WORKS OF THOMAS DOWNLOADS IN DAMS

RESERVOIRS
1. INTRODUCTION
The water reservoir of a dam is released through two main types of structures:
Landfills: To be provided for storage and detention dams to release excess water or flooding
that can not be contained in allocated storage space, and diversion dams for the derivation of
higher flows to the converted in the bypass system.

Intake Works: They regulate or release water impounded by a dam. You can free inflows
slowed to a pace, like a dam of detention; You can divert incoming flows in channels or
pipes, as well as a diversion dam; or water can be stored in release rates imposed by the
needs of downstream considerations evacuation, or a combination of multi-purpose
requirements.

The headworks consist of a combination of features (ie, making structures, transport

characteristics, such as ducts, control structures, etc.) and operation (electrical and
mechanical) equipment required for the operation and control safety of water released from a
reservoir to meet downstream requirements. The works of shots serves several purposes,
such as flow control and water quality, the release of flood water, power generation,
emergency evacuation, and provide irrigation and industrial water. Characteristics of the
headworks are illustrated in the following figure:

Example: Combination of outlet: works penstock tunnel and energy, highlighting a number of features such as intake
structure upstream and downstream from the structures. Theodore Roosevelt Dam, Arizona.

2.-WORKS OF THOMAS IN STORAGE DAMS

Downloads intakes are so called because they release water out of the reservoir. Some of these are
equipped with an intake structure if water feeds a channel or conduit for any specific purpose as
serving the needs of irrigation or hydropower generation, etc.
Sometimes discharge outlets can be placed at a high enough level to supply water to a channel,
while a referral to the river continues to provide necessary flows below the dam, flows Such
derivatives may be required to meet prior uses used downstream or to maintain an ecological flow for
the preservation of aquatic life, or for other purposes. Dams are built primarily to store water and also
for recreation or for breeding fish and wildlife conservation requires fairly constant level reservoir. For
such a power dams download may be necessary to release only the minimum flow necessary to
maintain the ecological flow below the dam. In some cases, discharge outlets prey are used instead
of a service spillway combined with ancillary or secondary spillway. In this case, the usual making
installation download could be modified to include a bypass flows surplus so that the structure can
serve as both the discharge outlet and spillway

A discharge port can act as a regulator of flood control to release the water temporarily stored in the
storage or flood control to exhaust a reservoir storage in anticipation of the influx of flood. In addition,
samples can be used to empty the tank for inspection to allow necessary repairs, or to keep the

upstream face of the dam and other structures normally flooded. The shots may also help lower
storage tank if desired to control the unacceptable aquatic life in the reservoir. Sometimes, the
reservoirs are lowered and raised in a sequence to control the threat of malaria

3. OBJECTIVES:
The goal of a discharge decision is to make controlled release reservoir water stored behind the dam.
The discharge port is an intake structure having openings at different heights valve that allows water
to flow in reservoir structure to a selected flow rate. The water then flows down to the tower inlet and
an outlet conduit through the bottom of the back dam in a river or canal.
The main purpose of an intake is to enable and control the extraction of stored water in the dam in an
amount and when required.
The headworks must be able to output the water expenses depend on the needs downstream of the
dam; in the case of a regulating dam, you can leave out the contributions of a gradual

4. FUNCTIONS OF DISCHARGE TAKES ON RESERVOIR DAMS

The type and design of an intake easier to be strongly influenced by the

project, its objectives and functions of specific structures. It is absolutely
necessary assessment of each function in any design structure selected.
a) Flood control. An intake for flood control projects usually require
designs with large flow capacities and less regulation capacity.
Usually, the discharges are performed by gates to regulate flow.
However, the ducts may be uncontrolled (no doors) by vacuum
reservoirs that are not flooded or low during periods.
b) Irrigation. Gates and valves for irrigation requires close regulation
and lower ranges controls discharge outlet works discharge the flood
control. The releases can be downloaded in a channel or conduit
instead of the original riverbed.

c) Water supply. Tickets municipal water supply are generally a function of secondary project.
Reliability and water quality are important in the design. The hydrants are located and
controlled to ensure that water is free of silt and algae, to obtain desired temperatures and to
allow cleaning of entry.
d) Energy. Gates of power within intake structures should be located so that no undesirable
flow condition inputs such as swirls that could impair the operation of the turbine does not
occur. Energy intake openings may require smaller grids to limit the size of the waste that
enters the penstock.

e) The sediments. Projects designed for the retention of sediments must be designed to pass
flows and the level of sediment reservoir level rises and to prevent sediment from passing
through the entries and is harmful or block both input and output itself . Minor discharges are
controlled by works multilevel outlets are closed by gate or stop records as the level of
sediment in the tank rises.

