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Java Programming
Tutorial
OOP Exercises

1.Exercises on Classes and Instances

1.1Exercise: The Circle Class
1.2Exercise: The Author and Book
1.3Exercise: The MyPoint Class
1.4Exercise: The MyCircle Class
1.5Exercise: The MyTriangle Class
1.6Exercise: The MyComplex class
1.7Exercise: The MyPolynomial Class
1.8Exercise: Using JDK's BigInteger
1.9Exercise: The MyTime Class
1.10Exercise: The MyDate Class

1.Exercises on Classes and Instances

1.11Exercise: Book and Author Classes Again

1.12Exercise: Book and Author Classes Once M

1.13Exercise: Bouncing Balls Ball
1.14Exercise: Ball and Player

2.Exercises on Inheritance
2.1Exercise: The Circle and Cylinder

2.2Exercise: Superclass Shape and its subclasse

3.Exercises on Composition vs Inheritance

3.1Exercise: The Point and Line Classes
3.2Exercise: Circle and Cylinder

4.Exercises on Polymorphism, Abstract Classes

4.1Exercise: Abstract Superclass Shape

4.2Exercise: Polymorphism
4.3Exercise: Interface Movable and its impleme
4.4Exercise: Interfaces GeometricObject

5.More Exercises on OOP

5.1Exercise: The Discount System
5.2Exercise: Polyline of Points with

6.Exercises on Data Structure and Algorithm

6.1Exercise: MyIntStack

1.1Exercise: The Circle Class

A class called circle is designed as shown in the following class diagram. It contains:
Two private instance variables: radius of type double and color of type String, with default value of 1.0
and "red", respectively.
Two overloaded constructors;
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Two public methods: getRadius() and getArea().

The source codes for Circle is as follows:
publicclassCircle{//saveas"Circle.java"
//privateinstancevariable,notaccessiblefromoutsidethisclass
privatedoubleradius;
privateStringcolor;

//1stconstructor,whichsetsbothradiusandcolortodefault
publicCircle(){
radius=1.0;
color="red";
}

//2ndconstructorwithgivenradius,butcolordefault
publicCircle(doubler){
radius=r;
color="red";
}

//Apublicmethodforretrievingtheradius
publicdoublegetRadius(){
returnradius;
}

//Apublicmethodforcomputingtheareaofcircle
publicdoublegetArea(){
returnradius*radius*Math.PI;
}
}

Compile "Circle.java". Can you run the Circle class? Why? This Circle class does not have a main() method.
Hence, it cannot be run directly. This Circle class is a building block and is meant to be used in another
program.
Let us write a test program called TestCircle which uses the Circle class, as follows:
publicclassTestCircle{//saveas"TestCircle.java"
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
//DeclareandallocateaninstanceofclassCirclecalledc1
//withdefaultradiusandcolor
Circlec1=newCircle();
//Usethedotoperatortoinvokemethodsofinstancec1.
System.out.println("Thecirclehasradiusof"
+c1.getRadius()+"andareaof"+c1.getArea());

//Declareandallocateaninstanceofclasscirclecalledc2
//withthegivenradiusanddefaultcolor
Circlec2=newCircle(2.0);
//Usethedotoperatortoinvokemethodsofinstancec2.
System.out.println("Thecirclehasradiusof"
+c2.getRadius()+"andareaof"+c2.getArea());
}
}

Now, run the TestCircle and study the results.

TRY:
1. Constructor: Modify the class Circle to include a third constructor for constructing a Circle instance
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with the given radius and color.

//ConstrutortoconstructanewinstanceofCirclewiththegivenradiusandcolor
publicCircle(doubler,Stringc){......}

Modify the test program TestCircle to construct an instance of Circle using this constructor.
2. Getter: Add a getter for variable color for retrieving the color of a Circle instance.
//Getterforinstancevariablecolor
publicStringgetColor(){......}

Modify the test program to test this method.

