A New Hybrid Photovoltaic-Diesel System Control Scheme For An Isolated Load

IJRRAS 9 (2) November 2011
www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol9Issue2/IJRRAS_9_2_11.pdf
A NEW HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC-DIESEL SYSTEM CONTROL

SCHEME FOR AN ISOLATED LOAD
Noureddine Hidouri1,*, Taoufik Mhamdi2,*, Samah Hammadi3,* & Lassad Sbita4,*
Preparatory Engineering Institute of Gafsa, Department of Preparatory Technological Engineering studies,
Campus Universitaire Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk - 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
2
Higher Institute of Technological Studies of Kasserine, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Kasserine University, Feriana Street, Tunisia
3
Higher Institute of Technological Studies of Gafsa, Department of Electrical Engineering, Campus Universitaire
Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk - 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
4
National Engineering School of Gabes, Department of Electrical and Control engineering,
Zrig, Gabes 6029, Tunisia
*
Research Unit of photovoltaic systems, wind and geothermal,
National Engineering School of Gabes, Tunisia
1
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the Authors present a hybrid photovoltaic-diesel system control. The considered system is composed
of a self exited induction generator (SEIG) and a photovoltaic array (PV array) and a supervisor associated to an
isolated DC load. The diesel motor is used to drive the SEIG in order to feed an isolated DC load when the PV array
required insulation is down. The load receives the input power from the photovoltaic array through a buck converter
and a DC bus when the insulation is sufficient; else it receives the required active power from the SEIG through a
diode rectifier, LC-LC filter and a DC bus. A modelling study was performed for the proposed Hybrid system
components. Modelling of the PV array, SEIG, Diesel engine, rectifier, LC-LC filter, DC bus and buck converter
were established and used in the control proposed scheme. The DC bus control aiming to extract the required active
power from the hybrid system is studied and analyzed. An extensive simulation work was performed to extract the
significant results. To show up the high system performances, presented results are discussed and prove how the
proposed methodology is an efficient hybrid photovoltaic diesel control procedure.
Keywords: Hybrid system, photovoltaic, diesel, SEIG, Buck converter
1. INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is an essential factor for the development of human societies. It is one of the fundamental
necessities for every days life which improves our quality and makes daily living more convenient. The shortage of
fossil fuel, their unstable prices and the trend to reduce dependency of pollutant energetic sources increase the
demand of renewable energy that become viable alternative energy sources for electrical power production in remote
area [1,2]. PV energy is now becoming a promising economical renewable energy source since it offers many
advantages such as incurring no fuel costs ,not being polluting, requiring little maintenance , and emitting no noise,
but the output power varies randomly due to fluctuation of solar insulation and climatic conditions . It completely
disappears during the night hours. There must be a stand by power source to meet the load energy demand. Diesel
engine driven generator are the most common electrical energy production scheme in small and medium size power
application is used to provide an uninterrupted energy sources in remote area, it works as a compensator to the
fluctuating power output of the photovoltaic array (PVA) [3,4] .Thats why the design of hybrid power system has
received considerable attention .it may constitute economical solution in many application , and provide more
reliable supply of electricity through the combination of several energy sources .A Diesel engine drive a generator
to produce electricity . DC and synchronous machine are easy to be controlled but presents expensive costs of
installation and operation due to fabrication and maintenance features .The use of induction generator is becoming
more and more popular for renewable energy sources. The self excited induction generator SEIG has many
advantages, reduced size, rugged and low cost, robust and brushless ruggedness, ease of maintenance, absence of
DC power supply for field excitation better transient performance, and self protection the major drawback of SEIG
are reactive power consumption, its relatively poor voltage and frequency regulation . However an autonomous
induction machine is able to generate electric power if self excitation occur [5], the capacitor used are connected to
the generator in order to compensate the reactive power consumed by the generator. The frequency, the slip, the
output voltage and the operating range of the system depend of the characteristics of the induction generator, the
value of the capacitor and the diesel engine speed of rotation [6].The voltage decreases when the load increase for a
fixed value of the capacitor, it is difficult to produce smooth voltage regulation, the control of the voltage and
frequency of a autonomous PV-diesel system is more challenging than in a large grid [7]. To overcome poor voltage
270
Hidouri & al. Hybrid Photovoltaic-Diesel System Control Scheme
regulation of the SEIG a number of schemes have been proposed switched capacitors, a saturable reactor, a short
shunt and a long shunt configuration. In this paper two control loops are always included to stabilize the voltage
frequency and magnitude. The first is the speed diesel engine control to maintain the speed constant, the second is
called automatic voltage regulator which works to keep the voltage magnitude constant through the control of the
field excitation to make possible the connections of diverse energy sources [3] The design process of hybrid energy
systems requires the selection and sizing of the most suitable combination of energy sources. Thus in this paper a
supervisor is used to select the suitable energy source when the insulation varies.
2. THE HYBRID SYSTEM MODEL
Related to work published in [16], the proposed hybrid system considered in this work is shown in figure1.
Governor
fuel flow
Controller
PI
Regulator
m
Diesel
Motor
Vdcref
LC LC
SEIG
Filtre
DC Bus
Supervisor
Vdc
Load
Pv array
Buck
converter
Vpv
PWM
control
Figure 1. The proposed hybrid system configuration

