Butterworth Filter Design
Butterworth Filter Design
In the previous filter tutorials we looked at simple first-order type low and high pass filters that
contain only one single resistor and a single reactive component (a capacitor) within their RC
filter circuit design.
In applications that use filters to shape the frequency spectrum of a signal such as in communications
or control systems, the shape or width of the roll-off also called the transition band, for a simple firstorder filter may be too long or wide and so active filters designed with more than one order are
required. These types of filters are commonly known as High-order or n th-order filters.
The complexity or Filter Type is defined by the filters order, and which is dependant upon the
number of reactive components such as capacitors or inductors within its design. We also know that
the rate of roll-off and therefore the width of the transition band, depends upon the order number of
the filter and that for a simple first-order filter it has a standard roll-off rate of 20dB/decade or
6dB/octave.
Then, for a filter that has an n th number order, it will have a subsequent roll-off rate of 20n dB/decade
or 6n dB/octave. So a first-order filter has a roll-off rate of 20dB/decade (6dB/octave), a second-order
filter has a roll-off rate of 40dB/decade (12dB/octave), and a fourth-order filter has a roll-off rate of
80dB/decade (24dB/octave), etc, etc.
High-order filters, such as third, fourth, and fifth-order are usually formed by cascading together single
first-order and second-order filters.
For example, two second-order low pass filters can be cascaded together to produce a fourth-order
low pass filter, and so on. Although there is no limit to the order of the filter that can be formed, as the
order increases so does its size and cost, also its accuracy declines.
Since the frequency determining resistors are all equal, and as are the frequency determining
capacitors, the cut-off or corner frequency ( C ) for either a first, second, third or even a fourth-order
filter must also be equal and is found by using our now old familiar equation:
As with the first and second-order filters, the third and fourth-order high pass filters are formed by
simply interchanging the positions of the frequency determining components (resistors and
capacitors) in the equivalent low pass filter. High-order filters can be designed by following the
procedures we saw previously in the Low Pass and High Pass filter tutorials. However, the overall
gain of high-order filters is fixed because all the frequency determining components are equal.
Filter Approximations
So far we have looked at a low and high pass first-order filter circuits, their resultant frequency and
phase responses. An ideal filter would give us specifications of maximum pass band gain and
flatness, minimum stop band attenuation and also a very steep pass band to stop band roll-off (the
transition band) and it is therefore apparent that a large number of network responses would satisfy
these requirements.
Not surprisingly then that there are a number of approximation functions in linear analogue filter
design that use a mathematical approach to best approximate the transfer function we require for the
filters design.
Such designs are known as Elliptical, Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel, Cauer as well as many
others. Of these five classic linear analogue filter approximation functions only the Butterworth
Filter and especially the low pass Butterworth filter design will be considered here as its the most
commonly used function.
Where the generalised equation representing a nth Order Butterworth filter, the frequency response
is given as:
Where: n represents the filter order, Omega is equal to 2 and Epsilon is the maximum pass
band gain, (Amax). If Amax is defined at a frequency equal to the cut-off -3dB corner point (c), will then
be equal to one and therefore 2 will also be one. However, if you now wish to define A max at a different
voltage gain value, for example 1dB, or 1.1220 (1dB = 20logA max) then the new value of epsilon, is
found by:
Where:
The Frequency Response of a filter can be defined mathematically by its Transfer Function with the
standard Voltage Transfer Function H(j) written as:
Where:
Note: ( j ) can also be written as ( s ) to denote the S-domain. and the resultant transfer function for
a second-order low pass filter is given as:
(1+s)
(1+1.414s+s2)
(1+s)(1+s+s2)
(1+0.765s+s2)(1+1.848s+s2)
(1+s)(1+0.618s+s2)(1+1.618s+s2)
(1+0.518s+s2)(1+1.414s+s2)(1+1.932s+s2)
(1+s)(1+0.445s+s2)(1+1.247s+s2)(1+1.802s+s2)
(1+0.390s+s2)(1+1.111s+s2)(1+1.663s+s2)(1+1.962s+s2)
(1+s)(1+0.347s+s2)(1+s+s2)(1+1.532s+s2)(1+1.879s+s2)
10
(1+0.313s+s2)(1+0.908s+s2)(1+1.414s+s2)(1+1.782s+s2)(1+1.975s+s2)
frequency (s) of 800 radian/sec. Also design a suitable Butterworth filter circuit to match these
requirements.
Firstly, the maximum pass band gain Amax = 0.5dB which is equal to a gain of 1.0593 (0.5dB = 20log A)
at a frequency (p) of 200 rads/s, so the value of epsilon is found by:
Secondly, the minimum stop band gain Amin = -20dB which is equal to a gain of -10 (20dB = 20log A) at
a stop band frequency (s) of 800 rads/s or 127.3Hz.
Substituting the values into the general equation for a Butterworth filters frequency response gives us
the following:
Since n must always be an integer ( whole number ) then the next highest value to 2.42 is n = 3,
therefore a a third-order filter is required and to produce a third-order Butterworth filter, a
second-order filter stage cascaded together with a first-order filter stage is required.
From the normalised low pass Butterworth Polynomials table above, the coefficient for a third-order
filter is given as (1+s)(1+s+s2) and this gives us a gain of 3-A = 1, or A = 2. As A = 1 + (Rf/R1),
choosing a value for both the feedback resistor Rf and resistor R1 gives us values
of 1k and 1krespectively, ( 1k/1k + 1 = 2 ).