3. public vs. private: In TestCircle, can you access the instance variable radius directly e.g.,
System.out.println(c1.radius); or assign a new value to radius e.g., c1.radius=5.0? Try it out and
explain the error messages.
4. Setter: Is there a need to change the values of radius and color of a Circle instance after it is
constructed? If so, add two public methods called setters for changing the radius and color of a Circle
instance as follows:
//Setterforinstancevariableradius
publicvoidsetRadius(doubler){
radius=r;
}

//Setterforinstancevariablecolor
publicvoidsetColor(Stringc){......}

Modify the TestCircle to test these methods, e.g.,

Circlec3=newCircle();//constructaninstanceofCircle
c3.setRadius(5.0);//changeradius
c3.setColor(...);//changecolor

5. Keyword "this": Instead of using variable names such as r for radius and c for color in the
methods' arguments, it is better to use variable names radius for radius and color for color and use
the special keyword "this" to resolve the conflict between instance variables and methods' arguments. For
example,
//Instancevariable
privatedoubleradius;

//Setterofradius
publicvoidsetRadius(doubleradius){
this.radius=radius;//"this.radius"referstotheinstancevariable
//"radius"referstothemethod'sargument
}

Modify ALL the constructors and setters in the Circle class to use the keyword "this".
6. Method toString(): Every welldesigned Java class should contain a public method called
toString() that returns a short description of the instance in a return type of String. The toString()
method can be called explicitly via instanceName.toString() just like any other method; or implicitly
through println(). If an instance is passed to the println(anInstance) method, the toString() method
of that instance will be invoked implicitly. For example, include the following toString() methods to the
Circle class:
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publicStringtoString(){
return"Circle:radius="+radius+"color="+color;
}

Try calling toString() method explicitly, just like any other method:
Circlec1=newCircle(5.0);
System.out.println(c1.toString());//explicitcall

toString() is called implicitly when an instance is passed to println() method, for example,
Circlec2=newCircle(1.2);
System.out.println(c2.toString());//explicitcall
System.out.println(c2);//println()callstoString()implicitly,sameasabove
System.out.println("Operator'+'invokestoString()too:"+c2);//'+'invokestoString()too

1.2Exercise: The Author and Book Classes

A class called Author is designed
as shown in the class diagram. It
contains:
Three

private

instance

variables: name String, email

String, and gender char of
either 'm' or 'f';
One constructor to initialize the
name, email and gender with
the given values;
publicAuthor(Stringname,Stringemail,chargender){......}

There is no default constructor for Author, as there are no defaults for name, email and gender.
public getters/setters: getName(), getEmail(), setEmail(), and getGender();
There are no setters for name and gender, as these attributes cannot be changed.
A toString() method that returns "authorname (gender) at email", e.g., "Tan Ah Teck m at
[email protected]".
Write the Author class. Also write a test program called TestAuthor to test the constructor and public methods.
Try changing the email of an author, e.g.,
AuthoranAuthor=newAuthor("TanAhTeck","[email protected]",'m');
System.out.println(anAuthor);//calltoString()
anAuthor.setEmail("[email protected]")
System.out.println(anAuthor);

A class called Book is designed as shown in the class diagram. It contains:

Four private instance variables: name String, author of the class Author you have just created, assume
that each book has one and only one author, price double, and qtyInStock int;
Two constructors:
publicBook(Stringname,Authorauthor,doubleprice){...}
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publicBook(Stringname,Authorauthor,doubleprice,
intqtyInStock){...}

public methods
getName(),
getAuthor(),
getPrice(),
setPrice(),

getQtyInStock(), setQtyInStock().
toString() that returns "'bookname' by authorname (gender) at email".
Take note that the Author's toString() method returns "authorname (gender) at email".
Write the class Book which uses the Author class written earlier. Also write a test program called TestBook to test
the constructor and public methods in the class Book. Take Note that you have to construct an instance of Author
before you can construct an instance of Book. E.g.,
AuthoranAuthor=newAuthor(......);
BookaBook=newBook("Javafordummy",anAuthor,19.95,1000);
//UseananonymousinstanceofAuthor
BookanotherBook=newBook("moreJavafordummy",newAuthor(......),29.95,888);

Take note that both Book and Author classes have a variable called name. However, it can be differentiated via the
referencing instance. For a Book instance says aBook, aBook.name refers to the name of the book; whereas for an
Author's instance say auAuthor, anAuthor.name refers to the name of the author. There is no need and not
recommended to call the variables bookName and authorName.
TRY:
1. Printing the name and email of the author from a Book instance. Hint: aBook.getAuthor().getName(),
aBook.getAuthor().getEmail().
2. Introduce new methods called getAuthorName(), getAuthorEmail(), getAuthorGender() in the Book
class to return the name, email and gender of the author of the book. For example,
publicStringgetAuthorName(){......}

