Computational Conformal Geometry Lecture Notes

Topology, Differential Geometry, Complex Analysis

David GU
[email protected]
http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/ gu

Computer Science Department

Stony Brook University

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Definition of Manifold

A manifold of dimension n is a connected Hausdorfff space M for which every point has
a neighbourhood U that is homeomorphic to an open subset V of Rn . Such a
hemeomorphism
:U V
is called a coordinate chart. An atlas is a family of charts {U , } for which U
constitute an open covering of M .
S
U

R2 (U )

(U )

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Differential Manifold

Transition function: Suppose {U , } and {U , } are two charts on a manifold

S, U U 6= , the chart transition is
: (U U ) (U U )

Differentiable Atlas: An atlas {U , } on a manifold is called differentiable if all

charts transitions are differentiable of class C .

Differential Structure: A chart is called compatible with a differentiable atlas if

adding this chart to the atlas yields again a differentiable atlas. Taking all charts
compatible with a given differentiable atlas yieds a differentiable structure.

differentiable manifold: A differentiable manifold of dimension n is a manifold of

dimension n together with a differentiable structure.

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Differential Map

Differential Map:A continuous map h : M M between differential manifolds M

and M with charts {U , } and {U , } is said to be differentiable if all the
wherever they are defined.
maps h1
are differentiable of class C

Diffeomorphism: If h is a homeomorphism and if both h and h1 are differentiable,

then h is called a diffeomorphism.

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Regular Surface Patch

Suppose D = {(u, v)} is a planar domain, a map r : D R3 ,

r(u, v) = (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)),
satisfying
1. x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v) are differentiable of class C .
2. ru and rv are linearly independent, namely
ru = (

x y z
x y z z
,
,
), rv = (
,
,
),
), ru rv 6= 0,
u u u
v v v u

is a surface patch in R3 , (u, v) are the coordinates parameters of the surface r.

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Regular Surface Patch

rv

ru
r(u0 , v0 )

r(u, v)
v
(u0 , v0 )
u

Figure 2: Surface patch.

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Different parameterizations

Surface r can have different parameterizations. Consider a surface

r(u, v) : D R3 ,
and parametric transformation
(u, v) D,
: (
u, v) D
D is bijective and the Jacobin
namely : D
(u, v)
=
(
u, v)

u(
u,
v)
u

u(
u,
v)
v

v(
u,
v)
u

v(
u,
v)
v

6= 0.

then we have new parametric representation of the surface r,

R3 .
r(
u, v) = r (
u, v) = r(u(
u, v), v(
u, v)) : D

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First fundamental form

Given a surface S in R3 , r = r(u, v) is its parametric representation, denote

E =< ru , ru >, F =< ru , rv >, G =< rv , rv >,
the quadratic differential form
I = ds2 = Edu du + 2F du dv + Gdv dv,
is called the first fundamental form of S.

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Invariant property of the first fundamental form

The first fundamental form of a surface S is invariant under parametric

transformation,
u2 + 2F d
v2 .
Edu2 + 2F dudv + Gdv 2 = Ed
ud
v + Gd

The first fundamental form of a surface S is invariant under the rigid motion of S.

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Second fundamental form

Suppose a surface S has parametric representation r = r(u, v), ru , rv are coordinate

tangent vectors of S, then the unit normal vector of S is
n=

ru rv
,
|ru rv |

the second fundamental form of S is defined as

II = < dr, dn > .
Define functions
(1)

(2)

(3)

< ruu , n >= < ru , nu >

< ruv , n >= < ru , nv >= < rv , nu >

< rvv , n >= < rv , nu >

then the second fundamental form is represented as

II = Ldu2 + 2M dudv + 2N dv 2 .
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normal curvature

Suppose w = ru + rv is a tangent vector at point S = r(u, v), a plane through

normal n and w, the planar curve = S has curvature kn at point r(u, v), which is
called the normal curvature of S along the tangent vector w.

w
r(u, v)

Figure 3: normal curvature.

