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    USA Mathematical Talent Search Solutions To Problem 5/2/19

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    Arsy
    The document provides the solution to a problem involving finding the volume of a solid S formed from parts of a regular icosahedron. It relates S to a regular hexagonal prism and calculates the volume by finding the volume of the prism and subtracting the volume of 6 congruent tetrahedra. The final volume is 108 + 36√5.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    USA Mathematical Talent Search Solutions To Problem 5/2/19

    Uploaded by

    Arsy
    88 views4 pages
    The document provides the solution to a problem involving finding the volume of a solid S formed from parts of a regular icosahedron. It relates S to a regular hexagonal prism and calculates the volume by finding the volume of the prism and subtracting the volume of 6 congruent tetrahedra. The final volume is 108 + 36√5.

    Original Description:

    Solution5_2_19

    Original Title

    Solution5_2_19

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document provides the solution to a problem involving finding the volume of a solid S formed from parts of a regular icosahedron. It relates S to a regular hexagonal prism and calculates the volume by finding the volume of the prism and subtracting the volume of 6 congruent tetrahedra. The final volume is 108 + 36√5.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    88 views4 pages

    USA Mathematical Talent Search Solutions To Problem 5/2/19

    Uploaded by

    Arsy
    The document provides the solution to a problem involving finding the volume of a solid S formed from parts of a regular icosahedron. It relates S to a regular hexagonal prism and calculates the volume by finding the volume of the prism and subtracting the volume of 6 congruent tetrahedra. The final volume is 108 + 36√5.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    USA Mathematical Talent Search

    Solutions to Problem 5/2/19


    www.usamts.org

    5/2/19. Faces ABC and XY Z of a regular icosahedron are parallel, with the vertices
    labeled such that AX, BY , and CZ are concurrent. Let S be the solid with faces ABC,
    AY Z, BXZ, CXY , XBC, Y AC, ZAB, and XY Z. If AB = 6, what is the volume of S?
    Comments The volume of S can be found by relating it to other polyhedra whose volumes
    are known. In the solution below, the polyhedron S is related to a hexagonal prism. Solutions
    edited by Naoki Sato.
    Solution by: Luyi Zhang (9/CT)
    First,
    we claim that in a regular pentagon, the ratio of the lengths of a diagonal to a side

    is 1+2 5 : 1. Let ABCDE be a regular pentagon. Let F be the intersection of AC and BE,
    and let G be the intersection of AC and BD.

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    B
    36

    x+y

    36

    y
    A

    36

    108

    72

    72

    Let x = F G and y = BG. Triangle BF G is isosceles, so BF = BG = y. Triangle ABF


    is isosceles, so AF = BF = y. Then AG = x + y, and since triangle ABG is isosceles,
    AB = x + y.
    By AAA, triangles ABG and BF G are similar, so
    AB
    BF
    =
    BG
    FG

    x+y
    y
    = ,
    y
    x

    which simplifies as y 2 xy x2 = 0. By the quadratic formula,

    x 5x2
    1 5
    y=
    =
    x.
    2
    2

    USA Mathematical Talent Search


    Solutions to Problem 5/2/19
    www.usamts.org

    Since

    1 5
    2

    is negative,

    1+ 5
    y=
    x.
    2

    By AAA, triangles ABC and AF B are similar, so the ratio of the lengths of a diagonal
    to a side is

    AC
    AB
    x+y
    y
    1+ 5
    =
    =
    = =
    ,
    AB
    AF
    y
    x
    2
    as desired.
    Now, the polyhedron S has eight faces. Two of them are equilateral triangles with the
    same side length as the icosahedron, which is 6. The other six are isosceles triangles. In
    these six faces, the base is the same as the side length of the icosahedron, which
    is 6, and
    the legs are the diagonals of a regular pentagon with side length 6, which is 3(1 + 5).

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    Let A0 , B 0 , and C 0 be the projections of A, B, and C onto the plane of triangle XY Z, and
    let X 0 , Y 0 , and Z 0 be the projections of X, Y , and Z onto the plane of triangle ABC. Then
    AY 0 CX 0 BZ 0 A0 Y C 0 XB 0 Z is a regular hexagonal prism. (This follows from the symmetry of
    the icosahedron.)

    USA Mathematical Talent Search


    Solutions to Problem 5/2/19
    www.usamts.org

    B
    Z0

    X0

    A
    C
    Y0

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    B0

    Z
    X
    A0

    C0
    Y

    We see that this hexagonal prism is the union of polyhedron S (whose edges are in
    red) and the six tetrahedra AA0 Y Z, BB 0 XZ, CC 0 XY , XX 0 BC, Y Y 0 AC, and ZZ 0 AB, all
    of which are congruent. Thus, we can find the volume of S by finding the volume of the
    hexagonal prism, and then subtracting the volume of the six tetrahedra.
    0
    0
    0
    Let b denote the area of
    regular hexagon AY CX BZ . Since AB = 6, the side length of
    0
    0
    0
    hexagon AY
    CX BZ is 2 3. Hence, the hexagon is composed of six equilateral triangles of
    side length 2 3, so

    3 2
    (2 3) = 18 3.
    b=6
    4
    0

    2
    We can then use Pythagoras to findthe height h of the
    prism. Since AA Y = 90 , AY =
    0 2
    0
    2
    0
    (AA ) + (A Y ) . But AY = 3(1 + 5) and A Y = 2 3, so

    (AA0 )2 = AY 2 (A0 Y )2

    = [3(1 + 5)]2 (2 3)2

    = 42 + 18 5.
    Therefore, h = AA0 =

    42 + 18 5 = 3(3 + 5).

    The volume of the hexagonal prism is bh. Since triangle A0 Y Z has


    hexagon AY 0 CX 0 BZ 0 , the volume of tetrahedron AA0 Y Z is
    1 1
    1
    b h = bh.
    3 6
    18

    1
    th
    6

    the area of

    USA Mathematical Talent Search


    Solutions to Problem 5/2/19
    www.usamts.org

    All six tetrahedra AA0 Y Z, BB 0 XZ, CC 0 XY , XX 0 BC, Y Y 0 AC, ZZ 0 AB have the same
    volume, so the volume of S is
    bh

    6
    1
    2
    2
    bh = bh bh = bh = 18 3 3(3 + 5) = 108 + 36 5.
    18
    3
    3
    3

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