sn] cjsfz k|fKt
ljdfg kl/rfnso >L ;'jf; a:g]t tyf >L
lszf]/ v8\sfsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf
;DdfgLt >L ;jf] { R r cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.#.@! df ePsf] km};nfdf cbfntaf6
hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t lgliqmo x'g]
7x/ ePsf]n] lgj]bsx?sf] dfu adf]lhd tnj
eQf ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] egL lg0f{o ePsf]
lyof] . ;f]xL cfwf/df lgudn] ljkIfLnfO{ /
km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfnonfO{ ;d]t ;f]xL
Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] . ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@! sf] km} ; nfn]
lgudnfO{ s'g} lgb]{zg jf cfb]z lbOPsf] 5}g .
cbfntn] cfb]z g} gu/]sf] ljifodf cfb]zsf]
kl/kfngf ePg eg]/ cf/f]lkt ug{ ldNb}g .
hxfF;Dd lgj]bsnfO{ lgudn] ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd xfhL/ u/fO{
sfddf nufPsf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf lbg] ljifodf
cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] k|f;+lus syg -Obiter
Dicta_ df plNnlvt k|Zg 5, Tof] cbfntsf]
cfb]z xf]Og . km};nfsf] ck|f;f+uLs sygdf
plNnlvt ljifon] cfb]zsf] x}l;ot /fVg
;Sb} g . ctM ;f] s f] cfwf/df cbfntsf]

ckx]ngf eof] eGg] ljkIfL lhsL/ sfg"g /


Gofosf] dfGotfljk/Lt eO{ vf/]hefuL 5 .
cfb]z g} geO l/6 vf/]h ePsf]df cbfntsf]
cfb]zsf] cj1fsf] ;jfn p7\g ;Sb}g . t;y{
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
g] k fn jfo' ; ] j f lgud k| w fg sfof{ n osf
dxfk|jGws s'naxfb'/ lnDa", P]=sf ;~rfnso
/~hgs[i0f cof{n / 6+sdl0f zdf{sf] ;+o'Qm
lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL agfOPsf JolQmx? jfo';]jf
lguddf tTsflng ;~rfnsx? gfu]Zj/ /fo,
;'vrGb| f / ;GWof s]z/L dfgGw/ xfn
lguddf sfo{/t g/x]sf] / :yfoL 7]ufgf kQf
nufpg g;sL Dofb tfd] n ;d] t ug{
g;lsPsf] x'Fbf lghx?sf] gfd ljkIfL v08af6
x6fO{ kfpFm egL lgj]bsaf6 lgj]bg k/]sf]df
o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhd ljkIfL gfu]Zj/ /fo, ;'vrGb| f /
;GWof s]z/L dfgGw/sf] gfd ljkIfL v08af6
x6fpg cg' d tL lbOPsf] 5 eGg] ldlt
@)^*.!).!( sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bs tkm{af6 jx;sf]
nflu pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L huGgfy
dxtf] l;+xn] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] )^# ;fnsf]
l/6 lgj]bg g+= !@@! df ldlt @)^^.#.@! df
k"0f{ ;'gj' fO{ x'bF f o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.#.#@
df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{
ljkIfL lguddf xfhL/ u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf]
x'bF f xflh/L cjlwsf] lgj]bsn] kfpg] tnj eQf
/ ;'ljwfsf] e'QmfgL lbg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLsf]
bfloTj g/xg] eGg ldn]g egL :ki6 ?kdf
cfb]z ePsf]df ljkIfLn] cbfntaf6 l/6 vf/]h
ePsf] / :ki6 cfb]z gePsf] egL cbfntsf]
cfb]znfO{ g} ckJofVof u/L lgj]bsnfO{ sfd

