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MATHS
X STD
Try , try and try again you will succeed atlast

P.THIRU KUMARESA KANI

M.A.,M.Sc.,B.Ed., (Maths)

Govt.Girls High School ,Konganapuram Salem (Dt.)

Cell No. 9003450850

Email:[email protected]@gmail.com

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1 . SETS AND FUNCTIONS

Commutative property

1.

Associative property

2.

AU(BUC)=(AUB)UC
A(BC)=(AB)C

Distributive property

3.

4.

AU(BC)=(AUB)(AUC)
A(BUC)=(AB)U(AC)

De Morgans laws

5.

AUB=BUA
AB=BA

i)(AUB)=AB
ii)(AB)=AUB
iii)A(BUC)=(AB)(AC)
iv)A(BC)=(AB)U(AC)

Cardinality of sets
i)n(AUB)=n(A)+n(B)n(A)
ii)n(AUBUC)=n(A)+n(B)+n(C)n(AB)n(BC)n(AC)+n(ABC)

6.

Representation of functions
a set of ordered pairs, a table , an arrow diagram, a graph

7.

Types of functions

1. One-One function

Every element in A has an image in B.

2 Onto function

Every element in B has a pre-image in A.

3. One-One and onto function

Both a one-one and an onto function.

4. Constant function
Every element of A has the same image in B.
5. Identity function

An identity function maps each element of A into itself.

2. SEQUENCES AND SERIES OF REAL NUMBERS

Arithmetic sequence or Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)

1.
2.

General form
a,a+d,a+2d,a+3d,.....
Three consecutive terms
ad,a,a+d

3.

The number of terms n=

4.
5.
6.

General term tn=a+(n1)d

The sum of the first n terms (if the common difference d is given.)Sn= [2a+(n1)d]
The sum of the first n terms (if the last term l is given.)
Sn= [a+l]

+1

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Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression (G.P.)
7. General form
8. General term

a,ar,ar2,ar3,...,arn1,arn,....
tn=arn1

9. Three consecutive terms a/r,a,ar

10. The sum of the first n terms

Special series
11.

The sum of the first n natural numbers,

1 + 2 + 3+ . . . .

12.

+n=

The sum of the first n odd natural numbers,

1 +3 + 5 + . . . . + ( 2k1)=n2

13.

The sum of first n odd natural numbers (when the last term l is given)
1 +3 + 5 + . . . . +

14.

l=

The sum of squares of first n natural numbers,

12 + 22 + 32+ . . . . +k2=

15.

The sum of cubes of the first n natural numbers,

13 + 23 + 33+ . . . . +k3=

3. ALGEBRA
1

(a + b)2

= a 2 + 2ab + b2

(a - b) 2

= a 2 - 2ab + b2

a2 - b2

= (a + b) (a-b)

= (a + b) 2 - 2ab

a +b

a2 + b2

= (a - b) 2 + 2ab

a3 + b3

= (a + b) (a2 ab + b2)

a3 - b3

= (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)

10

a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab (a + b)

11

a3 - b3 = (a - b)3 + 3ab (a - b)

12

a4 +b4

= (a2 +b2)2 - 2 a2 b2

13

a4 - b4

=(a +b)(a - b)(a2 + b2)

14

(a + b + c)2

15

(x +a) (x+b)

16

(x +a)(x+b)(x+c) = x3 + (a+b+c) x2 + (ab+bc+ca) x + abc

= a2 + b2 +c2 + 2(ab + bc +ca)

= x2 + (a+b) x + ab

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17

Quadratic polynomials

18

sum of zeros ( + ) = -coefficient of x /coefficient of x2 = (

19

product of zeros ( ) = constant term /coefficient of x2 = ( )

20

Quadratic polynomials with zeros and . :

20

Relation between LCM and GCD :

21

Solution of quadratic equation by formula method x=

22

Nature of roots

23

Formation of quadratic equation when roots are given

ax2+bx+c=0

x2 - ( + ) x + ( )

L CM x GCD = f(x) x g(x)

= b2 - 4ac
> 0 Real and unequal
= 0 Real and equal.
< 0 No real roots. (It has imaginary roots)