5. ELEMENTS OF WORKS OF MAKING

A discharge port mainly has the following elements or constituent parts:
5.1.-entry structure.
This type of structure may be grit chambers, vents, holes including:

Grids: Grids are needed to prevent damage and debris clogging the control gates and turbine
output. The grid size and type of the openings depend on the pool elevation, elevation of
admission, the size of the outlet duct, garbage deposit conditions, the type of control device
used, water use and the need to exclude the trash.

5.2.-Driving Works
Driving works are the structures that carry water to the downstream of the intake. They can be
classified into:

Open channels
buried ducts
TUNNEL :By its inherent advantages, tunnel download a power works is preferred that the
conditions of the pillars and foundation permit its use and is cheaper than other types of
outlet works. A tunnel is not in direct contact with the embankment dam and, therefore,
provides a much safer and more durable design that can be achieved with a pipe cutter and
cover. A little seated foundation, differential movement, and structural displacements is
experienced with a tunnel drilled through the material of competent support, and filtering
along the outer surfaces of tunnel lining or leaks in the material surrounding the tunnel is less
severe. It is also less likely that the failure of some portion of a tunnel would cause the failure
of the dam failure cut a duct and the cover that goes under or through the dam.

 CUTTING AND DUCT COVER: If a closed conduit must be grounded and provided their
conditions are not suitable for a tunnel, or if the required size of the waterway is too small to

justify the minimum size of the tunnel, a cut and cover ducts mustIt is used. Because this
type of duct passes through or under the dam, you should use conservative and safer
designs. Numerous failures earth fill dam outlet ducts caused by cut and cover wrongly
designed or built have demonstrated the need for conservative procedures

5.3.-Regulatory mechanism and emergency.

Device selection outlet works must be based on the use of relatively simple designs gates
and gate where possible or commercially available valves. The use of special devices that
involve expensive design and manufacturing costs should be avoided. Cast iron sliding
doors, which can be used to control gates and surveillance, are available for both rectangular
and circular openings and to the heads of design to about 15 meters. However, superior
facilities require special designs head gate. Simple radial gates are available for common
surface facilities, and radial-seal gates can be assured of top manufacturers on the basis of
simple designs and specifications. For low heads up to about 15 meters, gate valves and
commercial butterfly they are suitable for controlling the downstream end of the pressure
tubes if they are designed to operate under free download with the jet well ventilated all
around. Gate and butterfly valves are also suitable for use as guard line valves and can be
adapted to control valves online if air ventilation and adequate aeration discharge stream is
provided immediately downstream of the valve.
The control gate for an outlet works can be placed on the upstream end of the conduit, at an
intermediate point along its length, or at the lower end of the structure. Where the flow of a
control gate is released directly into the open so free download, only the portion above water

duct damper is under pressure. Wherein a control gate or valve at the lower end of the
structure is placed, the internal total pressure should be considered in designing the tunnel
conduit or pipe. However, when a control duct discharging into a free flow, the location of the
control gate becomes important in the design of the output. Gate controls upstream duct are
usually placed on a tower structure with gate elevators mounted on the deck of operation
(Figure 2). With this arrangement, the tower must extend above the surface of water
maximum. If the controls are located at some intermediate point along the duct, high
pressure gates sliding, sealing and radial gates at the top can be used. These controls may
be located on an axis wet and extending vertically from the level of the duct to the top of the
dam. Typical arrangements of these facilities are shown in Figures 1 to 4.

5.4.-Devices for dissipation of energy.

Downloading to an output, either a gate valve or free flow duct, arise at high speed, usually in an
almost horizontal direction. If there bed erosion-resistant rock at shallow depth, the flow can be
downloaded directly into the river. Otherwise, it must be directed away from the tip of the dam by a
deflector. Where erosion must be minimized, immersion basin can be excavated and lined with riprap
or concrete. When it takes more energy dissipation for free flow ducts, you can use the terminal
structures described for spillways. The hydraulic jump basin are most often used to dissipate the
energy of the outlet works discharges. However, the flow emerging from the outlet as a free jet, such
as controlled release pressure duct valve should be directed to the track transition approaches basin
so become evenly distributed before entering the basin. Otherwise, appropriate energy dissipation is
not obtained.

