Power Accuracy Functionality

V E R S I O N

2001

T u t o r i a l s

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Table of Contents
Welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-1
First Steps - Ball Valve Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Open the SolidWorks Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
Define the Engineering Goal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11
Monitor the Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11
Access the Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-13
Cut Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-13
Surface Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-15
Isosurface Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-16
Flow Trajectory Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-17
XY Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-18
Surface Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-19
Analyze a Design Variant in the SolidWorks Ball part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-20
Clone the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-23
Analyze a Design Variant in the COSMOS/FloWorks Application. . . . . . . .1-23

Tutorial Revision 11

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

First Steps - Conjugate Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1

Open the SolidWorks Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Preparing the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Create a New Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Define a Custom Unit System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
Define the Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9
Define the Boundary Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-11
Define the Heat Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12
Define the Volume Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-15
Define the Engineering Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16
Specifying Volume Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16
Specifying Surface Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18
Specifying Global Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19
Changing the Geometry Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-20
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21
Viewing the Goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22
Flow Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-25
Cut Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26
Surface Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-29
First Steps - Porous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Open the SolidWorks Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Define the Boundary Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Create an Isotropic Porous Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7
Component Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Define the Porous Condition - Isotropic Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Specifying Surface Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10
Define the Equation Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-12
Access the Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Viewing the Goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Flow Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Clone Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
Create a Unidirectional Porous Medium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
Define the Porous Condition - Unidirectional Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16
Compare the Isotropic and Unidirectional Catalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16

ii

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Determination of Hydraulic Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1

Model Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2
Creating a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3
Specifying Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Specifying a Surface Goal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-10
Running the Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-11
Monitoring the Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-12
Cloning a Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-12
Creating a Cut Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-13
Working with COSMOS/FloWorks Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Creating a Goal Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-18
Working with Calculator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-20
Changing the Geometry Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Cylinder Drag Coefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Creating a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2
Specifying 2D Plane Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Specifying a Global Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Specifying an Equation Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Cloning a Project and Creating a New Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Changing Project Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10
Changing the Equation Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-11
Creating a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-11
Creating a Project from the Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-12
Solving a Set of Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-13
Getting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14

iii

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Heat Exchanger Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1

Open the Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2
Creating a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3
Symmetry Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-7
Specifying Volume Conditions Fluid Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8
Specifying Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
Specifying Volume Conditions Solids and Initial Solid Temperature. . . . .6-14
Specifying a Surface Goal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-16
Running the Calculation and Loading the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-17
Creating a Cut Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-18
Displaying Flow Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20
Computation of Surface Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-22
Specifying the Parameter Display Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-23
Application of EFD Zooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Two Ways of Solving the Problem with COSMOS/FloWorks PE. . . . . . . . . .7-3
The EFD Zooming Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3
First Stage of EFD Zooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-4
COSMOS/FloWorks Project for the First Stage of EFD Zooming . . . . . . .7-5
Second Stage of EFD Zooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-9
COSMOS/FloWorks Project for the Second Stage of EFD Zooming (Heat Sink
No1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-9
Changing the Heat Sink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-15
Clone Project to the Existing Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-15
The Local Initial Mesh Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-16
COSMOS/FloWorks Project for the Local Initial Mesh Approach (Heat Sink
No1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-16
COSMOS/FloWorks Project for the Local Initial Mesh approach (Heat Sink
No2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-19
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-20
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-23

iv

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Mesh Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1

Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2
SolidWorks Model Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3
Project Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4
Switch off the Automatic Mesh Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-7
Resolving Thin Walls by Control Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Using the Local Mesh Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-12

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

vi

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

0
Welcome
Dear COSMOS/FloWorks User,
It is with pleasure that we announce the release of COSMOS/
FloWorks 2001.
Among the many improvements you'll find an even easier to use
interface, more streamlined goal setting, improved meshing and
increased postprocessing power. But these are just a handful of new
enhancements. There's a lot more awaiting you.
In order to familiarize you with the new enhancements and to help
you get productive fast, we've prepared several training exercises
for you. Please take some time and practice along with these
exercises. Upon completing these exercises, you'll be fully ready to
harness the analysis power of COSMOS/FloWorks.
But should you have any questions on any of these tutorial
examples or on how to set up your own problems, please feel free to
contact your local COSMOS/FloWorks support.
So let's get started and put COSMOS/FloWorks to the test. Good
luck and we hope you find COSMOS/FloWorks a valuable tool in
your daily design process.
0-1

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

0-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

1
First Steps - Ball Valve Design
This First Steps tutorial covers the flow of water through a ball valve assembly before and
after some design changes. The objective is to show how easy fluid flow simulation can
be using COSMOS/FloWorks and how simple it is to analyze design variations. These
two factors make COSMOS/FloWorks the perfect tool for engineers who want to test the
impact of their design changes.

Conventions

q
q
q

&

Bold refers to buttons, icons or tabs to click on.

Courier refers to information you need to enter using the keyboard.
Menu, Submenu indicates menu picks found in the main menu.
Italic is used for helpful notes and explanations.

1-1

Open the SolidWorks Model

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Open the SolidWorks Model

1

&
2

&

Click File, Open. In the Open dialog box, browse to the

Ball Valve.SLDASM assembly located in the
First Steps - Ball Valve folder and click Open (or double-click the assembly). Alternatively, you can drag and
drop the Ball Valve.SLDASM file to an empty area of
SolidWorks window. Make sure, that the default configuration is the active one.
This is a ball valve. Turning the handle closes or opens
the valve. The mate angle controls the opening angle.
Show the lids by clicking the features in the SolidWorks
Feature Manager (Lid 1 and Lid 2).
What you see on the box is an original SolidWorks model. We utilize this model for
the COSMOS/FloWorks simulation without many significant changes. The user
simply closes the interior volume using SolidWorks features; extrusions we call
lids. In this example the lids are semi-transparent allowing a view into the valve.

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

1

Click FloWorks, Project, Wizard.

Once inside the Wizard, select Create

new in order to create a new configuration and name it Project 1.

&

COSMOS/FloWorks will create a new configuration and store all data in a new
folder.
Click Next.

1-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

&

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

Choose the system of units (SI for this

project). Please keep in mind that
after finishing the Wizard, you can
change the unit system anytime with
FloWorks, Units.

Within COSMOS/FloWorks, there are some predefined systems of units. You can
also define your own and switch between them anytime.
Click Next.

&

Set the fluid type to Liquid. Do not

include any other physical features.

COSMOS/FloWorks can analyze either liquids or gases, but not both in the same
run. Not only will COSMOS/FloWorks calculate the fluid flow, but can also take
into account heat transfer within the solid(s). Transient (time dependent) analyses
are also possible. Gravitational effects can be included for natural convection
cases. The turbulent equations can be removed if the flow is entirely laminar.
Finally, COSMOS/FloWorks can handle both incompressible and compressible
flows for gases. For this demonstration we will perform a fluid flow simulation
using a liquid and will not use any other physical features.
Click Next.

1-3

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

&

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Set the analysis type to Internal.

We want to analyze the flow through
the structure. This is what we call an
internal analysis. The opposite is an
external analysis, which is the flow
around an object. From this dialog
box you can also choose to ignore
cavities that are not relevant to the
flow analysis without having to fill
them in using SolidWorks features.
Click Next.

&

&

Click Next accepting the default zero

roughness value for all model walls.
You can specify the desired wall
roughness value applied by default to
all model walls.To set the roughness
value for a specific wall you can define
a Rough Wall boundary condition.
The specified roughness value is the Rz
value.
Choose Water SP as the fluid. You can either double-click Water SP or select the
item in the left column and click Add.
COSMOS/FloWorks has an
integrated database containing
several liquids, gases and solids.
Solids are used for conduction in
conjugate heat transfer analyses. You
can easily create your own materials.
Up to ten liquids or gases can be
chosen for each analysis run.
Click Next.

1-4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

&

&

10

&

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

Click Next accepting the default wall

conditions.
Since we did not choose to calculate
the amount of heat transfer within the
solids we have the option of defining a
value of heat transfer for the surfaces
in contact with the fluid. This box is
where we can set the default wall type.
Leave the default Adiabatic wall
specifying the walls are perfectly
insulated (no heat escapes through
the walls).
Click Next accepting the default for
the initial conditions.
This box is where we can change the
default settings for pressure,
temperature and velocity. The closer
these values are set to the final values
determined in the analysis, the
quicker the analysis will finish. Since
we do not have any knowledge of the
expected final values, we will not
modify them for this demonstration.
Accept the default for the Result Resolution.
Result Resolution is a measure of the
desired level of accuracy of the
results. It controls not only the
resolution of the mesh, but also sets
many parameters for the solver, e.g.
the convergence criteria. The higher
the Result Resolution, the finer the
mesh will be and the stricter the
convergence criteria will be set. Thus, Result Resolution determines the balance
between precise results and computation time. Entering values for the minimum
1-5

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

gap size and minimum wall thickness is important when you have small features.
Setting these values accurately ensures your small features are not passed over
by the mesh. For our model we type the value of the minimum flow passage as the
minimum gap size.
Click the Manual specification of the minimum gap size box. Enter the value
0.0093 m for the minimum flow passage.
Click Next.
11

&

Click Finish.
This box provides an overview of the
selections made during the wizard.

Now COSMOS/FloWorks creates a new configuration with the COSMOS/FloWorks

data attached.
Click on the SolidWorks Configuration Manager to show the new configuration.

&

Notice the name of the new configuration has the

name you entered in the Wizard.

Go to the COSMOS/FloWorks Design Tree and open all the icons.

&

1-6

We will use the COSMOS/FloWorks Design Tree to define

our analysis, just as the SolidWorks Feature Manager
Tree is used to design your models.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Boundary Conditions

Right-click the Computational Domain icon and select Hide to hide the black wireframe box.

&

Computational Domain is the icon used to modify

the size and visualization of the volume being
analyzed. The wireframe box enveloping the model
is the visualization of the limits of the
computational domain.

Boundary Conditions
A boundary condition is required anywhere fluid enters or exits the system and can be
set as a Pressure, Mass Flow, Volume Flow or Velocity.
1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks Design Tree, rightclick the Boundary Conditions icon and
select Insert Boundary Condition.

Select the inner face of the Lid 1 part as

shown. (To access the inner face, right-click
the mouse to cycle through the faces under the
cursor until the inner face is highlighted, then
click the left mouse button).

Select Flow openings and Inlet

Mass Flow.

1-7

Boundary Conditions

Set the Mass flow rate normal to

face to 0.5 kg/s under the Settings
tab.

Click OK. The new Inlet Mass

Flow1 item appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks Design
Tree.

&

1-8

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

With the definition just made, we told COSMOS/FloWorks that at this opening 0.5
kilogram of water per second is flowing into the valve. Within this dialog box we
can also specify a swirl to the flow, a non-uniform profile and time dependent
properties to the flow. The mass flow at the outlet does not need to be specified due
to the conservation of mass; mass flow in equals mass flow out. Therefore another
different condition must be specified. An outlet pressure should be used to identify
this condition.

Select the inner face of the Lid 2 part as shown. (To

access the inner face, right-click the mouse to cycle
through the faces under the cursor until the inner face
is highlighted, then click the left mouse button).

Right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and select

Insert Boundary Condition.

Select Pressure openings and

Static Pressure.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Keep the defaults under Settings.

10

Click OK. The new Static Pressure1 item appears in

the COSMOS/FloWorks Design Tree.

&

Define the Engineering Goal

With the definition just made, we told COSMOS/FloWorks that at this opening the
fluid exits the model to an area of static atmospheric pressure. Within this dialog
box we can also set time dependent properties to the pressure.

Define the Engineering Goal

1

Right-click the COSMOS/FloWorks Design Tree

Goals icon and select Insert Surface Goal.

Click the Inlet Mass Flow1 item to select the face

where it is going to be applied.

Select Static Pressure as Goal type.

1-9

Define the Engineering Goal

&

&

Accept to Use the goal for convergence control.and keep the AverageValue.
If the Use the goal for convergence control
check box is not selected for a goal, it will not
influence the task stopping criteria. Such goals
can be used as monitoring parameters to give
you additional information about processes
occurring in your model without affecting the
other results and the total calculation time.
Click OK. The new SG Average Static Pressure1
item appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks Design
Tree.
Engineering goals are the parameters in which the user is interested. Setting goals
is in essence a way of conveying to COSMOS/FloWorks what you are trying to get
out of the analysis, as well as a means of reducing the time COSMOS/FloWorks
takes to reach a solution. By only selecting the variable which the user desires
accurate values for, COSMOS/FloWorks knows which variables are important to
converge upon (the variables selected as goals) and which can be less accurate
(the variables not selected as goals) in the interest of time. Goals can be set
throughout the entire domain (Global Goals), in a selected area (Surface Goal) or
within a selected volume (Volume Goal). Furthermore, COSMOS/FloWorks can
consider the average value, the minimum value or the maximum value for goal
settings. You can also define an Equation Goal that is a goal defined by an
equation (basic mathematical functions) with the existing goals as variables. The
equation goal allows you to calculate the parameter of interest (i.e., pressure
drop) and keeps this information in the project for later reference.

Click File, Save.

1-10

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Solution

Solution
1

Click FloWorks, Solve, Run.

Click Run.

&

The solver should take about 3 minutes to run on a

500MHz PIII platform.

Monitor the Solver

&

&
3

This is the solution monitor

dialog box. On the left is a log of
each step taken in the solution
process. On the right is an
information dialog box with
mesh information and any
warnings concerning the
analysis. Do not be surprised
when the error message A
vortex crosses the pressure
opening is listed. We will
explain this later during the
demonstration.
Click Insert Goal Plot
box appears.

on the Solver toolbar. The Add/Remove Goals dialog

Double-click the SG Average

Static Pressure1 in the Available
goals list and click OK.

1-11

Monitor the Solver

&

This is the Goals Dialog box and each

goal created earlier is listed above. Here
you can see the current value and graph
for each goal as well as the current
progress towards completion given as a
percentage. The progress value is only an
estimate and the rate of progress
generally increases with time.

Click Insert Preview

This is the Preview Settings dialog

box. Selecting any SolidWorks plane
from the SolidWorks Feature Manager
Tree and pressing OK will create a preview plot of the solution on that plane.
For this model Plane 2 is a good
choice to use as the preview plane. The
preview plane can be chosen anytime
from the SolidWorks Feature Manager.

&

1-12

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

on the Solver toolbar.

The preview allows one to look at

the results while the calculation is
still running. This helps to
determine if all the boundary
conditions are correctly defined
and gives the user an idea of how
the solution will look even at this
early stage. At the start of the run
the results might look odd or change abruptly. However, as the run progresses
these changes will lessen and the results will settle in on a converged solution. The
result can be displayed either in contour-, isoline- or vector-representation.
When the solver is finished, close the monitor by clicking File, Close.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Access the Results

Access the Results

1

&
2

Click FloWorks, Results, Display, Transparency and

set the model transparency to 0.75.
The first step for results is to generate a transparent view
of the geometry, a glass-body. This way, you can easily
see where cut planes etc. are located with respect to the
geometry.
Right-click the Results icon and select Load Results to
activate the postprocessor.

Cut Plots
1

Right-click the Cut Plots icon and select Insert.

Specify a plane. Choose Plane 2 as

the cut plane. To do this, click on the
SolidWorks Feature Manager tab
and select Plane 2.

Click OK.

1-13

Cut Plots

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

This is the plot you should see.

&
4

&

1-14

A cut plot displays any result on any SolidWorks plane.

The representation can be as a contour plot, as isolines
or as vectors and also in any combination of the
above (e.g. contour with overlaid vectors.
To access additional options for this and other plots,
either double-click on the color scale or right-click the
Results icon and select View Settings.

Within the View Settings dialog box

you have the ability to change the
global options for each plot type.
Some options available are:
changing the variable being
displayed and the number of colors
used for the scale. The best way to
learn each of these options is through
experimentation.

Change the contour cut plot to a vector cut plot. To

do this, right-click the Cut Plot 1 icon and select
Edit Definition.

Clear Contours and select Vectors

in the plot definition.

Click OK.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Surface Plots

This is the plot you should see.

&

The vectors can be made larger from the Vectors tab in

the View Setting dialog box. The vector spacing can
also be controlled from the Settings tab in the Cut Plot
dialog box. Notice how the flow must navigate around
the sharp corners on the Ball. Our design change will
focus on this feature.

Surface Plots
Right-click the Cut Plot 1 icon and select Hide.
1

Right-click the Surface Plots icon and select Insert.

Select the Use all faces check box.

Select the Contours check box.

&

The same basic options are available for

Surface Plots as for Cut Plots. Feel free to
experiment with different combinations on
your own.

1-15

Isosurface Plots

&

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click OK and you get the following picture:

This plot shows the pressure distribution on all faces of
the valve in contact with the fluid. You can also select
one or more single surfaces for this plot, which dont
have to be planar.

Isosurface Plots
Right-click the Surface Plot 1 icon and select Hide.
1

Right-click the Isosurfaces icon and select Show.

This is the plot that will appear.

&

1-16

The Isosurface is a 3-Dimensional surface created by

COSMOS/FloWorks at a constant value for a specific
variable. The value and variable can be altered in the
View Settings dialog box under the Isosurfaces tab.

Right-click in the white area and select View Settings to

enter the dialog.

Go to Isosurfaces tab.

Examine the options under this dialog box. Try making two changes.
The first is to click in the Use from
contours so that the color of the isosurface be colored in the same manner
as the pressure value on a contour
plot.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Secondly, click at a second location

on the slide bar and notice the addition of a second slider. These sliders
can later be removed by dragging
them all of the way out of the dialog
box.

Click OK and you should see something similar to this image.

&

Flow Trajectory Plots

The isosurface is a useful way of determining the exact

area, in 3-dimensions, where the flow reached a certain
pressure, velocity or other variable.

Flow Trajectory Plots

Right-click the Isosurfaces icon and select Hide.
1

Right-click the Flow Trajectories icon and select

Insert.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks Design

Tree, click the Static
Pressure1 item to select
the inner face of the
outlet Lid 2 part..

1-17

XY Plots

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Set the Number of trajectories to 16.

Click OK and your picture should look like the following:

&

&

Using Flow trajectories you can show the flow

streamlines and paths of particles with mass and
temperature that are inserted into the fluid. Flow
trajectories provide a very good image of the 3D fluid
flow. You can also see how parameters change along
each trajectory by exporting data into Excel.
Additionally, you can save trajectories as SolidWorks
reference curves.
For this plot we selected the outlet lid (any flat face or sketch can be selected) and
therefore every trajectory crosses that selected face. The trajectories can also be
colored by values of whatever variable chosen in the View Settings dialog box.
Notice the trajectories that are entering and exiting through the exit lid. This is the
reason for the warning we received during the solver. COSMOS/FloWorks warns
us of inappropriate analysis conditions so that we do not need to be CFD experts.
When flow both enters and exits the same opening, the accuracy of the results will
worsen. In a case such as this, one would typically add the next component to the
model (such as a pipe extending the computational domain) so that the vortex does
not occur at an opening.

XY Plots
Right-click the Flow Trajectories 1 icon and select Hide.
We want to plot pressure and velocity along the valve. We
have already created a SolidWorks sketch containing several
lines.
This sketch work does not have to be done ahead of time and
your sketch lines can be created after the analysis has finished. Take a look at Sketch 1 in the SolidWorks Feature
Manager Tree.
1
1-18

Right-click the XY Plots icon and select Insert.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Surface Parameters

Choose Velocity and Pressure as

Physical parameters (either double-click on them or mark and pick
Add). Select Sketch1 from the
SolidWorks Feature Manager.
Leave all options as defaults.

Click OK. MS Excel will open and

generate two lists of data points as
well as two graphs, one for Velocity
and the other for Pressure. One of
these plots is the one shown below.
You will need to toggle between different sheets in Excel to view each
graph.

Velocity (m/s)

0
0

&

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

-1
Curve Length (m)

The XY Plot allows you to view any result along sketched lines. The data is put
directly into Excel.

Surface Parameters
Surface Parameters is the icon used to determine pressures, forces, heat flux as well as
many other variables on any face within your model contacting the fluid. For this type of
analysis it would probably be of interest to calculate the average static pressure drop
from the valve inlet to outlet.
1

Right-click the Surface Parameters icon and select

Insert.

1-19

Analyze a Design Variant in the SolidWorks Ball part

In the COSMOS/FloWorks
Design Tree, click the Inlet Mass
Flow1 item to select the inner
face of the inlet Lid 1 part

Click Apply.

Select the Local tab.

&
5

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The average static pressure at the inlet face is shown to be 130078.67 Pa. We
already know that the outlet static pressure is 101325 Pa since we applied it
previously as a boundary condition. So, the average static pressure drop through
the valve is calculated to be 28753.67 Pa.
Close the Surface Parameters dialog box.

Analyze a Design Variant in the SolidWorks Ball part

&

This section is intended to show you how easy it is to analyze design variations.
The variations can be different geometric dimensions, new features, new parts in
an assembly whatever! This is the heart of COSMOS/FloWorks and is what
allows design engineers to quickly and easily determine which designs have
promise, and which designs are unlikely to be successful. For this example, we will
see how filleting two sharp edges will influence the pressure drop through the
valve. If there is no improvement, it will not be worth the extra manufacturing
costs.

Create a new configuration using the SolidWorks Configuration Manager Tree.

1

1-20

Right-click the root item in the SolidWorks Configuration

Manager and select Add Configuration

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Analyze a Design Variant in the SolidWorks Ball part

In the Configuration Name box type

Project 2.

Click OK.

Go to SolidWorks FeatureManager, right-click the

Ball item and select Open ball.sldprt.

Create a new configuration using the SolidWorks Configuration Manager Tree.

1

Right-click the root item in the SolidWorks Configuration

Manager and select Add Configuration.

Name the new configuration as

1,5_fillet Ball.

Click OK.

1-21

Analyze a Design Variant in the SolidWorks Ball part

Add a 1,5 mm fillet to the shown

face.

Back in the assembly, right-click the

Ball item and select Component
Properties.