In order to convert the mechanical power to electrical power required by the load, the rotor of the diesel motor is
coupled to a self excited induction generator. The three phase full bridge diode rectifier which is connected to the
stator of the SEIG is used to rectify the generated terminal voltage .The main rule of the used LCLC filter is to
obtain a smooth DC voltage by suppressing the voltage fluctuation. The obtained DC voltage is used to feed a DC
load. In other way, the DC load can be fed also by a DC voltage provided only by the PV panel through the PWM
controlled buck converter when the insulation is sufficient. The decision about the chose between the two ways is
realised by the supervisor used in this hybrid configuration.
2.1. Cell and PV Models
The solar cell is an electric component that is used for technologically converting the solar energy into electricity to
produce the electrical energy needs in some application requirement. In order to prove their research work, many
authors proposed different models for the solar cell [8-11]. The electric model of a solar cell is shown in figure 2
where I ph , D , Rsc and R pc represent respectively the light-generated current source, the diode, the series and
parallel resistances [13,14].
R sc
ph
ID
Ic
R pc
Figure 2. Equivalent solar cells electric circuit

271
Vc
At the reference condition defined by the cell junction temperature Tc _ ref and the insulation Gref , the photocurrent
I ph _ ref is equal to the reverse saturation current I sc _ ref .

At the desired cell junction temperature Tc and the insulation G , the cell photocurrent I ph can be deduced from the
reference data condition given by equation where K SCT stands for the short circuit current temperature coefficient
[9,12,14].
G
(1)
I ph
I sc _ ref K SCT Tc Tc _ ref
Gref
The desired reverse saturation current I rs is also obtained from the reference condition according to relation (2),
where Eg , q , k and represent respectively the band gap energy of the semiconductor, the electron charge, the
ideal factor off the solar cell and the oltzman constant [9].
qEg 1
T
1
I rs I rs _ ref c exp
(2)

T
c _ ref
k Tc Tc _ ref
Many others express the characteristic equation relating the cells current I c to its voltage Vc as represented in (3),
[8,9].
V R I
q
(3)
I c I ph I rs exp(
Vc Rsc I c 1 c sc c
kT
Rpc
c
The solar panel can be composed of N p array of modules assembled in parallel; each one can be composed of
3
N s modules assembled in series. A module can also contain ns cells associated in series configuration. This
consideration expresses the relations between the panels and the cells parameters, relation (4).
I p N p Ic
V p ns N sVc
ns N s
Rsc
(4)
Rsp
Np
nN
R pp s s R pc
Np
In this consideration, the non-linear characteristic equation related the panel current I p to its voltage V p is shown in
(5).
R I N p Vp
R I
q Vp
I p N p I ph N p I rs exp
sc P 1
sc P
(5)
kTc ns N s
N p Rpc ns N s
N p
2.2. Buck Converter Model