1.3Exercise: The MyPoint Class

A class called MyPoint, which models a 2D point with x and y coordinates, is designed as shown in the class
diagram. It contains:
Two instance variables x int and y int.
A "noargument" or "noarg" constructor that construct a point at (0,0).
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A constructor that constructs a point with the given

x and y coordinates.
Getter and setter for the instance variables x and y.
A method setXY() to set both x and y.
A toString() method that returns a string
description of the instance in the format "(x,y)".
A method called distance(int x, int y) that
returns the distance from this point to another point
at the given (x,y) coordinates.
An overloaded distance(MyPoint another) that
returns the distance from this point to the given
MyPoint instance another.
You are required to:
1. Write the code for the class MyPoint. Also write a
test program called TestMyPoint to test all the methods defined in the class.
Hints:
//Overloadingmethoddistance()
publicdoubledistance(intx,inty){//thisversiontakestwointsasarguments
intxDiff=this.xx;
intyDiff=......
returnMath.sqrt(xDiff*xDiff+yDiff*yDiff);
}

publicdoubledistance(MyPointanother){//thisversiontakesaMyPointinstanceasargument
intxDiff=this.xanother.x;
.......
}

//Testprogram
MyPointp1=newMyPoint(3,0);
MyPointp2=newMyPoint(0,4);
......
//Testingtheoverloadedmethoddistance()
System.out.println(p1.distance(p2));//whichversion?
System.out.println(p1.distance(5,6));//whichversion?
.....

2. Write a program that allocates 10 points in an array of MyPoint, and initializes to (1,1), (2,2), ... (10,
10).
Hints: You need to allocate the array, as well as each of the ten MyPoint instances.
MyPoint[]points=newMyPoint[10];//DeclareandallocateanarrayofMyPoint
for(......){
points[i]=newMyPoint(...);//AllocateeachofMyPointinstances
}

Notes: Point is such a common entity that JDK certainly provided for in all flavors.

1.4Exercise: The MyCircle Class

A class called MyCircle, which models a circle with a center x, y and a radius, is designed as shown in the class
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diagram. The MyCircle class uses an instance of

MyPoint class created in the previous exercise
as its center.
The class contains:
Two private instance variables: center an
instance of MyPoint and radius int.
A constructor that constructs a circle with the
given center's x, y and radius.
An overloaded constructor that constructs a
MyCircle given a MyPoint instance as
center, and radius.
Various getters and setters.
A toString() method that returns a string
description of this instance in the format
"Circle @ x, y radius=r".
A getArea() method that returns the area of the circle in double.
Write the MyCircle class. Also write a test program called TestMyCircle to test all the methods defined in the
class.

1.5Exercise: The MyTriangle Class

A

class

called

MyTriangle,

which

models a triangle with 3 vertices, is

designed as follows. The MyTriangle
class uses three MyPoint instances
created in the earlier exercise as the
three vertices.
The class contains:
Three private instance variables v1,
v2, v3 instances of MyPoint, for
the three vertices.
A constructor that constructs a
MyTriangle with three points v1=(x1,y1), v2=(x2,y2), v3=(x3,y3).
An overloaded constructor that constructs a MyTriangle given three instances of MyPoint.
A toString() method that returns a string description of the instance in the format "Triangle @ x1, y1, x2,
y2, x3, y3".
A getPerimeter() method that returns the length of the perimeter in double. You should use the
distance() method of MyPoint to compute the perimeter.
A method printType(), which prints "equilateral" if all the three sides are equal, "isosceles" if any two of the
three sides are equal, or "scalene" if the three sides are different.
Write the MyTriangle class. Also write a test program called TestMyTriangle to test all the methods defined in
the class.