At the bottom of the Component

Properties dialog box change the
configuration of the Ball part to the
new filleted one.

Click OK to confirm and close the dialog.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Now we have replaced the old ball with our new 1.5_fillet
Ball. All we need to do now is re-solve the assembly and
compare the results of the two designs. In order to make the
results comparable with the previous model, it would be
necessary to adjust the valve angle to match the size of the
flow passage of the first model. In this example, we will not
do this.

1-22

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Clone the Project

Activate Project 1 by using the Configuration

Manager Tree.

Clone the Project

1

Click FloWorks, Project, Clone Project.

Click Add to existing.

In the Existing configuration list select Project 2.

Click OK. Select Yes for each message dialog

box that appears after you click OK.

&

Now the COSMOS/FloWorks project we have chosen is added to the SolidWorks

project which contains the geometry that has been changed. The Boundary
Conditions can be changed, deleted or added. All changes to the geometry will
only be applied to this new configuration, so the old results are still saved. Please
follow the previously described steps for solving and for viewing the results.

Analyze a Design Variant in the COSMOS/FloWorks Application

&

In the previous sections we examined how you could compare results from
different geometries. You may also want to run the same geometry over a range of
flow rates. This section shows how quick and easy it can be to do that kind of
parametric study. Here we are going to change the mass flow to 0.75 kg/s.

Activate the Project 1 configuration.

1-23

Analyze a Design Variant in the COSMOS/FloWorks ApplicationCOSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutori-

Create a copy of the Project 1 project by clicking

FloWorks, Project, Clone Project.

Accept the default Project 3 for the new

project name and click OK.

COSMOS/FloWorks now creates a new configuration. All our input data are copied, so
we dont need to define our openings or goals again. The Boundary Conditions can be
changed, deleted or added. All changes to the geometry will only be applied to this new
configuration, so the old results remain valid. After changing the inlet flow rate value to
0.75 kg/s you would be ready to run again. Please follow the previously described steps
for solving and for viewing the results.
Imagine being the designer of this ball valve. How would you make decisions concerning your design? If you had to determine whether the benefit of modifying the design as
we have just done outweighed the extra costs, how would you do this? Engineers have to
make decisions such as this every day, and COSMOS/FloWorks is a tool to help them
make those decisions. Every engineer who is required to make design decisions involving fluid and heat transfer should utilize COSMOS/FloWorks to test their ideas, allowing
for fewer prototypes and quicker design cycles.)

1-24

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

2
First Steps - Conjugate Heat Transfer
This First Steps - Conjugate Heat Transfer tutorial covers the basic steps to set up a flow
analysis problem including conduction heat transfer in solids. This example is particularly pertinent to users interested in analyzing flow and heat transfer within electronics
packages although the basic principles are applicable to all thermal problems. It is
assumed that you have already completed the First Steps - Ball Valve Design tutorial
since it teaches the basic principles of using COSMOS/FloWorks in greater detail.

Open the SolidWorks Model

1

Click File, Open.

In the Open dialog box, browse to the Enclosure Assembly.SLDASM assembly

located in the First Steps - Electronics Cooling folder and click Open (or double-click the assembly). Alternatively, you can drag and drop the
Enclosure Assembly.SLDASM file to an empty area of SolidWorks window.

2-1

Preparing the Model

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Heat Sink

PCB

Inlet Fan

Small Chips

Main Chip
Capacitors
Power Supply

Mother Board

Preparing the Model

In the analysis of an assembly there may be many features, parts or sub-assemblies that
are not necessary for the analysis. Prior to using COSMOS/FloWorks, it is good practice
to check the model to single out components that will not be involved in the analysis.
Excluding these components decreases the required computer resources and calculation
time.
The assembly consists of the following components: enclosure, MotherBoard and PCBs,
capacitors, power supply, heat sink, chips, fan, screws, fan housing, and lids. You can
view these components by clicking on the features in the SolidWorks Feature Manager.
In this tutorial we will simulate the fan by specifying a Fan boundary condition on the
inner face of the inlet lid. The fan has very complex geometry that may cause delays
while rebuilding the model. Since it is outside of the enclosure we can exclude it to hasten operations with SolidWorks.
1

In the FeatureManager, select the Fan, Screws and

Fan Housing components (to select more than one
component, hold down the Ctrl key while you
select).

Right-click any of the selected components and choose Suppress.

Now you can start with COSMOS/FloWorks.

2-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Create a New Material

Create a New Material

The chips are made of Epoxy but Epoxy is not a default material in the COSMOS/
FloWorks Engineering database so we must create it.
1

Click FloWorks, Tools, Engineering Database.

In the Database tree select Material, Solids, User Defined.

Click New Item

on the toolbar.
The blank Item Properties tab appears. Double-click the
empty cell to set the corresponding property value.

Specify the material properties as follows:

Name = Epoxy,
Comment = Epoxy Resin,
Density = 1120 kg/m3,
Specific Heat = 1400 J/kgK,
Thermal Conductivity = 0.2 W/mK,
Melting Temperature = 1000 K.

&

Click Save

You can enter the material properties in any unit system you want by typing the
unit name after the value and COSMOS/FloWorks will automatically convert the
value to metric. You can also enter material properties that are temperature
dependent using the Tables and Curves tab.

Define a Custom Unit System

COSMOS/FloWorks allows you to work with several pre-defined unit systems but often
it is more convenient to define your own custom unit system. Both pre-defined and custom unit systems are stored in the Engineering Database. Prior to starting the project
Wizard you can create the desired system of units in the Engineering Database. To adjust
the selected system of units after passing the Wizard you can use either Engineering
Database or click FloWorks, Units. In this example we will adjust a pre-defined system
of units before creating the project.
2-3

Define a Custom Unit System

In the Database tree select Units, FW Defined.

On the List tab select the USA system

&

of units and click Copy

You can modify only custom entries in

the Engineering Database. To adjust
the pre-defined material, porous
media, unit system or fan curve you
must copy it into the corresponding
User Defined folder first and then
make necessary changes.

In the tree, select the Units, User Defined item and click Paste

Click the Item Properties tab to adjust the USA unit system for this example.

&

2-4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

By scrolling through the different groups in the Parameter tree you can see the
units selected for all the parameters. Although most of the parameters have
convenient units such as ft/s for velocity and CFM (cubic feet per minute) for
volume flow rate we will change a couple units that are more convenient for this
model. Since the physical size of the model is relatively small it is more convenient
to choose inches instead of feet as the length unit.

For the Length entry, click on the

right hand side of the units box and
select inches.

Next expand the Heat group in the

Parameter tree.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

Since we are dealing with electronic

components it is more convenient to
specify power and heat flux in Watts
and Watts/m2 respectively.
Name the new system of units USA
Electronics.

Click Save
9

Close the Engineering Database by clicking File, Exit.

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

1

Click FloWorks, Project, Wizard

Once inside the Wizard, select Create

new in order to create a new configuration and name it Inlet Fan.

Click Next.
3

Choose the system of units that you

have just created, USA Electronics.
Please keep in mind that after finishing the Wizard, you can change the
unit system anytime with FloWorks,
Units.

Click Next.

2-5

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

&
5

&

Set the fluid type to Gas. Under physical features select the Heat transfer in
solids check box.

Click Next.
Heat transfer in solids was selected because heat is generated by several
electronics component and we are interested to see how the heat is dissipated
through the heat sink and other solid parts and then out to the fluid. Therefore we
must simulate heat conduction in the solid parts.
Set the analysis type to Internal.
We want to analyze the flow through
the structure. This is what we call an
internal analysis. The opposite is an
external analysis, which is the flow
around an object. From this dialog
box you can also choose to ignore
cavities that are not relevant to the
flow analysis without having to fill
them in using SolidWorks features.
Click Next

2-6

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In the Database of solids list, double-click the Aluminum, Epoxy,

Insulator, Silicon and Steel, stainless
items.

Select Steel, stainless as the Default

material and set its initial solid temperature to 50F.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

&

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

Although setting the initial temperature is more important for transient

calculations to see how much time it takes to reach a certain temperature it is
useful to set the initial temperature close to the anticipated final solution to speed
up convergence. In this case we have set the initial temperature of the stainless
steel (which represents the cabinet) to 50F because the box is located in an
air-conditioned room.
Click Next.

Click Next accepting the default zero

roughness value for all model walls.

Choose Air as the fluid. You can

either double-click Air or select the
item in the left column and click Add.

Click Next.
10

Change the initial temperature to 50F

since the box is located in an air-conditioned room.

Click Next.
2-7

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

&
11

&

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In this menu we can change the default settings for pressure, temperature and
velocity. The closer these values are set to the final values determined in the
analysis, the quicker the analysis will finish.
Accept the default for the Result resolution and keep the automatic evaluation of the Minimum gap size and
Minimum wall thickness.

COSMOS/FloWorks calculates the default minimum gap size and minimum wall
thickness using information about the overall model dimensions, the
computational domain, and faces on which you specify conditions and goals. Prior
to starting the calculation, we recommend that you check the minimum gap size
and minimum wall thickness to ensure that small features will be recognized. We
will review these again after all the necessary conditions and goals will be
specified.
Click Next.

12

Click Finish. Now COSMOS/FloWorks creates a new configuration with the

COSMOS/FloWorks data attached.

Click on the SolidWorks Configuration Manager to show the new

configuration.

&

Notice the name of the new configuration has the name you entered in the Wizard.

Go to the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree and open all the icons.

&

2-8

We will use the COSMOS/FloWorks Design Tree to define our analysis, just as the
SolidWorks Feature Manager Tree is used to design your models.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Define the Fan

Right-click the Computational Domain icon and select Hide to hide the black wireframe
box.

&

Computational Domain is the icon used to modify

the size and visualization of the volume being
analyzed as well as to specify symmetry boundary
conditions and 2D flow. The wireframe box
enveloping the model is the visualization of the
limits of the computational domain.

Define the Fan

&

A Fan is a type of flow boundary condition. You can specify Fans at selected solid
surfaces where Boundary Conditions and Sources are not specified. You can
specify Fans on artificial lids closing model openings as Inlet Fans or Outlet Fans.
You can also specify fans on any faces arranged inside of the flow region as
Internal Fans. A Fan is considered an ideal device creating a volume (or mass)
flow rate depending on the difference between the inlet and outlet static pressures
on the selected face. A curve of the fan volume flow rate or mass flow rate versus
the static pressure difference is taken from the Engineering Database.

If you analyze a model with a fan then you must know the fan's characteristics. In this
example we use one of the pre-defined fans from the Engineering Database. If you cannot find an appropriate curve in the database you can create your own curve in accordance
with the specification on your fan.
1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the Fans

icon and select Insert Fan. The Fan dialog box appears.

Select the inner face of the Inlet Lid part as shown.

(To access the inner face, right-click the mouse to
cycle through the faces under the cursor until the
inner face is highlighted, then click the left mouse
button).

Select External Inlet Fan as Fan type.

2-9

Define the Fan

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

On the Settings tab open the Fan

curve item and in the Selected fan
curve list choose
FW Defined\PAPST\DC-Axial\Series
400\405\405.

The operating curve of the fan can

be found in the Engineering Database
under the Fan Curves folder.
5

Expand the Thermodynamic Parameters

item to check that the Ambient pressure is
atmospheric pressure.

Expand the Flow parameters item and

select Swirl in the Flow vectors direction
list.

Specify the Angular velocity as 100 rad/s and

accept the zero Radial velocity value.

&

2-10

When specifying a swirling flow, you must choose the reference Coordinate system
and the Reference axis so that the origin of the coordinate system and the swirls
center point are coincident and the angular velocity vector is aligned with the
reference axis.

Go back to the Definition tab.

Next, in the FeatureManager
design tree select the Inlet Coordinate System.

Select the Global Coordinate

System item and press the Delete
key.

10

Select Y in the Reference Axis

list.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

11

&

Define the Boundary Conditions

Click OK. The new External Inlet Fan1 item appears in

the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.
With the definition just made, we told COSMOS/FloWorks that at this opening air
flows into the enclosure through the fan so that the volume flow rate of air depends
on the difference between the ambient atmospheric pressure and the static
pressures on the fan's outlet face (inner face of the lid) in accordance with the
curve shown above. Since the outlet lids of the enclosure are at ambient
atmospheric pressure the pressure rise produced by the fan is equal to the pressure
drop through the electronics enclosure.

Define the Boundary Conditions

A boundary condition is required anywhere fluid enters or exits the system excluding
openings where a fan is specified. A boundary condition can be set as a Pressure, Mass
Flow, Volume Flow or Velocity. You can also use the Boundary Condition dialog for
specifying an Ideal Wall condition that is an adiabatic, frictionless wall or a Rough
Wall condition to set the roughness value for a specific wall.
1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree,

right-click the Boundary Conditions icon
and select Insert Boundary Condition.

Select the inner face of all of the outlet lids

as shown. (To access the inner face, right-click the
mouse to cycle through the faces under the cursor
until the inner face is highlighted, then click the left
mouse button).

2-11

Define the Heat Source

Select Pressure openings and

Static Pressure.

Keep the defaults under the Settings

tab.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click OK.
5

&

The new Static Pressure1 item

appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks
design tree.

With the definition just made, we told COSMOS/FloWorks that at this opening the
fluid exits the model to an area of static atmospheric pressure. Within this dialog
box we can also set time dependent properties for the pressure.

Define the Heat Source

2-12

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree,

right-click the Heat Sources icon and select
Insert Volume Source.

Since the inner faces of the outlet lids are still selected, the lids automatically
appear in the Components to apply the volume source list. Remove all lids from
the list. To remove a component, select it in the list and press the Delete key.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Define the Heat Source

You can avoid this if before opening the Volume

Source dialog, you click in the white area to deselect the faces.

Select the Main Chip from the SolidWorks FeatureManager tree as the component
to apply the volume source.

Select the Source type as Heat Generation Rate.

Click the Settings tab and enter 5 W in

the Heat generation rate box.

Click OK.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree click-pause-click the

new VS Heat Generation Rate 1 item and rename it to
Main Chip.

&

Volume Heat Sources allows you to specify the heat generation rate (in Watts) or
the volumetric heat generation rate (in Watts per volume) or a constant
temperature boundary condition for the volume. It is also possible to specify
Surface Heat Sources in terms of heat transfer rate (in Watts), heat flux (in Watts
per area), or constant temperature. You can also specify radiation to the ambient
surroundings by defining the surface emissivity.
2-13

Define the Heat Source

2-14

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the Heat Sources icon and
select Insert Volume Source.

In the SolidWorks FeatureManager tree

select all Capacitor components.

Select the Temperature in the Source

type list.

Click the Settings tab and enter 100 F

in the Temperature box.

Click OK.

Click-pause-click the new VS Temperature1 item and rename it to Capacitors.

Following the same procedure as

above, set the following volume
heat sources: all chips on PCB
(Small Chip) - total heat generation
rate of 4 W, Power Supply - temperature of 120 F

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Define the Volume Conditions

Rename the source applied to the chips to Chips and the

source for the power supply to Power Supply.

Click File, Save.

Define the Volume Conditions

1

Right-click the Volume Conditions icon and select Insert Volume Condition.

In the SolidWorks FeatureManager select MotherBoard,

PCB(1), PCB(2) components.

On the Settings tab, open the Solid

Parameters item and select Epoxy
from the Selected solid substance
list.
Keep the default initial temperature
of 50F.

Click OK.

Following the same procedure as above, set the following volume conditions: the
chips are made of silicon, the heat sink is made of aluminum, and the 4 Lids
(Inlet Lid and three Outlet Lids) are made of insulator material. For all of these
parts keep the default initial temperature of 50F. All four lids can be selected in
the same volume condition definition. Note that two of the outlet lids can be found
under derived pattern (DerivedLPattern1) in the SolidWorks FeatureManager.
Alternatively you can click on the actual part in the SolidWorks graphics area.

2-15

Define the Engineering Goals

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Change the name of each volume condition. The new

descriptive names are:
PCB - Epoxy,
Heat Sink - Aluminum,
Chips - Silicon, and
Lids - Insulator.

&

Volume Conditions are used to specify the material type and initial temperature of
solid parts in the assembly. The initial temperature must be accurately specified
for transient problems but it is also useful to specify a temperature close to the
expected final solution for steady state problems in order to speed up convergence.
In this example we do not have a good estimate of the final temperature of each
part so we have specified the ambient temperature of the surroundings. It was not
necessary to define a volume condition for the enclosure and capacitors because
they will use the default settings, namely steel at 50F.
Click File, Save.

Define the Engineering Goals

Specifying Volume Goals

2-16

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert

Volume Goal.

Select the Chips item in the COSMOS/

FloWorks design tree. This selects all components belonging to the Chips heat source.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Select Temperature of Solid Component as

the goal type and calculate Maximum value.

Accept to Use the goal for convergence

control.

Click OK. The new VG Maximum Temperature of Solid Component1 item appears in the
COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.

Change the name of the new item to VG Small

Chips Max Temperature. You can also
change the name of the item using the Feature
Properties dialog appearing if you right-click
the item and select Properties.

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert

Volume Goal.

Select the Main Chip item in the COSMOS/

FloWorks design tree.

Select Temperature of Solid Component as

the goal type and calculate Maximum value.

10

Click OK.

11

Rename the new VG Maximum Temperature

of Solid Component1 item to VG Chip Max
Temperature.

Define the Engineering Goals

2-17

Define the Engineering Goals

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Specifying Surface Goals

1

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert Surface Goal.

Since the Main Chip is still selected, all its faces

automatically appear in the Faces to apply the
surface goal list. Remove all faces from the list.
To remove a face, select it in the list and press the
Delete key.

Click the External Inlet Fan1 item to select the

face where it is going to be applied.

Keep the Static Pressure and the Average

Value.

Accept to Use the goal for convergence control.

&

2-18

For the X(Y, Z) - Component of Force and X(Y,

Z) - Component of Torque goals you can select
the Coordinate system in which these goals are
calculated.

Click OK and rename the new SG Average Static Pressure1 item to SG Av

Inlet Pressure.

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert Surface Goal.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click the Static Pressure1 item to select the

face where it is going to be applied.

Select Mass Flow Rate as the Goal type.

10

Accept to Use the goal for convergence control.

11

Click OK and rename the new SG Mass Flow

Rate1 item to SG Outlet Mass Flow Rate.

Define the Engineering Goals

Specifying Global Goals

1

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert

Global Goal.

Keep the Static Pressure, Average Value and

accept to Use the goal for convergence control.

Click OK. Rename the new GG Average Static

Pressure1 item to GG Av Pressure.

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert Global Goal.

Select the Temperature of Fluid as the Goal

type, keep the Average Value and accept to
Use the goal for convergence control.

2-19

Changing the Geometry Resolution

&

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click OK. Rename the new GG Average Temperature of Fluid1 item to GG Av Fluid
Temperature.

Engineering goals are the parameters in which the user is interested. Setting goals
is in essence a way of conveying to COSMOS/FloWorks what you are trying to get
out of the analysis, as well as a means of reducing the time COSMOS/FloWorks
takes to reach a solution. By only selecting the variable which the user desires
accurate values for, COSMOS/FloWorks knows which variables are important to
converge upon (the variables selected as goals) and which can be less accurate in
the interest of time. Goals can be set throughout the entire domain (Global Goals),
in a selected area (Surface Goal) or within a selected volume (Volume Goal).
Furthermore, COSMOS/FloWorks can consider the average value, the minimum
value or the maximum value for goal settings. You can also define an Equation
Goal that is a goal defined by an equation (basic mathematical functions) with the
existing goals as variables. The equation goal allows you to calculate the
parameter of interest (i.e., pressure drop) and keeps this information in the project
for later reference.
In this tutorial the engineering goals are set to determine the maximum
temperature of the heat generating components, the temperature rise of the air and
the pressure drop and mass flow rate through the enclosure.

Click File, Save.

Next lets check the automatically defined geometry resolution for this project.

Changing the Geometry Resolution

2-20

Click FloWorks, Result and Geometry Resolution

(FloWorks, Initial Mesh, if you are using
COSMOS/FloWorks PE license).

Select the Manual specification of the minimum

gap size check box.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

&

Solution

Enter 0.15" for the minimum flow passage (i.e. passage

between the fins of the heat sink).
Entering values for the minimum gap size and minimum wall thickness is important
when you have small features. Setting these values accurately ensures that the
small features are not "passed over" by the mesh. The minimum wall thickness
should be specified only if there are fluid cells on either side of a small solid
feature. In case of internal analyses, there are no fluid cells in the ambient space
outside of the enclosure. Therefore boundaries between internal flow and ambient
space are always resolved properly. That is why you should not take into account
the walls of the steel cabinet. Both the minimum gap size and the minimum wall
thickness are tools that help you to create a model-adaptive mesh resulting in
increased accuracy. However the minimum gap size setting is the more powerful
one. The fact is that the COSMOS/FloWorks mesh is constructed so that the
specified Result Resolution level controls the minimum number of mesh cells per
minimum gap size. And this number is equal to or greater than the number of
mesh cells generated per minimum wall thickness. That's why even if you have a
thin solid feature inside the flow region it is not necessary to specify minimum wall
thickness if it is greater than or equal to the minimum gap size. Specifying the
minimum wall thickness is necessary if you want to resolve thin walls smaller than
the smallest gap.
Click OK.

Solution
1

Click FloWorks, Solve, Run.

Click Run.
The solver will approximately take about 3 hours to run
on an 850MHz platform.

2-21

Viewing the Goals

&

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

This is the solution monitor dialog box. Notice for this tutorial
that the SG Av Inlet Pressure,
and GG Av Pressure converged
very quickly compared to the
other goals. Generally different
goals take more or less iterations
to converge. The goal-oriented
philosophy of COSMOS/
FloWorks allows you to get the
answers you need in the shortest
amount of time. For example, if
you were only interested in the pressure drop through the enclosure, COSMOS/
FloWorks would have provided the result more quickly then if the solver was
allowed to fully converge on all of the parameters.