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Normal curvature

Suppose a surface S, a tangent vector w = ru + rv , the normal curvature along w is

II(w, w)
L2 + 2M + N 2
kn (w) =
=
I(w, w)
E2 + 2F + G 2
On convex surface patch, the normal curvature along any directions are positive. On
saddle surface patch, the normal curvatures may be positive and negative, or zero.
n
k1 > 0

k1 < 0

k2 > 0
k2 > 0

Figure 4: Convex surface patch and saddle surface patch.

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Gauss Map

Suppose S is a surface with parametric representation r(u, v), the normal vector at point
(u, v) is n(u, v), the mapping
g : S S 2 , r(u, v) n(u, v),
is called the Gauss map of S.
n
n
g

S2

Figure 5: Gauss map.

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Weingarten Transform

The differential map W of Gauss map g is called the Weingarten transform. W is a

linear map from the tangent space of S to the tangent space of S 2 ,
W : Tp S Tp S 2
v = ru + rv W(v) = (nu + nv ).
The properties of Weingarten transform

Weingarten transform is independent of the choice of the parameters.

Suppose v is a unit tangent vector of S, the normal curvature
kn (v) =< W(v), v > .

Weingarten transform is a self-conjugate transform from the tangent plane to itself.

< W(v), w >=< v, W(w) > .

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Principle Curvature

The eigen values of Weingarten transformation are called principle curvatures. The
eigen directions are called principle directions, namely
W(e1 ) = k1 e1 , W(e2 ) = k2 e2 ,
where e1 and e2 are unit vectors. Because Weingarten map is self conjugate, it is
symmetric. Therefore, the principle directions are orthogonal.
Suppose an arbitrary unit tangent vector v = cos e1 + sin e2 , then the normal
curvature along v is
kn (v) =< W(v), v >= cos2 k1 + sin2 k2 ,
therefore, normal curvature reaches its maximum and minimum at the principle
curvatures.
n

k2

n
k1
k2
k1

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Weingarten Transformation

Weingarten transformation coefficients matrix is

!

L
M

M
N

E
F

F
G

!1

1
EG F 2

LG M F
MG NF

M E LF
NE MF

Principle curvatures satisfy the quadratic equation

LG 2M F + N E
LN M 2
k
k+
= 0.
EG F 2
EG F 2
2

Locally, a surface can be approximated by a quadratic surface

8
>
<
>
:

x = u,
y = v,
z = 12 (k1 u2 + k2 v 2 ).

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Mean curvature and Gaussian curvature

The mean curvature is defined as

H=

1
1 LG 2M F + N E
(k1 + k2 ) =
,
2
2
EG F 2

the Gaussian curvature is defined as

LN M 2
K=
EG F 2
Mean curvature is related the area variation of the surface.
Suppose D is a region on S including point P , g(D) is the image of D under Gauss map
g. The Gaussian curvature is the limit of the area ratio between D and g(D),
K(p) = lim

Dp

Area(g(D))
.
Area(D)

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Gauss Equation

The first fundamental form E, F, G and the second fundamental form are not
independent, they satisfy the following Gauss equation

( E)v
( G)u

{(
)v + (
)u }
EG
G
E
1

Codazzi equations are

8
<

( L )v
E
N
: ( )
u
G

( M )u
E
M
( )v
G

( E)v
N G

( G)u
L E

( G)u
M
EG
( E)v
M
EG

=0
=0

Discrete interpretation.

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Fundamental theorem in differential geometry

Suppose D is a planar domain, given functions E(u, v), F (u, v), G(u, v) and
L(u, v), M (u, v), N (u, v) satisfying the Gauss equation and Codazzi equations, then for
any (u, v) D, there exists a neighborhood U D, and a surface R(u, v) : U R3 ,
such that E, F, G and L, M, N are the first and the second fundamental forms of r.

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Fundamental Theorem
Suppose D = {(u1 , u2 } is a planar region, = g du du and = b du du are
differential forms defined on D, (g ) and (b ) are symmetric, (g is positive definite.
b
Denote (g ) = (g )1 , b
, construct Christoffel symbols
=g

g
g
1 g
g {
+

}
2
u
u
u

Then consider the first order partial differential equation with r, r1 , r2 , n as unknowns,
8
>
<
>
:

r
u
r
u
n
u

= r ,
= r + b n,
= b r , , = 1, 2.