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1.6Exercise: The MyComplex class

A class called MyComplex, which models
complex numbers x+yi, is designed as
shown in the class diagram. It contains:
Two
instance
variable
named
realdouble and imagdouble
which stores the real and imaginary
parts of the complex number
respectively.
A constructor that creates a
MyComplex instance with the given
real and imaginary values.
Getters and setters for instance
variables real and imag.
A method setValue() to set the
value of the complex number.
A toString() that returns "(x +
yi)" where x and y are the real and
imaginary parts respectively.
Methods

isReal()

and

isImaginary() that returns true if

this complex number is real or
imaginary, respectively. Hint:
return(imag==0);//isReal()

A method equals(double real, double imag) that returns true if this complex number is equal to the
given complex number of real, imag.
An overloaded equals(MyComplexanother) that returns true if this complex number is equal to the given
MyComplex instance another.
A method magnitudethat returns the magnitude of this complex number.
magnitude(x+yi)=Math.sqrt(x2+y2)

Methods argumentInRadians() and argumentInDegrees() that returns the argument of this complex
number in radians in double and degrees in int respectively.
arg(x+yi)=Math.atan2(y,x)(inradians)

Note: The Math library has two arctangent methods, Math.atan(double) and Math.atan2(double,
double). We commonly use the Math.atan2(y, x) instead of Math.atan(y/x) to avoid division by zero.
Read the documentation of Math class in package java.lang.
A method conjugate() that returns a new MyComplex instance containing the complex conjugate of this
instance.
conjugate(x+yi)=xyi

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Hint:
returnnewMyComplex(real,imag);//constructanewinstanceandreturntheconstructedinstance

Methods add(MyComplex another) and subtract(MyComplex another) that adds and subtract this
instance with the given MyComplex instance another, and returns a new MyComplex instance containing the
result.
(a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i
(a+bi)(c+di)=(ac)+(bd)i

Methods multiplyWith(MyComplex another) and divideBy(MyComplex another) that multiplies and

divides this instance with the given MyComplex instance another, keep the result in this instance, and returns
this instance.
(a+bi)*(c+di)=(acbd)+(ad+bc)i
(a+bi)/(c+di)=[(a+bi)*(cdi)]/(c2+d2)

Hint:
returnthis;//return"this"instance

You are required to:

1. Write the MyComplex class.
2. Write a test program to test all the methods defined in the class.
3. Write an application called MyComplexApp that uses the MyComplex class. The application shall prompt the
user for two complex numbers, print their values, check for real, imaginary and equality, and carry out all the
arithmetic operations.
Entercomplexnumber1(realandimaginarypart):1.12.2
Entercomplexnumber2(realandimaginarypart):3.34.4

Number1is:(1.1+2.2i)
(1.1+2.2i)isNOTapurerealnumber
(1.1+2.2i)isNOTapureimaginarynumber

Number2is:(3.3+4.4i)
(3.3+4.4i)isNOTapurerealnumber
(3.3+4.4i)isNOTapureimaginarynumber

(1.1+2.2i)isNOTequalto(3.3+4.4i)
(1.1+2.2i)+(3.3+4.4i)=(4.4+6.6000000000000005i)
(1.1+2.2i)(3.3+4.4i)=(2.1999999999999997+2.2i)

Take note that there are a few flaws in the design of this class, which was introduced solely for teaching purpose:
Comparing doubles in equal() using "==" may produce unexpected outcome. For example, (2.2+4.4)==6.6
returns false. It is common to define a small threshold called EPSILON set to about 10^8 for comparing
floating point numbers.
The method add(), subtract(), and conjugate() produce new instances, whereas multiplyWith() and
divideBy() modify this instance. There is inconsistency in the design introduced for teaching purpose.
Unusual to have both argumentInRadians() and argumentInDegrees().

1.7Exercise: The MyPolynomial Class

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A class called MyPolynomial, which

models polynomials of degreen see
equation, is designed as shown in the
class diagram.

The class contains:

An instance variable named coeffs, which stores the coefficients of the ndegree polynomial in a double array
of size n+1, where c0 is kept at index 0.
A constructor MyPolynomial(coeffs:double...) that takes a variable number of doubles to initialize the
coeffs array, where the first argument corresponds to c0. The three dots is known as varargs variable number
of arguments, which is a new feature introduced in JDK 1.5. It accepts an array or a sequence of comma
separated arguments. The compiler automatically packs the commaseparated arguments in an array. The
three dots can only be used for the last argument of the method.
Hints:
publicclassMyPolynomial{
privatedouble[]coeffs;
publicMyPolynomial(double...coeffs){//varargs
this.coeffs=coeffs;//varargsistreatedasarray
}
......
}

//Testprogram
//Caninvokewithavariablenumberofarguments
MyPolynomialp1=newMyPolynomial(1.1,2.2,3.3);
MyPolynomialp1=newMyPolynomial(1.1,2.2,3.3,4.4,5.5);
//Canalsoinvokewithanarray
Doublecoeffs={1.2,3.4,5.6,7.8}
MyPolynomialp2=newMyPolynomial(coeffs);