Viewing the Goals

2-22

Right-click the Results icon and select Load Results to

activate the postprocessor.

Right-click the Goals icon and select Create.

Click Add All in the Goals dialog.

Click OK.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Viewing the Goals

An excel workbook will open with the goal results. The first sheet will show a table summarizing the goals.

E n c lo s u r e A s s e m b ly .S L D A S M [In le t F a n ]
G o al N am e
GG A v P ressu re
S G A v I n le t P r e s s u r e
G G A v F lu id Te m p e r a tu r e
S G O u tle t M a s s F lo w R a te
V G C h ip M a x Te m p e r a tu r e
V G S m a ll C h ip s M a x Te m p e

&

U n it
[lb f /i n ^2 ]
[lb f /i n ^2 ]
[ F ]
[lb / s ]
[ F ]
[ F ]

V a lu e
P ro g ress
1 4.697 440 5
1 4 .6 9 7 2 2 6 3 9
6 6 .7 9 8 9 6 8 5 9
-0.0 0626 459 9
9 0 .7 9 5 7 7 8 1 5
12 1.569 449 1

[% ]
100
100
100
21 .3
27 .4
100

U s e In C o n v e r g e n c e
Y es
Y es
Y es
Y es
Y es
Y es

It e r a t io n s : 3 3 1

You can see that the maximum temperature in the main chip is 90.8 F, and the
maximum temperature over the small chips is 121.57 F.Goal's progress bar is a
qualitative and quantitative characteristic of the goal's convergence process.
When COSMOS/FloWorks analyzes the goal's convergence, it calculates the goal's
dispersion defined as the difference between the goal's maximum and minimum
values over the analysis interval reckoned from the last iteration and compares
this dispersion with the goal's convergence criterion dispersion, either specified by
you (in COSMOS/FloWorks PE only) or automatically determined by COSMOS/
FloWorks as a fraction of the goal's physical parameter dispersion over the
computational domain. The percentage of the goal's convergence criterion
dispersion to the goal's real dispersion over the analysis interval is shown in the
goal's convergence progress bar (when the goal's real dispersion becomes equal
or smaller than the goal's convergence criterion dispersion, the progress bar is
replaced by word "achieved"). Naturally, if the goal's real dispersion oscillates,
the progress bar oscillates also, moreover, when a hard problem is solved, it can
noticeably regress, in particular from the "achieved" level. In COSMOS/FloWorks
Standard the calculation can finish if the iterations (in travels) required for
finishing the calculation have been performed, as well as if the goals' convergence
criteria are satisfied before performing the required number of iterations.

You can see that some goals are not fully converged (progress is not 100%) to the criterion automatically specified by COSMOS/FloWorks.

&

The value displayed on the Summary sheet is the last calculated value of the goal.
This value can vary within the oscillation range depending on the moment the
calculation stopped. If you continue the calculation the oscillations will diminish
unless it is a physically unsteady analysis (like a Karman-vortex street past a
cylinder).

2-23

Viewing the Goals

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In COSMOS/FloWorks Standard you can continue the finished calculation, if you

switch off the Goals Convergence finishing criterion in the Calculation Control
Options dialog box. In this case the calculation will continue until you manually
stop it.
However, the default criterion may be set too low such that the calculation has reached
an accuracy satisfactory to you but the run is still calculating to try to satisfy the default
criterion. Therefore, even for converged goals, it is a good practice to view goal plots
after finishing the calculation to ascertain whether the required accuracy is reached.
Go to the Temperature of Solid Component sheet and scale the Y axis to display values from 110 to 130 F. You can see that the oscillations of the maximum temperature
over the small chips are negligible (about 1F), thus there is no need to continue the calculation and wait until all goals become converged to the default criterion.
130

125

120

115

110
0

50

10 0

150

200

2 50

3 00

35 0

To analyze the results in more detail let's use the various COSMOS/FloWorks post-processing tools. For the visualization of how the fluid flows inside the enclosure the best
method is to create flow trajectories.

2-24

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Flow Trajectories

Flow Trajectories
1

Right-click the Flow Trajectories icon

and select Insert.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree

select the External Inlet Fan1 item.
This selects the inner face of the Inlet
Lid.

Set the Number of trajectories to 200.

Keep the Reference in the Start points from list.

&

If Reference is selected, then the trajectory start points are taken from this selected
face.

Click View Settings.

In the View Settings dialog box,

change the Parameter from Pressure to Velocity.

Go to the Flow Trajectories tab

and notice that the Use from contours option is selected.

&

This setting defines how trajectories

are colored. If Use from contours is
selected then the trajectories are
colored with the distribution of the
parameter specified on the
Contours tab (Velocity in our case).
If you select Use fixed color then all
flow trajectories have the same
color that you specify on the
Settings tab of the Flow Trajectories dialog box.
Click OK to save the changes and exit the View Settings dialog box.

2-25

Cut Plots

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In the Flow Trajectories dialog box click OK. The new Flow Trajectories 1 item
appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.

This is the picture you should see.

Notice that there are only a few trajectories
along the PCB(2) and this may cause
problems with cooling of the chips placed on
this PCB. Additionally the blue color
indicates low velocity in front of PCB(2).

Right-click the Flow Trajectories 1 item and

select Hide.

Let's see the velocity distribution in more detail.

Cut Plots
1

2-26

Right-click the Cut Plots icon and select Insert.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Cut Plots

Keep the Front plane as the section

plane.

Click View Settings.

Change the Min and Max values to

0 and 15 respectively. The specified
integer values produce a palette
where it is more easy to determine
the value.

Click OK.

In the Cut Plot dialog box click OK. The new Cut Plot 1 item appears in the
COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.

Select the Top view.

2-27

Cut Plots

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

You can see that the maximum velocity region appears close to the openings; and the
low velocity region is seen in the center area between the capacitors and the PCB. Furthermore the region between the PCB's has a strong flow which in all likelihood will
enhance convective cooling in this region. Let's now look at the fluid temperature.
8

Double-click the palette bar in the upper left corner of the graphics area. The
View Settings dialog appears.

Change the Parameter from Velocity to Temperature.

10

Change the Min and Max values to

50 and 130 respectively.

11

Click the Vectors tab and change the

Arrow size to 0.2 by typing the value
in the box under the slider.

&
12

&

2-28

Notice that you can specify a value

that is outside of the slider's range.
Set the Max value to 1 ft/s.
By specifying the custom Min and Max values you can control the vector length.
The vectors whose velocity exceeds the specified Max value will have the same
length as the vectors whose velocity is equal to the Max. Likewise, the vectors
whose velocity is less than the specified Min value will have the same length as the
vectors whose velocity is equal to the Min. We have set 1ft/s to display areas of low
velocity.

13

Click OK.

14

Right-click the Cut Plot 1 item and select Edit Definition.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

15

Select the Vectors check box.

16

Change the Section position to

-0.2 in.

17

Go to the Settings tab. Using the

slider set the Vector spacing to
0.18 in.

18

Click OK.

Surface Plots

It is not surprising that the fluid temperature is high around the heat sink but it is also
high in the area of low velocity denoted by small vectors.

Right-click the Cut Plot1 item and select Hide. Let's now display solid temperature.

Surface Plots
1

Right-click the Surface Plots item and select Insert.

Click Solid as the Medium. Since the Temperature is the active parameter, you
can display plots in solids; otherwise only the fluid medium would be available.

2-29

Surface Plots

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Hold down the Ctrl key and

select the Heat Sink - Aluminum and the Chips - Silicon
items in the COSMOS/
FloWorks design tree.

Click OK. The creation of the

surface plot may take a time
because 76 faces need to be
colored.

Repeat items 1 and 2 and

select the Power Supply and
Capacitors items, then click
OK.

Now you need to hide the model

because it overlaps the plots. In
additional to using COSMOS/
FloWorks menu or COSMOS/
FloWorks design tree it is very convenient to use COSMOS/FloWorks Toolbars.
6

Click View, Toolbars, COSMOS/FloWorks Results,

Display.

Click Display Outlines

to display a wireframe representation of the model.

Then click Display Model Geometry

to hide the model.

You can see that the far chips on the bank adjacent to the wall have higher temperature.
This is because the stream accumulates the heat generated by the upstream chips.

2-30

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Surface Plots

You can further view and analyze the results with the post-processing tools that were
shown in the First Steps - Ball Valve Design tutorial. COSMOS/FloWorks allows you to
quickly and easily investigate your design both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative results such as the maximum temperature in the component, pressure drop through
the cabinet, and air temperature rise will allow you to determine whether the design is
acceptable or not. By viewing qualitative results such as air flow patterns, and heat conduction patterns in the solid, COSMOS/FloWorks gives you the necessary insight to
locate problem areas or weaknesses in your design and provides guidance on how to
improve or optimize the design.

2-31

Surface Plots

2-32

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

3
First Steps - Porous Media
In this tutorial we consider flow in a section of an automobile exhaust pipe, whose exhaust
flow is resisted by two porous bodies serving as catalysts for transforming harmful carbon
oxide into carbon dioxide. When designing an automobile catalytic converter, the engineer faces a compromise between minimizing the catalyst's resistance to the exhaust flow
while maximizing the catalyst's internal surface area and duration that the exhaust gases
are in contact with that surface area. Therefore, a more uniform distribution of the exhaust
mass flow rate over the catalyst's cross sections favors its serviceability. The porous media
capabilities of COSMOS/FloWorks are used to simulate each catalyst, which allows you
to model the volume that the catalyst occupies as a distributed resistance instead of discretely modeling all of the individual passages within the catalyst, which would be
impractical or even impossible. Here, as a COSMOS/FloWorks tutorial example we consider the influence of the catalysts' porous medium permeability type (isotropic and unidirectional media of the same resistance to flow) on the exhaust mass flow rate distribution
over the catalysts' cross sections. We will observe the latter through the behavior of the
exhaust gas flow trajectories distributed uniformly over the model's inlet and passing
through the porous catalysts. Additionally, by coloring the flow trajectories by the flow
velocity the exhaust gas residence time in the porous catalysts can be estimated, which is
also important from the catalyst effectiveness viewpoint.

3-1

Open the SolidWorks Model

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Open the SolidWorks Model

1
2

Click File, Open.

Outlet
In the Open dialog box, browse to the Cat- Porous catalysts
alyst.SLDASM assembly located in the
First Steps - Porous Media folder and
click Open (or double-click the assembly).
Alternatively, you can drag and drop the
Catalyst.SLDASM file to an empty area of
Inlet
SolidWorks window.

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

Click FloWorks, Project, Wizard
1

Once inside the Wizard, select Create new in order to create a new configuration and name it Isotropic.
Click Next.

Choose the International System SI.

Click Next.

3-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

Set the fluid type to Gas.

Click Next.

Set the analysis type to Internal.

Click Next.

Accept the default zero wall

roughness value.
Click Next.

3-3

Create a COSMOS/FloWorks Project

Choose Air as the fluid. You can

either double-click Air or select the
item in the left column and click Add.
Click Next.

Leave the default Adiabatic wall condition

Click Next.

Accept the default initial conditions.

Click Next.

3-4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

&

Define the Boundary Conditions

Accept the default Result Resolution

and Geometry Resolution settings.
Under the Advanced button you can
specify some advanced meshing
options (Advanced narrow channel
refinement, Refinement in solid
regions).
Click Next.

10

Click Finish. Now COSMOS/FloWorks creates a new configuration with the

COSMOS/FloWorks data attached.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks Design Tree, right-click the Computational Domain icon

and select Hide to hide the black wireframe box.

Define the Boundary Conditions

1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree,

right-click the Boundary Conditions icon
and select Insert Boundary Condition.

Select the inner face of the inlet lid as shown.

To access the inner face, right-click the mouse to
cycle through the faces under the cursor until the
inner face is highlighted, then click the left mouse
button

Select Flow openings and Inlet

Velocity.

3-5

Define the Boundary Conditions

Under the Settings tab set the

Velocity normal to face to 10 m/s.

Click OK.

&

With the definition just made, we

told COSMOS/FloWorks that at this
opening air is flowing into the
catalyst with a velocity of 10 m/s.

Select the inner face of the outlet lid

as shown.

Right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and

select Insert Boundary Condition.

Select Pressure openings and

Static Pressure.

Keep the defaults under the Settings

tab.

10

Click OK.

&

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

With the definition just made, we

told COSMOS/FloWorks that at this
opening the fluid exits the model to
an area of static atmospheric
pressure.

Now we can define porous media in this project. To define a porous medium, first we
need to specify the porous mediums properties (porosity, permeability type, etc.) in the
Engineering Database and then use the Porous Condition to apply the porous medium
to a component of your assembly.
3-6

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Create an Isotropic Porous Medium

Create an Isotropic Porous Medium

1

Click FloWorks, Tools, Engineering Database.

In the Database tree select Porous Media, User Defined.

Click New Item

on the toolbar. The blank Item Properties tab appears. Double-click the empty cell to set the corresponding property value.

Name the new porous medium Isotropic.

Under the Comment, click the

porous medium.

&
6

&
7

&
8

&

button and type the desired comments for this

The Comment property is optional, you can leave this field blank.
Set the mediums Porosity to 0.5.
Porosity is the effective porosity of the porous medium, defined as the volume
fraction of the interconnected pores with respect to the total porous medium
volume; here, the porosity is equal to 0.5. The porosity will govern the exhaust
flow velocity in the porous medium channels, which, in its turn, governs the
exhaust gas residence in the porous catalyst and, therefore, the catalyst efficiency.
Choose Isotropic for the Permeability type.
First of all let us consider an Isotropic permeability, i.e., a mediums permeability
not depending on the direction within the medium, then, as an alternative, we will
consider a Unidirectional permeability, i.e., the medium being permeable in one
direction only.
Choose Pressure drop, Flowrate, Dimensions as the Resistance calculation formula.
For our media we select a Pressure Drop, Flowrate, Dimensions medium
resistance to flow, i.e., specify the porous medium resistance as k = PS /(mL)
(in units of s-1), where the right-side parameters are referred to a tested
parallelepiped sample of the porous medium, having the S cross-sectional area
and the L length in the selected sample direction, in which the mass flow rate
3-7

Create an Isotropic Porous Medium

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

through the sample is equal to m under the pressure difference of P between the
sample opposite sides in this direction.
In this project we will specify P = 20 Pa at m = 0.01 kg/s (P = 0 Pa at m=0 kg/
s), S = 0.01 m2, L = 0.1m. Therefore, k = 200 s-1.
Knowing S and L of the catalyst inserted into the model and m of the flow through
it, you can approximately estimate the pressure loss at the model catalyst from
P = kmL/S.
9

For the Pressure drop vs.

flowrate choose Mass Flow
Rate.

10

Click the Tables and Curves

tab.

11

Under the Property table specify the linear dependency of pressure drop vs. mass
flow rate as shown.

12

Go back to the Item Properties tab.

13

Set Length to 0.1 m and Area to

0.01 m2.

14

Click Save

15

Click File, Exit to exit the database.

Now we will apply the specified porous medium to the model components considered as
porous bodies.
A porous medium can only be applied to a component that is not treated by COSMOS/
FloWorks as solid. To change the state of a component you use the Component Control
dialog box.

3-8

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Component Control

Component Control
1

&

Click FloWorks, Component Control.

The Component Control dialog box allows you
to control the component state. Parts and
subassemblies can be either disabled or enabled
for the analysis. This setting does not affect your
SolidWorks model. COSMOS/FloWorks treats
disabled components as a fluid, so you can
specify initial conditions that are different from
the defaults, as well as specify volume sources
and volume goals.

In the Components list, hold down the Ctrl key

and select both the monolith components.

Click Disable.

Click OK. COSMOS/FloWorks now treats this component as a fluid region with
the default fluid initial conditions.

Define the Porous Condition - Isotropic Type

1

Right-click the Porous Conditions icon

and select Insert Porous Condition.

In the SolidWorks FeatureManager select the monolith<1> and monolith<2>

components.

Click Browse to select the

porous medium from the
Engineering database.

3-9

Specifying Surface Goals

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Select the Isotropic item under the Porous

Media, User Defined item.

Click OK to return to the Porous Condition dialog box.

Click OK to complete the definition of porous media and exit the Porous Condition dialog.

To obtain the total pressure drop between the model inlet and outlet we will set an Equation Goal. For this, we need to specify the corresponding Surface Goals first.

Specifying Surface Goals

3-10

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert Surface Goal.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks Design

tree, click the Inlet Velocity1 item
to select the inner face of the inlet
lid.

Select the Total Pressure as the

Goal type.

Accept the Average Value and agree to Use the

goal for convergence control.

Click OK.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Define the Equation Goal

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, click-pause-click

the new SG Average Total Pressure1 item and rename it
to SG Av Inlet Pressure.

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert Surface Goal.

Click the Static Pressure1 item to

select the inner face of the outlet
lid.

Select the Total Pressure as the

Goal type.

10

Accept the Average Value and agree to Use the

goal for convergence control.

11

Click OK and rename the new SG Average

Total Pressure1 item to SG Av Outlet
Pressure.

Define the Equation Goal

&

Equation Goal is a goal defined by an analytical function of the existing goals.

This goal can be viewed as equation goal during the calculation and while
displaying results in the same way as the other goals. As variables, you can use
any of the specified goals, including another equation goals, except for goals that
are dependent on other equation goals. You can also use constants in the definition
of the equation goal.

3-11

Solution

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert

Equation Goal.

In the Goal list select the SG Av Inlet Pressure

goal and click Add.

Click the minus button in the calculator or type "-".

In the Goal list double-click the SG Av Outlet Pressure item.

&

To set an Equation Goal you can use only specified goals (including previously
specified Equation Goals) and constants. If constants signify some physical
parameters (i.e. length, area etc.) make sure of using the projects system of units.
COSMOS/FloWorks has no information about the physical meaning of the
specified constant so you need to specify the displayed dimensionality yourself.

Keep the default Pressure & Stress in the Dimensionality list.

Click OK. The new Equation

Goal 1 item appears in the
tree.

Solution
1

Click FloWorks, Solve, Run.

Click Run.

After the calculation has finished close the Monitor dialog

box.

3-12

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Access the Results

Access the Results

Right-click the Results icon and select Load Results to activate the postprocessor.

Viewing the Goals

1

Right-click the Goals icon and select Create.

Double-click the Equation Goal 1 in the

Goals dialog box.

Click OK.

An Excel workbook will open with the goal

results. The first sheet will show a table presenting the final values of the goal.
You can see that the total pressure drop is about 143 Pa.

C a ta ly s t.S L D A S M [Is o tr o p ic ]
G o al N a m e
E qua tion Go al 1

U nit
[P a]

V a lue
P r o gr ess [% ] U se In C o nve rg en ce
14 2.98 2062 4
0 No

It e r a tio n s : 7 3

To see the non-uniformity of the mass flow rate distribution over a catalysts cross section, we will display flow trajectories distributed uniformly across the model inlet.

Flow Trajectories
1

Right-click the Flow Trajectories icon

and select Insert.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree

select the Inlet Velocity1 item. This
selects the inner face of the inlet lid.

3-13

Flow Trajectories

Under the Settings tab set to draw trajectories as Band.

Click View Settings.

In the View Settings dialog box,

change the Parameter from Pressure to Velocity.

Set the Max value to 12.

Click OK to save the changes and

exit the View Settings dialog box.

In the Flow Trajectories dialog box click OK.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

To see trajectories inside the porous media we will apply some

transparency to the model.
9

Click FloWorks, Results, Display, Transparency and

set the model transparency to 0.75.

This is the picture you should see.

To compare the effectiveness of a unidirectional porous catalyst to an isotropic catalyst,

lets calculate the project with a unidirectional type of porous medium.

3-14

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Clone Project

Clone Project
1

Click FloWorks, Project, Clone Project.

Enter Unidirectional as the Configuration name.

Click OK.

Create a Unidirectional Porous Medium

1

Click FloWorks, Tools, Engineering Database.

In the Database tree select Porous Media, User Defined.

Under the List tab select the Isotropic item.

Click Copy

Click Paste

. The new Copy of Isotropic item appears in the list.

Select the Copy of Isotropic item and click the

Item Properties tab.

Rename the item to Unidirectional.

Change the Permeability

type to Unidirectional.

Save the database and

exit.

Now we can apply the new porous medium to the monoliths.

3-15

Define the Porous Condition - Unidirectional Type

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Define the Porous Condition - Unidirectional Type

1

Right-click the Porous Conditions1 icon and select Edit Definition.

Click Browse and select the Unidirectional

item under the Porous Media, User
Defined item.

Click OK to return to the Porous Condition dialog box.

Click the Direction tab.

In the Direction select the Z axis of

the Global Coordinate System.

&

For porous media having

unidirectional permeability, we
must specify the permeability
direction as an axis of the selected
coordinate system (axis Z of the
Global coordinate system in our
case)
Click OK.

Since all other conditions and goals are retained we can start the calculation immediately.

Compare the Isotropic and Unidirectional Catalysts.

After the calculation has finished, right-click the Results icon and select Load Results.
Create the goal plot for the Equation Goal 1.

C a ta ly s t.S L D A S M [U n id ire c tio n a l]

G o al N a m e
E qua tion Go al 1

It e r a tio n s : 7 3

3-16

U nit
[P a]

V a lue
P r o gr ess [% ] U se In C o nve rg en ce
13 3.22 3586 9
0 No

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Compare the Isotropic and Unidirectional Catalysts.

Display flow trajectories as described above.

