Paper II

Algorithms and Programming in C

Theory
Section I
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO ALGORITMS AND C

(15 Lectures)

Fundamentals of algorithms: Notion of an algorithm. Pseudo-code conventions like

assignment statements and basic control structures.
Algorithmic problems: Develop fundamental algorithms for (i) Exchange the values of
two variables with and without temporary variable, (ii) Counting positive numbers from a
set of integers, (iii) Summation of set of numbers, (iv) Reversing the digits of an integer,
(v) Find smallest positive divisor of an integer other then 1, (vi) Find G.C.D. and L.C.M.
of two as well as three positive integers, (vii) Generating prime numbers.
Analysis of algorithms: Running time of an algorithm, worst and average case analysis.
Different approaches in programming: Procedural approach, Object Oriented
approach, Event Driven approach.
Structure of C: Header and body, Use of comments, Compilation of a program.
Data Concepts: Variables, Constants, data types like: int, float char, double and void.
Qualifiers: short and long size qualifiers, signed and unsigned qualifiers. Declaring
variables. Scope of the variables according to block. Hierarchy of data types.
UNIT II: BASICS OF C

(15 Lectures)

Types of operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Compound Assignment, Increment

and decrement, Conditional or ternary, Bitwise and Comma operators. Precedence and
order of evaluation. Statements and Expressions.
Type conversions: Automatic and Explicit type conversion.
Data Input and Output functions: Formatted I/O: printf(), scanf(). Character I/O
format: getch(), getche(), getchar(), getc(), gets(), putchar(), putc(), puts().
Iterations: Control statements for decision making: (i) Branching: if statement, else.. if
statement, switch statement. (ii) Looping: while loop, do.. while, for loop. (iii) Jump
statements: break, continue and goto.
UNIT III: ARRAYS, STRINGS AND SORTING TECHNIQUES

(15 Lectures)

Arrays: (One and multidimensional), declaring array variables, initialization of arrays,

accessing array elements.
Strings: Declaring and initializing String variables. Character and string handling
functions.
Sorting Algorithms: Bubble, Selection, Insertion and Merge sort, Efficiency of
algorithms, Implement using C.
Section II
UNIT IV: FUNCTIONS, STRUCTURES, RECURSION AND UNION (15 Lectures)
Functions: Global and local variables, Function definition, return statement, Calling a
function by value, Macros in C, Difference between functions and macros.
Storage classes: Automatic variables, External variables, Static variables, Register
variables.

Recursion: Definition, Recursion functions algorithms for factorial, Fibonacci sequence,

Tower of Hanoi. Implement using C.
Structure: Declaration of structure, reading and assignment of structure variables, Array
of structures, arrays within structures, structures within structures, structures and
functions
Unions: Defining and working with union.
UNIT V: POINTERS AND FILE HANDLING

(15 Lectures)

Pointer: Fundamentals, Pointer variables, Referencing and de-referencing, Pointer

Arithmetic, Chain of pointers, Pointers and Arrays, Pointers and Strings, Array of
Pointers, Pointers as function arguments, Functions returning pointers, Pointer to
function, Pointer to structure, Pointers within structure.
File handling: Different types of files like text and binary, Different types of
functioms:fopen(), fclose(), fgetc(), fputc(), fgets(), fputs(), fscanf(), fprintf(), getw(),
putw(), fread(), fwrite(), fseek()
Dynamic Memory Allocation: malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free() and sizeof operator,
UNIT VI: LINK LISTS, STACKS AND QUEUES

(15 Lectures)

Linear Link lists: Representation of link list in memory, Algorithms for traversing a link
list, searching a particular node in a link list, insertion into link list (insertion at the
beginning of a node, insertion after a given node), deletion from a link list. Implement
using C.
Stacks: Definition, Array representation of stacks, Algorithms for basic operators to add
and delete an element from the stack, Implement using C.
Queues: Representation of queue, Algorithm for insertion and deletion of an element in a
queue, Implement using C.
Recommended Books:
(1) Introduction to Algorithms (Second Edition): Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein,
PHI( Chapter 1,2,3,10)
(2) Data Structures ( Schaums outline series in computers) : Seymour Lipschutz
McGraw-Hill book Company (Chapter 2, 5, 6, 9)
(3) Programming in ANSI C(Third Edition) : E Balagurusamy
TMH (Chapters: 2, 3, ,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)
Additional References:
(1) Fundamental Algorithms (Art of Computer Programming Vol 1 ): Knuth
Narosa Publishing House
(2) Mastering Algorithms with C, Kyle Loudon, Shroff Publishers
(3)Algorithms in C (Third Edition): Robert Sedgewick ,
Pearson Education Asia
(4) Data Structures A Pseudocode Approach with C:
Richard F. Gilberg, Behrouz A. Forouzan , Thomson
(5) Let us C by Yashwant Kanetkar, BPB
(6) Programming in ANSI C by Ram Kumar, Rakesh Agrawal, TMH
(7) Programming with C (Second Edition):Byron S Gottfried
(Adapted by Jitender Kumar Chhabra) Schaums Outlines (TMH)
(8) Programming with C : K R Venugopal, Sudeep R Prasad
TMH Outline Series
(9) Unix and C : M.P. Bhave and S.A. Pateker
Nandu printers and publishers private limited
PRACTICAL

Suggestions while writing programs:

1)
2)
3)
4)

Use of comments at appropriate places is necessary.

