Scribd
Upload
260 views18 pages

Extra Note-Block Diagram Reduction Signal Flow Graph

This document discusses block diagrams and signal flow graphs (SFG) used to model linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It describes how to reduce block diagrams to equivalent transfer functions through techniques like feedback control systems, parallel/series subsystems, and moving blocks. SFGs represent systems as nodes and signals as arrows, and can be derived from block diagrams. Mason's Gain Formula is presented to obtain the transfer function from an SFG by summing forward path gains based on loop and non-touching loop gains. Examples demonstrate reducing block diagrams to single transfer functions and using Mason's rule to solve for the transfer function from an SFG.

Uploaded by

Zaidi Osman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
260 views18 pages

Extra Note-Block Diagram Reduction Signal Flow Graph

This document discusses block diagrams and signal flow graphs (SFG) used to model linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It describes how to reduce block diagrams to equivalent transfer functions through techniques like feedback control systems, parallel/series subsystems, and moving blocks. SFGs represent systems as nodes and signals as arrows, and can be derived from block diagrams. Mason's Gain Formula is presented to obtain the transfer function from an SFG by summing forward path gains based on loop and non-touching loop gains. Examples demonstrate reducing block diagrams to single transfer functions and using Mason's rule to solve for the transfer function from an SFG.

Uploaded by

Zaidi Osman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Block Diagram Reduction & Signal Flow Graph

Block Diagrams
Basic components of a block diagram for a LTIV
system

Cascade or series subsystems,

Parallel Subsystems,

Feedback Form

a. Feedback control system;


b. simplified model;
c. equivalent transfer function

Moving blocks to create familiar forms,

Example 1
Reduce the following block diagram to form a
single transfer function.

Solution,

Example 2
Reduce the following block diagram to form a single transfer
function.

Solution,

1.1

Control signal
R(s)

E(s)

Y(s)

_
B(s)
E(s) error signal
B(s) feedback signal
R(s) reference signal
Y(s) output signal
o

Feed forward transfer function

G(s)
o

Feedback transfer function

H ( s)
o

Y ( s)
E ( s)

B( s)
Y (s)

Open-loop transfer function

B( s )
G( s) H ( s)
E (s)
o

Closed-loop transfer function

E(s)

Y(s)
H(s)
s

B(s)

E(s)

G(s)

B(s)

H(s)G(s)

Open-loop

B( s )
G( s) H ( s)
E (s)

Assume, H ( s ) 1 gives Y ( s ) B ( s ) .

E ( s) R( s) B( s)
E ( s ) R ( s ) H ( s )Y ( s )

Y ( s)
R ( s ) H ( s )Y ( s )
G( s)
o

Variable difference

Characteristic equation

Y ( s)
G( s)

R( s) 1 G ( s) H ( s)
T ( s) 1 G ( s) H ( s)
1 G (s) H (s) 0

Signal Flow Graphs


SFG may be viewed as a simplified form of
block

diagram.

(represent

SFG

systems)

consists
and

nodes

of

arrows

(represent

signals).

Signal-flow graph components:


a. system;
b. signal;
c. interconnection of systems and signals
Converting common block diagrams to SFG

Converting a block diagram to SFG

Signal-flow graph development:


a. signal nodes;
b. signal-flow graph;
c. simplified signal-flow graph

Mason Gain Formula


The transfer function of a given system
represented by a SFG is:
T
C s
G s

R s

where
k = no. of paths
Tk

= the kth forward-path gain

1 - loop gains + non-touching loop

gains 2 at a time -

non-touching loop

gains 3 at a time + non-touching

loop

gains 4 at a time -
k = - loop gain terms in that do not touch the k-th forwad-path. In
other words, k is formed by eliminating from those loop gains that do
touch the k-th forward path.

SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH


Definitions:

i) Loop Gains:
G2(s)H1(s), G4(s)H2(s), etc
ii) Forward-path gains:
G1(s)G2(s)G3(s)G4(s)G5(s)G7(s),

G1(s)G2(s)G3(s)G4(s)G6(s)G7(s)

iii) Non-touching Loops


iv) Non-touching Loop Gains
[G2(s)H1(s)][G4(s)H2(s)]
[G2(s)H1(s)][G4(s)G5(s)H3(s)]
[G2(s)H1(s)][G4(s)G6(s)H3(s)]
Example
Find the transfer function, C(s)/R(s), for the signal-flow graph below:

Solution:
i) Firstly, identify the forward-path gains.
G1(s)G2(s)G3(s)G4(s)G5(s)

ii) Secondly, identify the loop gains.


G2(s)H1(s), G4(s)H2(s), G7(s)H4(s), G2(s)G3(s)G4(s)G5(s)G6(s)G7(s)G8(s)
iii) Thirdly, identify the non-touching loops taken two at a time.
Loop 1 & Loop 2
: G2(s)H1(s)G4(s)H2(s)
Loop 1 and Loop 3 : G2(s)H1(s)G7(s)H4(s)
Loop 2 and Loop 3 : G4(s)H2(s)G7(s)H4(s)
iv) Finally, identify the non-touching loops taken three at a time.
Loops 1, 2 and 3

: G2(s)H1(s)G4(s)H2(s)G7(s)H4(s)

Hence,
= 1 [G2(s)H1(s) + G4(s)H2(s) + G7(s)H4(s) +
G2(s)G3(s)G4(s)G5(s)G6(s)G7(s)G8(s)] + [G2(s)H1(s)G4(s)H2(s) +
G2(s)H1(s)G7(s)H4(s) + G4(s)H2(s)G7(s)H4(s)]
[G2(s)H1(s)G4(s)H2(s)G7(s)H4(s)]
Then form k by eliminating from the loop gains that do not touch the kth forwardpath :
1= 1 - G7(s)H4(s)
Hence:

G( s)

T1 1

G(s)

[G1 ( s )G 2 ( s )G3 ( s )G 4 ( s )G5 ( s )][1 G7 ( s ) H 4 ( s )

EXERCISE
1.

Find the transfer function, G(s) = C(s)/R(s) of the figure above using:
1) Block diagram reduction technique
2) Masons rule

SOLUTION:
1) Block diagram reduction technique:
Combine the parallel blocks in the forward path. Then, push 1/s to the left past the
pickoff point.

Combine the parallel feedback paths and get 2s. Then, apply the feedback formula,
simplify and get

s3 1
G(s ) 4
2s s 2 2s
2) Signal flow graph technique:

You might also like