Comparing the trajectories passing through the isotropic and unidirectional porous catalysts installed in the tube, we can state:
Due to the asymmetric position of the inlet tube with respect to the larger tube in which
the catalyst bodies are installed, the incoming flow is non-uniform.
Since the incoming flow is non-uniform, the flow inside the first catalyst body is
non-uniform also. It is seen that the catalyst type (isotropic or unidirectional) affects both
the incoming flow non-uniformity (slightly) and, more substantially, the flow within the
catalysts (especially the first catalyst body). In both the cases the gas stream mainly
enters the first catalyst body-closer to the wall opposite to the inlet tube. For the isotropic
case, the gas flows into the first body nearer to the wall than for the case of the unidirectional catalyst. As a result, the flow in the initial (about one-third of the body length) portion of the first catalyst body is noticeably more non-uniform in the isotropic catalyst.
Nevertheless, due to the isotropic permeability, the main gas stream expands in the isotropic catalyst and occupies a larger volume in the next part of the body than in the unidirectional catalyst, which, due to its unidirectional permeability, prevents the stream from
expanding. So, the flow in the last two-thirds of the first catalyst body is less non-uniform in the isotropic catalyst. Since the distance between the two porous bodies installed
in the tube is rather small, the gas stream has no time to become more uniform in the volume between the catalyst bodies, although in the unidirectional case such gas motion is
perceptible. As a result, the flow non-uniformity occurring at the first catalyst body's exit
passes to the second catalyst body. Then, it is seen that the flow non-uniformity does not
change within the second catalyst body.

3-17

Compare the Isotropic and Unidirectional Catalysts.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Let us now consider the flow velocity inside the catalyst. This is easy to do since the
flow trajectories' colors indicate the flow velocity value in accordance with the specified
palette. To create the same conditions for comparing the flow velocities in the isotropic
and unidirectional catalysts, we have to specify the same velocity range for the palette in
both the cases, since the maximum flow velocity governing the value range for the palette by default is somewhat different in these cases. It is seen that, considering the catalyst on the whole, the flow velocities in the isotropic and unidirectional catalysts are
practically the same. Therefore, from the viewpoint of gas residence in the catalyst, there
is no difference between the isotropic and unidirectional catalysts.
We can conclude that the isotropic catalyst is more effective than the unidirectional catalyst (of the same resistance to uniform flows), since the flow in it, as a whole, is more
uniform. In spite of specifying the same resistance of the catalysts to flow, the overall
pressure loss is lower by about 7% in the case of employing the unidirectional catalyst.
This difference is due to the different flow non-uniformity both in the catalyst bodies and
out of them.

3-18

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

4
Determination of Hydraulic Loss
In engineering practice the hydraulic loss of pressure head in any piping system is traditionally split into two components: the loss due to friction along straight pipe sections
and the local loss due to local pipe features, such as bends, T-pipes, various cocks,
valves, throttles, etc. Being determined, these losses are summed to form the total
hydraulic loss. Generally, there are no problems in engineering practice to determine the
friction loss in a piping system since relatively simple formulae based on theoretical and
experimental investigations exist. The other matter is the local hydraulic loss (or socalled local drag). Here usually only experimental data are available, which are always
restricted due to their nature, especially taking into account the wide variety of pipe
shapes (not only existing, but also advanced) and devices, as well as the substantially
complicated flow patterns in them. COSMOS/FloWorks presents an alternative approach
to the traditional problems associated with determining this kind of local drag, allowing
you to predict computationally almost any local drag in a piping system within good
accuracy.
Click File, Open. In the Open dialog box, browse to the Valve.SLDPRT part located in
the Tutorial 1 - Hydraulic Loss folder and click Open (or double-click the part). Alternatively, you can drag and drop the Valve.SLDPRT file to an empty area of SolidWorks
window.

4-1

Model Description

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Model Description
This is a ball valve. Turning the handle closes or opens the
valve.
The local hydraulic loss (or drag) produced by a ball valve
installed in a piping system depends on the valve turning
angle or on the minimum flow passage area governed by
it. The latter depends also on a ball valve geometrical
parameter, which is the ball-to-pipe diameter ratio governing the handle angle at which the valve becomes closed:
D ball
= arc sin 2 -------------
D

pi pe

The standard engineering convention for determining local drag is by calculating the difference between the fluid dynamic heads measured upstream of the local pipe feature
(ball valve in our case) and far downstream of it, where the flow has become uniform
(undisturbed) again. In order to extract the pure local drag the hydraulic friction loss in
the straight pipe of the same length must be subtracted from the measured dynamic head
loss.
In this example we will obtain pressure loss (local drag) in the ball valve whose handle is
turned by an angle of 40o. The Valve analysis represents a typical COSMOS/FloWorks
internal analysis.

&

Internal flow analyses deal with flows inside pipes, tanks, HVAC systems, etc. The
fluid enters a model at the inlets and exits the model through outlets.

To perform an internal analysis all the model openings must be closed with lids, which
are needed to specify inlet and outlet flow boundary conditions on them. In any case, the
internal model space filled with a fluid must be fully closed. You simply create lids as
additional extrusions covering the openings. In this example the lids are semi-transparent
allowing a view into the valve.

4-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Project

To ensure the model is fully closed click FloWorks, Tools,

Check Geometry. Then click Check to calculate the fluid
volume of the model. If the fluid volume is equal to zero, the
model is not closed.

&

This Check Geometry tool allows you to calculate the

total fluid and solid volumes, check bodies for possible
geometry problems (i.e. tangent contact) and visualize
the fluid area and solid body as separate models.

The first step is to create a new COSMOS/FloWorks project.

Creating a Project
1

Click FloWorks, Project, Wizard. The project wizard guides you through the
definition of a new COSMOS/FloWorks project.

In the Project Name dialog box, click

Use current. Each COSMOS/
FloWorks project is associated with a
SolidWorks configuration. You can
attach the project either to the current
SolidWorks configuration or create a
new SolidWorks configuration based
on the current one.
Click Next.

In the Units dialog box you can select

the desired system of units for both
input and output (results).
For this project use the International
System SI by default.
Click Next.

4-3

Creating a Project

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In the Fluid Type and Physical

Features dialog box you can select
the fluid type, either liquid or gas. The
selected fluid type is assigned for all
fluids in the analysis. This dialog also
allows you to specify advanced
physical features you want to take into
account (heat transfer in solids,
compressibility effects, gravitational
effects, time-dependent analysis,
laminar flow).
Specify Liquid and do not use any of the above-mentioned features.
Click Next.

In the Analysis Type dialog box you

can select either Internal or External
type of the flow analysis. To disregard
closed internal spaces not involved in
the internal analysis you select
Exclude cavities without flow conditions. The Reference axis of the global coordinate system (X, Y or Z) is
used for specifying data in a tabular or
formula form in a cylindrical coordinate system based on this axis.
Specify Internal type and accept the other default settings.
Click Next.

In the Roughness dialog box you can

specify the wall roughness value
applied by default to all model walls.
To specify the roughness value for a
specific wall you must create a Rough
Wall boundary condition.
In this project we will not concern
rough walls.
Click Next.

4-4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Project

In the Selecting Fluid Substances

dialog box you can select the fluid
substances whose flow is analyzed in
the COSMOS/FloWorks project.
Since we use water in this project,
double-click the Water SP item in the
Database of fluids list taken from
COSMOS/FloWorks Engineering
Database.

&

Click Next.
Engineering Database contains numerical physical information on a wide variety
of gas, liquid, and solid substances. You use the Engineering Database to specify a
porous medium properties. The Engineering Database contains pre-defined unit
systems. It also contains fan curves defining volume or mass flow rate versus static
pressure difference for selected industrial fans. You can easily create your own
substances, units or fan curves.
SP (Standard Pressure) means that temperature dependencies of the liquid are
taken along the standard isobar P=0.1 MPa.
Since we do not intend to calculate
heat transfer in solids, the Default
Wall Conditions dialog box appears,
where you must specify the thermal
wall boundary conditions applied by
default to all the model walls contacting with the fluid.
For this project accept the default Adiabatic wall feature denoting that all
the model walls are heat-insulated.
Click Next.

4-5

Creating a Project

&

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In the Initial and Ambient Conditions dialog box specify initial values
of the flow parameters. For steady
internal problems these values specified closer to the expected flow field
will reduce the analysis time.

For steady flow problems COSMOS/FloWorks iterates until the solution

convergences. For unsteady (transient, or time-dependent) problems COSMOS/
FloWorks marches in time for a period you specify.
For this project use the default values.
Click Next.

10

In the Result Resolution and

Geometry Resolution dialog box you
can control the analysis accuracy as
well as the mesh settings and, through
them, the required computer resources
(CPU time and memory).
For this project accept the default
result resolution level 3.

&

4-6

Result Resolution governs mathematical accuracy of the obtained solution i.e.,

closeness of the obtained numerical solution to the ideal solution which can be
obtained within the framework of simulating the investigated physical phenomenon
with the selected mathematical model. It controls not only fineness of the
computational mesh, but also the convergence criteria. The higher the Result
Resolution, the finer the mesh and the stricter the convergence criteria. Naturally,
higher Result Resolution requires more computer resources (CPU time and
memory).
Geometry Resolution (specified through the minimum gap size and the minimum
wall thickness) governs proper resolution of geometrical model features by the
computational mesh. Naturally, finer Geometry Resolution requires more
computer resources.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

&

Creating a Project

Select the Manual specification of the minimum gap

size check box and enter 0.04 m for the minimum
flow passage.
COSMOS/FloWorks calculates the default minimum
gap size and minimum wall thickness using
information about the overall model dimensions, the
computational domain, and faces on which you specify
conditions and goals. However, this information may
be insufficient to recognize relatively small gaps and
thin model walls. This may cause inaccurate results.
In these cases, the Minimum gap size and Minimum
wall thickness must be specified manually.
Click Next.

11

The Summary dialog box presents you brief general information about the project
specified in the Wizard. Click Finish.

After the project has been created, a new COSMOS/FloWorks design tree tab appears on
the right side of the Configuration Manager tab.

&

The COSMOS/FloWorks Design Tree provides a convenient specification of

project data and view of results. You also can use the COSMOS/FloWorks design
tree to modify or delete the various COSMOS/FloWorks features.

At the same time, in the SolidWorks graphics area a computational domain wireframe
box appears.

&

The Computational Domain is a rectangular

prism, inside which the flow and heat transfer
calculations are performed.

The next step is specifying Boundary Conditions.

Boundary Conditions are used to specify fluid characteristics at the model inlets and outlets in an internal
flow analysis or on model surfaces in an external flow
analysis.

4-7

Specifying Boundary Conditions

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The Boundary Condition dialog box is used to specify Static Pressure, Total Pressure,
Mass Flow Rate, Volume Flow Rate or Velocity boundary condition on the selected
model surfaces. You can also specify the Ideal Wall condition to set the adiabatic frictionless wall feature or the Rough Wall condition to assign a roughness value to a wall.
The other boundary conditions such as Fans and Heat Sources are specified separately.

Specifying Boundary Conditions

1

Click FloWorks, Insert, Boundary Condition.

Select the Inlet Lid inner face (in contact with the fluid).
To access the inner face, right-click the lids outer face
and choose Select Other. Right-click the mouse to cycle
through the faces under the cursor until the inner face is
highlighted, then click the left mouse button.
The selected face appears in the Faces to apply boundary condition list.

In the Type of boundary condition

list, select the Inlet Velocity item,
and then click the Settings tab.

Double-click the Value cell of the

Velocity normal to face item and
set it equal to 1 (type the value, the
units appears automatically).

Accept all the other parameters and

click OK.

This simulates the water flow, which enters the valve with the velocity of 1.0 m/s.
4-8

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Specifying Boundary Conditions

Select the Outlet Lid inner face.

In the graphics area, right-click outside the model

and select Insert Boundary Condition. The Boundary Condition dialog box appears with the selected
face in the Faces to apply boundary condition list.

Before the calculation starts, COSMOS/FloWorks checks the specified boundary conditions for mass flow rate balance. The specification of boundary conditions is incorrect if
the total mass flow rate on the inlets is not equal to the total mass flow rate on the outlets.
In such case the calculation will not start. Also, note that the mass flow rate value is
recalculated from the velocity or volume flow rate value specified on an opening. To
avoid problems with specifying boundary conditions, we recommend that you specify at
least one Pressure opening condition since the mass flow rate on a Pressure opening is
automatically calculated to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
8

Click Pressure openings and in the

Type of boundary condition list,
select the Static Pressure item.
Click the Settings tab.

Accept the default values for static

pressure (101325 Pa), temperature
(293.2 K) and all the other parameters.

10

Click OK.

By specifying this condition we define that at the ball valve pipe exit the water has a
static pressure of 1 atm.
4-9

Specifying a Surface Goal

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The hydraulic losses are calculated through the outlet and inlet total pressure difference
P from the following formula:
2
V
-------- = ( dP )
2
where is water density, and V is water velocity. Since we already know (specify) the
water velocity (1

m
---- )
s

and the water density (998.1934 for the specified temperature of

293.2), then our goal is to determine the total pressure value at the valves inlet and outlet. The easiest and fastest way to find the interested parameter is to specify the corresponding engineering goal.

Specifying a Surface Goal

1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, rightclick the Goals icon and select Insert Surface
Goal.

Select the inner face of the Inlet Lid.

To easily select a face, simply click the Inlet
Velocity1 item in the COSMOS/FloWorks
design tree. The face belonging to the specified boundary condition is automatically
selected and appears in the Faces to apply
the surface goal list

4-10

In the Goal type list, select Total Pressure.

Accept the Average Value and agree to Use the goal for convergence control.

Click OK. The new SG Average Total

Pressure1 item appears in the COSMOS/
FloWorks design tree.

Right-click the Goals icon again and select

Insert Surface Goal.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click the Static Pressure1 item to select the

inner face of the Outlet Lid.

In the Goal type list, select Total Pressure.

Accept the Average Value and click OK. The

new SG Average Total Pressure2 item appears in
the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.

Running the Calculation

Now the COSMOS/FloWorks project is ready for the calculation. COSMOS/FloWorks

will finish the calculation when the steady-state average value of total pressure calculated at the valve inlet and outlet are reached.

Running the Calculation

1

Click FloWorks, Solve, Run. The Run dialog box appears.

Click Run to start the calculation.

COSMOS/FloWorks automatically
generates a computational mesh. The
mesh is created by dividing the computational domain into slices, which
are further subdivided into cells. The
cells are refined as necessary to properly resolve the model geometry. During the mesh generation procedure,
you can see the current step and the
mesh information in the Mesh Generation dialog box.

4-11

Monitoring the Calculation

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Monitoring the Calculation

After the calculation starts, the Solver
Monitor dialog provides you with the
current status of the solution. You can
also monitor the goal changes and
view preliminary results at selected
planes.
In the bottom pane of the Info window
COSMOS/FloWorks notifies you if
inappropriate results may occur. In our
case, the message A vortex crosses
the pressure opening appears to
inform you that there is a vortex crossing the opening surface at which you
specified the pressure boundary condition. In this case the vortex is broken into incoming
and outgoing flow components. When flow both enters and exits an opening, the accuracy of the results is diminished. Moreover, there is no guarantee that convergence (i.e.,
the steady state goal) will be attained. Anyway, in case a vortex crosses a pressure opening the obtained results become suspect. If this warning persists we should stop the calculation and lengthen the ball valve outlet pipe to provide more space for development of
the vortex. It is also expedient to attach the ball valve inlet pipe to avoid the flow disturbance caused by the valves obstacle to affect the inlet boundary condition parameters.
Since the warning persists, click File, Close to terminate the calculation and exit the
Solver Monitor.
You can easily extend the ball valve inlet and outlet sections by changing the offset distance for the Inlet Plane and Outlet Plane features. Instead, we shall clone the project to
the pre-defined 40 degrees - long valve configuration.

Cloning a Project

4-12

Click FloWorks, Project, Clone Project.

Click Add to existing.

In the Existing configuration list, select 40 degrees long valve.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Cut Plot

Click OK.

COSMOS/FloWorks has detected that the model was modified. Confirm with Yes
to both the messages.

The new COSMOS/FloWorks project, attached to the 40 degrees - long valve configuration, has the same settings as for 40 degrees - short valve so you can start the calculation
immediately.
In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the root 40 degrees
- long valve item and select Run. Then click Run to start the calculation.
When the calculation is finished, close the Solver Monitor dialog box.
Let us now see the vortex notified by COSMOS/FloWorks during the calculation, as well
as the total pressure loss.

Creating a Cut Plot

1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the

Results icon and select Load Results.

Expand the Results icon.

Right-click the Cut Plots icon and select Insert. The

Cut Plot dialog box appears.

&

The Cut Plot displays results of a selected parameter in a selected view section. To
define the view section, you can use SolidWorks planes or model planar faces (with
the additional shift if necessary). The parameter values can be represented as a
contour plot, as isolines, as vectors, or in a combination (e.g. contours with
overlaid vectors).

4-13

Creating a Cut Plot

Click the SolidWorks FeatureManager

and select Plane2. Its name appears in
the Section plane/face list on the
Definition tab.

In the Cut Plot dialog box, in addition

to displaying Contours, select the
Vectors check box.

On the Settings tab, using the slider

set the Vector spacing to approximately 0.012.

Click View Settings in order to specify the parameter whose values will
be shown by the contour plot.

&

4-14

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The settings made in the View Settings dialog box refer to all Cut Plots, Surface
Plots, Isosurfaces, and Flow Trajectories specific features. These settings are
only applied for the active pane of the SolidWorks graphics area. For example, the
contours in all cut and surface plots will show the same physical parameter
selected in the View Settings dialog box. So, in the View Settings dialog box for
each of the displaying options (contours, isolines, vectors, flow trajectories,
isosurfaces) you specify the displayed physical parameter and the settings required
for displaying it through this option. The contour settings can also be applied to
Isolines, Vectors, Flow Trajectories and Isosurfaces. If the Use from contours
check box is selected on the corresponding tab, then isolines, vectors, trajectories,
isosurfaces are colored in accordance with values of the parameter selected on the
Contours tab (in this case the color settings made in the specific dialog boxes are
not used).

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Cut Plot

On the Contours tab, in the Parameter box, select X-Velocity.

Click OK to save changes and exit the

View Settings dialog box.

10

In the Cut Plot dialog box click OK. The new Cut Plot1 item appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.

However, the cut plot is not seen through the model. In order to see the plot, you can hide
the model by clicking Floworks, Results, Display, Geometry. Alternatively, you can
use the standard SolidWorks Section View option.
11

Click View, Display, Section View. Specify Plane2 as a Section Plane and select
Flip the Side to View. Click OK.

12

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree,

right-click the Computational Domain icon and select
Hide.

Now you can see a contour plot of the velocity and the velocity vectors projected on the
plot.

For better visualization of the vortex you can scale small vectors:

4-15

Creating a Cut Plot

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

13

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the

Results icon and select View Settings.

14

In the View Settings dialog, click the

Vectors tab and in the Arrow size
box type 0.02.

15

Change the Min value to 2 m/s.

&
16

By specifying the custom Min we change the vector length so the vectors whose
velocity is less than the specified Min value will have the same length as the
vectors whose velocity is equal to the Min. This allows us to visualize the low
velocity area in more details.
Click OK to save the changes and exit the View Settings dialog box. Immediately
the cut plot is updated.

You can easily visualize the vortex by displaying how the fluid flows relative to the X-axis.
For that, you can display the X-velocity component in a two-color palette with the zero dividing line.
17

4-16

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the Results icon and select
View Settings.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

18

Using the slider specify Number of

colors to 2.

19

In the Min box type -1.

20

In the Max box type 1.

21

Click OK.

Working with COSMOS/FloWorks Options

Now the distribution of the X-Velocity component will be displayed in red-blue palette
so all the positive values will be in red and all the negative values will be in blue. This
means that the blue area show the region of reverse flow, i.e. the half of the vortex.

Next, we will display the distribution of the total pressure within the valve.

Working with COSMOS/FloWorks Options

By default the total pressure is not included in the list of parameters available to display.
To enable or disable a physical parameter for displaying you can use general COSMOS/
FloWorks Options.
1

Click Tools, Options on the main menu.

Click Third Party and select the COSMOS/FloWorks Options tab.

Under View Parameters item, select the

Value check box for the Total Pressure.

Click OK to save changes and exit the

Third Party Option dialog.

4-17

Creating a Goal Plot

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click OK to close the System Options dialog box.

Now you can apply the total pressure for the contour plot.
1

Double-click the palette bar in the upper left corner of the graphics area to
open the View Settings dialog box.

On the Contours tab, in the Parameter box select Total Pressure.

Using the slider, set the Number of

colors to 30.

Click OK to save the changes and exit

the View Settings dialog box.

Immediately the cut plot is updated to display the total pressure contour plot.

The cut plot shows you the flow pattern. To obtain the exact value of the total pressure,
required to calculate the loss, use the surface goal plot.

Creating a Goal Plot

&
4-18

The Goal Plot allows you to study goal changes in the course of the calculation.
COSMOS/FloWorks uses Microsoft Excel to display goal plot data. Each goal plot
is displayed in a separate sheet. The converged values of all project goals are
displayed in the Summary sheet of an automatically created Excel workbook.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Goal Plot

Click View, Display, Section View to hide the section.

1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, under Results,

right-click the Goals icon and select Create. The Goals
dialog box appears.

Click Add All.

Click OK. The goals1 Excel workbook is

created.

This workbook displays how the goal has being changed during the calculation. You can
take the total pressure value presented in the Summary sheet.

Valve.SLDPRT [40 degrees - long valve]

Goal Name
Unit
SG Average Total Pressure1 [Pa]
SG Average Total Pressure2 [Pa]

Value
Progress [%] Use In Convergence
112311.0304
100 Yes
101830.6547
100 Yes

Iterations: 216

In fact, to obtain the pressure loss from the inlet and outlet pressure values it would be
easier to specify an Equation goal with the pressure loss as the equation goals expression. However to demonstrate the wide capabilities of COSMOS/FloWorks, we will calculate the pressure loss with COSMOS/FloWorks gas dynamic Calculator.

&

The Calculator contains various gas dynamic formulas, which can be useful for
engineering calculations. The calculator is a very useful tool for rough estimations
of the expected results, as well as for calculations of important characteristic and
reference values. All calculations in the Calculator are performed only in the
International system of units SI, so no parameter units must be entered, and
COSMOS/FloWorks Units settings do not act here.