This partial differential equation is to solve the motion equations of the natural frame of
the surface. The sufficient and necessary conditions for the equation group to be
solvable (equivalent to Gauss Codazzi equations )are

r
( u
) =
r
( u
) =
n
( u
) =

( r ),
u u
r

(
),

u
u

( n )
u u

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Isometry

Isometry: Suppose S and S are two surfaces in R3 , is a bijection from S to S.

on S,
C
= (C). If C and C
have
An arbitrary curve C on S is mapped to curve C
the same length, then is an isometry.

Suppose the parametric representations of S and S are r = r(u, v), (u, v) D

their first fundamental forms are
and r =
r(
u, v), (
u, v) D,
u, v) = Ed
u2 + 2F d
v2 .
I(u, v) = Edu2 + 2F dudv + Gdv 2 and I(
ud
v + Gd
Suppose the parametric representation of the isometry is
(

u
=u
(u, v)
u
=u
(u, v)
then
ds2 (u, v) = d
s2 (
u, v).
namely,
!

E
F

F
G

= J

E
F

JT
, where J =

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

u
u

u
v

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Tangent Map

Suppose v = aru + brv Tp S is a tangent vector at point p on S, take a curve

(t) = r(u(t), v(t)) on S such that
(0) = p,

du
dv
|t=0 = ru
(0) + rv (0) = aru + brv ,
dt
dt
dt

then
(t) is a curve on S,
(0) = (p), the tangent vector at t = 0 is
v

=
=

u
v
(0) =
u d
(0) +
v d
(0)
dt
dt
dt
u

u (a u
+ b vu )|t=0 +
v (a u

+ b v
)|t=0

Tangent vector tildev only depends on and v, and is independent of the choice of
curve .

This induces a map between the tangent spaces on S and S,

: Tp S
v

T(p) S
v
= (v)

is called the tangent map of .

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Tangent Map

Under natural frame, the tangent map is represented as

!

(ru )
(rv )

u
u

u
v

ru

rv

= J

ru

rv

A bijection between surfaces S and S is an isometry if and only if for any two tangent
vectors v, w,
< (v), (w) >=< v, w > .

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Conformal Map

A bijection : S S is a conformal map, if it preserves the angles between arbitrary

two intersecting curves.
The sufficient and necessary condition of to be conformal is there exists a positive
function , such that the first fundamental forms of S and S satisfy
I = 2 I.

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Isothermal Coordinates

(S S Chern): For an arbitrary point p on a surface S, there exists a neighborhood

Up , such that it can be conformally mapped to a planar region.

Under conformal parameterization, the first fundamental form is represented as

I = 2 (u, v)(du2 + dv 2 ), > 0,
then (u, v) is called the isothermal coordinates.

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using isothermal coordinates

Isothermal coordinates is useful to simplify computations.

Gaussian curvature is
2
1 2
) ln
K = 2( 2 +
u
v 2

Mean curvature
1 2
2
)r
2Hn = 2 ( 2 +
u
v 2

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Complex Representation

For convenience, we introduce the complex coordinates z = u + iv, let

= (
i ),
= (
+i )
z
2 u
v z
2 u
v
then
4 2
ln .
K= 2
z z

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Laplace Operator

The Laplace operator on surface

1
(fuu + fvv ).
2

S f =
The Green formula is
Z Z

Z Z

f S gdA +
U

< f, g > dA =

f
C

g
,
v

where C is the boundary of U , U = C, v is outward normal of U .

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, H representation

Suppose (u, v) is the isothermal coordinates, then

< rz , rz >

1
< ru irv , ru irv
4
(
r , r > < rv , <r
< u u

=
=

>
>v > 2i < ru , rv >)

because (u, v) is isothermal,

< ru , ru >=< rv , rv >, < ru , rv >= 0
we can get
2
, < n, n >= 1, < rz , n >=< rz, n >= 0.
< rz , rz >= 0, < rz, rz >= 0, < rz , rz >=
2
therefore
rz z

2
=
Hn.
2

Let Q =< rzz , n >, then Q is a locally defined function on S.