Use appropriate indentation while nesting the loops, if-else statements.
Do not ignore warnings after the compilation.
Optimize the codes as far as possible, by using optimization techniques.

Section I
1. Convert the following algorithms using C:
Exchange the values of two variables with and without temporary variable.
2. Convert the following algorithms using C:
Counting positive numbers from a set of integers.
3. Convert the following algorithms using C:
Summation of set of numbers.
4. Convert the following algorithms using C :
Reversing the digits of an integer.
5. Convert the following algorithms using C:
Find smallest positive divisor of an integer other then 1.
6. Convert the following algorithms using C:
Find G.C.D. and L.C.M. of two as well as three positive integers.
7. Convert the following algorithms using C:
Generating prime numbers.
8. Write a program to find the
(a) sum of two matrices of order m n and transpose of order m n where
m, n 3.
(b) multiplication of two matrices of order m, where m 3, finding square and
cube of a square matrix.
(c) Inverse of a matrix
(d) A , B and verify the identity A B = B A = A . B , where denote
determinant of the matrix and A and B of size 2 2.
9. Write a program to (a) input a sentence (b) count the number of occurrences of the
given pattern of letters (for instance est or ed) (c) find the position of the rightmost
or leftmost character occurred from the pattern of letters
10. Write a program which counts the number of (a) paragraphs occurred.(b) times the
word the appears in a short story
11. Given an array S of n integers. Write a program to (a) sort the elements in S in
ascending order by considering an array of n-2 elements by any sorting method, (b)
find the median of elements of S
Section II
1. Write a program to create functions (a) to generate twin primes in a given range of
numbers, (b) to find the prime factors of a given integer.
2. Write a program to accept details of 5 customers that includes customer number,
name and mobile number. Create a menu with options Modify, Display and Exit.
Write functions modify(), which will allow modification of mobile number and
function display(), which will display all the details of customers.
3. Write a program to create structure to (a) find and print the average marks of five
subjects along with the name of student. (b) store names of the states (within India)
and their capital cities. Show the capital by inserting state from the keyboard.
4. Write a program using pointer notation (a) to write function to exchange two strings,
(b) to determine whether the given string is a palindrome, (c) to find the average of
each students in 3 tests. Number of students can be given from keyboard.
5. Write a program that accepts a number from the user and passes a pointer to the
number to a function for processing. This function passes a pointer to this pointer to
another function for processing of the number. Both the functions should display the
number.
6. Write a function called increment that accepts a date structure with three fields. The
first field contains the month (a pointer to string). The second field is an integer
showing the day in month. The third field is an integer showing the year. The

function should increments the date by 1 day and returns the new date. If the date is
the last date in the month, the month field must be changed. If the month is
December, the value of year must be changed when day is 31. A year is leap year if
i. It is evenly divisible by 4 but not with 100 or
b. It is evenly divisible by 400
7. Write a program to crate a dynamic one and two dimension array by accepting
number of rows and/or columns from the user at runtime using pointer notation.
8. Write a program to (a) read string from the user to check whether it exists in a given
file or not. (b)to accept a file name and then accept contents that should be stored in
the file until the user types end, (c) declare a structure representing student, accept
data of 5 students and store it in a file, (d) convert a capital case letter file to small
case letter file
9. Write a program to compute factorial of a large number.
10. The Ackermans function Ack(m ,n) is defined recursively by
a. a If m = 0 then Ack(m ,n) = n+1,
b. If m 0 but n = 0 then Ack(m ,n) = Ack(m-1 ,1),
c. If m 0 and n 0 then Ack(m ,n) = Ack(m-1 , Ack(m, n-1))
d. Write a program to calculate Ack(0 ,n), Ack(4 ,0), Ack(6 ,10)
11. Fibonacci sequence is defined by
a. If n = 0 or n = 1 then F n = n;
b. If n > 1 then F n = F n 2 + F n -1
c. Write a program to generate Fibonacci sequence.
12. Write a program to solve Tower of Hanoi problem
13. Write a program to create a linked list containing students name and marks (a) search
marks of a particular student (b) insert a new student at the beginning of the list. (c)
insert a new student at the end of the list (d) delete a particular student from a list.
14. Write a program to create following stack of characters, where STACK is allocated
N=8 memory cells:
1. STACK: A, C, D, F, K, ___, ___, ___.
ii. (For notation convenience, we use __ to denote an empty memory
cell ). The program should describe the STACK after the following
operations take place:
b. (a) POP (STACK, ITEM)
(e) POP (STACK, ITEM)
c. (b) POP( STACK, ITEM)
(f) PUSH(STACK, R)
d. (c) PUSH( STACK, L)
(g) PUSH(STACK, S)
e. (d) PUSH( STACK, P)
(h) POP(STACK, ITEM)
f. b The POP always deletes the top element from the stack, and the PUSH
always adds the new element to the top of the stack.
15. Write a program to create following queue of cities, where QUEUE is allocated 6
memory cells:
1. QUEUE: _____, Latur, Bashirabad, Rawalgav,Palanpur, _____
(For notation convenience, we use ___ to denote an empty memory cell ).
Where FRONT = 2, REAR= 5.The program should describe the QUEUE, including
FRONT and REAR, after the following operations take place:
(a) Allahabad is added, (b) two cities are deleted, (c) Mumbai is added,
(d) Mathura is added, (e) three cities are deleted and (f) Nagpur is added.