4-19

Working with Calculator

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Working with Calculator

1

Click FloWorks, Tools, Calculator.

Right-click the A1 cell in the Calculator sheet and

select New Formula. The New Formula dialog
box appears.

In the Select the name of the new formula tree

expand the Pressure and Temperature item and
select the Total pressure loss check box.

Click OK. The total pressure loss formula

appears in the Calculator sheet.

In the Result (or A) column you see the formula name, in the next columns (B, C, etc.) you
see names of the formula arguments (variables
and constants). You can either type all the formula arguments values in cells under their
names in the SI units, or copy and paste them
from the goals Excel worksheet table obtained
when getting the goal value through the Goals
dialog box. The result value appears in the
Result column cell immediately after you have
entered all the formula arguments and click
another cell.
5

Specify the values in the cells as follows:

Density = 998.1934 (the water density for the specified temperature of 293.2 K),
Velocity = 1.

4-20

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Working with Calculator

Open the goals1 workbook and copy the SG

Average Total Pressure1 value into the Clipboard.

Go to the Calculator, click the B2 cell and press

Ctrl+V to paste the goal value from the
Clipboard.

Return to Excel, copy the SG Average Total Pressure2 value. Go to the Calculator, click the C2 cell and press Ctrl+V. Immediately the Total pressure loss value
appears in the Result column.

Click File, Save.

10

In the Save As dialog box browse to the Tutorial 1 - Hydraulic Loss folder, enter
the ball valve file name, and click Save.

11

Click File, Exit to exit the Calculator.

Value
Progress [%]
112311.0304
100
101830.6547
100

To obtain the pure local drag, it is necessary to subtract from the obtained data the total
pressure loss due to friction in a straight pipe of the same length and diameter. To do
that, we perform the same calculations in the ball valve model whose handle is turned by
an angle of 0o. You can do this with the 00 degrees - long valve configuration.
Since the specified conditions are the same for both 40 degrees - long valve and 00
degrees - long valve configurations, it is useful to attach the existing COSMOS/
FloWorks project to the 00 degrees - long valve configuration.
Clone the current project to the 00 degrees long valve configuration.

4-21

Changing the Geometry Resolution

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Since at the zero angle the ball valve becomes a simple straight pipe, there is no need to
set the Minimum gap size value smaller than the default gap size which, in our case, is
automatically set equal to the pipes diameter (the automatic minimum gap size depends
on the characteristic size of the faces on which the boundary conditions are set). Note
that using a smaller gap size, will result in a finer mesh and, in turn, more computer time
and memory will be required. To solve your task in the most effective way you should
choose the optimal settings for the task.

Changing the Geometry Resolution

Check to see that the 00 degrees - long valve is the active configuration.
1

Click FloWorks, Result and Geometry Resolution

(FloWorks, Initial Mesh, if you are using
COSMOS/FloWorks PE license).

Clear the Manual specification of the minimum

gap size check box.

Click OK.

Click FloWorks, Solve, Run. Then click Run to start the calculation.
After the calculation is finished, load results and create the Goal Plot. The goals2 workbook is created. Go to Excel and copy both the values into the Clipboard.
Goal Name
Unit
SG Average Total Pressure1 [Pa]
SG Average Total Pressure2 [Pa]

Value
Progress [%] Use In Convergence
101996.6715
100 Yes
101797.6307
100 Yes

Iterations: 144

Now you can calculate the total pressure loss in a straight pipe.

4-22

Click FloWorks, Tools, Calculator.

In the Calculator menu, click File, Open. Browse to the Tutorial 1 - Hydraulic
Loss folder and select the ball valve.fwc file. Click Open.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Changing the Geometry Resolution

Click the B4 cell and in the Calculator toolbar click

Clipboard.

Save the existing value of the total pressure loss: click the A2 cell, click
the A7 cell and finally click

to paste data from the

, click

Double-click the Name7 cell

and type 40 degrees.

Right-click the Total pressure at point 1 cell

and select Add Relation. The cursor
appears.

Click the B4 cell. The value of total pressure is

now taken from the B4 cell.

Right-click the Total pressure at point 2 cell and select Add

Relation.

Click the B5 cell. The value of total pressure is now taken from
the B5 cell. Immediately the total pressure value is recalculated.

Now you can calculate the local drag in the ball valve whose handle is turned by 40o.
Total Pressure loss (40 deg)

Total Pressure loss (0 deg)

Local Drag

20.999

0,399

20,6

4-23

Changing the Geometry Resolution

4-24

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

5
Cylinder Drag Coefficient
COSMOS/FloWorks can be used to study flow around objects and to determine the
resulting aerodynamic lift and drag forces on the objects due to the flow. In this example
we use COSMOS/FloWorks to determine the aerodynamic drag coefficient of a circular
cylinder immersed in a uniform fluid stream. The cylinder axis is oriented perpendicular
to the stream.
The computations are performed for a range of Reynolds numbers (1106), where
UD
Re = ---------------- , D is the cylinder diameter, U is the velocity of the fluid stream, is the den
sity, and is the dynamic viscosity. The drag coefficient for the cylinder is defined as:
FD
C D = ----------------------1--- 2
U DL
2
where FD is the total force in the flow direction (i.e. drag) acting on a cylinder of diameter D and length L.
The goal of the simulation is to obtain the drag coefficient predicted by COSMOS/FloWorks and to compare it to the experimental data presented in Ref.1.

5-1

Creating a Project

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click File, Open. In the Open dialog box, browse to the cylinder 0.01m.SLDPRT part
located in the Tutorial 2 - Drag Coefficient\cylinder 0.01m folder and click Open (or
double-click the assembly). Alternatively, you can drag and drop the cylinder
0.01m.SLDPRT file to an empty area of SolidWorks window.
The Cylinder analysis represents a typical COSMOS/FloWorks External analysis.

&

External flows analyses deal with flows over or around a model such as flows over
aircrafts, automobiles, buildings, etc. For external flow analyses the far-field
boundaries are Computational Domain boundaries. You may also solve a
combination external and internal flow problem in a COSMOS/FloWorks project
(for example flow around and through a building). If the analysis includes a
combination of internal and external flow you must specify External type for the
analysis.

The first step is to create a new COSMOS/FloWorks project.

Creating a Project
1

Click FloWorks, Project, Wizard. The project wizard guides you through the
definition of a new COSMOS/FloWorks project. In this project we will analyze
flow over the cylinder at a Reynolds number of 1.

Select Create new. In the

Configuration name box type Re 1.
This is a name of the SolidWorks
configuration that will be created with
the associated COSMOS/FloWorks
project.
Click Next.

5-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Project

In the Units dialog box you can select

the desired system of units for both
input and output (results).
In this project we will specify the
International System SI by default.
Click Next.

&
5

&

In the Fluid Type and Physical Features dialog box you can select the
fluid type as either liquid or gas. This
dialog also allows you to specify
advanced physical features you want to
include in the analysis. In this project
we specify Liquid and will not use any
of the above-mentioned features.
Click Next.
In principle, the flow over a cylinder is unsteady (time-dependent) within a wide
range of the Reynolds number (40 to 106, see definition above), so the cylinder
drag curve fluctuates within a certain range. To accelerate the calculations, in this
example we perform a steady-state analysis. The calculated drag results can be
considered as the time-averaged value of the actual fluctuating drag.
In the Analysis Type dialog box select an External type of flow analysis.
To disregard closed internal spaces
within the body you can select
Exclude internal spaces; however no
internal spaces exist within the
cylinder for this tutorial. The
Reference axis of the global
coordinate system (X, Y or Z) is used
for specifying data in a tabular or
formula form with respect to a
cylindrical coordinate system based
on this axis.
5-3

Creating a Project

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click Next.
6

In the Roughness dialog box you can

specify the wall roughness value
applied by default to all model walls.
Click Next accepting the default zero
roughness value for this tutorial.

In the Selecting Fluid Substances

dialog box select the fluid that will be
analyzed in the COSMOS/FloWorks
project.
Since we use water in this project,
drag the Water SP item in the Database of fluids list and drop it in the
Selected fluids list.
Click Next.

Since we do not intend to calculate heat transfer in solids, the Default Wall Conditions dialog box appears, where you must specify the default thermal wall conditions applied to all the model walls in contact with the fluid.
In this project we specify the default
Adiabatic wall setting denoting that
all the model walls are heat-insulated.
Click Next.

5-4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Project

For a steady External problem, such as the cylinder in this tutorial, the Initial and
Ambient Conditions dialog box asks you to specify the ambient flow conditions of the
undisturbed free stream. Thus you will specify initial conditions inside the Computational Domain and boundary conditions at the Computational Domain boundaries. The
ambient conditions are thermodynamic (static pressure, density, and temperature), velocity, and turbulence parameters.
In this project we consider the flow under normal thermodynamic conditions that are set
by default (i.e. standard atmosphere at sea level), and set the incoming stream (X-component) velocity in accordance with the desired Reynolds number.
For convenience we can use the Design box to specify the incoming flow velocity in
terms of the Reynolds number.
9

Click in the X-component box. The Design button is enabled.

10

Click Design. The Design dialog box appears.

&

Using Design you can specify data in several ways: as a constant, as a tabular or
formula dependency on x, y, z, r, , coordinates and time t (only for
time-dependent analysis). The r, , coordinates can be used to specify data in
cylindrical or spherical coordinate systems. The radius r is the distance from a
point to the Reference axis selected from the reference coordinate system (the
Global Coordinate System for all data set in the Wizard and General Setting
dialog boxes).

11

In the Dependency type list select Formula definition.

12

In the Formula box type the formula defining the flow velocity using the Reynolds
number: 1*(0.0010115/0.01/998.19).
Here:
1 Reynolds number (Re)
0.0010115 (Pa*s) - water dynamic viscosity () for
the specified temperature of 293.2 K
0.01 (m) - cylinder diameter (D)
998.19 (kg/m3)- water density () for the specified
temperature of 293.2 K

13

Click OK. You will return to the Initial and Ambient

Conditions dialog box.

5-5

Creating a Project

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

For most flows it is difficult to have a good estimation of the turbulence a priori, so it is
recommended that the default turbulence parameters be used. The default turbulence
intensity values proposed by COSMOS/FloWorks are 0.1% for external analyses and 5%
for internal analyses and these values are appropriate for most cases. In this project we
will specify a turbulence intensity of 1% to compare the results with the experimental
data since typical wind tunnels have this level of turbulence.
14

Click Turbulence. The Turbulence dialog box appears.

15

In the Intensity box type 1. Click OK to save the changes

and exit the Turbulence dialog box.
Click Next.

16

In the Result Resolution and Geometry Resolution dialog box specify a

result resolution level of 5 and accept
the automatically defined minimum
gap size and minimum wall thickness.
Click Next.

17

Click Finish. The project is created

and the 3D Computational Domain is
automatically generated.
In this tutorial we are only interested in determining the drag coefficient of the cylinder
without including the 3D effects. Thus it is possible to analyze only a section of the cylinder length to deduce the drag coefficient as follows:
FD
Fx
C D = ----------------------- = C x = -----------------------------1--- 2
1--- 2
U DL
U D dL
2
2
where dL is the length of the section. In this case, performing a 2 - dimensional calculation will result in the same accuracy while requiring less computer memory and CPU
time.

5-6

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Specifying 2D Plane Flow

Specifying 2D Plane Flow

1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, expand the Input Data icon.

Right-click the Computational Domain icon and

select Edit Definition. The Computational Domain
dialog box appears.

Click the Boundary Condition tab.

In the 2D plane flow list select XY-Plane

Flow (since the Z-axis is the cylinder axis).
Automatically the Symmetry condition is
specified at the Z min and Z max boundaries
of the Computational Domain.
Click the Size tab. You can see that the Z
min and Z max boundaries are set automatically based on the model dimensions.

&

Thus the reference cylinder length (dL) is equal to Z max-Z min: dL = 0.002 m.
For most cases, to study the flow field around an external body and to investigate
the effects of design changes it is recommended to use the default Computational
Domain size as determined by COSMOS/FloWorks. However, in this case we will
compare the COSMOS/FloWorks results to experimental results and we would like
to determine the drag coefficient with a high degree of accuracy. In order to
eliminate any disturbances of the incoming flow at the Computational Domain
boundaries due to the presence of the cylinder, we will manually set the
boundaries farther away from the cylinder. The accuracy will be increased at the
expense of CPU time and memory due to the larger Computational Domain. In
order to eliminate any disturbances of the incoming flow at the Computational
Domain boundaries, we manually set the boundaries farther away from the
cylinder.

5-7

Specifying a Global Goal

Specify the coordinates of the Computational

domain boundaries as shown on the picture.

Click OK.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Since the incoming flow is aligned with the X-axis direction, the cylinder drag coefficient is calculated through the X-component of the force acting on the cylinder.
The X-component of force can easily be determined by specifying the appropriate COSMOS/FloWorks goal. For this case you will specify the X - Component of Force as a
Global Goal. This ensures that the X - Component of Force in the entire computational
domain (i.e. on the cylinder surface) will be fully converged.

Specifying a Global Goal

5-8

Click FloWorks, Insert, Global Goal.

In the Goal type list, select X - Component of

Force.

Accept to Use the goal for convergence control.

For the X(Y, Z) - Component of Force and X(Y, Z) - Component of Torque goals
you can select the Coordinate system in which these goals are calculated. In this
example the default Global Coordinate System meets the task.

Click OK. The new GG X - Component of

Force1 item appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks
design tree.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Specifying an Equation Goal

Specifying an Equation Goal

After finishing the calculation you will need to manually calculate the drag coefficient
from the obtained force value. Instead, let COSMOS/FloWorks make all the necessary
calculations for you by specifying an Equation Goal.
1

Click FloWorks, Insert, Equation Goal.

In the Goal list select the GG X - Component of Force1 goal and click Add.

Use buttons in the calculator or keyboard to complete the expression as follows:

{GG X - Component of Force1}/(0.002*(1*0.0010115)^2)*(2*998.19*0.01).

Select No units in the Dimensionality list and click OK. The new Equation Goal 1
item appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.

Rename the Equation Goal 1 to Drag Coefficient.

To compare COSMOS/FloWorks results with the experimental curve taken from Ref.1
we will obtain results for the following Reynolds numbers 1, 103, and 106. The cylinder
0.01m.sldprt is used to calculate the flow for Reynolds numbers of 1, and 103. The cylinder 1m.sldprt is used to calculate the flow at a Reynolds number of 106.

Cloning a Project and Creating a New Configuration

1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the

top Re 1 icon and select Clone Project.

In the Configuration name box, type Re 1000.

5-9

Changing Project Settings

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click OK. The new Re 1000 configuration is

created with the attached COSMOS/FloWorks
project.

Since the attached project is a copy of the Re 1 COSMOS/FloWorks project, you only need to change the
flow velocity value in accordance with the Reynolds
number of 1000. Use the General Settings dialog box
to change all data specified in the Wizard, excepting
settings for Units, Result and Geometry Resolution.

&

The General Settings always presents the current state of the project parameters.
You can apply General Settings to correct the settings made in the Wizard or to
modify the project created with the COSMOS/FloWorks Template in accordance
with the new project requirements.

Changing Project Settings

1

Click FloWorks, General Settings. The General Settings dialog box appears.

In the Settings tree, expand the Ambient Conditions item.

Click Velocity parameters item.

Click the X-Component box, and

then click Design.

In the Formula box type the formula

for the new Reynolds number:
1e3*(0.0010115/0.01/998.19).

Click OK to return to the General Settings dialog

box.
6

5-10

Click OK to save changes and close the General Settings dialog box.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Changing the Equation Goal

Changing the Equation Goal

1

Right-click the Drag Coefficient icon and select Edit Definition.

In the Expression box type the new formula for the new Reynolds number:
{GG X - Component of Force1}/(0.002*(0.0010115*10^3)^2)*(2*998.19*0.01).

Click OK to save changes and close the Equation Goal dialog box.

In experiments performed with one fluid medium, the large Reynolds numbers (106) are
normally obtained by increasing both the velocity and the model overall dimension (i.e.
cylinder diameter) since it is difficult to increase only velocity in 106 times. Since our
simulation is being performed only with the water, it is necessary to increase the diameter of the cylinder to perform the calculation at the large Reynolds numbers.
Cloning a project is convenient if you want to create similar projects for the same model.
The easiest way to apply the same general project settings to another model is to use the
COSMOS/FloWorks Template.

&

Template contains all of the general project settings that can be used as a basis
for a new project. These settings are problem type, physical features, fluids, solids,
initial and ambient flow parameters, wall heat condition, geometry and result
resolution, and unit settings. Notice that Boundary Conditions, Fans, Volume
Conditions, Porous Conditions, Heat Sources, Surface Goals and Volume
Goals, as well as results are not stored in the template. Initially, only the New
Project default template is available. You can easily create your own template.

Creating a Template
1

Click FloWorks, Project, Create Template.

The Create Template dialog box appears.

In the Template name box type Cylinder

Drag.

Click Save. The new COSMOS/FloWorks

template is created.

5-11

Creating a Project from the Template

&
4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

All templates are stored as .fwp files in the <install_dir>/Template folder, so you
can easily apply a template for any previously developed models.
Save the model.

Open the cylinder 1m.sldprt file located in the cylinder 1m folder.

Next, create a new project based on the Cylinder Drag template.

Creating a Project from the Template

1

Click FloWorks, Project, New. The New COSMOS/FloWorks Project dialog box appears.

In the Configuration name box, type Re 1e6.

In the List of templates, select Cylinder Drag.

Click OK.

The newly created project has the same settings as the Re 1000 project with the cylinder
0.01m model with the exception of Geometry Resolution and Computational Domain
size, which are calculated by COSMOS/FloWorks in accordance with the new model
geometry.
Notice that the 2D plane flow setting and the Global Goal are retained. Next you can
modify the project in accordance with the new model geometry.
1

Click FloWorks, Computational Domain

and adjust the computational domain size as
shown in the picture.
Click OK.

5-12

In the General Settings dialog box, under

Velocity parameters, click the X-component box, then click Design.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Solving a Set of Projects

Change the velocity X component formula as follows:

1e6*(0.0010115/1/998.19).

By default COSMOS/FloWorks determine the default turbulence length basis equal to one percent of the model overall
dimension (i.e. cylinder diameter). Since the Re 1e6 project
was created from the template, it inherited the turbulence
length value calculated for the small cylinder (d = 0.01m).
For the cylinder 1m we need to change this value.
4

In the General Settings dialog box

click the Turbulence parameters
item. Type 0.01 in the Length box.

Click OK.

Create the Equation Goal for the

drag coefficient of the cylinder as
shown above. In the Expression box
type the formula:
{GG X - Component of Force1}/(0.2*(0.0010115*10^6)^2)*(2*998.19*1).

Click OK. Rename the Equation Goal 1 to Drag Coefficient.

Now you can solve all of the projects created for both cylinders.

Solving a Set of Projects

COSMOS/FloWorks allows you to automatically solve a set of projects that exist in any
currently opened document.
1

Click FloWorks, Solve, Batch Run.

5-13

Getting Results

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

For all projects (Re 1, Re 1000, Re 1e6)

select both the Run and Shutdown
Monitor check boxes. When the
Shutdown Monitor check box is
selected, COSMOS/FloWorks
automatically closes the Solver
Monitor window after the calculation
finishes.

Click Run.

Getting Results
After all calculations are complete, go to the cylinder 0.01m model and activate the Re
1000 configuration. Create a Goal Plot to obtain the Drag Coefficient value.
1

Click FloWorks, Results, Load\Unload Results.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, under Results, right-click the Goals icon
and select Create. The Goals dialog box appears.

In the Available list click Add All.

Click OK. The goals1 Excel workbook is created. Switch to Excel to obtain the
value.

cylinder 0.01m.SLDPRT [Re 1000]

Goal Name
Unit
GG X - Component of Force1 [N]
Drag Coefficient
[]

Iterations: 190

5-14

Value
Progress [% ] Use In Convergence
8.93837E-05
8.2 Yes
0.8720463
0 No

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Getting Results

The calculation has been stopped before the X - component of force converged to the
automatically specified criterion. In such cases, it is a good general practice to inspect
the goal convergence plot to ascertain whether the goals oscillations are not too dramatic to satisfy the required accuracy.
5

Switch to the Drag Coefficient sheet to see how the goal converges.
35
30

Drag Coefficient

25
20
Drag Coefficient
15
10
5
0
0

20

40

60

80

100
120
Iterations

140

160

180

200

The goals oscillations are relatively small. Though the value is not converged yet,
the oscillation range is settled. If you want to eliminate the oscillation effect without continuing the calculation (you can continue the finished calculation, if you
switch off the Goals Convergence finishing criterion in the Calculation Control
Options dialog box; in this case the calculation will run until you manual stop it),
you can average the goal value over last several iterations. This averaging can be
easily done with standard Excel functionality.
6

Here, we calculate the averaged value of the drag coefficient for the last 40 iterations, that is about 0,91.

Activate the Re 1 configuration and load results.

Create the goal plot for both the GG X - Component of Force and Drag coefficient goals.

cylinder 0.01m.SLDPRT [Re 1]

Goal Name
Unit
GG X - Component of Force1 [N]
Drag coefficient
[]

Value
Progress [%] Use In Convergence
8.47029E-10
100 Yes
8.263803165
0 No

5-15

Getting Results

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Switch to the cylinder 0.1m part, activate the Re 1e6 configuration and create the
goal plot for both the GG X - Component of Force and Drag Coefficient goals.

cylinder 1m.SLDPRT [Re 1e6]

Goal Name
Unit
GG X - Component of Forc [N]
Drag coefficient
[]

Value
Progress [%] Use In Convergence
23.34397269
21.5 Yes
0.227748857
0 No

In the last configurations the goals are fully converged, thus we will not analyze their
oscillations.
You can now compare COSMOS/FloWorks results with the experimental curve.