Figure 3 shows the structure of the PWM buck converter published in [14,15] and used in this research work. As an
assumption, the power devices are considered to be ideal. This idea leads to the consideration that when the IGBT is
open, the current equals zero, and when it is closed, the voltage is zero as well. Also, both capacitive and inductive
losses are neglected.
I dc
L1 , RL1
i
i L2 , RL 2
L1
L2
iC 2
iC1
V panel
C1
VC1
C2
Vdc
Figure 3. Structure of the used buck converter

The command of the buck-converter depends on the IGBT state that is defined by the PWM signal where denotes
the duty cycle and T denotes the operating period.
272
Along the operating time period T , the IGBT is switched on for T and switched off over 1 T intervals.
In the state space domain, the buck converter model with respect to the T interval can be represented by state
equations ((6) and (7)):
RL1
L1
iL1
0
iL 2
1
V c1
C1
V c 2
0
1
L1
RL 2
L2
1
L2
C1
1
C2
1
1 iL1
L1

L2 iL 2
0 V
VC1 panel
0
0
VC 2 0

1
RLaod C2
0
Vdc 0 0 0 1iL1 iL 2 VC1 VC 2 t
(6)
(7)
In the state space domain, the buck converter model with respect to the 1 T interval, is represented by the
following state equations ((8) and (9)):
RL1
L1
i
L1
0
iL 2
1
V c1
C1
V c 2
0
1
L1
RL 2
L2
1
C2
1
1 iL1
L1

L2 iL 2
0 V
VC1 panel
0
0
VC2 0

1
RLoad C2
0
(8)

(9)
During the two intervals previously presented, the converter model is obtained by merging the two state models (eq.
(6) and (8)) presented above relatively to the two intervals with respect to the IGBT state. Relatively to the work
published in [15] and used in this research work, c designates a Boolean variable that takes the value c 0 if the
IGBT is switched off and the diode is switched on and takes the value c 1 if the IGBT is switched on and the
diode is switched off. According to this idea, the global model taking account of the buck converter switching
topology is given as:
1
RL1
0
L
L
1
1

1
i
L1
RL 2
c
1 iL1
0
L1
L2
L2
L2 iL 2
iL 2
0 V
(10)
1
VC1 panel
c
V c1
0
0
0

C1
C1
VC 2 0

V c 2
1
1
0
C2
RLoad C2
(11)
2.3. Diesel engine model

The developed torque Cde of the diesel engine can be expressed by relation (12), it depends of the fuel flow ( )
adjusted by the governor and the combustion process that introduce a delay time de , [3,17,23,24].
Cde kde . ( p)e de p
(12)
273
The governor is modeled by relation (13) is an electromechanical device that receives a control signal S gs in order
to adjust the fuel flow [3,17,18].
kg
( p)
S gc
1 g p
(13)
2.4. Self Exited Induction Generator Model

2.4.1. SEIG d-q model
In the Concordia stationary reference frame, when the Ohms law is applied to the SEIG phasor, the direct and
quadratic components of the stator and rotor voltage are respectively given by relations (14) and (15), [20].
dsd
vsd Rs isd dt
(14)
v R i dsq
sq
s sq
dt
drd
vrd Rr ird dt rrq
v R i drq
r rq
r rd
rq
dt
(15)
The direct and quadratic components of the stator and rotor flux are respectively given by relation (16) and (17),
[4,18].
sd Ls isd M sr ird sd 0
(16)
sq M rs irq Ls isq sq 0
rd Lr ird M sr isd rd 0
rq Lr irq M rs isq rq 0
(17)
The SEIG in its standard form is an induction machine with a capacitor bank across its stator terminals for excitation
purpose. The voltage equations (18) in Concordia reference frame can be found from the equivalent circuit given by
Figure 4.
VCd Rs pLs
VCq 0
pM
sr
r rq 0
r rd 0 r M sr
0
Rs pLs
r M sr
pM sr
pM sr
0
Rr pLr
r Lr
isd
pM sr isq
r Lr ird