6. MAKING WORKS THROUGH CONCRETE DAMS

In the case of concrete dams, the irrigation inlet structure can be located in the foot when the
operating head is low or in the body of the dam itself when the operating head is medium or high.
Typical input section in the figure below

When an intake in a gravity dam is built, commonly they placed through the concrete section, along
horizontal lines or sloping downstream, in order that the energy gradient at any time intersects the axis
duct.

Ducts through the body of a concrete curtain normally are of circular cross-section, it may be required in
some cases rectangular section for the installation of certain types of valves or gates, so if this is
necessary, it shall be provided building transitions. Ducts for downloads with low level in the dam can be
built with only the hole in the concrete, not when the level tends to NAME, ie high loads, in which case
coating is required steel plate over its entire length .
6.1.-Geometric Design of concrete dams shots.
In the gravity dams, typical installations of the headworks are shown in the following figure shown below,
in the headworks is housed in the body of the curtain which consists of:
A calling channel, which connects the stored water from the dam to the intake structure, its construction
depends on the threshold elevation of the intake.
In setting up the water curtain supporting structure of the protective grilles located inside which are
housed slide gates, which are operated from the crown of the curtain; ducts usually work pressure, begin
in this structure across the body of the curtain; the end of the ducts is the energy dissipating structure or
concentrator and may even start

7. MAKING WORKS THROUGH EARTH DAMS AND ROCKFILL OR GROUND

When the reservoir is formed by an earthen dam, the irrigation tunnel placed underneath it or on the
pillar. Making structure for such situations will be a decision or inclined tower type intake. Typical
designs for inclined tower shots and type are shown in the following figures respectively.

The works of taking concrete conduit in shades of earth or earth-rockfill must design and build on the
surface of rudeness, in bedrock, or trench dug on firm ground. All work must be grounded outlet
below the surface of the dam and rudeness in landfills where it can not be damaged by differential
settlement of the land.
In high curtains it is appropriate for making ducts remain grounded in solid rock; in these, it is
common for gates or emergency valves remain located in chambers or vertical shots that match the
axis of the curtain, to eliminate the need to build towers too high takes the foot of the slope upstream
and bridges Access to the control room.
Valves or dampers are installed in the downstream end of the emergency, with the possibility of
including energy dissipating devices on discharge. The shape of the section lines are used mostly
circular and horseshoe. Regarding low curtains, making foundations in soft ground accepted after
investigations strength. With regard to prisoners of graded materials, it is possible that the
construction of the intake tunnel-shaped body stay lodged in the shade or on the hillside. The main

parts of a wall in dam graded materials are as shown in Figures include:

The access channel, with its workforce to the threshold elevation of the shot, the gatehouse, where the
grilles, gates and service operation, equipped with its lifting devices are housed.
The headworks through tunnels on the slopes of the reservoir, usually the most convenient in shades of
earth, earth-rockfill and thin arcs, when the discharge rate is considerable, however, can be combined

with any type of prey when slopes are formed by bedrock. The use of diversion structure (use of tunnels)
to design decision allows for low-cost designs.
In the figures below, we see:

The tunnel making, founded on strong slopes.

The house and points of operation of gates and valves.
emergency gates and regulatory or service.
emergency valves and control or service.

7.1Geometric design works takes earthen dam and rockfill.

The conduit may be formed by one or more bodies of rectangular cross section, circular or horseshoe.
The output transition to gradually join the duct section with the discharge start. The geometric form
depends on the particular case in question.
Dissipating energy structure, which aims to reduce the energy that draws water out of the canal.
The output channel by which water is led to its use.
The access bridge, which is essential for communication between the crown of the gatehouse and lifting
gear to operate the gates.
In the works of taking away the body of the curtain is greater safety in its construction that dug into the
hillside. An example of this type of headworks is presented in the illustration below,. In the first figure the
intake consists of a grid structure where the conduction through the body of the curtain begins, driving
through a steel pipe working pressure, jacketed and provided concrete presents dentellones step to
reduce the leaks. Downstream end of the pipe, has an emergency valve and a check valve operation to
download a concentrator box from which driving starts.

Another example of an intake hillside and increased spending in the previous case we have in the
following figure. In this type of work takes, the duct works as a channel, that is, you have freedom of
movement and the conduit is housed in a ditch, which once built the canal is filled with the same

waterproof material used in curtain, especially compacted form to avoid tubificaciones in contact with the
tube.