Another constructor that takes coefficients from a file of the given filename, having this format:
Degreen(int)
c0(double)
c1(double)
......
......
cn1(double)
cn(double)
(endoffile)

Hints:
publicMyPolynomial(Stringfilename){
Scannerin=null;
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try{
in=newScanner(newFile(filename));//openfile
}catch(FileNotFoundExceptione){
e.printStackTrace();
}
intdegree=in.nextInt();//readthedegree
coeffs=newdouble[degree+1];//allocatethearray
for(inti=0;i<coeffs.length;++i){
coeffs[i]=in.nextDouble();
}
}

A method getDegree() that returns the degree of this polynomial.

A method toString() that returns "cnx^n+cn1x^n1+...+c1x+c0".
A method evaluate(doublex) that evaluate the polynomial for the given x, by substituting the given x into
the polynomial expression.
Methods add() and multiply() that adds and multiplies this polynomial with the given MyPolynomial
instance another, and returns a new MyPolynomial instance that contains the result.
Write the MyPolynomial class. Also write a test program called TestMyPolynomial to test all the methods
defined in the class.
Question: Do you need to keep the degree of the polynomial as an instance variable in the MyPolynomial class in
Java? How about C/C++? Why?

1.8Exercise: Using JDK's BigInteger Class

Recall that primitive integer type byte, short, int and long represent 8, 16, 32, and 64bit signed integers,
respectively. You cannot use them for integers bigger than 64 bits. Java API provides a class called BigInteger in a
package called java.math. Study the API of the BigInteger class Java API From "Packages", choose
"java.math" " From "classes", choose "BigInteger" " Study the constructors choose "CONSTR" on how to construct
a BigInteger instance, and the public methods available choose "METHOD". Look for methods for adding and
multiplying two BigIntegers.
Write a program called TestBigInteger that:
1. adds

"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"

to

"22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222" and prints the result.

2. multiplies the above two number and prints the result.
Hints:
importjava.math.BigInteger
publicclassTestBigInteger{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
BigIntegeri1=newBigInteger(...);
BigIntegeri2=newBigInteger(...);
System.out.println(i1.add(i2));
.......
}
}

1.9Exercise: The MyTime Class

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A class called MyTime, which models a

time instance, is designed as shown in
the class diagram.
It contains the following private
instance variables:
hour: between 0 to 23.
minute: between 0 to 59.
Second: between 0 to 59.
The constructor shall invoke the
setTime() method to be described
later to set the instance variable.
It

contains

the

following

public

methods:
setTime(int

hour,

int

minute, int second): It shall

check if the given hour, minute
and second are valid before setting
the instance variables.
Advanced: Otherwise,

it

shall

throw

an

IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid hour, minute, or second!".

Setters setHour(int hour), setMinute(int minute), setSecond(int second): It shall check if the
parameters are valid, similar to the above.
Getters getHour(), getMinute(), getSecond().
toString(): returns "HH:MM:SS".
nextSecond(): Update this instance to the next second and return this instance. Take note that the
nextSecond() of 23:59:59 is 00:00:00.
nextMinute(), nextHour(), previousSecond(), previousMinute(), previousHour(): similar to the above.
Write the code for the MyTime class. Also write a test program called TestMyTime to test all the methods defined
in the MyTime class.

1.10Exercise: The MyDate Class

A class called MyDate, which models a date instance, is defined as shown in the class diagram.
The MyDate class contains the following private instance variables:
year int: Between 1 to 9999.
month int: Between 1 Jan to 12 Dec.
day int: Between 1 to 28|29|30|31, where the last day depends on the month and whether it is a leap year
for Feb 28|29.
It also contains the following private static variables drawn with underlined in the class diagram:
strMonths String[], strDays String[], and dayInMonths int[]: static variables, initialized as
shown, which are used in the methods.
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The MyDate class has the following

public static methods drawn
with underlined
diagram:

in

the

isLeapYear(int

class
year):

returns true if the given year is

a leap year. A year is a leap year
if it is divisible by 4 but not by
100, or it is divisible by 400.
isValidDate(int year, int
month, int day):

returns

true if the given year, month,

and day constitute a valid date.
Assume that year is between 1
and 9999, month is between 1
Jan to 12 Dec and day shall
be between 1 and 28|29|30|31
depending on the month and
whether it is a leap year on Feb.
getDayOfWeek(int

year,

intmonth,intday): returns
the day of the week, where 0 for
Sun, 1 for Mon, ..., 6 for Sat, for
the given date. Assume that the
date is valid. Read the earlier
exercise on how to determine
the day of the week or Wiki
"Determination of the day of
the week".
The