Rr pLr
irq
0
The electromagnetic torque is given by the following formula:

Cem p isqsd isd sq
(18)
(19)
The capacitor voltages are equal to the stator voltage, thus the direct and quadratic expression for the capacitor
voltages are given by relation (20):
1
VCd vsd C iCd dt VCd 0

(20)
V v 1 i dt V
sq
Cq
Cq 0
Cq
C
Figure 4 gives the Concordia model of the SEIG, [6,20,21,26]. The parameters of the SEIG obtained from the test at
rated values of voltage and frequency are given by Table 1, [26]. Its essential to indicate that the magnetizing
inductance varies with the voltage; this important fact should be taken in consideration for SEIG application. The
expression of the magnetizing inductance with consideration of the phase voltage is given by relation (21), [26].
(21)
M sr 1.561011vs4 2.44108 vs3 1.19105 vs2 1.42103 vs 0.245
The leakage inductances of stator and rotor are given by the following formula:
274
s LS M sr
r Lr M sr
(22)
V cd
Rr
Rr
r rq i
rd
sr
Rs
i sq
V cq
Rs
i sd
r rd
i rq
sr
Figure 4. Concordia reference frame SEIG d-q Model

2.4.2. SEIG complex model
In the Concordia stationary reference frame, applied to the machine stator phasor and the rotor phasor, the Ohms
law is given by:
d
(23)
vs Rs is s
dt
d
(24)
vr Rr ir r jrr
dt
The stator flux vector s and the rotor flux vector are linked to the stator current is and the rotor current ir by
equations (25) and (26)
(25)
s Ls is M sr ir
(26)
r Lr ir M sr is
The capacitor voltage vector is equal to the stator voltage vector and expressed by relation (27):
1
(27)
VC vs iC dt VC 0
C
With respect relations (23), (24), (25), (26) and (27), the voltage equations (28) in Concordia reference frame can be
found from the equivalent circuit given by Figure 5.
VC Rs pLs pM sr
pM sr
jrr
is

Rr pLr pM sr ir
pM sr
is
VC
Rs
(28)
Rr
jrr
ir
M sr
Figure 5. Concordia reference frame SEIG Complex Model

2.4. Diode rectifier model
The three phase full bridge rectifier is supplied by a three phase voltage of The SEIG given by:
vs1 vm sin(0 t )
)
vs 2 vm sin(0 t
3
vs 3 vm sin(0 t
)
(29)
The output voltage of the full bridge rectifier can be expressed by (30), [22]:
275
(30)
vrec max(vs1 , vs 2 , vs 3 ) min(vs1 , vs 2 , vs 3 )
The operation laws of a full bridge three phase 6-diodes rectifier fed with a three phase voltage source:
Vrec 0
3 6
vsM 1.654vsM
2
(31)
2.5. LCLC Filter model

A well designed filter can eliminate voltage fluctuation and suppress the high frequency harmonics to improve the
power quality. The state model of the used LCLC filter given by figure 6 is given by the relation (32) , [16]:
iL 3
L3
vC 3
vrec
iL 4
C3
L4
vC 4
C4
RLoad
Figure 6. LCLC filter structure

di L 3
v
v
rec C 3
dt
L
L3
3
di
v
v
L4 C3 C 4
L4
L4
dt
dv
i
i
C 3 L3
L4
dt
C3
vC 4
IL4
dvC 4
dt C R
4
Load C4
(32)
In the state space domain and relatively to the considered following established differential equations indicated by
the system (32), the LCLC filter can be represented by the following state equations (33):

iL 3
0
iL 4
1
vC 3
C3
vC 4
0
1
L3
1
L4
1
C3
1
C4
1
iL 3
1
L3
L4
iL 4 0 v
vC 3 rec
0
0
vC 4 0

