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    Narodnaya Volya

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    Valentin Matei
    Narodnaya Volya was a late 19th century Russian revolutionary organization best known for assassinating Tsar Alexander II in 1881. It was formed in 1879 with the goal of overthrowing the autocratic tsarist regime through terrorist acts and establishing a socialist republic. Narodnaya Volya spread propaganda and conducted assassination attempts against Alexander II and his successor Alexander III, seeing terrorism as a way to inspire peasant revolution. However, their tactics failed to generate widespread support and mostly strengthened authoritarian rule instead. After the tsar's assassination, the organization went into decline and was eventually replaced by other revolutionary groups with similar goals.

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    Narodnaya Volya

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    Valentin Matei
    171 views4 pages
    Narodnaya Volya was a late 19th century Russian revolutionary organization best known for assassinating Tsar Alexander II in 1881. It was formed in 1879 with the goal of overthrowing the autocratic tsarist regime through terrorist acts and establishing a socialist republic. Narodnaya Volya spread propaganda and conducted assassination attempts against Alexander II and his successor Alexander III, seeing terrorism as a way to inspire peasant revolution. However, their tactics failed to generate widespread support and mostly strengthened authoritarian rule instead. After the tsar's assassination, the organization went into decline and was eventually replaced by other revolutionary groups with similar goals.

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    Narodnaya Volya was a late 19th century Russian revolutionary organization best known for assassinating Tsar Alexander II in 1881. It was formed in 1879 with the goal of overthrowing the autocratic tsarist regime through terrorist acts and establishing a socialist republic. Narodnaya Volya spread propaganda and conducted assassination attempts against Alexander II and his successor Alexander III, seeing terrorism as a way to inspire peasant revolution. However, their tactics failed to generate widespread support and mostly strengthened authoritarian rule instead. After the tsar's assassination, the organization went into decline and was eventually replaced by other revolutionary groups with similar goals.

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    171 views4 pages

    Narodnaya Volya

    Uploaded by

    Valentin Matei
    Narodnaya Volya was a late 19th century Russian revolutionary organization best known for assassinating Tsar Alexander II in 1881. It was formed in 1879 with the goal of overthrowing the autocratic tsarist regime through terrorist acts and establishing a socialist republic. Narodnaya Volya spread propaganda and conducted assassination attempts against Alexander II and his successor Alexander III, seeing terrorism as a way to inspire peasant revolution. However, their tactics failed to generate widespread support and mostly strengthened authoritarian rule instead. After the tsar's assassination, the organization went into decline and was eventually replaced by other revolutionary groups with similar goals.

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    of 4

    Narodnaya Volya

    For other uses, see Narodnaya Volya (disambiguation).

    people in the early 1870s, Narodnaya Volya turned its


    energies against the central government. However, unlike Marxists, they continued to believe that Russia could
    Narodnaya Volya (Russian: ; IPA:
    [nrodnj vol], The Peoples Will or The Peoples achieve socialism through a peasant revolution, bypassing
    the stage of capitalism.
    Freedom[1] ) was a Russian revolutionary left-wing organization in the late 19th century, best known for the The members of Narodnaya Volya were not in complete
    successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Rus- agreement about the relationship between the social and
    sia. It was founded in 1879 and created a centralized political revolutions; some believed in the possibility of
    and well-disguised organization in a time of diverse lib- achieving both simultaneously, relying on the socialist ineration movements in Russia. Narodnaya Volya was stincts of the Russian peasantry, as demonstrated in the
    led by its Executive Committee: Alexander Mikhailov, traditional peasant commune. Other members believed
    Aleksandr Kvyatkovsky, Andrei Zhelyabov, Sophia Per- that a political revolution would have to take place rst
    ovskaya, Vera Figner, Nikolai Morozov, Mikhail Frol- and, after the autocracy had been overthrown and demoenko, Lev Tikhomirov, Alexander Barannikov, Anna cratic liberties established, revolutionaries would prepare
    Yakimova, Maria Oshanina and others. Vladimir Lenin's people for the socialist revolution. The Liberal faction of
    elder brother, Alexander Ulyanov was a later member of Narodnaya Volya (which had no real inuence) proposed
    a subsequent incarnation of Narodnaya Volya, and led a to limit their demands to getting a Constitution from the
    cell that plotted to assassinate Tsar Alexander III.
    tsarist government.
    The Executive Committee was in charge of a network of
    local and special groups (composed of workers, students,
    and members of the military). In 18791883, Narodnaya Volya had aliates in almost 50 cities, especially
    in Ukraine and the Volga region. Though the number of
    its members never exceeded 500, Narodnaya Volya had
    a few thousand followers.