X2 ( sum of roots) x + ( product of roots ) = 0

4. MATRICES
1
2.
3
4

6.
7
8
9
10

Row matrix :
A matrices has only one row.
Column matrix :
A matrices has only one column.
Square matrix :
A matrix in which the number of rows and the number of columns are equal
Diagonal matrix :
A square matrix in which all the elements above and below the leading
diagonal are equal to zero
Scalar matrix :
A diagonal matrix in which all the elements along the leading diagonal are
equal to a non-zero constant
Unit matrix :
A diagonal matrix in which all the leading diagonal entries are 1
Null matrix or Zero-matrix :
A matrices has each of its elements is zero.
Transpose of a matrix :
A matrices has interchanging rows and columns of the matrix
Negative of a matrix :
The negative of a matrix A is - A
Equality of matrices :
Two matrices are same order and each element of A is equal to the
corresponding element of B

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11
12

Two matrices of the same order, then the addition of A and B is a matrix C
If A is a matrix of order m x n and B is a matrix of order n x p,
then the product matrix AB is m x p.

13

Properties of matrix addition

Commutative
A+B=B+A
Associative
A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C
Existence of additive identity
A+O=O+A=A
Existence of additive inverse
A+(A)=(A)+A=O

14

Properties of matrix multiplication

Not commutative in general AB=BA
Associative
A(BC)=(AB)C
distributive over addition A(B+C)=AB+AC

15

Existence of multiplicative identity

AI=IA=A
Existence of multiplicative inverse
AB=BA=I
(AT)T=A
;(A+B)T=AT+BT;(AB)T=BTAT

(A+B)C=AC+BC

5. COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1

Distance between Two points

AB=

The line segment joining the two points A(x1,y1),andB(x2,y2) internally in the ratio l : m

is P (

3The line segment joining the two points A(x1,y1),andB(x2,y2) externally in the ratio l : m
is P (

The midpoint of the line segment

The centroid of the triangle G = (

Area of a triangle

M=

A =

sq.unit

orA=

sq.unit
A=

sq.unit

Area of the Quadrilateral

Collinear of three points

(or) Slope of AB = Slope of BC or slope of AC.

If a line makes an angle with the positive direction of x- axis, then the slope m = tan

Slope of the non-vertical line passing through the points

10

Slope of the line

11

Thestraightlineax+by+c=0, y-intercept c

12

Two lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal. :m1=m2

ax+by +c=0 is

m=

m =
y =-

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Two lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is -1 : m1m2= - 1

13

Equation of straight lines

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

x-axis
y-axis
Parallel to x-axis
Parallel to y-axis
Parallel to ax+by+c =0
Perpendicular to ax+by+c =0
Passing through the origin
Slope m, y-intercept c
Slope m, a point (x1 , y1)

23

Passing through two points

24

x-intercept a , y-intercept b

6
1

y=0
x=0
y=k
x=k
ax+by+k=0
bxay+k=0
y=mx
y=mx+c
yy1=m(xx1)

GEOMETRY

Basic Proportionality theorem or Thales Theorem

If a straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the
other two sides, then it divides the two sides in the same ratio.

Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem ( Converse of Thales Theorem)

If a straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio,
then the line must be parallel to the third side.

Angle Bisector Theorem

The internal (external) bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the
opposite side internally (externally) in the ratio of the corresponding sides
containing the angle.

Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem

If a straight line through one vertex of a triangle divides the opposite
side internally (externally) in the ratio of the other two sides, then the line bisects
the angle internally (externally) at the vertex.

1.

2.

3.

Similar triangles
corresponding angles are equal (or) corresponding sides have lengths in the
same ratio
AA( Angle-Angle ) similarity criterion
If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of
another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
SSS (Side-Side-Side) similarity criterion for Two Triangles
In two triangles, if the sides of one triangle are proportional (in the same ratio)
to the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal
SAS (Side-Angle-Side) similarity criterion for Two Triangles

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If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and
if the corresponding sides including these angles are proportional, then the
two triangles are similar.
6

Pythagoras theorem (Bandhayan theorem)

In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides.

Converse of Pythagorous theorem

In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.

Tangent-Chord theorem
If from the point of contact of tangent (of a circle), a chord is drawn,
then the angles which the chord makes with the tangent line are equal respectively
to the angles formed by the chord in the corresponding alternate segments.

Converse of Theorem
If in a circle, through one end of a chord, a straight line is drawn making
an angle equal to the angle in the alternate segment, then the straight line is a
tangent to the circle.