RLoad C4
0
(33)
3. THE HYBRID SYSTEM CONTROL

3.1. The SEIG Control
The SEIG control strategy developed in this work is proposed and used in order to maintain the DC-bus voltage Vdc
constant and equal to a desired reference voltage Vdcref .
With considering the fact that the obtained DC-bus voltage Vdc depend on the mechanical speed of the diesel engine
coupled to the rotor of the SEIG and the DC-load current, the proposed control scheme includes a PI voltage
regulator and a fuel flow controller as indicated by figure 1.
The PI voltage regulator is associated to a fuel flow controller in order to regulate the speed of the diesel engine by
adjusting the fuel flow with the controlled governor.
3.2. The Buck converter and the PV control
The adaptation principle between the output panel voltage and the DC load voltage is based on the automatic
adjustment of the buck converter duty cycle ( ) indicated by relation (34) at the proper value to obtain the desired
voltage and based on PWM principle.
Vdc Vpanel
(34)
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
4.1. Analyzes of the diesel engine/generator
The simulation in this work has been developed in Matlab/Simulink environnement.
276
DC Bus Voltage (pu)
The command of the diesel engine-SEIG system is based on the DC voltage required by the load equal to 560 V.
This value is computed as a reference DC-bus voltage term.
Figure 7 gives the obtained output DC-bus voltage (pu) related to relation (31).
Figure 8 shows the voltage waveform vs ( pu ) of the SEIG stator phase including the transient self-excitation
process. The generated voltage grows and reaches the rated value.
Figure 9 gives the output rectifier voltage that result from a three sinusoidal signal rectified by full bridge 6 diodes
rectifier.
Figure 10 gives the evolution of the diesel engine speed that reaches the nominal value at the steady state.
6
1.66
1.64
1.62
6.9
4
2
6.92
6.94
6.96
6.98
0
0
Times (s)
Figure 7. DC Bus voltage
Stator voltage (pu)
1
0
-1
6.9
6.92
6.94
6.96
6.98
0
-2
Time (s)
Output rectifier voltage (pu)
Figure 8. Stator SEIG voltage

3
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
6.97 6.975 6.98 6.985 6.99 6.995
Times (s)
Diesel engine speed (pu)
Figure 9. Output rectifier voltage

1.02
1
0.98
6.9
6.92
6.94
6.96
6.98
0
0
4
Time (s)
Figure 10. Diesel engine speed

277
Panel voltage (pu)
4.2 Analyzes physical sizes relating to the photovoltaic panel and the buck converter
The command of the buck converter is based on the DC voltage required by the load equal to 560 V. This value is
computed as a reference buck voltage term. The figures 11 and 12 give respectively the panels and the output buck
converter voltages. The second one (figure 12) converges towards the required DC voltage according to the first one.
With consider the rated DC load current as a base value, figure 13, figure 14 and figure 15 give respectively the
panel current (pu), The capacitance C1 current (pu) and The inductance L2 current (pu). These figures show that
panel current is perfectly continuous with a good choice of the capacitance value relatively to that of the inductance.
The alternative current component of the inductance current is absorbed through the capacitance.
3
1.36
1.34
1.32
6.9
6.92
6.94
6.96
6.98
1
0
Times (s)
Output Buck converter voltage (pu)
Figure 11. The panel voltage

2
0.95
1.5
0.94
0.93
6.9
6.92
6.94
6.96
6.98
0.5
Time (s)
4
0.7
0.69
0.68
6.9
6.92
6.94
6.96
6.98
Time (s)
Figure 13. The panel current (pu)

Capacitance C1 current (pu)
Panel current (pu)
Figure 12. Output buck converter voltage
4
2
-2
6.997
6.998
6.999
0
-2
-4
Time (s)
Figure 14. The capacitance C1 current (pu)
278
Inductance L2 current (pu)
8
6
4
2
1
0
-1
6.997
6.998
6.999
2
0
-2
-4
Time (s)
Figure 15. The inductance L2 current (pu)

