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Section 1 State Whether The Following Statements Are True or False

The document contains a series of questions about inner product spaces and linear algebra. It covers topics like properties of the inner product, orthogonality, least squares solutions, and the Gram-Schmidt process. Several questions provide matrices and ask the learner to calculate things like the inner product of vectors, find least squares solutions to systems of linear equations, and apply the Gram-Schmidt process to transform a basis into an orthogonal basis. The document tests the learner's understanding of fundamental concepts and abilities in linear algebra.

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34 views6 pages

Section 1 State Whether The Following Statements Are True or False

The document contains a series of questions about inner product spaces and linear algebra. It covers topics like properties of the inner product, orthogonality, least squares solutions, and the Gram-Schmidt process. Several questions provide matrices and ask the learner to calculate things like the inner product of vectors, find least squares solutions to systems of linear equations, and apply the Gram-Schmidt process to transform a basis into an orthogonal basis. The document tests the learner's understanding of fundamental concepts and abilities in linear algebra.

Uploaded by

1969
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 1

State whether the following statements are True or False


1-The inner product operation must satisfy 2 conditions.
a- True
b- False
Because: Symmetry axiom - Additively axiom - Homogeneity axiom - Positivity axiom
2-If the columns of A are linearly independent, the equation Ax=b has exactly one least
squares solution
a-True
b-False

A is invertible so we can solve

Ax =

b for x by taking the inverse.

3- In a inner product space (V,(<,.>)) if x and y are unit vectors orthogonal to each other
then || x+y ||=2
a-True
b-False
4-The inner product of two vectors cannot be a negative real number
a-True
b-False
5- if we have
a-True
b-False

then

is

Section 2
1- Which of the following sets of vectors are orthogonal with respect to the Euclidean inner
product on R2
a- (0,6), (7,0)
b- (3,4),(2,6)
c- (6,9),(5,2)
d- (0,0), (0,6)

2-if
a-9
b-5
c-

d-7

so

equal

Solution : (

(u , v)

uv

9
3 3
3
=
=
18 30 2 3 3 5 2 15

3-Find the cosine of the angle, , between p = x - x2, and q = 2 + 2x + 2x2


a-0
b-3
c-6
d-9

solution : p=(0,1,-1 ) & q= (2,2,2 )

p ,q >(1 2)( 1 2 )=22=0

cos =0

4-Let <u, v> be the Euclidean inner product on R2, and


let

then

is

a-8
b-27
c-6
d-9
Solution : ( u , v )=( 4 3 )+ (5 3 )=12+15=27
5-A straight line is
a- y=ax+b
b-a+bx+cx2
d- a+bx+c2+dx3
d-none of the above

Section 3
1-Compute u, v using the inner product on M22.

Solution : ( u , v )=( 9 1 ) + (8 9 )+ ( 9 1 ) +( 1 18 )
9+ (72 )+ 9+18=54

2- Let R3 have the Euclidean inner product. Find the cosine of the angle, ,
between =(-1,6,2) and
Solution :

(4,3,-5)

( u , v )=(1 4 ) + ( 6 3 ) + ( 2 5 ) =4+18+10=4

||u||=12+ 62+ 22= 1+ 36+4= 41

||v||= 42 +32 +52= 16+ 9+ 25= 50


(

(u , v)
4
4
=
=
uv 41 50 5 82

3- Find the least squares solution of the linear equation

Solution :

A AX= A b

[[

( AT A ) = 21 25
1

[ ][

1 1
A T A= 1 2 4 2 3 = 21 25
1 3 5
25 35
4 5

25 35

]]

1
1
=
110
( 21 35 )( 25 25 )

[]

2
A T b= 1 2 4 1
1 3 5
2

[ ][ ]

35
1 35 25
110
=
110 25 21
25
110

25
7
110
22
=
21
5
110
22

5
22
21
110

[ ][][ ][ ]

7
1 T
T
22
X =( A A ) A b=
5
22

5
28 25
31
+
22
8
11 11
22
=
=
21
5
20 21
19
+
110
11 22
22

4-calculate (u-2v, 3u+4v).


Solution : ( u2 v )=1( 2 4 ) ,6( 2 3 ) , 2( 2 5 )= (9,0,12 )
( 3 u ,2 v ) =( 3 1 )+ ( 4 4 ) , ( 3 6 )+ ( 4 3 ) , ( 3 2 ) + ( 4 5 ) =(13,30,14 )

5- Apply the Gram Schmidt process to transform the basis vectors


u1=(1,1,1), u2=(0,1,1), u3=(0,0,1), into a orthogonal basis(v1,v2,v3)
Solution :
Step1 : v 1=u 1=( 1,1,1 )

Step2 :

v 2=u 2 proj w 1 u2

2
2 1 1
( 0,1,1 ) ( 1,1,1 )=
, ,
3
3 3 3

(u , v )
2

||v 1||

v1

v 3=u3 proj w 1 u3

v 1= (1,1,1 ) , v 2=

( u3 , v 1 )
v 1

v2

1
1
3 2 1 1
1 1
( 0,1,1 ) ( 1,1,1, )
, , = 0, ,
3
2 3 3 3
2 2
3

( 23 , 13 , 13 ) , v (0, 12 , 12 )
3

From the orthogonal basis from


|v 1|=

)(

( 13 , 13 , 13 )

v
q 1 1

q2

v2

||v 2||

R3

2 1 1
,
,
6 6 6

the norm of these vector are :

q3

v3

||v3||

= 0,

1 1
,
2 2

6- Find the least squares solution of the linear equation


x1

- x 2 =4

3 x1 +2 x 2

=1

2 x 1+ 4 x 2

=3

Solution :

[ ] []

1 1
4
A= 3
2 b= 1
2 4
3

A AX= A b

A A=

[ ][

1 1
1 3 2
14 3
3
2 =
1 2 4
3 21
2 4

the normal system A AX=A b :

][ ] [ ]

14 3 x1 = 1
3 21 x2
10

A b=

( A A ) = 14 3
3 21
T

[][ ]

4
1 3 2
1
1 =
1 2 4
10
3

1
1
=
( 14 21 ) 3 3 285

[ ][ ]
[ ][ ][ ][ ]

21
1 21 3
285
=
285 3 14
3
285

3
7
285
95
=
14
1
285
95

7
1 T
T
95
X =( A A ) A b :
1
95

1
95
14
285

1
7 2
17
+
95
1
95 19
95

=
=
14
10
1 28
143
+
285
95 57
285

x 1=

17
143
, x 2=
95
285

7- Find the error :

bAx =

[ ][ ]

95
1232
17
285
285
4
1 1
4
95
439
154
=1
=
1 3
2
143
285
285
3 2 4
3
285
95
4
57
3

[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]

least-squares error :

[ ]

1232
285
4
154
b Ax= 1
=3.782
285
3
4
3

[]

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