MyDate

class

has

one

constructor, which takes 3 parameters: year, month and day. It shall invoke setDate() method to be described
later to set the instance variables.
The MyDate class has the following public methods:
setDate(int year, int month, int day): It shall invoke the static method isValidDate() to verify
that the given year, month and day constitute a valid date.
Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid year, month,
or day!".
setYear(intyear): It shall verify that the given year is between 1 and 9999.
Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid year!".
setMonth(intmonth): It shall verify that the given month is between 1 and 12.
Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid month!".
setDay(intday): It shall verify that the given day is between 1 and dayMax, where dayMax depends on the
month and whether it is a leap year for Feb.
Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid month!".
getYear(), getMonth(), getDay(): return the value for the year, month and day, respectively.
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toString(): returns a date string in the format "xxxdaydmmmyyyy", e.g., "Tuesday 14 Feb 2012".
nextDay(): update this instance to the next day and return this instance. Take note that nextDay() for 31
Dec2000 shall be 1Jan2001.
nextMonth(): update this instance to the next month and return this instance. Take note that nextMonth()
for 31Oct2012 shall be 30Nov2012.
nextYear(): update this instance to the next year and return this instance. Take note that nextYear() for
29Feb2012 shall be 28Feb2013.
Advanced: throw an IllegalStateException with the message "Year out of range!" if year > 9999.
previousDay(), previousMonth(), previousYear(): similar to the above.
Write the code for the MyDate class.
Use the following test statements to test the MyDate class:
MyDated1=newMyDate(2012,2,28);
System.out.println(d1);//Tuesday28Feb2012
System.out.println(d1.nextDay());//Wednesday29Feb2012
System.out.println(d1.nextDay());//Thursday1Mar2012
System.out.println(d1.nextMonth());//Sunday1Apr2012
System.out.println(d1.nextYear());//Monday1Apr2013
MyDated2=newMyDate(2012,1,2);
System.out.println(d2);//Monday2Jan2012
System.out.println(d2.previousDay());//Sunday1Jan2012
System.out.println(d2.previousDay());//Saturday31Dec2011
System.out.println(d2.previousMonth());//Wednesday30Nov2011
System.out.println(d2.previousYear());//Tuesday30Nov2010
MyDated3=newMyDate(2012,2,29);
System.out.println(d3.previousYear());//Monday28Feb2011
//MyDated4=newMyDate(2099,11,31);//Invalidyear,month,orday!
//MyDated5=newMyDate(2011,2,29);//Invalidyear,month,orday!

Write a test program that tests the nextDay() in a loop, by printing the dates from 28Dec2011 to 2Mar2012.

1.11Exercise: Book and Author Classes Again An Array of Objects as an

Instance Variable
In the earlier exercise, a book is written by one and only one author. In reality, a book can be written by one or
more author. Modify the Book class to support one or more authors by changing the instance variable authors to
an Author array. Reuse the Author class written earlier.
Notes:
The constructors take an array of Author i.e., Author[], instead of an Author instance.
The toString() method shall return "bookname by n authors", where n is the number of authors.
A new method printAuthors() to print the names of all the authors.
You are required to:
1. Write the code for the Book class. You shall reuse the Author class written earlier.
2. Write a test program called TestBook to test the Book class.
Hints:
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//DeclareandallocateanarrayofAuthors
Author[]authors=newAuthor[2];
authors[0]=newAuthor("TanAhTeck","[email protected]",'m');
authors[1]=newAuthor("PaulTan","[email protected]",'m');

//DeclareandallocateaBookinstance
BookjavaDummy=newBook("JavaforDummy",authors,19.99,99);
System.out.println(javaDummy);//toString()
System.out.print("Theauthorsare:");
javaDummy.printAuthors();

1.12Exercise: Book and Author Classes Once More A Fixedlength Array

of Objects as an Instance Variable
In

the

exercise,

above
the

number of authors
cannot be changed
once

instance
constructed.

