Scribd
Upload
173 views

Signal and System Lecture 19

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems: 1. It discusses properties of continuous-time system functions including stability, causality, and the region of convergence. 2. It covers system function algebra and representing systems using block diagrams. 3. It introduces the unilateral Laplace transform and applications for analyzing causal continuous-time linear systems described by linear constant-coefficient differential equations with initial conditions.

Uploaded by

ali_rehman87
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
173 views

Signal and System Lecture 19

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems: 1. It discusses properties of continuous-time system functions including stability, causality, and the region of convergence. 2. It covers system function algebra and representing systems using block diagrams. 3. It introduces the unilateral Laplace transform and applications for analyzing causal continuous-time linear systems described by linear constant-coefficient differential equations with initial conditions.

Uploaded by

ali_rehman87
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Signals and Systems

Fall 2003
Lecture #19
18 November 2003

1. CT System Function Properties


2. System Function Algebra and
Block Diagrams
3. Unilateral Laplace Transform and
Applications
CT System Function Properties

H(s) = “system function”

| h(t) | dt < ∞ ⇔ ROC of H(s) includes jω axis


∞
1) System is stable ⇔
∫−∞

2) Causality ⇒ h(t) right-sided signal ⇒ ROC of H(s) is a right-half plane

Question:
If the ROC of H(s) is a right-half plane, is the system causal?

Ex.

Non-causal
Properties of CT Rational System Functions

a) However, if H(s) is rational, then

The system is causal ⇔ The ROC of H(s) is to the


right of the rightmost pole

b) If H(s) is rational and is the system function of a causal


system, then

The system is stable ⇔ jω-axis is in ROC


⇔ all poles are in LHP
Checking if All Poles Are In the Left-Half Plane

Method #1: Calculate all the roots and see!


Method #2: Routh-Hurwitz – Without having to solve for roots.
Initial- and Final-Value Theorems

If x(t) = 0 for t < 0 and there are no impulses or higher order


discontinuities at the origin, then

Initial value

If x(t) = 0 for t < 0 and x(t) has a finite limit as t → ∞, then

Final value
Applications of the Initial- and Final-Value Theorem

For

• Initial value:

• Final value
LTI Systems Described by LCCDEs

roots of numerator ⇒ zeros


roots of denominator ⇒ poles

ROC =? Depends on: 1) Locations of all poles.


2) Boundary conditions, i.e.
right-, left-, two-sided signals.
System Function Algebra
Example: A basic feedback system consisting of causal blocks

More on this later


in feedback
ROC: Determined by the roots of 1+H1(s)H2(s), instead of H1(s)
Block Diagram for Causal LTI Systems
with Rational System Functions
Example:
— Can be viewed
as cascade of
two systems.
Example (continued)
H(s)
Instead of
1
x(t) 2 2s2 + 4s − 6 y(t)
s + 3s + 2

We can construct H(s) using:

Notation: 1/s — an integrator


Note also that

Lesson to be learned: There are many different ways to construct a


system that performs a certain function.
The Unilateral Laplace Transform
(The preferred tool to analyze causal CT systems
described by LCCDEs with initial conditions)

Note:
1) If x(t) = 0 for t < 0, then

2) Unilateral LT of x(t) = Bilateral LT of x(t)u(t-)

3) For example, if h(t) is the impulse response of a causal LTI


system, then

4) Convolution property:If x1(t) = x2(t) = 0 for t < 0, then

Same as Bilateral Laplace transform


Differentiation Property for Unilateral Laplace Transform

Initial condition!

Derivation:

Note:
Use of ULTs to Solve Differentiation Equations
with Initial Conditions
Example:

Take ULT:

ZIR — Response for ZSR — Response for zero state,


zero input x(t)=0 β=γ=0, initially at rest
Example (continued)
• Response for LTI system initially at rest (β = γ = 0)

• Response to initial conditions alone (α = 0).


For example:

You might also like