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, H representation

Differentiate above equations, we get

< rz , rzz >=< rz , rz z >= 0, < rzz , rz >= z , < nz , rz >= < rzz , n >= Q, < nz , rz =<
Therefore, the motion equation for the frame {rz , rz, n} is
8
>
<

rzz

>
:

rz z
nz

=
=

2
r
z z
2
Hn
2

+ Qn

Hrz 22 Qrz

From rz zz = rzz z, we get the Gauss-Codazzi equation in complex form

(ln )z z

Qz

|Q|2
2

H2
4
2
2
Hz
2

(Gauss equation)
(Codazzi equation)

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, H representation

Given a planar domain D R2 , (u, v) are parameters, and 2 functions (u, v) and
H(u, v) satisfying Gauss-Codazzi equations, with appropriate boundary condition, then
there exists a unique surface S, such that, (u, v) is its isothermal parameter, H(u, v) is
its mean curvature function, and the surface first fundamental form is
ds2 = (u, v)2 (du2 + dv 2 ).
From Codazzi equation, Q can be reconstructed, then the motion equation of the natural
frame {rz , rz, n} can be solved out.
The quadratic differential form
= < rz , nz > dz 2 = Qdz 2
is called the Hopf differential. It has the following speical properties

If all points on a surface S are umbilical points, then Hopf differential is zero.
Surface S has constant mean curvature if and only if Hopf differential is
holomorphic quadratic differentials.

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Isothermal Coordinates

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Fundamental Group
Two continuous maps f1 , f2 : S M between manifolds S and M are homotopic, if
there exists a continuous map
F : S [0, 1] M
with
F |S0
F |S1

=
=

f1 ,
f2 .

we write f1 f2 .

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fundamental group
Let i : [0, 1] S, i = 1, 2 be curves with
1 (0)
1 (1)

=
=

2 (0) = p0
2 (1) = p1

we say 1 and 2 are homotopic, if there exists a continuous map

G : [0, 1] [0, 1] S,
such that
G|{0}[0,1] = p0
G|[0,1]{0} = 1

G|{1}[0,1] = p1 ,
G|[0,1]{1} = 2 .

we write 1 2 .
S

Figure 8: is homotopic to , not homotopic to .

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fundamental group

Let 1 , 2 : [0, 1] M be curves with

1 (1) = 2 (0),
the product of 1 2 := is defined by
(

1 (2t)
2 (2t 1)

(t) :=

p0

f or t [0, 12 ]
f or t [ 12 , 1].

21
Figure 9: product of
two closed curves.

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Fundamental Group

For any p0 M , the fundamental group 1 (M, _0) is the group of homotopy classes of
paths : [0, 1] M with (0) = (1) = p0 , i.e. closed paths with p0 as initial and
terminal point.
1 (M, p0 ) is a group with respect to the operation of multiplication of homotopy classes.
The identity element is the class of the constant path 0 p0 .
For any p0 , p1 M , the groups 1 (M, p0 ) and 1 (M, p1 ) are isomorphic.
If f : M N be a continuous map, and q0 := f (p0 ), then f induces a homomorphism
f : 1 (M, p0 ) 1 (N, q0 )
of fundamental groups.

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Need more contents for topology

36-1

Canonical Fundamental Group Basis

For genus g closed surface, there exist canonical basis for 1 (M, p0 ), we write the basis
as {a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 , , ag , bg }, such that
ai aj = 0, ai bj = ij , bi bj = 0,
where represents the algebraic intersection number. Especially, through any point
p M , we can find a set of canonical basis for 1 (M ), the surface can be sliced open
along them and form a canonical fundamental polygon
b1
b2

a2

a2

b1
1

a1
2
a1

a1
1

b1
2

b2

b1
a1

Figure 10: canonical basis of fundamental group

1 (M, p0 ).
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Simplical Complex

Suppose k + 1 points in the general positions in Rn , v0 , v1 , , vk , the standard simplex

[v0 , v1 , , vk ] is the minimal convex set including all of them,
= [v0 , v1 , , vk ] = {x Rn |x =

k
X
i=0

i vi ,

k
X
i=0

i = 1, i 0},

we call v0 , v1 , , vk as the vertices of the simplex .