Book
is

Suppose that we
wish to allow the
user to add more
authors which is
really unusual but
presented here for
academic purpose.
We shall remove
the authors from
the
and

constructors,
add a new

method
called
addAuthor()
to
add the given Author instance to this Book.
We also need to preallocate an Author array, with a fixed length says 5 a book is written by 1 to 5 authors, and
use another instance variable numAuthors int to keep track of the actual number of authors.
You are required to:
1. Modify your Book class to support this new requirement.
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Hints:
publicclassBook{
//privateinstancevariable
privateAuthor[]authors=newAuthor[5];//declareandallocatethearray
//BUTnottheelement'sinstance
privateintnumAuthors=0;
......
......
publicvoidaddAuthor(Authorauthor){
authors[numAuthors]=author;
++numAuthors;
}
}

//Testprogram
BookjavaDummy=newBook("JavaforDummy",19.99,99);
System.out.println(javaDummy);//toString()
System.out.print("Theauthorsare:");
javaDummy.printAuthors();

javaDummy.addAuthor(newAuthor("TanAhTeck","[email protected]",'m'));
javaDummy.addAuthor(newAuthor("PaulTan","[email protected]",'m'));
System.out.println(javaDummy);//toString()
System.out.print("Theauthorsare:");
javaDummy.printAuthors();

2. Try writing a method called removeAuthorByName(authorName), that remove the author from this Book
instance if authorName is present. The method shall return true if it succeeds.
booleanremoveAuthorByName(StringauthorName)

Advanced Note: Instead of using a fixedlength array in this case, it is better to be a dynamically allocated array
e.g., ArrayList, which does not have a fixed length.

1.13Exercise: Bouncing Balls Ball and Container Classes

A class called Ball is designed as shown in the class
diagram.
The Ball class contains the following private instance
variables:
x, y and radius, which represent the ball's center (x,
y) coordinates and the radius, respectively.
xDelta x and yDelta y, which represent the
displacement movement per step, in the x and y
direction respectively.
The Ball class contains the following public methods:
A constructor which accepts x, y, radius, speed, and
direction as arguments. For user friendliness, user
specifies speed in pixels per step and direction in
degrees in the range of (180,180]. For the internal
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operations, the speed and direction are to be converted to (x,y) in the internal representation. Note
that the yaxis of the Java graphics coordinate system is inverted, i.e., the origin (0,0) is located at the top
left corner.

x=dcos()
y=dsin()

Getter and setter for all the instance variables.

A method move() which move the ball by one step.
x+=x
y+=y

reflectHorizontal() which reflects the ball horizontally i.e., hitting a vertical wall
x=x
ynochanges

reflectVertical() the ball hits a horizontal wall.

xnochanges
y=y

toString() which prints the message "Ballat(x,y)ofvelocity(x,y)".

Write the Ball class. Also write a test program to test all the methods defined in the class.

class

called

Container,

which

represents the enclosing box for the ball,

is designed as shown in the class diagram.
It contains:
Instance variables (x1,y1) and (x2,
y2) which denote the topleft and
bottomright

corners

of

the

rectangular box.
A constructor which accepts (x, y)
of the topleft corner, width and
height as argument, and converts
them into the internal representation i.e., x2=x1+width1. Width and height is used in the argument for
safer operation there is no need to check the validity of x2>x1 etc..
A toString() method that returns "Containerat(x1,y1)to(x2,y2)".
A boolean method called collidesWith(Ball), which check if the given Ball is outside the bounds of the
container box. If so, it invokes the Ball's reflectHorizontal() and/or reflectVertical() to change the
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movement direction of the ball, and returns true.

publicbooleancollidesWith(Ballball){
if(ball.getX()ball.getRadius()<=this.x1||
ball.getX()ball.getRadius()>=this.x2){
ball.reflectHorizontal();
returntrue;
}
......
}

Use the following statements to test your program:

Ballball=newBall(50,50,5,10,30);
Containerbox=newContainer(0,0,100,100);
for(intstep=0;step<100;++step){
ball.move();
box.collidesWith(ball);
System.out.println(ball);//manualcheckthepositionoftheball
}

1.14Exercise: Ball and Player

[TODO]