We know that the cut-off corner frequency, the -3dB point (o) can be found using the formula1/CR,
but we need to find o from the pass band frequency p then,
So, the cut-off corner frequency is given as 284 rads/s or 45.2Hz, (284/2) and using the familiar
formula 1/CR we can find the values of the resistors and capacitors for our third-order circuit.
Note that the nearest preferred value to 0.352uF would be 0.36uF, or 360nF.
Seperti filter pertama dan orde kedua, ketiga dan keempat-order lulus tinggi filter dibentuk dengan
hanya mempertukarkan posisi frekuensi menentukan komponen (resistor dan kapasitor) di setara low
pass filter. Tinggi-order filter dapat dirancang dengan mengikuti prosedur yang kita lihat sebelumnya
di Low Pass dan High Pass Filter tutorial. Namun, keuntungan keseluruhan high-order filter
adalahtetap karena semua komponen yang menentukan frekuensi yang sama.
Filter Aproksimasi
Sejauh ini kita telah melihat rendah dan tinggi lulus sirkuit orde pertama filter, respon frekuensi dan
fase yang dihasilkan mereka. Filter yang ideal akan memberi kita spesifikasi dari keuntungan
maksimum lulus band dan kerataan, pelemahan berhenti Band minimum dan juga lulus band yang
sangat curam untuk menghentikan Band roll-off (band transisi) dan oleh karena itu jelas bahwa
sejumlah besar tanggapan jaringan akan memenuhi persyaratan ini.
Tidak mengherankan kemudian bahwa ada sejumlah "fungsi pendekatan" di linear desain filter analog
yang menggunakan pendekatan matematika untuk perkiraan terbaik fungsi transfer kami butuhkan
untuk desain filter.
Desain tersebut dikenal sebagai Elliptical, Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel, Cauer serta banyak
lainnya. Lima "klasik" filter linear analog fungsi pendekatan ini hanya Butterworth Saring dan
terutama lulus Butterworth desain filter rendah akan dianggap di sini sebagai fungsinya yang paling
umum digunakan.
Dimana: n merupakan urutan filter, Omega sama dengan 2 dan Epsilon adalah gain band
pass maksimum, (A max). Jika A max didefinisikan pada frekuensi sama dengan 3dB titik sudut cut-off
(c), maka akan sama dengan satu dan karena itu 2 juga akan menjadi salah satu. Namun, jika
Anda sekarang ingin menentukan A max pada nilai gain tegangan yang berbeda, misalnya 1dB, atau
1,1220 (1dB = 20logA max) maka nilai baru epsilon, ditemukan oleh:
Dimana:
Transpos persamaan untuk memberikan:
Frekuensi Respon dari filter dapat didefinisikan secara matematis oleh Fungsi transfer dengan
standar Tegangan Fungsi Transfer H (j) ditulis sebagai:
Dimana:
Vout =
tegangan
sinyal
output.
= frekuensi radian (2 )
Catatan: (j) juga dapat ditulis sebagai (s) untuk menunjukkan S-domain dan fungsi transfer yang
dihasilkan untuk kedua-order low pass filter diberikan sebagai.:
1 (1 + s)
2 (1 + 1.414s + s
2)
3 (1 + s) (1 + s + s
2)
4 (1 + 0.765s + s (1 + 1.848s + s
2)
2)
5 (1 + s) (1 + 0.618s + s (1 + 1.618s + s
2)
2)
2)
2)
2)
2)
2)
2)
2)
2)
10
2)
2)
s (1 + 1.975s + s
2)
2)
2)
2)
Kedua, minimal berhenti Band memperoleh A min = 20dB yang sama dengan keuntungan sebesar 10 (20dB = 20log A) pada frekuensi berhenti band (s) 800 rad / s atau 127.3Hz.
Mengganti nilai-nilai ke dalam persamaan umum untuk Butterworth respon frekuensi filter memberi
kita sebagai berikut:
Sejak n harus selalu integer (bilangan) maka nilai tertinggi sebelah 2,42 adalah n = 3, karena
itu "filter orde ketiga diperlukan" dan untuk menghasilkan orde ketiga Butterworth filter, tahap
kedua filter orde mengalir bersama-sama dengan tahap filter orde pertama diperlukan.
Dari low pass meja Butterworth Polinomial normal di atas, koefisien untuk filter orde ketiga diberikan
sebagai (1 + s) (1 + s + s 2) dan ini memberi kita keuntungan dari 3-A = 1, atau A = 2. Sebagai = 1 +
(Rf / R1), memilih nilai kedua resistor umpan balik Rf dan resistor R1 memberi kita nilai
dari 1k dan 1k masing-masing, (1k / 1k + 1 = 2).
Kita tahu bahwa cut-off frekuensi sudut, titik 3dB ( o) dapat ditemukan dengan menggunakan
rumus 1 / CR, tapi kita perlu mencari o dari band pass frekuensi p kemudian,
Jadi, sudut frekuensi cut-off diberikan sebagai 284 rad / s atau 45.2Hz, (284 / 2) dan menggunakan
rumus akrab 1 / CR kita dapat menemukan nilai-nilai dari resistor dan kapasitor untuk rangkaian orde
ketiga kami.
Perhatikan bahwa nilai terdekat yang lebih disukai untuk 0.352uF akan 0.36uF, atau 360nF.