Suppose is also a simplex, then we say is a facet of .
A simplicial complex K is a union of simplices, such that
1. If a simplex belongs to K, then all its facets also belongs to K.
2. If 1 , 2 K, 1 2 6= , then the intersection of 1 and 2 is also a common
facet.
v0
v3

v1

2 Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Simplicial Homology

Associate a sequence of groups with a finite simplicial complex.

A k chain is a linear combination of all k simplicies in K,
=

i i , i Z.

The n dimensional chain space is a linear space formed by all the n chains, we denote k
dimensional chain space as Cn (K)
The boundary operator defined on a simplex is

n [v0 , v1 , , vn ] =

n
X
i=0

(1)i [v0 , , vi1 , vi+1 , , vn ],

The boundary operator acts on a chain is a linear operator

n : Cn Cn1 , n

i i =

i n i

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Simplicial Homology Group

A chain is called a closed chain, if it has no boundary, namely = 0.

A chain is called a exact chain, if it is the boundary of some other chain, namely
= .
It can be easily shown that all exact chains are closed. Namely
n1 n 0.
The topology of the surface is indicated by the differences between closed chains and
the exact chains. For example, on a genus zero surface, all closed chains are
boundaries (exact). But on a torus, there are some closed curves, which are not the
boundaries of any surface patch.

T2

S2

Figure 12: Idea of homology.

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Simplicial Complex (Mesh)

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Simplicial Complex (Mesh)

Figure 14: Triangle mesh.

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Simplicial Homology

The n-th homology group Hk (M, Z) of a simplical complex K is

Hn (K, Z) =

kern
.
imgn+1

For example, two closed curves 1 , 2 are homologous if and only if their difference is a
boundary of some 2dimensional patch, 1 2 = 1 , S.

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Simplicial Cohomology

A k cochain is a linear function

: Ck Z.
The k cochain space C k (M, Z) is linear space formed by all linear functionals defined
on Ck (M, Z). The k-cochain is also called k form.
The coboundary operator k : C k (M, Z) C k+1 (M, Z) is a linear operator, such that
k := k+1 , C k (M, Z).
For example, is a 1-form, then 1 is a 2-form, such that
1 ([v0 , v1 , v2 ])

=
=

(2 [v0 , v1 , v2 ])
([v0 , v1 ]) + ([v1 , v2 ]) + ([v2 , v0 ])

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Simplicial Cohomology Group

A k-form is called a closed k-form, if = 0. If there is a k 1-form , such that

k1 = , then is exact.
The set of all closed k-forms is the kernal of k , denoted as kerk ; the set of all exact
k-forms is the image set of k1 , denoted as imgk1 .
The k-th cohomology group H k (M, Z) is defined as the quotient group
H k (M, Z) =

kerk
.
imgk1

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Different one-forms

Suppose S is a surface with a differential structure {U , } with (u , v ), then a real

different one-form has the parametric representation on local chart
= f (u , v )du + g(u , v )dv ,
where f , g are functions with C continuity.
On different chart {U , },
= f (u , v )du + g(u , v )dv
then

(f , g ) 

u
u
v
u

u
v
v
v

1
A

= (f , g )

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Exterior Differentiation

A special operator can be defined on differential forms, such that

f

1 2

=
=
=

f
0
2 1

The so called exterior differentiation operator d can be defined on differential forms, such
that
f
df (u, v)
= u
du + f
dv
v
d(1 2 ) = d1 2 + 1 d2
The exterior differential operator d is the generalization of curlex and divergence on
vector fields.
It can be verified that d d 0,e.g,
d df

f
d( u
du +

f
( vu

f
dv)
v
2
f
)dv
uv

du

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de Rham Cohomology Group

A closed 1-form satisfies

d 0.

An exact 1-form satisfies

= df, f : S R.

All exact 1-forms are closed.

The first de Rham cohomology group is defined as the quotient group
H 1 (S, R) =

Ker d
closed f orms
=
exact f orms
Img d

Two closed 1-forms 1 and 2 are cohomologous, if and only if the difference
between them is a gradient of some function f :
1 2 = df.

de Rham cohomology groups are isomorphic to simplicial cohomology groups.