0.1

10

100

1000

10000

100000 100000 1E+07

0

Ref. 1 Roland L. Panton, Incompressible flow Second edition. John Wley & sons Inc., 1995

5-16

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

6
Heat Exchanger Efficiency
COSMOS/FloWorks can be used to study the fluid flow and heat transfer for a wide variety of engineering equipment. In this example we use COSMOS/FloWorks to determine
the efficiency of a counterflow heat exchanger and to observe the temperature and flow
patterns inside of it. With COSMOS/FloWorks the determination of heat exchanger efficiency is straightforward and by investigating the flow and temperature patterns, the
design engineer can gain insight into the physical processes involved thus giving guidance for improvements to the design.
A convenient measure of heat exchanger efficiency is its effectiveness in transferring a
given amount of heat from one fluid at a high temperature to another fluid at a lower
temperature. The effectiveness can be determined if the temperature at all flow openings
are known. In COSMOS/FloWorks the temperature at the fluid inlets are specified and
the temperature at the outlets can be easily determined. Heat exchanger effectiveness is
defined as follows:
actual heat transfer
= -----------------------------------------------------------------------------maximum possible heat transfer
The actual heat transfer can be calculated as either the energy lost by the hot fluid or the
energy gained by the cold fluid. The maximum possible heat transfer is attained if one of
the fluids were to undergo a temperature change equal to the maximum temperature difference present in the exchanger, which is the difference in the inlet temperature of the
inle t T i nl et ) . Thus, for a counterflow heat exchanger
hot and cold fluids respectively ( Thot
c ol d

6-1

Open the Model

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

the effectiveness is defined as follows:

than cold liquid capacity rate =

i nl et T out let
T hot
hot
= ----------------------------------inlet T inl et
T hot
col d

et
inlet
T coutl
ol d T cold
----------------------------------inlet T inl et
T hot
col d

- if hot liquid capacity rate is less

- if hot liquid capacity rate is more than cold

liquid capacity rate,

where, the capacity rate is the product of the mass flow and the specific heat capacity:
C= m c (Ref.2)
The goal of the project is to calculate the effectiveness of the counterflow heat exchanger.

Open the Model

Click File, Open. In the Open dialog box, browse to the heat exchanger.SLDASM
assembly located in the Tutorial 3 - Heat Exchanger Efficiency folder and click Open
(or double-click the assembly). Alternatively, you can drag and drop the
heat exchanger.SLDASM file to an empty area of SolidWorks window.

6-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Project

Creating a Project
1

Click FloWorks, Project, Wizard.

Click Create new. In the Configuration name box type Level 3. The
Level 3 name was chosen because
this problem will be calculated using
Result Resolution level 3.

Click Next.
3

In the Units dialog box select the

desired system of units for both input
and output (results). For this project
we will use the International System
SI by default.

Click Next.
4

&

In the Fluid Type and Physical Features dialog box please select Liquid
since we will deal with liquids in this
example. Among the Physical features
options, please select Heat transfer in
solids. COSMOS/FloWorks always
automatically considers heat transfer
within the fluid and between the walls
and the fluid (i.e., convection).
By default, COSMOS/FloWorks will not consider heat transfer in solids
(conduction). Selecting the Heat transfer in solids option enables the combination
of convection and conduction heat transfer, known as conjugate heat transfer. In
this project we will analyze heat transfer between the fluids through the model
walls, as well as inside the solids.

6-3

Creating a Project

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Click Next.
5

In the Analysis Type dialog box specify Internal type and accept the other
default settings. Notice that the
Exclude cavities without flow conditions is clear by default for analyses
including heat transfer in solids.

Click Next.
6

Since we intend to calculate heat transfer in solids, the Selecting Solid Substances
dialog box appears.In this dialog you can specify all solid materials used in the
project and the initial solid temperature used by default for all project solids. To
reduce data entry requirements, a default material and initial solid temperature are
applied to all components. To specify a different material and initial solid temperature to a particular assembly component you must create a Volume Condition for
this component.
If the material you wish to analyze is
not in the Database of solids list you
can define a new substance in the
Engineering Database. The heat
exchanger in this project is constructed
of steel, copper and insulators.
Double-click or single-click/Add the
Steel, stainless, Copper, and Insulator items in the Database of solids to
include them in the analysis.
In this project specify steel as the default material. The first selected material will
always automatically appear in the Default material list, so you do not have to
change this setting. Also keep the default initial solid temperature of 293.2 K.
Click Next.

6-4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Project

In the Roughness dialog box you can

specify the wall roughness value
applied by default to all model walls.
To specify the roughness value for a
specific wall you must create a Rough
Wall boundary condition.
In this project we will not concern
rough walls.
Click Next.

&

In the Selecting Fluid Substances

dialog box select the liquid substances that are used in the COSMOS/
FloWorks project. Since both water
and ethanol are used in this project,
double-click the Water SP item and
then Ethanol SL item in the Database of fluids list.
SL (Saturation Line) means that temperature dependencies of a liquid are taken
along the saturation line.
Click Next.

Since we specified two liquids the

Fluid Concentration dialog box
appears. COSMOS/FloWorks allows
you to specify relative fractions of the
project fluids either by Mass or by
Volume. COSMOS/FloWorks uses
the specified concentrations as initial
conditions in the computational
domain and as a default inlet boundary condition in Boundary Conditions and Fans.
In this project we do not have a mixture but two closed volumes filled with water
and ethanol separately. Although it is not necessary, the computation time can be
reduced by specifying initial concentration in the volumes in accordance with the
6-5

Creating a Project

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

real fluid distribution: zero for ethanol in the water passage, and zero for water in
the ethanol passage. If the correct initial concentrations are not specified, COSMOS/FloWorks will still converge on the correct solution but it will take more
CPU time. In the Fluid Concentration dialog box you will specify the initial fluid
concentration applied by default to the entire Computational Domain. However,
COSMOS/FloWorks allows you to specify initial flow conditions (pressure, temperature, concentration, etc.) for selected volumes that differ from the default conditions using the Volume Condition dialog box. Therefore, to distinguish different
fluid volumes, we specify initial concentration for water in the entire Computational Domain and then, replace the default water by ethanol within the volume
where ethanol flows.
Double-click the corresponding Concentration value and type 0 for Ethanol, and
1 for Water. This implies that water initially exists in the entire Computational
Domain.
Click Next.
10

In the Initial and Ambient

Conditions dialog box specify initial
values of the flow parameters. Since
the inlet water temperature is equal to
278.2 K, we will specify it as an initial
condition to be consistent with the
specified boundary condition.
Click the Temperature box and type
278.2.
Click Next.

11

In the Result Resolution and

Geometry Resolution dialog box we
accept the default result resolution
level 3 and the default minimum gap
size and minimum wall thickness.
Click Next.

12

6-6

The Summary dialog box summarizes the information selected in the

Wizard. Click Finish.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Symmetry Condition

After finishing the Wizard you will complete the project definition by using the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree. First of all you can take advantage of the symmetry of the
heat exchanger to reduce the CPU time and memory requirements for the computation.
Since this model is symmetric, it is possible to cut the model in half and use a symmetry boundary condition on the plane of symmetry. This procedure is not required but is
recommended for efficient analyses.

Symmetry Condition
1

Click FloWorks, Computational Domain.

In the X max box type 0.

Click the Boundary Condition tab.

In the At X max list select Symmetry.

Click OK.

Now you can use the Volume Condition dialog box to specify that Ethanol flows within
the inner tube.

&

Creating a volume condition allows you to specify:

Initial flow conditions in specific fluid regions that differ from the default initial
conditions specified in the Wizard or General Settings. In this case, a
component (part or subassembly) must be used to represent the volume of the
fluid region. Additionally, the component must be disabled via the Component
Control dialog box. Once disabled, the component is treated as a fluid substance
for which you can specify initial velocity (or Mach number), pressure,
6-7

Specifying Volume Conditions Fluid Initial Conditions

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

temperature, density, concentrations (for multiple fluids), and turbulence

parameters.
A solid material and initial solid temperature for some assembly components,
for projects that include conjugate heat transfer.
You can create a volume condition only for assemblies, since you need to work with
components. Therefore, if your model is a part then you need to convert it into an assembly and add the required components.

Specifying Volume Conditions Fluid Initial Conditions

To specify fluid initial conditions within the ethanol volume, a solid component (part or
subassembly) is required to replace the fluid volume. The SolidWorks component part is
called Ethanol volume and this solid represents the fluid volume inside of the tube. This
step is not required to run this model but only used to reduce the solution time of the
solver. The fact that the two channels have different fluids at very different temperatures
would require the solver extra time to converge.
Now we need to change the state of the Ethanol volume component to consider it as a
fluid domain.
1

&

6-8

Click FloWorks, Component Control.

The Component Control dialog box allows you
to control the component state. Parts and
subassemblies can either be disabled or enabled
for the analysis. This setting does not affect your
SolidWorks model nor the configuration.
COSMOS/FloWorks treats disabled components
as a fluid, so you can specify initial conditions
that are different from the defaults, as well as
specify volume sources and volume goals.

In the Components list select the Ethanol

volume component.

Click Disable.

Click OK. COSMOS/FloWorks now treats this component as a fluid region with
the default fluid initial conditions.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Specifying Volume Conditions Fluid Initial Conditions

If a fluid component overlaps a solid component, COSMOS/FloWorks disregards the

part of the fluid component that lies inside, or crosses into the solid. Therefore, you do
not need to adjust the fluid component to fit a cavity exactly.
After you change the component status, it is a good practice to rebuild the COSMOS/
FloWorks project to ensure all the references are updated.
Click FloWorks, Project, Rebuild.
Finally, specify the desired initial condition in the tube.
1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, expand the Input Data icon.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the Volume Conditions icon

and select Insert Volume Condition. The Volume Condition dialog box appears.

In the FeatureManager select the

Ethanol volume component. The
Ethanol volume-1 name appears in the
Components to apply the volume
condition list.

Accept the default Coordinate system

and the Reference axis. Click the Setting tab. On the Settings tab COSMOS/FloWorks allows you to specify initial
flow parameters, initial thermodynamic parameters, initial turbulence parameters
(if the Show advanced parameters check box is selected), and initial concentrations.

These settings are applied to the volume of the Ethanol Volume component.
5

Expand the Thermodynamic Parameters item. Double-click the Value cell of

Temperature and type 345

Expand the Substance Concentrations

item and specify concentration as follows: Ethanol - 1, Water - 0.

Click OK. The new Volume Condition1 item

appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.
6-9

Specifying Boundary Conditions

&

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

To easily identify the specified condition you

can give a more descriptive name for the Volume Condition1 item. Right-click the Volume Condition1 item and select Properties.
In the Name box type Hot Ethanol and
click OK.

You can also click-pause-click an item to rename it directly in the COSMOS/

FloWorks design tree.

The specified volume condition means that initially hot (345 K) ethanol exists within the
tube. Although the specification of this volume condition was optional it will result in a
dramatic decrease in the total computation time.
The next step is to specify boundary conditions to define the water and ethanol flows
passing through the model.

Specifying Boundary Conditions

1

Right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and select Insert Boundary Condition. The Boundary Condition dialog box appears.

Select the Water Inlet Lid inner face (in contact with the fluid). To access the
inner face, right-click the lids outer face and choose Select Other. Right-click the
mouse to cycle through the faces under the cursor until the inner face is highlighted, then click the left mouse button.
The selected face appears in the Faces to
apply boundary condition list.

6-10

Accept the default Inlet Mass Flow condition and the default Coordinate system and
Reference axis. Click the Settings tab.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Specifying Boundary Conditions

Double-click the Value cell of the Mass flow

rate normal to face item and set it equal to
0.02 kg/s. Since the symmetry plane halves
the opening we need to specify a half of the
actual mass flow rate.

Expand the Thermodynamic Parameters

item. The default temperature value is equal
to the value specified as initial temperature in the Wizard. We accept this value.

Expand the Substance Concentrations item to check that the concentration of the
inlet fluid is the default concentration that you specified in the Wizard. The zero
concentration for Ethanol implies that water is the only liquid entering the model
through this opening.

Click OK. The new Inlet Mass Flow1 item appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks
design tree.

This boundary condition specifies that water enters the steel jacket at a mass flow rate of
0.04 kg/s and temperature of 278.2 K.
8

Rename the Inlet Mass Flow1 item to Inlet

Mass Flow - Cold Water.

Next, specify the water outlet Static Pressure condition.

9

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, rightclick the Boundary Conditions icon and select
Insert Boundary Condition.

10

Select the Water Outlet Lid inner

face (in contact with the fluid). The
selected face appears in the Faces to
apply boundary condition list.

11

Click Pressure openings and in the

Type of boundary condition list,
select the Static Pressure item.
Click the Settings tab.

6-11

Specifying Boundary Conditions

12

Accept the default value for static

pressure (101325 Pa), temperature
(278.2 K) and all other parameters.

13

Click OK. The new Static

Pressure1 item appears in the
COSMOS/FloWorks design
tree.

14

Rename the Static Pressure1 item to Outlet

Static Pressure Water.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Next we will specify the boundary conditions for the ethanol flow.
1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the Boundary Conditions icon

and select Insert Boundary Condition.

Select the Ethanol Inlet Lid inner

face (in contact with the fluid).
The selected face appears in the Faces
to apply boundary condition list.

6-12

Accept the default Inlet Mass Flow condition and the default Coordinate system
and Reference axis. Click the Settings tab.

Double-click the Value cell of the Mass flow rate normal to face item and set it
equal to 0.01 (type the value, the units will appear automatically). Since the symmetry plane halves the opening we need to specify a half of the actual mass flow
rate.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Specifying Boundary Conditions

Expand the Thermodynamic

Parameters item. Double-click the
Value cell of the Temperature item
and type 345.

Expand the Substance

Concentrations item and specify
concentration as follows:
Ethanol 1, Water - 0.

Click OK. The new Inlet Mass Flow1 item appears in the COSMOS/FloWorks
design tree.

This boundary condition specifies that ethanol enters the copper tube at a mass flow rate
of the 0.02 kg/s and a temperature of 345 K.
8

Rename the Inlet Mass Flow1 item to Inlet Mass Flow Hot Ethanol.

Next specify the ethanol outlet Static Pressure condition.

9

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the Boundary Conditions icon

and select Insert Boundary Condition. The Boundary Condition dialog box
appears.

10

Select the Ethanol Outlet Lid inner

face (in contact with the fluid).
The selected face appears in the Faces
to apply boundary condition list.

11

Click Pressure openings and in the Type of boundary condition list, select the
Static Pressure item. Click the Settings tab.

12

Set Temperature to 345 K.

13

Specify concentration as follows:

Ethanol 1,
Water 0.
Click OK.
6-13

Specifying Volume Conditions Solids and Initial Solid Temperature

14

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001

Rename the new item Static Pressure1 to Outlet

Static Pressure Ethanol.

For analysis of heat transfer in solids you must specify the

solid materials in the model and the initial solid temperature. To do this, define volume conditions for the solid components.

Specifying Volume Conditions Solids and Initial Solid Temperature

1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the Volume Conditions icon

and select Insert Volume Condition. The Volume Condition dialog box appears.

In the FeatureManager select the

washer1 and washer2 components.
They appear in the Components to
apply the volume condition list.

Accept the default Coordinate system and the Reference axis. Click the Settings tab. In the Settings tab
COSMOS/FloWorks allows you to specify a solid
material, and an initial solid temperature applied to
these components.

In the Selected solid substance list select the Copper

item and accept the default initial solid Temperature.

Click OK.
5

Rename the Volume Condition1 item to Copper.

Notice that the auxiliary lids on the openings are solid. Since the material for the lids is
the (default) steel, they will have an influence on the heat transfer. You cannot suppress
or disable them in the Component Control dialog box, because boundary conditions
must be specified on solid surfaces in contact with the fluid region. However, you can
exclude the lids from the analysis by specifying the lids as insulators.
6-14

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial Specifying Volume Conditions Solids and Initial Solid Tem-

Right-click the Volume Conditions

icon and select Insert Volume Condition.

In the FeatureManager, select all lid

features. As you select the lids, their
names appear in the Components to
apply the volume condition list.

Click the Settings tab and set the

solid substance type as Insulator.

Click OK. Now all of the auxiliary lids

are defined as insulators.

&
10

The thermal conductivity of the Insulator substance is zero. Hence there is no a

heat transfer through an insulator.
Rename the Volume Condition1 item to Insulators.

Next specify a material for the inner pipe.

11

Right-click the Copper icon and select Edit

Definition.

12

In the graphics area select one of the tube

faces. In additional to using the FeatureManager, you can select a component by selecting
a component face, edge or point.
Click the Settings tab.

13

In the Selected solid substance list select

the Copper item and accept the default
initial solid Temperature.

14

Click OK.
6-15

Specifying a Surface Goal

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

For the last external pipe component, the steel is already applied as the default setting.
The heat exchanger effectiveness can be easily calculated, but first we must determine
the liquid with the minimum capacity rate (C= m& c ). In this example the water mass flow
rate is 0.04 kg/s and the ethanol mass flow rate is 0.02 kg/s. The specific heat of water is
about double that of ethanol. Thus, the ethanol capacity rate is less than the water capacity rate. Therefore, from page 3-2 the heat exchanger effectiveness is calculated as follows:
inle t
out let
Thot
T hot
-,
= -----------------------------inlet
Inlet
Tcold
T hot
inl et
outle t
where T hot
- is the temperature of the ethanol at the inlet, T hot
- is the temperature of
inl et
the ethanol at the outlet, and Tcold
- is the temperature of the water at the inlet.

Since we already know the ethanol temperature at the inlet (345 K) and the water temperature at the inlet (278.2 K), our goal is to determine the ethanol temperature at the
outlet. The easiest and fastest way to find this parameter is to specify the corresponding
engineering Goal.

Specifying a Surface Goal

1

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, right-click the Goals icon and select
Insert Surface Goal.

In the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree, select the Outlet Static Pressure Ethanol item. The face that belongs to this boundary condition is automatically
selected.

In the Goal type list, select Temperature of

Fluid.

Accept to Use the goal for convergence

control.

&
6-16

If a goal is not used for convergence control it

will not influence on the task stopping criteria.
Such goals can be used as monitoring
parameters to give you additional information
about processes occurring in your model.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Running the Calculation and Loading the Results

Accept the Average Value.

Click OK. The new SG Average Temperature of Fluid 1 item appears in the
COSMOS/FloWorks design tree.

Rename the SG Average Temperature of Fluid 1 item to SG Average T of

Ethanol.

Now the COSMOS/FloWorks project is ready for the computation.

Running the Calculation and Loading the Results

1

Click FloWorks, Solve, Run. The Run dialog box appears.

Click Run.

After the calculation finishes you can obtain the temperature of interest by creating the
corresponding Goal Plot.
In additional to using the COSMOS/FloWorks design tree you can use COSMOS/
FloWorks Toolbars to get fast and easy access to the most frequently used COSMOS/
FloWorks features. Toolbars are very convenient for displaying results.
Click View, Toolbars, COSMOS/FloWorks Results,
Main. The COSMOS/FloWorks Results Main toolbar
appears.
Click View, Toolbars, COSMOS/FloWorks Results, Insert.
The COSMOS/FloWorks Results Insert toolbar appears.
Click View, Toolbars, COSMOS/FloWorks Results,
Display. The COSMOS/FloWorks Results Display toolbar
appears.
1

Click Load\Unload Results

Click Generate Goals Plot

appears.

on the Main toolbar.

on the Main toolbar. The Goals dialog box

6-17

Creating a Cut Plot

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In the Available list double click the SG

Average T of Ethanol item.

Click OK. The goals1 Excel workbook is

created.

You can view the temperature of the ethanol leaving the tube on the Summary sheet.

h e a t e x c h a n g e r.S L D A S M [L e v e l 3 ]
G o al N a m e
S G A vera ge T of E th anol

U nit
[K ]

V a lue
P r o gr ess [% ] U se In C o nve rg en ce
33 1.39 0098 4
10 0 Y e s

It e r a tio n s : 1 5 0

Now you can calculate the exchanger effectiveness from the formula mentioned above:
345 331.42
= ------------------------------- = 0.203
345 278.2
Lets now look inside the exchanger to investigate the mechanisms for the heat transfer
in the liquids and solids. First we will create a cut plot to see a temperature distribution.

Creating a Cut Plot

6-18

Click Insert Cut Plot

In the FeatureManager select

Plane3.

In the Cut Plot dialog box, in

addition to displaying Contours, select the Vectors
check box.

on the Insert toolbar. The Cut Plot dialog box appears.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Creating a Cut Plot

Click View Settings in order to specify the temperature as the parameter for the
contour plot. By default the static Pressure is specified.

On the Contours tab, in the Parameter box, select Temperature.

Using the slider set the Number of

colors to maximum.

In the View Settings dialog, click the Vectors tab and using the
slider set the Arrow size to the maximum.

Click OK to save the changes and return to the Cut Plot dialog
box.

Click OK. The cut plot is created but the model overlaps it.

10

Click the Right view on the SolidWorks Standard Views toolbar.

11

Click Display Model Geometry

on the Display toolbar to hide the model.

Lets now display the flow development inside the exchanger.

COSMOS/FloWorks allows you to display results in all four possible panes of the SolidWorks graphics area. Moreover, for each pane you can specify different View Settings.

6-19

Displaying Flow Trajectories

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Drag the splitter bar down to split about

halfway.
Click the bottom pane and select the
Isometric view on the SolidWorks
Standard Views toolbar.

The gray contour around the pane border

indicates that the view is active.

On the Display toolbars click Display Model Geometry

click Display Outlines

to hide the model, then

to show the face outlines.

To see how the water flows inside the exchanger we will display the Flow Trajectories.

Displaying Flow Trajectories

1

Click Insert Flow Trajectories

dialog box appears.
In the COSMOS/FloWorks design
tree select the Inlet Mass Flow
Cold Water item.This selects the
inner face of the Water Inlet Lid
whose points will be used as trajectory start points.