10

If two chords of a circle intersect either inside or out side the circle, the area
of the rectangle contained by the segments of the chord is equal to the area of the
rectangle contained by the segments of the other
PAXPB=PCXPD

Circles and Tangents

11
12
13
14
15
16

A tangent at any point on a circle is perpendicular to the radius through

the point of contact .
Only one tangent can be drawn at any point on a circle. However, from
an exterior point of a circle two tangents can be drawn to the circle.
The lengths of the two tangents drawn from an exterior point to a circle are ual.
If two circles touch each other, then the point of contact of the circles lies on
the line joining the centres.
If two circles touch externally, the distance between their centres is equal to
the sum of their radii.
If two circles touch internally, the distance between their centres is
equal to the difference of their radii.

7 Trigonometry
01
02
03

sin cosec = 1
cos sec = 1
tan cot = 1

; sin = 1/ cosec
; cos = 1/ sec
; tan = 1/ cot

04

tan = sin / cos

cot = cos / sin

;
;
;

cosec = 1/ sin
sec = 1/ cos
cot =1/ tan

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sin2 + cos2 = 1
sec2 tan2 = 1
cosec2 cot2 = 1
sin (90 )= cos
cos (90 )= sin
tan (90 )= cot

05
06
07
08
09
10
11

; sin2 = 1- cos2
;
; sec2 = 1+ tan2 ;
; cosec2 =1+ cot2 ;
cosec (90 )= sec
sec (90 ) = cosec
cot (90 ) = tan

Componendo and dividendo rule

angle

Sin

Cos

Tan

30

then

45

90

8
Sl.
No

60

cos2 = 1 -sin2
tan2 = sec2 -1
cot2 = cosec2 1

Name

Solid right circular cylinder

Right circular
hollow cylinder

MENSURATION
Surface Area
(sq.units)

Total Surface Area

(sq.units)

Volume
(cu.units)

r2h

2rh

2r(h+r)

2(R+r) h

2(R+r)(R-r+h)

Solid right circular cone

rl

r(l + r)

Frustum

Sphere

4r2

Hollow sphere

(R3 - r3)

Solid Hemisphere

2r2

3r2

r3

Hollow Hemisphere

2(R2 + r2)

(3R2 + r2)

(R2 - r2) h
r2h
(R2 + r2 + Rr) h
r3

(R3 - r3)

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9
10

Cone
l=
;h=
CSA of a cone = Area of the sector

;r=

r2

rl =
11

Length of the sector = Base circumference of the cone

12

Volume of water flows out through a pipe

13

No. of new solids obtained by recasting

14

1 m3

L = 2r

= 1000 litres

= {Cross section area x Speed x Time }

Volume of the solid which is melted
= -----------------------------volume of one solid which is made
1 d.m3= 1 litres

1000 litres = 1 k.l

1000 cm3 = 1 litres

11 STATISTICS

Range

R=

coefficient of range

Q=

Standard deviation (Ungrouped)

1. Direct method

2. Actual mean method

3. Assumed mean method

4. Step deviation method

Standard deviation (Grouped )

2. Assumed mean method

3. Step deviation method

1. Actual mean Method

Hered=xA

xC

Here

d=

Hered=x

Here d=x

Hered=xA

xCHere

d=

Standard deviation of the first n natural numbers,

Variance is the square of standard deviation.

Standard deviation of a collection of data remains unchanged when each value
is added or subtracted by a constant.

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8

Standard deviation of a collection of data gets multiplied or divided by the

quantity k, if each item is multiplied or divided by k.

Coefficient of variation,

100

C.V =

It is used for comparing the consistency of two or more collections of data.

12 PROBABILITY
1
2
3
4

6
7
8

Tossing an unbiased coin once

S={H,T}
Tossing an unbiased coin twice
S={HH,HT,TH,TT}
Rolling an unbiased die once
S={1,2,3,4,5,6}
The probability of an event A
lies between 0 and 1,both inclusive 0
1
The probability of the sure event is 1.
P(S)=1
P( )=0
The probability of an impossible event is 0.
The probability that the event A will not occur
1
P(A)+
=1

10
11

Addition theorem on probability

P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)P(AB)

12

If A and B are mutually exclusive events, Then P(AB)=

Thus P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)

Try , try and try again you will succeed atlast

Wish you all the Best

P.THIRU KUMARESA KANI

M.A., M.Sc.,B.Ed., (Maths)

Govt.Girls High School , Konganapuram Edappady (Tk.) Salem (Dt.) Cell No. 9003450850

Email:[email protected]@gmail.com

10

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