As an additional use such tunnels to be built in some of them the intake consisting of a tower that
receives the protection grids, where he began driving in a tunnel working under pressure. On the site
where the axis of the shaft short curtain driving switching from one channel to work to free surface and
expenditure control is gained through sliding doors located on a port. At the end of the conduit it has a
buffer structure and starts driving

8. STRUCTURE OF ENTRY
Input structures, form a major part of the elements of works of discharge, and consist primarily of a
combination of grids and control gates and grilles.
Depending on the particular design at each dam, the intake works must correspond to the conditions
of foundation, operating loads required download, variations in water levels of reservoirs and amount
of floating solids that can trap the exit.

8.1.-Grid
The screens keep trailing solids stream entering the water intake, avoiding problems such as valves
affect mechanisms and gates located downstream. The grids and size of the openings depend on the
type of deposit elevation, elevation intake duct size output, trash deposition conditions, the type of
control device used, water use, and the need to exclude garbage. The following important points
about the use of the grids and the type of it is.
jacks flow regulation. A simple structure trash, usually of reinforced concrete, with clear
horizontal and vertical openings not more than two thirds of the width of the door should be
provided at the upstream end of the outlet works to trap trees and other large garbage can at
the entrance and be able to block the closed passages. Large in the tunnel waste occurs
most often when a permanent pool is only slightly above the entry if the permanent
consortium is well above the entrance. Only in special cases where trees and floating debris
are absent in the reservoir and watershed should be omitted garbage structure.
closely spaced metal grids of bars are generally used for small ducts with control valves
and making water supply which require the detection of small debris.
To facilitate removal of trash immediately after a flood, the work platform on top for raking
and disposal of waste should generally not be lower than the elevation of the top of
conservation pool or maximum power. The usual garbage structure consists of vertical
beams, slightly inclined downstream from the vertical to provide rake and horizontal beams.
The area of the openings in the structure of the garbage should limit the local area net
rate of less than 10 to 15 feet / sec.
The elements of a grid are mainly iron slabs, beams supported on concrete or structural steel beams.
Screeds are usually 1 to 3 cm wide by 5 to 15 cm, with spacing of 5 to 15 cm center to center
(depending on the size of the mechanisms are installed below water), and a total size L which can
reach 5 m, depending on the particular circumstances of each case.

8.2.-Gates

A hydraulic damper is a hydraulic-mechanical device designed to regulate the flow of water or other
fluid in a pipe in a canal, dams, sluices, diversion works or other hydraulic structure.
Vertical Gate:
Similar to that used for doors ridge type, but usually deep end as the flow control intake
hydropower, whether those wheels rolling, or sliding - without any wheels are used .

Radial Gate: The radial gates, also called Taintor gates, in honor of a captain, who was its
creator, have the shape of a cylinder portion, and rotate or pivot around a horizontal axis
located in the longitudinal axis the cylindrical surface. By the way, sometimes they are called
gate sector. See Figure

Generally, in the radial gates water acts on the convex side and, due to hydrostatic properties of a
cylindrical surface, the action line the resulting hydrostatic thrust passes through the pivot or rotation
center. Accordingly, the force required to lift the gate is the required to overcome the own weight of
the same and friction at the supports. This type of gate is used in landfills of prey, in headworks and
in irrigation canals.

9. LOSSES

Flow pressure outlet ducts

If a control port is placed downstream of the inlet duct, the part above the control gate will flow under
pressure. A closed conduit may also flow gates complete depending on the input geometry. And
hydraulic phenomena equations for flow through a conduit under pressure doors closed. The
hydraulic design of a closed pressure line must be similar to that of a pressure line closed gates.
For flow in a closed pipe, Bernoulli's equation can be written as follows:
H T =h L +h v

Where:
H T = Height required to overcome the various losses to produce the discharge,
h L = The accumulated losses of the system, and
hv

= Load speed valve.

The equation can be expanded to list every loss as follows:

H T =ht + he + hb +hf + hex

5

(54)

+h f +h c +h g +hex
4

(43)

where:
ht

= the loss grids,

he = the loss input

hb = is the loss due to change of address,
hf

= is the friction loss,

hex

= it is the loss by extension,

hc = shrinkage is the loss,

h g = losses are gates or valves, and

(31)

+hf + hb +hc + hg +h v (4)

1

(12)

h v = the velocity head loss to the exit.

In equation (4), the numerical subscripts refer to the various components, transitions, and reaches
that pressure losses are applied.
Output for free download, H_T is measured from the surface of the water tank toward the center of
the exit or outlet opening. If the jet flowing out is supported on a downstream floor, the height is
measured at the top of the emerging jet at the point of greatest contraction; if the exit portal dives, the
height level measured downstream.