6-20

Click View Settings.

on the Insert toolbar. The Flow Trajectories

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

On the Contours tab, in the

Parameter box, select Velocity.

Click OK to save changes and return

to the Flow Trajectories dialog box.

Click OK. Trajectories are created

and displayed.

Displaying Flow Trajectories

By default the trajectories are colored in

accordance with the distribution of the parameter
specified in the Contours tab of the View Settings
dialog box. This is controlled by the Use from
contours option on the Flow Trajectories tab of
the View Settings dialog box. Since you specified
velocity for the contour plot, the trajectory color
corresponds to the velocity value.

&

Notice that in the top pane the temperature contours are still displayed. The
different view settings for each pane allow you to display contour plots for
different physical parameters simultaneously.

Since we are more interested in the temperature distribution lets color the trajectories
with the values of temperature.
1

Right-click in the graphics area and select View Settings.

On the Contours tab, in the Parameter box, select Temperature.

Click OK. Immediately the trajectories are updated

6-21

Computation of Surface Parameters

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The water temperature range is less than the

default overall (Global) range (277.86
346.99), so all of the trajectories are the same
blue color. To get more information about the
temperature distribution in water you can manually specify the range of interest.

Lets display temperatures in the range of inlet-outlet water temperature.

The water inlet temperature is 278.2 K. This is near the minimum temperature value.
The maximum water temperature value can be determined by using the Surface Parameters command at the water outlet.

&

Surface Parameters allows you to display parameter values (minimum,

maximum, average and integral) calculated over the specified surface. All
parameters are divided into two categories: Local and Integral. For local
parameters (pressure, temperature, velocity etc.) the maximum, minimum and
average values are evaluated.

Computation of Surface Parameters

1

Click Computation of Surface Parameters

face Parameters dialog box appears.

Click the Outlet Static

pressure - Water item to select
the face of the water outlet lid.

Click Apply.

After the parameters are calculated click the Local tab.

on the Insert toolbar. The Sur-

You can see that the average water temperature at the outlet is 280.018 K. This value will
be used as the maximum value.
6-22

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Specifying the Parameter Display Range

Click Cancel to close the dialog.

Now you can specify the display range

for the temperature.

Specifying the Parameter Display Range

1

Click Open View Settings Window

In the Min box type 278.

In the Max box type 281.

Click OK. The trajectory colors are

updated.

on the Main toolbar.

If you specify the range, you may want to

display the global (calculated over the
Computational Domain) minimum and
maximum values of the current contour plot parameter.
5

Click Display Global Min Max

on the Display toolbar. The temperature global minimum and maximum values appear at the top of the active (bottom) pane.

As you can see, COSMOS/FloWorks is a powerful tool for heat-exchanger design calculations.
Ref. 2 J.P. Holman. Heat Transfer Eighth edition.

6-23

Specifying the Parameter Display Range

6-24

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

7
Application of EFD Zooming
Problem Statement
The COSMOS/FloWorks PE capability of EFD Zooming is demonstrated as an engineering tutorial1 example of selecting a better heat sink shape for a main chip together
with other electronic elements in an electronic enclosure.
The SolidWorks assembly model of the electronic enclosure including the main chips
heat sink under consideration is shown in picture. The fan installed at the enclosure inlet
blows air through the enclosure to the outlet slots with the goal of cooling the heated
electronic elements (having heat sources inside). The planar main chip is attached to a
motherboard made of an insulator. To cool the main chip better, its opposite plane surface is covered by a heat sink cooled by the air stream from the fan.

1.This example can be run in COSMOS/FloWorks PE only.

7-1

Problem Statement

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Heat Sink

PCB

Inlet Fan

Small Chips

Main Chip
Capacitors
Power Supply
Mother Board
Electronic enclosure
The problems engineering aim is to determine the main chips temperature when using
one of two heat sink designs. All other conditions within the enclosure will be invariable.
As a result, we see the difference in cooling capability between these two competing
shapes.

No.1

No.2
The heat sinks competing shapes (No.1 and No.2)

As you can see, the specified configurations of all the electronic enclosures components, with the exception of the main chips heat sink, are smooth, without small details,
because they do not influence the main chips temperature which is the aim of the analysis (the enclosure model was simplified to this level before). Whereas the heat sink of
both the shapes is featured by multiple thin (thickness of 0.1 in) fins with narrow (gaps
of 0.1 in) channels between them. This problem is very time consuming to solve within
7-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial Two Ways of Solving the Problem with COSMOS/FloWorks PE

COSMOS/FloWorks Standard, since we have to manually specify the appropriate minimum gap size and the minimum wall thickness for resolving these heat sink features, creating an extremely large number of computational mesh cells.

Two Ways of Solving the Problem with COSMOS/FloWorks PE

COSMOS/FloWorks PE allows us to simplify solving this problem. Two techniques are
listed below.
In the first, direct way, we compute the entire flow inside the whole electronic enclosure
for each heat sink shape with using the Local Initial Mesh option for constructing a fine
computational mesh in the heat sinks narrow channels and thin fins. Naturally, the Heat
Transfer in Solids option is enabled in these computations.
In the other, two-stage way (EFD Zooming using the Transferred Boundary Condition
option), we solve the same problem in the following two stages:
1

computing the entire flow inside the whole electronic enclosure at a low result resolution level without resolving the heat sinks fine features (so, the parallelepiped
envelope is specified instead of the heat sinks comb shape) and enabling the Heat
Transfer in Solids option;

computing the flow over the real comb-shaped heat sink in a smaller computational
domain surrounding the main chip, using the Transferred Boundary Condition
option to take the first stages computation results as boundary conditions, specifying a fine computational mesh in the heat sinks narrow channels and thin fins to
resolve them, and enabling the Heat Transfer in Solids option.
The first stages computation is performed once and then used for the second
stages computations performed for each of the heat sinks shapes.

The EFD Zooming Approach

Let us begin from the second (EFD Zooming) ways approach connected with employing the Transferred Boundary Condition option. Then, to validate the results obtained
with this approach, we will solve the problem in the first way by employing the Local
Initial Mesh option.

7-3

The EFD Zooming Approach

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

First Stage of EFD Zooming

In accordance with the 1st stage of EFD Zooming aimed at computing the entire flow
inside the electronic enclosure, it is not necessary to resolve the flows small features,
i.e., streams between the heat sinks fins, at this stage. Therefore, we suppress the heat
sinks comb shape feature in the SolidWorks assembly model, obtaining the parallelepiped envelope instead.

A parallelepiped heat sink is used at the 1st stage of EFD Zooming.

The model simplification at this stage allows us to compute the electronic enclosures
flow by employing the Automatic Initial Mesh option with a lower level (we use 4) of
initial mesh and do not manually specify the minimum gap size and the minimum wall
thickness. Moreover, at this stage it is also not necessary to compute heat transfer in solids, since we do not compute the main chip temperature at this stage. Instead, we specify
surface heat sources of the same (5W) heat transfer rates at the main chip and heat sink
(parallelepiped) faces and at the small chips faces (they are heated also in this example)
to simulate the electronic enclosures heating the air flow. This is not obligatory, but
removing the heat transfer in solids at this stage saves computer resources. As a result,
the computer resources (memory and CPU time) required at this stage are substantially
reduced.

7-4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The EFD Zooming Approach

COSMOS/FloWorks Project for the First Stage of EFD Zooming

SolidWorks Model Configuration
Click File, Open. In the Open dialog box, browse to the Enclosure Assembly.SLDASM assembly located in the Tutorial PE1 - EFD Zooming folder and click
Open (or double-click the assembly). Alternatively, you can drag and drop the
Enclosure Assembly.SLDASM file to an empty area of SolidWorks window. Make
sure that the Zoom Global - L4 configuration is the active one. Note that heat sink
(HeatSink.SLDPRT) is the parallelepiped obtained by suppressing the heat sinks cuts.
Project Definition
Using the Wizard create a new project as follows:
Project name

Use current: Zoom Global - L4

Unit system

USA

Fluid Type

Gas

Physical features

No physical features are selected

Analysis type

Internal; Exclude cavities without flow conditions

Roughness

Default smooth walls (0 microinches)

Gas

Air

Default Wall Conditions

Adiabatic wall

Initial and Ambient Conditions

Default conditions

Result and Geometry Resolution

Result resolution level set to 4;

Default geometry resolution: automatic minimum
gap size and minimum wall thickness, no advanced
options are selected

7-5

The EFD Zooming Approach

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

For this project we uses the automatic initial mesh and the default computational domain.

&

Note that Level of initial mesh is set

to 4 in accordance with the Result
resolution level specified in the
Wizard.However, compared to the
Standard and version of COSMOS/
FloWorks, specification of the Result
and Geometry Resolution is
somewhat different for the PE
version. After finishing the Wizard,
the Result Resolution is virtually
split into Level of initial mesh in the
Automatic Initial Mesh dialog box,
governing the initial mesh only, and
Results resolution level in the
Calculation Control Options dialog box, governing finishing the calculation and
refining computational mesh during calculation. The Geometry Resolution
options, which also influence the initial mesh, can be changed in the Automatic
Initial Mesh box, and/or their effects can be corrected in the Initial Mesh and
Local Initial Mesh dialog boxes.

Unit System
After passing the Wizard, first we will adjust the system of units. The new custom system of units is based on the selected USA COSMOS/FloWorks defined system, but uses
Watts for power, and inches for length.

7-6

Click FloWorks, Units.

Specify inches for the Length and watts for the

Total heat flow & power.

Click Save.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The EFD Zooming Approach

In the Save to Database dialog box, expand the Units group

and select the User Defined item.

Name the new system of units Electronics.

Click OK to return to the Unit System dialog box.

Click OK.

Conditions
We specify External Inlet Fan at the inlet, Static Pressure at three outlets. For more
detailed explanation of how to set these conditions please refer to the First Steps - Conjugate Heat Transfer tutorial.
Inlet Boundary
Condition

External Inlet Fan: FWDefined\PAPST\DC-Axial\Series

400\405\405 with default values
of the other settings (the 14.6959
lbf/in2 ambient pressure, the
68,09 F temperature) set at
Inlet Lid;

Outlet Boundary
Condition

Static Pressure:
Default value (14.6959 lbf/in2)
of the Static pressure at the Outlet Lids1, 2, 3;

Heat Sources
As mentioned earlier in this chapter, to simulate the electronic enclosures flow heating,
we specify surface heat sources of the same (5W) heat transfer rates at the main chip and
the heat sink (parallelepiped) faces and at the small chips faces. Since we do not consider heat transfer in solids in this project, the surface source can be applied only to faces
in contact with fluid. Follow the steps below to create the sources on the necessary faces:
1

Click FloWorks, Insert, Surface Source.

7-7

The EFD Zooming Approach

&

In the FeatureManager, select the Heat

Sink and Main Chip components. COSMOS/FloWorks automatically selects all
faces of the Heat Sink and Main Chip components. Faces that are not in contact with
fluid must be removed from the Faces to
apply the surface source list. In the list,
these faces are two last faces of the Main
chip (No11, 12 if heat sink was selected first, No5, 6 - otherwise) and the last face
of the Heat Sink (No6 if heat sink was selected first, No12- otherwise).
To find which face is redundant in your particular case, you can click OK
immediately after selecting a component and the Rebuild Errors dialog that
appears will show you the face(s) to remove.

One by one remove all redundant faces by selecting the face in the list and pressing
the Delete key.

On the Settings tab, set the value of the source to 5 W.

Click OK.

Follow the same procedure, including using the

Rebuild Errors dialog to find the redundant faces,
create a surface source of the 5 W on the small chips
total surface.
Goals
Specify the surface goals of mass flow rate at the inlet
and outlet.

Run the calculation. After the calculation is finished

you can start with second stage of EFD Zooming to
focus on the main chip.
Save the model.

7-8

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The EFD Zooming Approach

Second Stage of EFD Zooming

At the 2nd stage of EFD Zooming aimed at determining the main chips temperature, we
compute the flow over the heat sink in a smaller computational domain surrounding the
main chip, using the Transferred Boundary Condition option to take the first stages
computation results as boundary conditions. To compute the solids temperature, we
enable the Heat Transfer in Solids option. Since at this stage we substantially reduce
the computational domain, a fine computational mesh without an extreme number of
cells can be constructed in the heat sinks narrow channels and thin fins, even when considering heat transfer in solids during computation.
COSMOS/FloWorks Project for the Second Stage of EFD Zooming (Heat
Sink No1)
SolidWorks Model Configuration
Activate the Zoom SinkNo1 - L4 configuration. Note that heat sinks cuts are resolved
now.
Project Definition
Using the Wizard create a new project as follows:
Project name

Use current: Zoom SinkNo1 - L4

Unit system

Electronics

Fluid Type

Gas

Physical features

Heat transfer in solids is enabled

Analysis type

Internal

Solids

Aluminum, silicon, insulator,

Default material Aluminum,
Initial solid temperature - 68.09 F

Roughness

Default smooth walls (0 microinches)

Gas

Air

7-9

The EFD Zooming Approach

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Initial and Ambient Conditions

Default conditions

Result and Geometry Resolution

Result resolution
level set to 4; Minimum gap size =
0.1 in, Minimum
wall thickness =
0.1 in; no
advanced options
are selected.

Here, we use the automatic initial mesh by specifying the Result resolution level (Level
of initial mesh) of 4, but in contrast to the first stages computation, we manually specify the minimum gap size of 0.1 in and the minimum wall thickness of 0.1 in to resolve
the heat sinks features.
Next, we will reduce the computational domain to focus on the main chip, i.e. perform
EFD Zooming.
Computational Domain
When reducing the computational domain for EFD Zooming purposes, it is necessary to
take into account that the first stages computation results will serve as the boundary
conditions at this domains boundaries. Therefore, to obtain reliable results in the second
stages computations, we have to specify computational domain boundaries (as planes
parallel to the X-, Y-, Z-planes of the Global Coordinate system) satisfying the following
conditions:

7-10

the flow and solid parameters at these boundaries, taken from the first stages computation, must be as uniform as possible;

the boundaries must not lie too close to the object of interest, since the objects features were not resolved at the first stages computation. The computational domain
must be large enough so as not to receive an influence of the objects newly added,
more complex features;

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The EFD Zooming Approach

the boundary conditions transferred to or specified at the boundaries must be consistent with the problems statements (e.g., if in the problem under consideration
the mother board is made from a heat-conducting material, then it is incorrect to
cut the mother board with computational domain boundaries, since this will yield
an incorrect heat flux from the chip through the mother board).

In this project we specify the following computational domain boundaries satisfying the
above-mentioned requirements. Click FloWorks, Computational Domain to adjust the
computational domain size as follows:

Xmin = -2.95 in (entirely lies inside the electronic enclosure side wall made of
aluminum, this material does not influence the main chips temperature since it is
insulated from the chip by the heat-insulating mother board and the air flow, its
boundary condition is automatically specified as the 68,09 F temperature
specified as the initial condition for all solids),

Xmax = 0.5 in (the boundary conditions in the fluid region of this boundary are
transferred from the first stages computation results, the same boundary
conditions as at Xmin = -2.95 in are automatically specified at this boundarys
upper solid part lying in the electronic enclosures aluminum wall, and the same
boundary conditions as at Zmin = -1 in are automatically specified at the lower
solid part lying in the mother board),

Ymin = -1 in, Ymax = 4 in (the boundary conditions at these boundaries are

specified in the same manner as at Xmax = 0.5 in, as well as at the boundaries side
parts also lying in the aluminum wall),

Zmin = -1 in (entirely lies inside the mother board specified as a heat insulator,
therefore the adiabatic wall boundary condition is automatically specified at this
boundary),

Zmax = 1.2 in (entirely lies inside the electronic enclosures aluminum upper wall,
therefore the same boundary condition, as at Xmin = -2.95 in, are automatically
specified at this boundary).

7-11

The EFD Zooming Approach

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The reduced computational domain.

Conditions
First, we specify Transferred Boundary Conditions.
1

Click FloWorks, Insert, Transferred

Boundary Condition.

Add all Computational Domain

boundaries to the Boundaries to apply
the transferred boundary condition
list. To add a boundary, select it and
click Add, or double-click a boundary.

Click Next.

&

7-12

At Step2, click Browse to select the

COSMOS/FloWorks project whose
results will be used as boundary
conditions for the current Zoom SinkN01 - L4 project. You can select a
calculated project of any currently open
model, or browse for the results (.fld) file.

In the Browse for Project dialog select

the Zoom Global - L4 configuration
and click OK.

Click Next.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

&

The EFD Zooming Approach

At Step3, select Velocity as the Boundary condition type.

The Velocity boundary condition consists
of specifying (by taking results of a
previous calculation) fluid velocity,
temperature, density, substance
concentrations, and turbulence
parameters at the boundary's section
lying in the fluid, so they will act during
the calculation in nearly the same
manner as ambient conditions in an
external analysis. If Heat Transfer in Solids is enabled, then at this boundary's
section lying in the solid the solid temperature is specified (by taking results of a
previous calculation). The heat flux at this boundary, which will be obtained as
part of the problem solution, can be non-zero.
Click Finish.

Specify the other conditions as follows:

Heat Sources
Volume Source of 5W heat generation rate in the
main chip;

Volume Conditions
a) the Main Chip is made of silicon (FWDefined);
initial solid temperature - 68.09 F;
b) the Motherboard and the Enclosure are made of
insulator (FWDefined); initial solid temperature 68.09 F;

7-13

The EFD Zooming Approach

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

c) all other parts (e.g. the heat sink) are made of

aluminum; initial solid temperature - 68,09 F.

Goals
Specify the Volume Goals of maximum and average temperatures of the main chip and the heat sink.
Run the calculation.
The obtained computational results are presented in tables and pictures below. These
results were obtained with the heat sinks shape No.1.
If you look at the computational mesh you can see that it has two cells for each of the
heat sinks channels, and two cells for each of the sinks fins. This is because the specified Manual gap size and the Minimum wall thickness values are equal to the channel
and rib width correspondingly.

&

7-14

The mesh cut plot obtained for the heat sink No.1 at Y=-0.3 in.
In fact, the Minimum gap size and Minimum wall thickness influence the same
parameter the characteristic cells size. By default, COSMOS/FloWorks
generates the basic mesh in order to have a minimum of two cells per the specified
Minimum gap size. The number of cells per the Minimum gap size non-linearly
depends on the Level of initial mesh and cannot be less than two. In turn, the
Minimum wall thickness condition induces COSMOS/FloWorks to create the
basic mesh having two cells (two cells are enough to resolve a wall) per the
specified Minimum wall thickness (regardless of the specified initial mesh level).
Thats why, if the Minimum wall thickness is equal to or greater than the
Minimum gap size, then the Minimum wall thickness does not influence the mesh.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The EFD Zooming Approach

Changing the Heat Sink

Let us now see how employing the heat sinks shape No. 2 changes the computational
results. To do this, we change the heat sink configuration to the No.2 version, whereas all
the EFD Zooming 2nd stages COSMOS/FloWorks project settings are retained. It is not
necessary to perform the EFD Zooming 1st stages computation again, so we use its
results in this project too.
The easiest way to create the same COSMOS/FloWorks project for the new model configuration is to clone the existing project to this configuration.
Clone Project to the Existing Configuration
1

Click FloWorks, Project, Clone Project.

Click Add to existing.

In the Existing configuration list select Zoom SinkNo2 - L4.

Click OK.

After clicking OK, two warning messages appear asking you to rebuild the computational mesh and to reset the computational domain. Select
Yes for the first message to rebuild the mesh, and No for the second message to ignore
the resizing of computational domain.

After cloning the project you can start the calculation immediately.
The obtained results are presented in tables and pictures below. It is seen that due to the
heat sinks new shape the main chips temperature is reduced by about 13 F. That is
caused by both the increased area of the heat sinks ribs and streamlining the flow in the
heat sinks narrow channels between the ribs (in heat sink No.1 about half of the channel
is occupied by a counterflow vortex).

7-15

The Local Initial Mesh Approach

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The Local Initial Mesh Approach

To validate the results obtained with the EFD Zooming approach, let us now solve the
same problems employing the Local Initial Mesh option. To employ this option, we add
a parallelepiped surrounding the main chip to the model assembly and then disable it in
the Component Control dialog box. This volume represents a fluid region, in which,
using the Local Initial Mesh option, we can specify computational mesh settings differing from the ones used in the other computational domain.

The electronic enclosure configuration with the additional

part for applying the Local Initial Mesh option.
COSMOS/FloWorks Project for the Local Initial Mesh Approach (Heat Sink
No1)
To create the project we clone the Zoom SinkNo1 L4 to the existing LocalMesh SinkNo1 - N2 configuration, but in contrast to the previous cloning we reset
the computational domain to the default size so the
computational domain encloses the entire model.
Activate the Zoom SinkNo1 - L4 configuration.
Open the Clone Project dialog, click Add to existing
and, in the Existing configuration list select the LocalMesh SinkNo1 - N2 as the configuration to which to attach the cloned project.
After clicking OK confirm with Yes both the appearing messages.
7-16

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The Local Initial Mesh Approach

Conditions
First remove the inherited transferred boundary condition. Right-click the Transferred Boundary
Condition1 item in the tree and select Delete.
Next, specify the same boundary condition as in the first stage of the EFD Zooming:
Inlet Boundary
Condition

External Inlet Fan:

FWDefined\PAPST\DC-Axial\Series 400\405\405 with default
values of the other settings (the 14.6959 lbf/in2 ambient pressure, the 68.09 F temperature) set at Inlet Lid;

Outlet Boundary
Condition

Static Pressure:
Default value (14.6959 lbf/in2) of the Static pressure at the Outlet Lids1, 2, 3

Heat Sources
To the already existing volume source of the 5W heat
generation rate in the main chip, add the total 5W heat
generation rate in the small chips.