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Pull back metric

Two surfaces M and N with Riemannian metrics, ds2M and ds2N . Suppose (u, v) is a
local parameter of M , (
u, v) of N . A map : M N , represented as
(
u, v) = (u, v),
then the metrics on M and N are
ds2M
ds2N

=
=

E(u, v)du2 + 2F (u, v)dudv + G(u, v)dv 2 ,

u, v)d
E(
u2 + 2F (
u, v)d
ud
v + G(
u, v)d
v2

The so called pull back metric on M induced by is denoted as ds2N

!

d
u
d
v

du
dv

u
v

v
v

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

du
dv

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pull back metric

Then the parametric representation of pull back metric is

ds2N (u, v) = (du dv)( )T

E((u,
v))
F ((u, v))

F ((u, v))

G((u,
v))

du
dv

Intuitively, a curve segment M is mapped to a curve segment () N , the length

of on M is defined as the length of () on N , this metric is the pull back metric.
N

()

PHI

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Conformal Map

Two surfaces M and N with Riemannian metrics, ds2M and ds2N . A map : M N is
conformal, if the pull back metric ds2N satisfies
ds2M = 2 ds2N ,
where is a positive function : M R+ .

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Harmonic map

Suppose a smooth map f : M N is a map, N is embedded in R3 , then

f = (f1 , f2 , f3 ), the map is harmonic, if it minimizes the following harmonic energy
E(f ) =

< fk , fk > dAM

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Equivalence between harmonic maps and conformal maps,

g=0
A map f : M N , where M and N are genus zero closed surfaces, f is harmonic if
and only if f is conformal.

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Stereo graphic projection

The stereo graphic projection : S 2 R2 is a conformal map

(

u
v

2
x
1z
2
y
1z

=
=

(x, y, z)

(u, v)

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Mbius Transformation Group

All the conformal map from sphere to sphere : S 2 S 2 form a 6 dimensional Mbius
group. Suppose S 2 is mapped to the complex plane using stereo-graphic projection.
Then each map can be represented as
(z) =

az + b
, ad bc = 1.0,
cz + d

where a, b, c, d and z are complex numbers.

The conformal map from disk to disk form a 3 dimensional Mbius transformation group,
(z) =

az + b
, ad bc = 1.0,
cz + d

where a, b, c, are real numbers.

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Conformal map of topological disk

Figure 15: Conformal Map.

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Mobius Transformation

Figure 16: Conformal Map.

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Mobius Transformation

Figure 17: Mobius Transformation.

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Analytic function

A function : C C

f : (x, y) (u, v)

is analytic, if it satisfies the Riemann-Cauchy equation

u
x
u
y

=
=

v
y
v
x

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holomorphic differentials on the plane

Figure 18: w = z 2 .

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Conformal Atlas

A manifold M with an atlas A = {U , }, if all chart transition functions

= 1
: (U U ) (U U )
are holomorphic, then A is a conformal atlas for M .

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Conformal Structure

A chart {U , } is compatible with an atlas A, if the union A {U , } is still a

conformal atlas.
Two conformal atlas are compatible if their union is still a conformal atlas.
Each conformal compatible equivalent class is a conformal structure.

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Riemann surface

A surface S with a conformal structure A = {U , } is called a Riemann surface.

The definition domains of holomorphic functions and differential forms can be
generalized from the complex plane to Riemann surfaces directly.

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Harmonic Function

A function f : S R is harmonic, if it minimizes the harmonic energy

Z

E(f ) =
M

< f, f > dA.

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Harmonic one-form

A differential one-form is harmonic, if and only if for each point p M , there is a

neighborhood of p, Up , there is a harmonic function
f : Up R,
such that
= f
on Up .

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Hodge Theorem

There exists a unique harmonic one-form in each cohomology class in H 1 (S, R).

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Holomorphic one-forms

A holomorphic one-form is a differential form , on each chart {U , } with complex

coordinates z ,
= f (z )dz ,
where f is a holomorphic function. On a different chart {U , } with complex
coordinates z ,

f (z )dz

f (z (z )) dz dz .

dz

dz

then f dz is still a holomorphic function.