1593

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

u/]sf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf / ;'ljwf lbg OGsf/


ug]{ sfo{af6 cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ePsf] 5 .
t;y{ lgj]bsnfO{ sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] tnj
eQf ;'ljwf ljkIfLaf6 lbnfO{ ljkIfLx?nfO{
cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm
egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
ljkIfL g]kfn jfo';j] f lgud ;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L lbgdl0f
kf]v/]nn] lgj]bsn] tnj eQf ;'ljwf dfu u/]sf]
;DaGwdf lgudsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^&.$.@% sf] j}7sn] dfu adf]lhd tnj
eQf ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] egL lg0f{o u/]sf] /
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@! sf] cfb]zn]
lgudnfO{ :ki6 cfb]z / lgb]z
{ g gu/]sf] a?
l/6 lgj]bg g} vf/]h ePsf] 5 . ljkIfx? tkm{af6
cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cj1f / ckx]ngf ePsf]
5}g . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
plNnlvt ax; ;'gL ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftx? ;d]t cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhd ljkIfLx?af6 cbfntsf] cjx]ngf
ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og < ljkIfLx?nfO{ ckx]ngfdf
;hfo x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf g}
lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf
lgj]bsn] ;DdfgLt cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] ;+jt\
)^# ;fnsf] l/6 lgj]bg g+= !@@! sf] l/6
lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^^.#.@! df k"0f{ ;'gj' fO{ x'bF f
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.#.#@ df hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL
lguddf xfhL/ u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf] x'bF f xflh/L
cjlwsf] lgj]bsn] kfpg] tnjeQf / ;'ljwfsf
;DaGwdf ljkIfLsf] bfloTj g/xg] eGg ldn]g
egL :ki6 ?kdf cfb]z ePsf]df ljkIfLn]
cbfntsf] cb]zsf] ckJofVof u/L lgj]bsnfO{
sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf / ;'ljwf lbg

OGsf/ ug]{ sfo{af6 cbfntsf] cjx]ngf ePsf]


5 . t;y{ lgj]bsnfO{ sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] tnj
eQf ;'ljwf ljkIfLaf6 lbnfO{ ljkIfLx?nfO{
cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm
egL dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLx? dWo] g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgud k|wfg sfof{nosf dxfk|jGws
s'naxfb'/ lnDj" / ;~rfnso /~hgs[i0f cof{n
/ 6+sdl0f zdf{n] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@! sf]
km};nfn] lgudnfO{ s'g} lgb]z
{ g jf cfb]z lbOPsf]
5}g . cbfntn] cfb]z g} gu/]sf] ljifodf
cfb]zsf] kl/kfngf ePg eg]/ cf/f]lkt ug{
ldNb}g . hxfF;Dd lgj]bsnfO{ lgudn] ;DdfgLt
;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd xfhL/
u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf lbg]
ljifodf cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] ck|f;+lus syg
-Obiter Dicta_ df plNnlvt k|Zg 5, Tof]
cbfntsf] cfb]z xf]Og . km};nfsf] k|f;f+uLs
sygdf pNn]lvt ljifon] cfb]zsf] x}l;ot
/fVg ;Sb}g . t;y{ lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= lgj]bs ;'jf; a:Goftn] g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgud k|wfg sfof{no ;d]tpk/ %*
aif{sf] pd]/;Dd ;]jfdf axfn /xg kfpg] cfb]z
ul/kfpFm egL bfo/ u/]sf] ;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf]
l/6 g+= !@@! sf] pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bgdf
ldlt @)^$.#.#@ df lgj]bsnfO{ tTsfn cjsf;
glbg' glbnfpg' egL Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] / pQm cGtl/d
cb]znfO{ ;o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^$.$.!^
df lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] kfOof] . pQm lgj]bgdf
ldlt @)^^.#.@! df k"0f{ ;'gj' fO{ x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ePtfklg cfb]zsf] 7x/ v08df o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.#.#@ df hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL
lguddf xfhL/ u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf] b]lvPsf]n]

