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Chapter 1: Introduction To Control System: Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia

1) The document discusses an introduction to control systems, defining them as consisting of subsystems assembled to control process outputs based on inputs. 2) It describes key concepts like open-loop and closed-loop systems, with closed-loop using feedback to correct disturbances. 3) The objectives of control system analysis and design are discussed as producing desired transients, reducing steady-state error, and achieving stability.

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374 views

Chapter 1: Introduction To Control System: Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia

1) The document discusses an introduction to control systems, defining them as consisting of subsystems assembled to control process outputs based on inputs. 2) It describes key concepts like open-loop and closed-loop systems, with closed-loop using feedback to correct disturbances. 3) The objectives of control system analysis and design are discussed as producing desired transients, reducing steady-state error, and achieving stability.

Uploaded by

guntadi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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No Dokumen : BEKC 2333

KOLEJ UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK


No Semakan/Tarikh : 01
KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA SUBJEK : PENGANTAR SISTEM KAWALAN No Isu/Tarikh : 1//11-7-2005

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM

 Objectives
Students should be able to:
Define the control system
State the advantages of control system
Describe the response characteristics, open-loop and closed-loop systems
Find out the differences between open-loop and closed loop systems
State the analysis and design objectives of control system
Describe the terms in control system such as input, output, controller, feedback, plant,
transient response, steady-state response, steady-state error and stability.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Control systems are an integral part of modern society.
Numerous applications are all around us.
The control systems also exist in nature such as the pancreas, which regulates our blood sugar.

 Control System Definition


Consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of controlling the
output of processes.
In other word, a control system provides an output or response for a given input or stimulus as
shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 : Simplified description of a control system

 Advantages of Control System


We can move large equipment with precision
We can point huge antennas toward the farthest reaches of universe to pick up faint radio
signals

LECTURE NOTE TOPIC : CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM


GROUP : BEKP/BEKE/BEKC SESSION 2005/06 SEMESTER 1 PAGE : - 1 -
No Dokumen : BEKC 2333
KOLEJ UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
No Semakan/Tarikh : 01
KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA SUBJEK : PENGANTAR SISTEM KAWALAN No Isu/Tarikh : 1//11-7-2005

We build control systems for four primary reasons:


Power amplification Convenience of input form
Remote control Compensation for disturbances

1.2 RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS AND SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS

 Response characteristic

Figure 1.2: Time response


Input/stimulus – a desired response
Output – the actual response
Transient response – a gradual change before the steady-state response
Steady-state response – after the transient response, which is its approximation to the desired
response
Steady-state error – the differences between input and output

The control systems also exist in nature such as the pancreas, which regulates our blood sugar.

 Control system configurations: open loop and closed-loop


Two major system configurations of control system:-
Open-Loop Systems – as shown in Figure 1.3.
It consists of subsystems called an input transducer, controller and process or plant.
Input transducer converts the form of the input to that used by the controller. Controller drives
a process or plant. Other signals, such as disturbances, are shown added to the controller and
process outputs via summing junctions. The open-loop system cannot correct for these
disturbances.
Examples – toasters, washing machine (washing process)
LECTURE NOTE TOPIC : CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM
GROUP : BEKP/BEKE/BEKC SESSION 2005/06 SEMESTER 1 PAGE : - 2 -
No Dokumen : BEKC 2333
KOLEJ UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
No Semakan/Tarikh : 01
KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA SUBJEK : PENGANTAR SISTEM KAWALAN No Isu/Tarikh : 1//11-7-2005

Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3: Open loop system

Closed-Loop Systems (also known as Feedback Control System) – The disadvantages of


open-loop systems may be overcome in closed-loop system as shown in Figure 1.4.
An output transducer/ sensor, measures the output response and converts into the form used by
controller.
The closed-loop systems measured the output response through a feedback path, and
comparing that response to the input at the summing junction. If there is any difference
between the two responses, the system drives the plant, via the actuating signal, to make a
correction. If there is no difference, the system does not drive the plant.
Examples – air conditioning with temperature control, lift, washing machine (water level
control)

Figure 1.4: Closed-loop system

LECTURE NOTE TOPIC : CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM


GROUP : BEKP/BEKE/BEKC SESSION 2005/06 SEMESTER 1 PAGE : - 3 -
No Dokumen : BEKC 2333
KOLEJ UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
No Semakan/Tarikh : 01
KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA SUBJEK : PENGANTAR SISTEM KAWALAN No Isu/Tarikh : 1//11-7-2005

The differences between open and closed-loop system are:-


Closed-Loop System Open-Loop System
Have the feedback path. Does not have the feedback path.
Output response: greater accuracy. Output response: not accurate.
Less sensitive to noise, disturbances and Sensitive to noise, disturbances and changes
changes in the environment. in the environment.
The system can compare the output response The system cannot correct the disturbances.
with the input and make a correction if there is
any difference.
More complex and expensive. Simple and inexpensive.

1.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OBJECTIVES


Control systems are dynamic: they response to an input by undergoing a transient response before
reaching steady-state response that generally resembles the input.
3 major objectives:-
Producing the desired transient response
Reducing steady-state error
Achieving stability

Transient Response
Important in control system
Ex. In the case of an elevator, a slow transient makes passenger impatient, whereas an
excessively rapid response makes them uncomfortable. Too fast a transient response could
cause permanent physical damage.
Therefore, we have to analyze the system for its existing transient response. Then, adjust
parameters or design components to yield a desired transient response.

Steady-State Response
This response resembles the input and is usually what remains after the transients have decayed
to zero.
We define steady-state errors quantitatively,
Analyze a system’s steady-state error, and then
Design corrective action to reduce this error.

LECTURE NOTE TOPIC : CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM


GROUP : BEKP/BEKE/BEKC SESSION 2005/06 SEMESTER 1 PAGE : - 4 -
No Dokumen : BEKC 2333
KOLEJ UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
No Semakan/Tarikh : 01
KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA SUBJEK : PENGANTAR SISTEM KAWALAN No Isu/Tarikh : 1//11-7-2005

Stability
In order to explain stability, we start from the fact that:
Total Response = Natural Response + Forced Response
(dependent on the (dependent on the input)
system)

The transient response is the sum of natural and forced responses with the natural response is
large.
The steady-state response is also the sum of natural and forced responses with natural response
is small.
For a control system to be useful, natural response must approach zero.
If natural response much greater than forced response, the system is no longer controlled. This
condition called instability.
Control system must be design to be stable. If the system is stable, the proper transient response
and steady-state error characteristics can be designed.

LECTURE NOTE TOPIC : CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM


GROUP : BEKP/BEKE/BEKC SESSION 2005/06 SEMESTER 1 PAGE : - 5 -

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