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Mathematics Form 3

This document discusses variables, formulas, and geometry topics including solids, scale drawings, and transformations. It defines key terms like variable, constant, formula, prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone, sphere, scale, and similarity. For example, it states that a variable is a quantity that changes in value and can be represented by letters like x or y, while a constant is a fixed value. It also provides examples of formulas and how to find the subject of a formula. Regarding geometry, it discusses calculating volumes of various solids and how scale drawings represent objects at an enlarged or reduced size ratio.

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Amal Sufiah
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2K views24 pages

Mathematics Form 3

This document discusses variables, formulas, and geometry topics including solids, scale drawings, and transformations. It defines key terms like variable, constant, formula, prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone, sphere, scale, and similarity. For example, it states that a variable is a quantity that changes in value and can be represented by letters like x or y, while a constant is a fixed value. It also provides examples of formulas and how to find the subject of a formula. Regarding geometry, it discusses calculating volumes of various solids and how scale drawings represent objects at an enlarged or reduced size ratio.

Uploaded by

Amal Sufiah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A variable is a quantity that changes in value.

A variable is usually represented by an alphabet,


for example x, y.

EXAMPLES
The number of participants in a competition can be
represented by n.

The output of eggs at a poultry can be represented


by x.

A constant is a quantity of a fixed value.


EXAMPLES
1 m = 100 cm
1 kg = 1000 g

The values of a variable can be expressed in the form


of integers, fractions and decimals.
EXAMPLES
31 km
50.75 g

7.2 FORMULAE

A formula is an equation that relates a few variables.

The value of a variable in a formula can be


determined if the values of other variables are
given.

Subject of a formula is a variable to be expressed in


term of other variables.

EXAMPLE
a is the subject of the formula in
terms of t, u and v.

Expressing a certain variable as the subject of the formula is


a process of rewriting a formula so that one of the variables
becomes the subject of the formula.

This often involves

- the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.


- the operations of indices.

If a variable occurs at both sides of an equation, the variable


is NOT a subject.

EXAMPLE
Then, a is not the subject.

EXAMPLES
Express x as the subject of the formula for each formula below.

CHAPTER 8
SOLID GEOMETRY III

8.1 RIGHT PRISM AND RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

A prism is a solid which has two or more parallel


and congruent polygons as faces.

A right prism is a prism where the two end-faces


are polygons that are at right angles to the other
rectangular surface.

A cylinder is a solid with two circular ends and


uniform cross section of circular shape.

A right circular cylinder with its axis perpendicular


to both its ends.

Axis of a cylinder is the line connecting the centre


of both of its ends.

Volume of a right prism.

Volume of a right circular cylinder.

8.2 RIGHT PYRAMID AND RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

A pyramid is a solid with its base in the form of a


polygon and other surfaces in the form of triangles
with a common vertex.

A right pyramid is a pyramid with its vertex


situated vertically above the centre of the base.

A right circular cone is a solid in the form of a right


pyramid, but its base is in the form of a circle and
has only one curved surface.

Volume of a right pyramid.

Volume of a right circular cone.

8.3 SPHERE

A sphere is a solid where all the points on its


surface are the same distance from a fixed point.

The fixed point is known as the centre of the


sphere.

Hemisphere

Volume of a sphere.

Volume of a hemisphere.

8.4 COMPOSITE SOLID

Volume of a composite solid can be calculated by


identifying each solid and finding their volumes
separately.

Then, total up the volumes of all parts.


EXAMPLE

CHAPTER 9
SCALE DRAWINGS

9.1 SCALE DRAWINGS

A scale drawing is a drawing that represents a real


object with its size reduced or enlarged according
to a given ratio.

Scale of a drawing

A scale is a ratio that compares a length on a drawing


in relation to its actual length.
(i) The scale is normally in the form of 1 : n where
n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on.

(ii) For a scale of 1 : n,


(a) If n = 1, the size of the drawing is the same as
the size of the actual object.
(b) If n > 1, the size of the drawing is smaller than
the size of the actual object.
(c) If n < 1, the size of the drawing is bigger than
the size of the actual object.

In the diagram below, CD is the scale


drawing of AB.

EXAMPLE 1
Find the scale used.
Solution:
Scale = 4cm : 12 cm
= 4 : 12
=1:4

In the diagram, draw trapezium P, using


the scale of 1 : 2.

EXAMPLE 2
Solution:

EXAMPLE 3

Draw the above shape to the scale of


1 : 5.
Solution:

CHAPTER 10
TRANSFORMATIONS II

10.1 SIMILARITY

The word similar implies a comparison between


objects which have the same properties in common.

Similar figures have the same shape but the sizes


may be different.

Two shapes are similar if the


- corresponding angles are the same.
- pair of corresponding sides are in a constant ratio.

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