5. CONCLUSION
The work here presented leads to the development of an overall dynamic model for a controlled PV-diesel structure
scheme. Their stand alone challenge has been studied and focusing on the global system power management and
coordination of systems supervision. Diesel engine coupled to a Self excited induction generator has been found
suitable for remote area application and for energy saving a PV array was added. A conventional is sufficiently
enough for the shaft speed regulation. The mutual exchange of information between the PV and diesel control output
power bring up the system efficiency, a supervisor is used in the context.
Appendix
Table 1. SEIG Parameters
3.6 Kw
240 V
7.8 A
Rated power PN
Rated voltage VsN
Rated current I N
Rated speed N
Pole pairs p
Rotor resistance
Stator resistance
Stator inductance
Rotor inductance
157 rad / s
4
2.74
1.66
265.4 mH
265.4 mH
Rr
Rs
Ls
Lr
Table 2. Parameters of Pv Cell (Polly-crystalline silicon)

0.6058 V
Open circuit voltage: Voc
8.1 A
Short circuit current : I sc
0.833
Parallel cells resistance: R pc

0.0833 m
Series cells resistance: Rsc
1.450
Solar cells ideal factor : k
3.047e - 7 A
reverse diode saturation current I rs
1.73e - 3 A / K
25C
1.38e - 23
1.11ev
Short circuit current temperature coefficient K SCT

Reference cells temperature: Tc _ ref
Boltzmanns constant:
Band gap energy: Eg
Table 3. Parameters of Pv module
216W
36.35 V
60
Rated output power

Number of series cells: ns
279
Table 4. PV Array Parameters

Short circuit current : I sc
Number of series modules: N s
Number of parallel modules: N p
509 V
8.1 A
14
5
Table 5. Diesel engine Parameters

Actuator gain constant k g
Actuator time constant g (s)
Engine torque constant kde
Engine delay time de (s)
Plant and fly wheel acceleration J (kg.m2 )
Friction coefficient (kg.m/s)
0.1
Table 6. Nomenclature
G : Global insulation (W /m2 ) ,
Gref : Reference insulation (W /m2 ) ,
I ph : Light-generated current source (A) ,

I ph _ ref : Reference Light-generated current source (A)
I sc ref
1
0.125
1.15
0.5
0.3
I sc : Short circuit current (A) ,

: Reference Short circuit current (A) ,
g : Actuator time constant,

S gc :Fuel flow control signal,
vsd : Direct stator voltage (V ) ,

vsq : Quadratic stator voltage (V ) ,
vs : Per phase stator voltage (V ) ,
vs1 , vs 2 , vs 3 : Per phase stator voltage,
Vdc : DC-bus voltage,
vrec : Rectified voltage,
isd : Direct stator current (A) ,
isq : Quadratic Stator current (A)
I p : Panel current (A) ,
I rs : Reverse diode saturation current (A) ,

I c : Cell current (A) ,
Tc : Cell junction temperature (C) ,
Tc _ ref : Reference cell temperature (C) ,
Buck converter duty cycle PWM signal,

Vc : Cell voltage (V ) ,
V p : Panel voltage (V ) ,
R pc : Parallel cell resistance () ,
Rsc : Series cell resistance () ,

Eg : Band gap energy of the semiconductor (eV ) ,
K SCT : Short circuit current temperature coefficient (A/ C) ,

k : Solar cell ideal factor (1.45),
ns : Number of series cells modules,
N s : Number of series modules,
N p : Number of parallel modules,
Rs : Stator resistance,
Rr : Rotor resistance,
Ls : Stator cyclic inductance,
Lr : Rotor cyclic inductance,
s : Stator leakage inductance,
r : Rotor leakage inductance,
M sr : Magnetizing inductance
ds : Direct stator flux (Wb) ,
qs : Quadratic stator flux (Wb) ,
dr : Direct rotor flux (Wb) ,

qr : Quadratic rotor flux (Wb) ,
q : Electron charge (1.6022e-19),

T : Buck converter operating PWM signal period (s),
: oltzman constant (1.3807e-23),
Cde :Diesel engine torque,
: Fuel flow,
de : Diesel engine delay time,
k g : Actuator gain constant,
280
r : Electric rotor speed (rad / s) ,

p : Machine pair pole number,
C : Excitation capacitance,
VCd : Direct capacitor voltage,
VCq : Quadratic capacitor voltage,
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IJRRAS 9 (2) November 2011