    Narodnaya Volya spread its propaganda through all strata


    of the population. Its newspapers, Narodnaya Volya
    and The Workers Gazette, attempted to popularize the
    idea of a political struggle with the autocracy. Their
    struggle to topple autocracy was crowned by the slogan
    Now or never! Narodnaya Volya did not succeed in enlisting the peasantry in its work, which would later lead
    Soviet historians to charge it with Blanquism; these historians would argue that Narodnaya Volya understood political struggle only in terms of conspiracy and, therefore,
    looked more like a sect.

    Programme

    Narodnaya Volyas Program contained the following demands: convocation of the Constituent Assembly (for
    designing a Constitution); introduction of universal suffrage; permanent peoples representation, freedom of
    speech, press, and assembly; communal self-government;
    exchange of the permanent army with a peoples volunteer corps; transfer of land to the people; gradual placement of the factories under the control of the workers;
    and granting oppressed peoples of the Russian Empire
    the right to self-determination.

    2 Resort to terrorism

    Narodnaya Volyas Program was a mix of democratic


    and socialist reforms. Narodnaya Volya diered from
    its parent organization, the narodnik Zemlya i volya, in
    that its members had come to believe that a social revolution would be impossible in the absence of a political revolution; the peasantry could not take possession
    of the land as long as the government remained auto- The assassination of Alexander II of Russia, 1881
    cratic. Given Zemlya i Volyas failures in its propaganda
    eorts among the peasants in the movements to the As time went by, terrorism (by contemporary deni1

    tions) too became increasingly more important. A special place in the history of Narodnaya Volya belongs
    to its terrorist faction, whose members including
    Aleksandr Ulyanov (Lenin's older brother) are also
    known as Pervomartovtsy. Narodnaya Volya prepared
    seven assassination attempts on the life of Tsar Alexander
    II (until they nally killed him), and later on that of
    Alexander III. Its terror frightened the government and
    persuaded it to make a few concessions. However, the
    regime soon realized that the people would not rise up
    in support of the revolutionaries, and this encouraged the
    Russian government to counterattack. In 187983, there
    were more than 70 trials of NVs members with about
    2,000 people brought to trial (see Trial of the Fourteen).
    Narodnaya Volyas members were imprisoned or exiled.
    This was the end of the organization. The great irony of
    the Narodnaya Volya is that their aim was to save Russia
    from the autocracy, yet their assassination of Alexander
    II on 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881 perpetuated autocratic oppression. Alexander III would take no chances
    with reform or with liberal ideas. In many ways the Narodnaya Volya convinced the tsar that he must use an iron
    st, not an unclenched hand, to save the monarchy.

    Aftermath

    After the assassination of Alexander II, Narodnaya Volya


    went through a period of ideological and organizational
    crisis. The most signicant attempts at reviving Narodnaya Volya are associated with the names of Gherman
    Lopatin (1884), Pyotr Yakubovich (18831884), Boris
    Orzhikh, Vladimir Bogoraz, Lev Sternberg (1885), and
    Soa Ginsburg (1889). Organizations similar to Narodnaya Volya in the 1890s (in St. Petersburg and abroad)
    largely abandoned the revolutionary ideas of Narodnaya
    Volya.
    Narodnaya Volyas activity became one of the most important elements of the revolutionary situation in the late
    18791880. However, ineective tactics of political conspiracy and preference for terrorism over other means
    of struggle failed. At the turn of the century, however,
    as increasing numbers of former members of Narodnaya
    Volya were released from prison and exile, these veteran
    revolutionaries helped to form the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which revived many of the goals and methods
    of the former narodniki, including peasant revolution and
    terror.