1594

*()* - ;'jf; j:Goft lj=;'ut/Tg s+zfsf/ ;d]t

xfhL/ cjwLsf] lghsf] dfu adf]lhd kfpg]


tnj eQf ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf ljkIfLsf] bfloTj
g/xg] eGg ldn]g egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L lgj]bsnfO{ xfhL/ cjlwsf] tnj eQf
;'ljwf ljkIfL lgudn] lbg'kg]{ egL pQm cfb]zsf]
zJbfjnLn] :ki6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt
Joxf] / f cbfntsf] cfb] z sf] 7x/ v08df
jf]lnPsf] cfFkm}df :ki6 cfb]z x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
To;nfO{ s]jn ck|f;+lus syg -Obiter Dicta_
xf] To:tf] ck|f;+lus syg cbfntsf] cfb]z
xf]Og eGg] Pj+ l/6 vf/]h ePsf]n] lgj]bsnfO{
tnj eQf lbg' gkg]{ eGg] hjfkm k]z u/]sf]
b]lvof] . o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@! sf]
cfb]zsf] 7x/ v08df :ki6 zJbdf n]lvPsf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf cgb]vf u/L cfb]zdf
plNnlvt afSof+zx? dWo] cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf x'g]
s]xL jfSof+zx? dfq pNn]v u/L cfb]zsf]
jf:tljs cy{ n fO{ g} jUofpg] u/L
ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm k]z u/]sf] sf/0faf6
ljkIfLx?n] o; cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cj1f
u/]sf] s'/fsf] k'li6 ePsf] b]lvof] .
$= cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] 7x/ v08df
:ki6 ?kdf lgj]bssf] lxt Pj+ ljkIfsf] bfloTj
;d]t ls6fg u/L pNn]v ePsf] jfSof+zx?
cbfntsf] cfb]z x'g] / To:tf] cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog
x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . To:tf] cfb]z s]jn ck|f;+lus
syg xf] jf:tljs cfb]z g} xf]Og egL sfof{Gjog
ug{ OGsf/ ug'{ u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ sfo{ x'gs
' f ;fy}
cbfntsf] clGtd cfb]zsf] cjd"Nofg ;d]t
x'g] x'bF f cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cj1f u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 . cbfntsf] cfb]zdf clwsf/ / bfloTj
ls6fg u/L JoQm ePsf zJbfjnL cbfntsf]
sfof{Gjog x'gk' g]{ cfb]z xf] eGg] s'/f ;j{;fwf/0f
hf];s
' n
} ] klg hfGg] / a'g] s'/f xf] . k|:t't
d'2fsf ljkIfLx? /fli6o Wjhfjfxs ljdfg sDkgL
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf dxfk|jGws tyf

;~rfns h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf a;] s f


kbflwsf/Lx? ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] ul/dfdo
kbdf j;]sf kbflwsf/Lx?n] cbfntsf] cfb]zsf]
cjd"Nog x'g] u/L :ki6 cfb]znfO{ k|f;+lus
syg xf], cfb]z xf]Og / sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb}g{
eGg' ;/f;/ cbfntsf] clGtd cfb]zsf] cj1f
u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf
/x]sf kbflwsf/Ln] g} cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] cj1f
ubf{ cbfntn] cfkm\gf] cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog ug{
s'g} jf:tf gug]{ eg] cbfntk|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf
k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
%= t;y{, k|:t't d'2fdf o; cbfntsf]
;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 lgj]bg g+= !@@! df
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.#.@! df ePsf]
cfb]zsf] cy{ j+Uofpg] u/L g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf]
tkm{af6 lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug]{ lgudsf tTsfnLg
dxfk|jGws s'naxfb'/ lnDj" / ;~rfnso
/~hgs[i0f cof{n / 6+sdl0f zdf{sf] sfo{
u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ x'gs
' f] ;fy} o; cbfntsf] clGtd
cfb]zsf] cjd"Nog Pj+ cj1f u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
cbfntsf] ckx]ngf u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n]
lgh ljkIfLx? s'naxfb'/ lnDj", /~hgs[i0f cof{n
/ 6+sdl0f zdf{nfO{ hgxL ?=!,))). -Ps xhf/
?k}ofF_ h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
lgh ljkIfLx?nfO{ lbg' / ljkIfLx?nfO{ of] cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf ldltn] ^) -;f7L_ lbgleq
;jf]R{ r cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & sf]
pkbkmf @ adf]lhd ljkIfLx?n] cbfntnfO{ ;Gtf]if
x'g] u/L Ifdffofrgf u/]df ;hfo dfkm ;d]t
ug{ ;lsg] x'bF f ljkIfLx?nfO{ of] cfb]z k|fKt
ePsf ldltn] ^) -;f7L_ lbg;Dd ;hfosf]
sfof{Gjog gu/L d'ntjL /fVg' / ljkIfLx?af6
Ifdffofrgfsf] lgj]bg k/]df lgodadf]lhd ug'{ .
Ifdffofrgf gu/]sf]df pQm ^) -;f7L_ lbgkZrft\
sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfosf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ .

