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S2014 BE201 - Lecture 7 Filters - Handouts

This document discusses low-pass filters. It begins by introducing different types of filters and how they modify frequency content by filtering out some frequencies while keeping others. It then discusses the characteristics of low-pass filters, including how they are analyzed in the frequency domain using complex impedances. Examples of passive and active low-pass filters are provided, including their transfer functions and Bode plots. Key concepts covered include cutoff frequency, poles, zeros, and how gain decreases at 20dB per decade above cutoff frequency for active low-pass filters.

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George Derpl
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42 views9 pages

S2014 BE201 - Lecture 7 Filters - Handouts

This document discusses low-pass filters. It begins by introducing different types of filters and how they modify frequency content by filtering out some frequencies while keeping others. It then discusses the characteristics of low-pass filters, including how they are analyzed in the frequency domain using complex impedances. Examples of passive and active low-pass filters are provided, including their transfer functions and Bode plots. Key concepts covered include cutoff frequency, poles, zeros, and how gain decreases at 20dB per decade above cutoff frequency for active low-pass filters.

Uploaded by

George Derpl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3/21/2014

BE201
Biomedicalmeasurements
Lecture7
Introductiontofilters LPfilters

Newmaterial:Filters:characteristics

Modifyfrequencycontent ofasignal
Filteroutsomefrequencies,keepothers:
Lowpassfilter
Highpassfilter
Bandpassfilter
Bandrejectfilter
2maintypes:
Passivefilter
Activefilter

3/21/2014

Filters:how?
Howtogetcharacteristicswhichchangewith
frequency?

Analysisofafilter
Filteranalyzedinthefrequencydomain
Complexnotation
Circuitanalysiswithcompleximpedances
Compleximpedancesofa:
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor

Z R _________
ZC

Z L ___________________

3/21/2014

Transferfunctionofafilter

Transferfunction:H(j)complexnumber
Magnitude(gain):
Phase:

H ( j )

Vout j
Vin ( j )

arg H ( j ) arg

Vout j
Vin ( j )

PassiveLPFilter:Example

This is a voltage divider so we use Vin(Zc/(R+Zc)) to find Vout

Vout

1
jC

Vin

1
R jC

3/21/2014

PassiveLPFilter:Example

1.6

____________,and iscalledthetimeconstantofthecircuit
Thecutofffrequency,Fc,is1/ inradiansor1/(2inHz.

Again, here is the transfer


function.

Vout

Vin

The magnitude of this complex


number gives us the amplitude
ratio as a function of frequency.

Vout

Vin

We define cutoff frequency c = 1/RC

In groups, find the magnitude of

Vout
at the cutoff frequency.
V in

3/21/2014

Bodediagramsareaplotofatransfer
functionvs.frequency
Frequencyresponseofafilter
PlotmagnitudeandphaseofH(j)asa
functionoffrequency(or)
Bodemagnitudeplot:GainGindB
Bodephaseplot
|Gain|
Example for magnitude:

GdB
0 dB 1
-3 dB 0.707

GdB =20log(|Vout|/|Vin|)
|Gain|=1__________
|Gain|=0.707_________

freq.

Log frequency axis

Cut-off frequency:

fc

Maple can make Bode plots


> with( DynamicSystems ):
> sys := TransferFunction( 1/(s+1) ):
> BodePlot(sys);

3/21/2014

Review of poles and zeros of a Bode plot


Transfer functions are products of factors of the form s+a. For
example, for the low pass filter

H j

where 1 j RC is a factor.

If one of the factors is equal to zero, it is a zero or a pole. If The factor


is in the numerator it is a zero. If it is in the denominator (on the bottom of the
transfer function), it is called a pole.
The pole of the low pass filter is associated with the factor

___________________

or the pole is

Plotthemagnitudeofthetransferfunctionvs.frequency
fortheLowpass(LP)filter
Transferfunction:
1
1 j RC

Bode:
f1 =100Hz=fcis
thecutofffrequency
Onepole
=>Firstorderfilter
Fc

__________________________

3/21/2014

Lowpass(LP)filter

Fc

ActiveLPFilter:example
Timeconstant =RfCf

Since ii =- if

3/21/2014

ActiveLPFilterandBodePlot
Timeconstant: =RfCf,cutofffrequency:
|Gain|
0 dB
-3 dB

ifRf =Ri

freq.

Lowfreq.inputs:Cf disconnected,__________________
Highfreq.inputs: Cf short,_________________

ActiveLPFilterandBodePlot
|Gain|
0 dB
-3 dB

ifRf =Ri
-20db per
decade

freq.

The bode plot shows that gain at frequencies above the cutoff drop at a rate of
20db/decade. This means that gain in dB decreases by 20 when the frequency is
increased by 10 and the gain decreases by 10 .

Vout

Vin

V
or log10 out
Vin

3/21/2014

BE201
Biomedicalmeasurements
Lecture7
Introductiontofilters LPfilters

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