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Holomorphic differentials on surface

Figure 19: Holomorphic 1-forms on surfaces.

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Holomorphic 1-form , Hodge Star Operator

Suppose is a holomorphic 1-form, then

=+

1 ,

where is a real harmonic 1-form, = f (u, v)du + g(u, v)dv,

conjugate to ,

= g(u, v)du + f (u, v)dv

the operate
as follows:

is a harmonic 1-form

is called the Hodge Star Operator. If we illustrate the operator intuitively

TAU

OMEGA

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Zero Points

A holomorphic 1-form , on one local coordinates = f (z )dz on a surface, if at point

p S, f (p) = 0, then point p is called a zero point.

Figure 21: The zero point of a holomorphic 1form.

The definition of zero point doesnt depend on the choice of the local coordinates.
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Holomorphic differentials

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Holomorphic quadratic differential forms

A holomorphic quadratic form is a differential form , on each chart {U , } with

complex coordinates z ,
2
= f (z )dz
,

where f is a holomorphic function. On a different chart {U , } with complex

coordinates z ,

f (z )dz

2.
f (z (z ))( dz )2 dz

dz

dz

then f ( dz )2 is still a holomorphic function.

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Holomorphic Trajectories

Suppose is a holomorphic 1-form on a Riemann surface S,

A curve is called a horizontal trajectory, if along , 2 > 0.

A curve is called a vertical trajectory, if along , 2 < 0.
The trajectories through zero points are called critical trajectories.

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Trajectories

Figure 23: The red curves are the horizontal trajectories, the blue curves are vertical trajectories.
David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Finite Trajectories

A trajectory is finite, if its total length is finite. A finite trajectory is

either a closed circle.

finite curve segment connecting zero points.
finite curve segment intersecting boundaries.
finite curve segment connecting zero point and a boundary.

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Finite Curve System

If all the horizontal of a holomorphic quadratic form 2 are finite, then they are called
finite curve system.
The horizontal trajectories through zero points, and the zero points form the so called
critical graph.
If the critical graph is finite, then the curve system is finite.

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Holomorphic differentials on surface

Figure 24: Holomorphic 1-forms on surfaces.

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Decomposition Theorem

Suppose a Riemann surface S with a quadratic holomorphic form dz 2 , which induces a

finite curve system, then the critical horizontal trajectories partition the surface to
topological disks and cylinders, each segment can be conformally mapped to a
parallelogram by integrating
w(p) =

Z p
p

dz.

p0

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Decomposition

Figure 25: Critical graph of a finite curve system will partition the surface to topological disks,
each segment is conformally mapped to a parallelogram.
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Decomposition

Figure 26: Critical graph of a finite curve system will partition the surface to topological disks,
each segment is conformally mapped to a parallelogram.
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Decomposition

Figure 27: Critical graph of a finite curve system will partition the surface to topological disks,
each segment is conformally mapped to a parallelogram.
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Global structure of finite circle system

Different parallelograms are glued together along their edges, and different patches are
met at the zero points. The edges and zero points form the critical points.

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Global structure of finite circle system

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Global structure of finite circle system

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Global structure of finite circle system

Figure 30: The ciritical graph partition the surface

to 6 segments, each segment is conformally parameterized by a rectangle.
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Global structure of finite circle system

Figure 31: The ciritical graph partition the surface

to 6 segments, each segment is a cylinder.

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Global structure of finite circle system

Figure 32: The ciritical graph partition the surface

to 2 segments, each segment is a cylinder, and
can be conformally mapped to a rectangle.
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Applications

David Gu, Computer Science Department, Stony Brook University,

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Medical Imaging-Conformal Brain Mapping

Figure 33: Thanks Yalin wang

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Medical Imaging-Colon Flattening

Figure 34: Thanks Wei Hong, Miao Jin

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Manifold Spline

Figure 35: Thanks Ying

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Manifold Spline

Figure 36: Thanks Ying

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Manifold TSpline

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Surface Matching

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Surface Matching

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Texture Synthesis

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Texture Synthesis

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