1595

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, df3

^= lgj]bs ;'jf; a:Goftsf] dfucg';f/


o; cbfntaf6 ;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=
!@@! df ldlt @)^^.#.@! df ePsf] cfb]zdf
pNn]v ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^$.#.#@ df hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd lgjb]snfO{ ljkIfL
lguddf xfhL/ u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf] cjlwsf]
tnj eQf ;'ljwf lgjb]sn] kfpg] b]lvPsf]n] oL
lgj]bsn] sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf ;'ljwfsf]
/sd of] cfb]z ljkIfL g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf]
sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf ldltn] #) -tL;_ lbgleq
lgjb]snfO{ e'QmfgL u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L o;
cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]z
{ gfnonfO{
lbg' egL ljkIfLsf gfddf cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .
c?df tkl;nadf]lhd ug"{ .

g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf dxfk|jGws s'naxfb'/


lnDj"
?=!,))).
P]= sf ;~rfns /~hgs[i0f cof{n ?=!,))).
P]= sf ;~rfns 6+sdl0f zdf{ ?=!,))).
dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
lgj]bs ;'jf; a:GoftnfO{ lghsf] dfucg';f/
o; cbfntaf6 ;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=
!@@! df ldlt @)^^.#.@! df ePsf] cfb]zdf
pNn]v ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^$.#.#@ df hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd lgjb]snfO{ ljkIfL
lguddf xfhL/ u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf] cjwLsf]
tnj eQf ;'ljwf lbg] lg0f{o ePsf]n] of] cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf]
sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf ldltn] #) -tL;_ lbgleq
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.#.#@ sf] cGtl/d
cfb]zadf]lhd lgjb]s nfO{ xfhL/ u/fO{ sfddf
nufPsf] cjwLsf] tnj eQf ;'ljwf e'QmfgL
u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L o; cbfntsf] km};nf
sfof{Gjog lgb]z
{ gfnonfO{ lbg' egL ljkIfLx?nfO{
hfgsf/L lbg' / ;fy} of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L o;
cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]z
{ gfnonfO{
;d]t lbg"
!
k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'fO{ lbg" !
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{

tkl;n
dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
ljkIfLx? g]kfn jfo';j] f lguddf dxfk|jGws
s'naxfb'/ lnDj", ;~rfnsx? /~hgs[i0f cof{n
/ 6+ s dl0f zdf{ n fO{ cbfntsf] cfb] z sf]
cjx]ngfdf hgxL ?=!,))). -Ps xhf/ ?kofF_
h/Ljfgf ;hfo x'g] 7x/ ePsf]n] of] cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L lgh ljkIfLx?nfO{ lbg' / ljkIfLx?nfO{
of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf ldltn] ^) ;f7L_ lbgleq ;jf]R{ r cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf & sf] pkbkmf @ adf]lhd ljkIfLx?n]
cbfntnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L Ifdffofrgf gu/]df
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] nut s;L c;"npk/ ug'{ egL Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntdf nut lbg" !
Ohnf; clws[tM lzjk|;fb vgfn

&

1596

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