    Modern usage of the name

    In December 2001, a small nationalist party led by a veteran Russian nationalist politician Sergey Baburin was
    created under the name Party of National Revival Narodnaya Volya. Later Narodnaya Volya joined Rodina
    coalition which performed surprisingly well in the 2003

    REFERENCES

    State Duma elections. Narodnaya Volya is seen by many


    as the most nationalist element in mostly leftist Rodina
    and a number of its members in the past were associated
    with Russian far right movements. When Rodina merged
    into the new party Fair Russia, Narodnaya Volya left the
    Rodina coalition instead.
    In Assassins Creed: The Fall (an American comic book
    mini-series set in the ctional universe of the historical action-adventure video game series called Assassins
    Creed), the Narodnaya Volya were the Russian branch of
    the Assassin Order. They were responsible for a number
    of acts of sabotage and murder; their most well known being the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia with
    a bomb, after ve separate attempts on his life.[2]
    In episode nine, season four, of the televised show
    Warehouse 13 a tatouage referencing Narodnaya Volya
    appears throughout the episode.

    5 In Fiction
    The assassination of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya
    has been ctionalized several times:
    Les Vies parallles de Nicola Bakhmaltov by
    Sbastien Doubinsky (1994), p. 41 and .
    The Peoples Will by Eric Berbig (2010)
    To Kill a Tsar by Andrew Williams (2011)
    The Peoples Will by Jasper Kent (2013)

    6 References
    [1] Narodnaya Volya is sometimes translated as Peoples
    Freedom, according to another common meaning of the
    Russian word ; see Bruce Homan, Inside Terrorism, Dening Terrorism, however some claim that the
    intended meaning was Peoples Will, see Yarmolinsky,
    Avrahm, Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism, 1956. Chapter 12. The Peoples Will.
    [2] WildStorm | Comics

    Berlin, Isaiah, The Populists Moral Condemnation


    of Russia Political and Social Systems, in Problems
    of European Civilization: Imperial Russia after 1861,
    Arthur E. Adams, ed. D. C. Heath and Company,
    1965.
    Maynard, Sir John, Russia in Flux: Before the October Revolution, Collier Books, 1962.
    Yarmolinsky, Avrahm, Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism, 1956. Chapter 12. The
    Peoples Will.

    External links
    Ocial website of modern Russian political party
    named Narodnaya Volya"" (in Russian). Retrieved
    May 6, 2006.
    Memorial plaque in Odessa, Ukraine for members
    of Narodnaya Volya. 2odessa. Retrieved May 6,
    2006.
    Peoples Will, from Spartacus educational encyclopedia

    8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

    Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

    8.1

    Text

    Narodnaya Volya Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya?oldid=669011469 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Danny, Kwertii,


    Delirium, Kingturtle, Jmabel, Altenmann, Chris Roy, Xyzzyva, Lupin, Fleminra, Sesel, Piotrus, Mzajac, OwenBlacker, Balcer, Kevin Rector, KNewman, Bornintheguz, Jkl, E. abu Filumena, Vervin, Celeron~enwiki, Adrian~enwiki, Giraedata, Man vyi, Kaganer, Nightstallion,
    Yurivict, Tfz, PatGallacher, Lapsed Pacist,
    , Amire80, Neofelis Nebulosa~enwiki, Fisenko, Le Anh-Huy, YurikBot, RussBot,
    Kauner, Gaius Cornelius, DonaldDuck, Moe Epsilon, Deville, Curpsbot-unicodify, Borisbaran, SmackBot, Ikip, The Gnome, Chris the
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    Addbot, Metsavend, Debresser, Lightbot, 55, Arbitrarily0, Luckas-bot, Angel ivanov angelov, Xqbot, Kaheil, DSisyphBot, GrouchoBot,
    RibotBOT, FrescoBot, Adam9389, Chenopodiaceous, MastiBot, Jonkerz, Abc10, Damon1989, WikitanvirBot, Schwindtd, ZroBot, Lovok Sovok, CaroleHenson, GoddessFreyja, BattyBot, Cosmo ruckaz, Stas1995, Nimetapoeg, Monkbot, Morris1834 and Anonymous: 34

    8.2

    Images

    File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
    File:Attentat_mortal_Alexander_II_(1881).jpg
    Source:
    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Attentat_
    mortal_Alexander_II_%281881%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Uploader was Jgarn at sv.wikipedia.
    From
    http://www.dhm.de/lemo/objekte/pict/zb20_1881_1_262/index.html (archived: [1]) from Illustrirte Zeitung Bd. 76 (1881) S. 262
    (Leipzig, Mrz/April 1881) Original artist: Gustav Broling
    File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
    Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
    The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
    minimally).
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    Contributors:
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    Tkgd2007
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    8.3

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