When the various losses are related to the individual components, equation (4) can be written:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
v6
v5
v 5 f L5 v 5
v 5 v 4 f L4 v 4
v3 v 4
v3
v3
H T =K t
+Ke
+K b
+
+ K ex

+
+K c

+K g
+ K ex

2g
2g
2g
D5 2 g
2 g 2g
D4 2 g
2g 2 g
2g
2g

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

) ( ) (

) ( ) (

where:
K t = loss coefficient grids,
K e = entry loss coefficient,
K b = loss ratio curves,
f

= friction actor in the Darcy - Weisbach for pipe flow.

K ex = loss coefficient of expansion,

K c = loss coefficient of contraction,
K g = door and loss coefficient
K v = door and loss coefficient
Equation (5) can be simplified by expressing the individual losses in terms of a height of arbitrarily
chosen speed. The high speed is often chosen in a significant section of the system. If the various
heads to speed the system shown in Figure 10 to 11 relate to the conduit downstream of area (1),
conversion to the area of x is as follows:
2

Q=a1 v 1=a x v x ; a1 v 1=a x v x ;

2 2

a v a v
y 1 1= x x
2g
2g

then:
v 2x
a 2 v 21
= 1
2 g ax 2 g

( )

Equation (5) can be written:

v 21 a1 2
a1 2
fL
a
HT=
Kt+
K e + K b + 5 + K ex + 1
2 g a6
a6
D5
a4

[( ) ( ) (

) ( )(

If the bracketed portion of the expression is represented by

then:

)( )

b y y K L , to equation can be written:

v 21
H T =K L
(7)
2g

Q=a1

f L4
a1 2
f L1
K ex K c +
K c + K g + K ex ) +
K ex+ K b
(
D4
a3
D1

2 g HT
(8)
KL

10. LOCATION OF THE WORK OF DECISION REGARDING RESERVOIR LEVELS

The establishment of the level of decision and elevations downloads control and transport step in
their relationship with reservoir storage levels are influenced by many factors. First, to achieve the
required discharge capacity, discharge should be placed sufficiently below the minimum level.
The works making small dams download for detention are generally constructed close to the level of
the riverbed, for permanent storage space, except for the retention of sediments, generally is not
provided. These headworks discharge can be partially closed to retard the outflow, while the reservoir
temporarily stores the bulk flow of runoff, or may be closed to regulate the release of the temporarily
stored water. If the purpose of the dam is for raising the dam and divert inflows in the low entries,
principal of an intake discharge should generally be a power or the control structure at a high level. A
flue or discharged bypass should also be provided to supply water to the river downstream or drain
the water from behind the dam during periods of low season. The dams that impound water for
irrigation, domestic use or for other purposes of conservation, must have headworks download low
enough to extract water below the dam to the bottom of allocated storage space; however, the
discharge outlet works can be placed above the riverbed, depending on the minimum level of
reservoir storage set. It is common practice to forecast a storage reservoir for the inactive storage to
accommodate settling tanks for fish and wildlife conservation, and recreation. The decision threshold

position then becomes an important consideration; must be high enough to prevent interference of
sediment deposits, but at the same time, low enough to allow either partial or complete reduction
below the upper storage inactive.
Headworks with elevations levels and controls the discharge and transport conduit, which relate to
the storage reservoir levels are influenced by many factors. First, to achieve the required discharge
capacity, the discharge outlet must be placed far enough below the minimum operating level of the
reservoir to provide the charge to discharge the flows.

The size of an outlet conduit for a required discharge varies with an inverse relationship with that
available for the production of the discharge head. This relationship can be expressed by the
following equation:
Q2
H T =K 1 h v H T =K 2 2
a
where:
H T =Total load available ,
K 1 y K 2=coefficients,
h v =height , ,
Q= discharge rate for the intake, and
a=area required by theconduit

The above relation for a particular design shown in Figure 10-8 (A). This example shows that if the
height available for download functions required output increases from 1.6 to 4.6 feet, the diameter of
the corresponding pipe can be decreased from 6 to 4.75 feet. This demonstrates that the pipe size
can be significantly reduced if the level of idle storage can be increased. Reducing active storage
capacity resulting from an increase of 3 feet in the idle storage level it must be compensated by the
addition of an equivalent to overflow top capacity.

The reservoir capacity curve in Figure 10-8 (B) shows that for equivalent stores (represented by y gh)
3 feet (represented by cd) added to obtain a reduced size output works would require an increase
much lower (represented by fg) in the height of the dam. Thus, economic studies can be used to
determine the appropriate output size in relation to the minimum level storage reservoir.