Volume Conditions
The following material definitions were inherited from the previous project so you do
not need to create them again:
a) the Main Chip is made from silicon (FWDefined); initial solid temperature -68.09 F;
b) the Motherboard and the Enclosure are made from insulator (FWDefined); initial
solid temperature - 68.09 F;
c) all other parts are made from the default aluminum; initial solid temperature - 68.09 F.
7-17

The Local Initial Mesh Approach

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Goals
Keep the cloned volume goals of maximum and average temperatures of the main chip
and the heat sink.
Level of Initial Mesh
Click FloWorks, Initial Mesh to adjust the automatic initial mesh settings.
Set the Level of initial mesh to 3. Since heat transfer in
solids is enabled, setting the Level of initial mesh to 4
together with the local mesh settings will produce large
number of cells resulting in longer CPU time. To decrease
the calculation time for this tutorial example we decrease
the Level of initial mesh to 3. Note that the Result resolution level is retained equal to 4 as it was specified in the
Wizard. To see the value of the result resolution level, click FloWorks, Calculation
Control Options, and then click Reset.
Clear the Manual specification of the minimum gap size
and Manual specification of the minimum wall thickness check boxes. To resolve the heat sink we will not use
these options since they influence the entire computational
domain resulting in a significant increase in the number of
cells. Instead, we will set the Characteristic number of
cells across a narrow channel in the region of the heat
sink (defined as the LocalMesh component) that will
allow us to resolve the heat sinks features.
Specifying Local Initial Mesh Settings
To apply the local mesh setting to a region we need a component representing this region to be disabled in the Component Control dialog box.

7-18

Open the Component Control dialog box and disable the

LocalMesh component.

Click FloWorks, Insert, Local Initial Mesh.

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In the FeatureManager, select the LocalMesh component.

Go to the Narrow Channels tab and set the

Characteristic number of cells across a
narrow channel = 2 and Narrow channels
refinement level = 4.

&

The Local Initial Mesh Approach

The Narrow Channels term is conventional and used for the definition of the
models flow passages in the normal-to-solid/fluid-interface direction. The
procedure of refinement is applied to each flow passage within the computational
domain unless you specify for COSMOS/FloWorks to ignore the passages of a
specified height with the Enable the minimum height of narrow channels and
Enable the maximum height of narrow channels options. The Characteristic
number of cells across a narrow channel (lets denote it as Nc) and Narrow
channels refinement level (lets denote it as L) both influence the mesh in narrow
channels in the following way: the basic mesh in narrow channels will be split to
have the specified Nc number per a channel, if the resulting cells satisfy the
specified L. In other words, whatever the specified Nc, a narrow channels cells
cannot be smaller in 8L (2L in each direction of the Global Coordinate System)
times than the basic mesh cell. This is necessary to avoid the undesirable mesh
splitting in superfine channels that may cause increasing the number of cells to an
abnormal value.

In our case, to ensure the 4 cells across a channel criterion, we increased the Narrow
channels refinement level to 4.
We perform these settings for both of the heat sinks under consideration.
COSMOS/FloWorks Project for the Local Initial Mesh approach (Heat Sink
No2)
Clone the active LocalMesh SinkNo1 - N2 to the
existing LocalMesh SinkNo2 - N2 configuration.
While cloning confirm both the messages to rebuild the
computational mesh and the computational domain.
Using the Batch Run calculate both the projects.

7-19

Results

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Results
The computational results obtained for both of the heat sinks are presented below in
comparison with the results obtained with the EFD Zooming approach. It is seen that
computations with the local mesh settings require greater computer resources (e.g., the
numbers of their computational mesh cells are in 1,5 times greater than in the EFD
Zooming 2nd stages computations, the required total CPU time in about 2 times greater)
yield practically the same results, as the EFD Zooming approach, therefore validate it.
Numbers of computational mesh cells, generated in the EFD Zooming and Local Mesh
approaches (obtained from the Results Summary).

Heat sink No.1

Heat sink No.2
Zoom LocalMesh Zoom LocalMesh Zoom Number of cells Global - L4 SinkNo1 - L4 SinkNo1 - N2 SinkNo2 - L4 SinkNo2 - N2
Fluid cells
54707
36546
31238
43486
33027
Solid cells
25477
21071
28160
23048
28798
Partial cells
32176
32900
34784
37948
36403
Total
112360
90517
94182
104482
98228
The computed maximum and average main chip and heat sink temperatures when
employing the different heat sinks.

Parameter
tmax, F

7-20

Heat sink No.1

Heat sink No.2
LocalMesh Zoom LocalMesh - Zoom SinkNo1 - L4 SinkNo1 - N2 SinkNo2 - L4 SinkNo2 - N2
112.6

114.3

97.8

100.6

Main chip taver, F

112.2

113.9

97.5

100.3

tmax, F

112.6

114.2

97.7

100.6

Heat sink taver, F

112.1

113.8

97.3

100.1

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Results

a) EFD Zooming
b) Local Mesh
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.1 at Y=2.19 in (Top plane) with the
EFD Zooming (a) and Local Mesh (b) approaches.

a) EFD Zooming
b) Local Mesh
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.1 at Z= -0.32 in (Front plane) with
the EFD Zooming (a) and Local Mesh (b) approaches.

b) Local Mesh
a) EFD Zooming
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.1 at X= -1.53 in (Right plane)
with the EFD Zooming (a) and Local Mesh (b) approaches.

7-21

Results

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

a) EFD Zooming
b) Local Mesh
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.2 at Y=2.19 in (Top plane) with the
EFD Zooming (a) and Local Mesh (b) approaches.

a) EFD Zooming
b) Local Mesh
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.2 at Z=0 in (Front plane) with the
EFD Zooming (a) and Local Mesh (b) approaches.

a) EFD Zooming
b) Local Mesh
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.2 at Z=-0.3 in (Front plane) with
the EFD Zooming (a) and Local Mesh (b) approaches.
7-22

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Conclusions

Conclusions
1

Due to the EFD Zooming (Transferred Boundary Conditions) and Local Initial
Mesh options, COSMOS/FloWorks PE is capable of solving complex problems
that cannot be solved with COSMOS/FloWorks Standard because of the generation of an extremely large number of computational mesh cells. These advanced
options allow us to reduce the total and partial numbers of the computational mesh
cells without losing solution accuracy.

As one can see from the presented results comparing the Local Initial Mesh
approach and the EFD Zooming approach, EFD Zooming allows us to substantially reduce the computer resources required for solving the problem, especially
when a series of computations is required to select the best shape of a design element.

7-23

Conclusions

7-24

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

8
Mesh Optimization
The goal of this tutorial1 example is to demonstrate various meshing capabilities of
COSMOS/FloWorks PE allowing you to better adjust the computational mesh to the
problem at hand. Although the automatically generated mesh is usually appropriate,
intricate problems with thin and/or small, but important, geometrical and physical features can result in extremely high cell counts, for which the computer memory is too
small. In such cases we recommend that you try the COSMOS/FloWorks PE options
allowing you to manually adjust the computational mesh to the solved problem's features
to resolve them better. This tutorial teaches you how to do this.
The Ejector in Exhaust Hood example aims to:
Settle the large aspect ratio between the minimum gap size and the model size
by adjusting the initial mesh manually.
Resolve thin walls by creating a proper basic mesh.
Resolve small features by specifying local mesh settings.

1.This example can be run in COSMOS/FloWorks PE only.

8-1

Problem Statement

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Problem Statement
The ejector model is shown in the picture. Note that the ejected gas orifices diameter is
more than 1000 times smaller than the characteristic model size determined as the computational domains overall dimension.
Exhaust

Opening
Baffles

Ejector

Ejected chlorine orifice

8-2

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

SolidWorks Model Configuration

SolidWorks Model Configuration

Click File, Open. In the Open dialog box, browse to the Ejector in Exhaust
Hood.SLDASM assembly located in the Tutorial PE2 Mesh Optimization folder
and click Open (or double-click the assembly). Make sure that the Ejector Analysis
configuration is the active one.

Project Definition
Using the Wizard create a new project as follows:
Project name

Use current: Ejector Analysis

Unit system

USA

Fluid type

Gas

Physical features

Roughness

Gravitation; Default gravity (Y component:

-9.81 m/s^2)
Internal; Exclude cavities without flow conditions
Default smooth walls (0 microinches)

Gas substances

Air, Chlorine

Initial gas concentration

Air 1, Chlorine - 0

Default Wall Conditions

Adiabatic wall

Initial and Ambient Conditions

Default conditions

Result and Geometry Resolution

Default result resolution level 3;

Default geometry resolution: automatic minimum gap size and minimum wall thickness, no
advanced options are selected

Analysis type

8-3

Conditions

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Conditions
At first, let us specify all the necessary boundary conditions because they influence the
automatic initial mesh through the automatic minimum gap size, which depends on the
characteristic size of the faces on which the boundary conditions are set.

&

COSMOS/FloWorks calculates the default minimum gap size using information

about the faces where boundary conditions (as well as sources, fans) and goals are
specified. Thus, it is recommended to set all conditions before you start to analyze
the mesh.

The first two boundary conditions are imposed on the exhaust hood's inlet and outlet.
Inlet Boundary
Condition

Static Pressure:

Default value (14.6959 lbf/in2, gas

substance Air) of the Static pressure
and Temperature (68.09 F) at the
boxs Lid for Face Opening;

Outlet Boundary
Condition

Outlet Volume Flow:

Outlet volume flow rate of 1000 ft3/min

at the boxs Exhaust Lid.

If you open the Automatic Initial Mesh dialog box (click FloWorks, Initial Mesh),
you can see that the current automatic minimum gap size is 0.5 ft, which is the width of
the outlet opening.
8-4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Conditions

The next inlet volume flow rate condition defines the gas ejected from the bottom of the
Ejector component.
Inlet Boundary
Condition

Inlet Volume Flow:

Inlet chlorine (Substance concentrations: Chlorine 1; Air 0) volume
flow rate of 0.14 ft3/min at the ejectors Gas Lid.

If you now look at the automatic minimum gap size value (click FloWorks, Initial
Mesh), you can see that it is close to the orifice diameter - 0.044 ft.

&

The Minimum gap size is a parameter governing the computational mesh, so that a
certain number of cells per the specified gap should be generated. To satisfy this
condition the corresponding parameters governing the mesh are set by COSMOS/
FloWorks (number of basic mesh cells, small solid features refinement level,
narrow channel resolution, etc.). Note that these parameters are applied to the
whole computational domain, resolving all its features of the same geometric
characteristics (not only to a specific gap).

Since the minimum gap size value influences the mesh in the entire computational
domain, the large aspect ratio between the model and the minimum gap size value will
produce a non-optimal mesh: not only will all small gaps will be resolved, but there will
also be many small cells in places where they are not necessary. As a result, an extremely
large mesh will be produced, which may result in overly large computer memory
requirements exceeding the computers' available resources. Moreover, if the aspect ratio
between the model and the minimum gap size is more than 1000, COSMOS/FloWorks
may not adequately resolve such models with the automatically generated mesh anyway.
Finally, let us create the ejectors porous media and apply it to the ejectors top and side
screens. Do not forget to previously disable the Top-Screen and Side-Screen parts in the
Component Control dialog box.

8-5

Conditions

Porous Condition

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Screen material:

Porosity: 0.5,
Permeability type: Isotropic,
Dependency on velocity:
A = 0.07 kg/m4,
B = 3e-008 kg/(sm3).
Components to apply:
Top-Screen
Side-Screen

To see advantages of the COSMOS/FloWorks PE's local mesh and control planes
options better, now let us try to generate the computational mesh governed by the automatic mesh settings. As a result, you see that this mesh consists of more than 3 200 000
cells, which cannot be processed due to the computer memory restriction.

The automatically generated mesh.

8-6

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Switch off the Automatic Mesh Definition

Switch off the Automatic Mesh Definition

So what to do if the automatically generated mesh is excessively large?
You can either change the parameters governing the automatic mesh, e.g. increase the
specified minimum gap size, but, as a result, some features can become unresolved. Alternatively, you can optimize the mesh by manually tuning the parameters governing it.

&

The parameters governing the computational mesh are fully accessible for you in
COSMOS/FloWorks PE, whereas in Standard they are set by COSMOS/FloWorks
in accordance with the specified Result and Geometry resolution (result resolution
level, minimum gap size, minimum wall thickness, etc.).

Let's manually better adapt the computational mesh to our model.

1

&

Switch off the automatic mesh definition by clicking FloWorks, Project, Automatic Initial Mesh.
The mesh is named Initial since it is the mesh the calculation starts from and it
could be further refined during the calculation if the solution-adaptive meshing is
enabled. The initial mesh is constructed from the Basic mesh by refining the basic
mesh cells in accordance with the specified mesh settings. The Basic mesh is
formed by dividing the computational domain into slices by parallel planes which
are orthogonal to the Global Coordinate Systems axes.

Click FloWorks, Initial Mesh. The Initial Mesh dialog box controls the basic
mesh and the initial mesh within the entire computational domain unless local initial mesh settings are specified.

The Initial Meshs parameters are currently set by COSMOS/FloWorks in accordance

with the default mesh settings.

8-7

Resolving Thin Walls by Control Planes

&
4

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Set the Curvature refinement level

to 1 and the Small solid features
refinement level to 0.

If the Curvature refinement criterion is less than three (by default its equal to
0.1) the Small solid features refinement level has no effect unless it is smaller than
the Curvature refinement level.

Go to the Narrow Channels tab and

clear the Enable narrow channels
refinement check box.

Diminishing the mesh refinement levels will prevent the mesh from an excessive splitting in less important regions. As a result, we obtain a memory reserve for resolving the
more important geometry elements through adjusting the basic mesh and introducing the
local mesh settings.

Resolving Thin Walls by Control Planes

When you start to optimize the mesh, first look at the Basic mesh. The basic mesh in
many respects governs the generated computational mesh. The proper basic mesh is necessary for the most optimal mesh.

8-8

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Resolving Thin Walls by Control Planes

You can control the basic mesh in several ways:

Change number of the basic mesh cells along the X, Y, Z-axes.

Shift or insert basic mesh planes.

Stretch or contract the basic mesh cells locally by changing the relative distance
between the basic mesh planes.

Why can the basic mesh planes' position be so important for the meshing?
If a basic mesh cell is intersected by a thin wall whose thickness is smaller than the cell's
size, the cell is considered as irregular because the wall's position inside the cell is
ambiguous, or the cell's normal to the body surface is ambiguous (see the left picture
below). As soon as such cells have appeared, they will be refined until the irregularities
vanish or the maximum mesh refinement level is reached.
In the right picture below, the thin wall is resolved due to the daughter cells' sides lying
in the solid.
In a general case, depending on the cells' positions with respect to the wall, several successive splits of the basic mesh's cells can be required until the daughter cells' sides fall
within the solid. Moreover, if the specified mesh refinement level is smaller than the
required number of splits, the thin walls cannot be resolved.
If thin walls are parallel to the Global Coordinate System planes, it is more advantageous
to position the basic mesh's planes into the thin walls than to increase the mesh refinement level.

An irregular cell of the basic mesh.

A thin wall resolved with the automatic

initial mesh's cells.

Note that the exhaust hood's lower and middle thin baffles are parallel to the Global
Coordinate System planes. Thus, to resolve them, the easiest way is to set the corresponding basic mesh planes within them. To do that, use COSMOS/FloWorks PE's Control Planes option:

8-9

Resolving Thin Walls by Control Planes

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

In the Initial Mesh dialog box, go to the Control Planes tab.

Prior to adding the plane we need to

select the planes orientation. In our
case it is orthogonal to the Z-axis.
Click a row within the Z area (e.g.
Zmin).

Click Add.

In the Control Plane dialog box, set the Plane

offset from the FRONT plane at 1,154 ft.

&

It is recommended that you slightly submerge the control plane into the solid,
avoiding making it coincident with the solid surface.

Follow the same procedure to set the control plane with the offset of 1.05 ft for
the middle baffle.

To better resolve the ejector and the ejected gas inlet opening, set the control plane coinciding with the ejectors
mid-plane. It is offset from the FRONT plane at 0,703 ft.

Note that the ejectors Top Ring and the ring at the top of the Screen Base are thin, so
using control planes will be effective for them also.

8-10

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

&
8

Resolving Thin Walls by Control Planes

Click the Y area and set two control panes offset from the
BASE plane at 1.151 ft and 0.911 ft.
You can visualize the basic mesh before solving the problem.
To see the basic mesh, click Draw basic mesh in the Initial
Mesh dialog box or click FloWorks, Project, Draw Basic
Mesh.

Click OK to save changes and close the Initial Mesh dialog

box.

Then, generate the initial mesh to check whether the thin walls and the other geometry
are resolved.
1

Click FloWorks, Solve, Run.

Clear the Solver check box in order to generate the

mesh only.

Click Run.

Prior to visualizing the computational initial mesh, let us switch the COSMOS/FloWorks
option to use the meshed geometry instead of using the SW model's geometry.
By default, COSMOS/FloWorks shows the SolidWorks model geometry when displaying the results. Depending on how exactly the model has been resolved with the computational mesh, the SolidWorks models geometry may differ from the geometry used in
the calculation. To display the real captured geometry the Use SW geometry option is
reserved for PE users.
4

Click Tools , Options, then click Third

Party.

On the COSMOS/FloWorks Options

tab, under View Options, clear the Use
SW geometry check box.

8-11

Using the Local Mesh Option

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Next load the file with the initial computational mesh: right-clicking the Results icon
and select Load Results, then select the 1.cpt file and click Open. Note that the total
number of cells is about 40 000.

&

The calculation results, including the

current computational mesh, are
saved in the .fld files, whereas the
initial computational mesh is saved
separately in the .cpt files. Both of the
files are saved in the project folder,
whose numerical name is formed by
COSMOS/FloWorks and must not be
changed.

Create a cut plot based on the CENTRELINE plane with the Mesh option selected. Click
FloWorks, Results, Display Geometry to hide the model.
You can see that the bottom and middle baffles are resolved well. However, the inclined
top baffle, as well as the ejector, is not properly resolved. To resolve them, let us use the
local mesh option.

Using the Local Mesh Option

The local mesh option is intended for resolving a local region, which must be represented
by a component of your assembly and, if it includes a fluid, then disabled in the Component Control dialog box.
8-12

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Using the Local Mesh Option

Set to resolve the LocalMesh1 and LocalMesh2 components. Do not rebuild the computational domain since it is not necessary in our case. Note that these components were
created so that there is a small distance between the boundaries of the component and the
interested solid feature (here, the upper baffle and the ejector). Because the local settings
are applied only to the cells whose centers lie within the selected model component, it is
recommended to have the component's boundaries offset from the solid feature's boundaries.
After resolving the LocalMesh2 component an error message should appear informing
you that the inlet volume flow condition is not in contact with the fluid domain. The
problem disappears after disabling the component in the Component Control dialog
box to treat it as a fluid domain.
Click FloWorks, Component Control and disable both the
LocalMesh1 and LocalMesh2 components.
Rebuild the project by clicking FloWorks, Project, Rebuild.

Next specify the local mesh settings for the inclined upper baffle and the ejectors.
1

Select the LocalMesh1 component.

Click FloWorks, Insert, Local Initial Mesh.

Go to the Solid/Fluid Interface

and set the Small solid features
refinement level to 4 and the Curvature refinement level to 3.

&
4

The local mesh settings do not influence the basic mesh but are basic mesh
sensitive: all refinement levels are set with respect to the basic mesh cell.

Click OK to save changes and exit the dialog.

8-13

Using the Local Mesh Option

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

The Small solid features refinement level (SSFRL) mostly controls resolution of the
baffle and the Curvature refinement level (CRL) is responsible for resolving the baffles edges and junctions. The specified values were chosen as optimal. Compare the resolution of the baffle and total number of cells in different cases:
Fig. 1.

SSFRL = 4
CRL = 1
Cells ~ 87000

Fig. 2.

SSFRL = 3
CRL = 3
Cells ~ 98500

Fig. 3.

SSFRL = 4
CRL = 3
Cells ~ 99000

Fig. 4.

SSFRL = 5
CRL = 5
Cells ~ 148000

The Fig. 3 shows the baffle resolved as well as with the most robust settings (Fig. 4) but
with a noticeable decrease in the number of cells.
5

In the same way, specify the local

initial mesh (the LocalMesh2
component should be used) for the
ejector but set the Curvature
refinement level to 5 and the
Small solid features refinement
level to 0.

The higher curvature refinement level is set for resolving ejectors cylinders and thin
rings.
Create the mesh again (without the following calculation) and load the 1.cpt file.
8-14

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Using the Local Mesh Option

Now both the ejector and all the baffles are resolved. But if you zoom in to the chlorine
orifice region, you can see that the gas inlet face is still unresolved.

The resolution of the boundary condition surface is very important for correctly imposing the boundary condition. Therefore, to resolve the chlorine inlet surface let us design
another local mesh in this region. For that the LocalMesh3 component is employed.
Set to resolve the LocalMesh3 component. Disable the LocalMesh3 component via the
Component Control.
Set local mesh settings for the LocalMesh3 component as follows: Small solid features
refinement level to 0 and the Curvature refinement level to 7. Accept the default values for all the other parameters.
Note that the LocalMesh3 component is enclosed in the
LocalMesh2 component, so the different mesh settings are specified for the LocalMesh3 components region. In such regions the
historical order is in force, i.e., the latter settings act instead of the
previous ones.
Therefore, the local mesh settings applied to the LocalMesh2 region will not influence
the LocalMesh3 region.
To be sure the local mesh settings have the desired effect let us place the control plane
coincident with the bottom local mesh area boundary. This will prevent the cells produced after several refinements from having their centers lying outside of the
LocalMesh3 component, otherwise the local settings cease influencing them, thus the
cells cannot be refined further.
Go to the Initial Mesh dialog box. Click the Y area
and set the control panes offset from the BASE plane
at 0.189 ft.
Rebuild the project.

8-15

Using the Local Mesh Option

COSMOS/FloWorks 2001 Tutorial

Finally, let us create the mesh and compare how it resolves the solid geometry with only
about 250 000 cells in comparison with 3 200 000 cells generated in the automatic meshing case.

8-16