2.Exercises on Inheritance
2.1Exercise: The Circle and Cylinder Classes
In this exercise, a subclass called Cylinder is
derived from the superclass Circle as shown in
the class diagram where an an arrow pointing up
from the subclass to its superclass. Study how the
subclass Cylinder invokes the superclass'
constructors via super() and super(radius)
and inherits the variables and methods from the
superclass Circle.
You can reuse the Circle class that you have
created in the previous exercise. Make sure that
you keep "Circle.class" in the same directory.
publicclassCylinderextendsCircle{//saveas"Cylinder.java"
privatedoubleheight;//privatevariable

//Constructorwithdefaultcolor,radiusandheight
publicCylinder(){
super();//callsuperclassnoargconstructorCircle()
height=1.0;
}
//Constructorwithdefaultradius,colorbutgivenheight
publicCylinder(doubleheight){
super();//callsuperclassnoargconstructorCircle()
this.height=height;
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}
//Constructorwithdefaultcolor,butgivenradius,height
publicCylinder(doubleradius,doubleheight){
super(radius);//callsuperclassconstructorCircle(r)
this.height=height;
}

//Apublicmethodforretrievingtheheight
publicdoublegetHeight(){
returnheight;
}

//Apublicmethodforcomputingthevolumeofcylinder
//usesuperclassmethodgetArea()togetthebasearea
publicdoublegetVolume(){
returngetArea()*height;
}
}

Write a test program says TestCylinder to test the Cylinder class created, as follow:
publicclassTestCylinder{//saveas"TestCylinder.java"
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
//Declareandallocateanewinstanceofcylinder
//withdefaultcolor,radius,andheight
Cylinderc1=newCylinder();
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+"radius="+c1.getRadius()
+"height="+c1.getHeight()
+"basearea="+c1.getArea()
+"volume="+c1.getVolume());

//Declareandallocateanewinstanceofcylinder
//specifyingheight,withdefaultcolorandradius
Cylinderc2=newCylinder(10.0);
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+"radius="+c2.getRadius()
+"height="+c2.getHeight()
+"basearea="+c2.getArea()
+"volume="+c2.getVolume());

//Declareandallocateanewinstanceofcylinder
//specifyingradiusandheight,withdefaultcolor
Cylinderc3=newCylinder(2.0,10.0);
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+"radius="+c3.getRadius()
+"height="+c3.getHeight()
+"basearea="+c3.getArea()
+"volume="+c3.getVolume());
}
}

Method Overriding and "Super": The subclass Cylinder inherits getArea() method from its superclass
Circle. Try overriding the getArea() method in the subclass Cylinder to compute the surface area
=2radiusheight + 2basearea of the cylinder instead of base area. That is, if getArea() is called by a
Circle instance, it returns the area. If getArea() is called by a Cylinder instance, it returns the surface area of
the cylinder.
If you override the getArea() in the subclass Cylinder, the getVolume() no longer works. This is because the
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getVolume() uses the overridden getArea() method found in the same class. Java runtime will search the
superclass only if it cannot locate the method in this class. Fix the getVolume().
Hints: After overridding the getArea() in subclass Cylinder, you can choose to invoke the getArea() of the
superclass Circle by calling super.getArea().
TRY:
Provide a toString() method to the Cylinder class, which overrides the toString() inherited from the
superclass Circle, e.g.,
@Override
publicStringtoString(){//inCylinderclass
return"Cylinder:subclassof"+super.toString()//useCircle'stoString()
+"height="+height;
}

Try out the toString() method in TestCylinder.

Note: @Override is known as annotation introduced in JDK 1.5, which asks compiler to check whether there is
such a method in the superclass to be overridden. This helps greatly if you misspell the name of the toString(). If
@Override is not used and toString() is misspelled as ToString(), it will be treated as a new method in the
subclass, instead of overriding the superclass. If @Override is used, the compiler will signal an error. @Override
annotation is optional, but certainly nice to have.

2.2Exercise: Superclass Shape and its subclasses Circle, Rectangle and

Square

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Write a superclass called Shape as shown in the class diagram, which contains:
Two instance variables color String and filled boolean.
Two constructors: a noarg noargument constructor that initializes the color to "green" and filled to
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true, and a constructor that initializes the color and filled to the given values.
Getter and setter for all the instance variables. By convention, the getter for a boolean variable xxx is called
isXXX() instead of getXxx() for all the other types.
A toString() method that returns "AShapewithcolorofxxxandfilled/Notfilled".
Write a test program to test all the methods defined in Shape.
Write two subclasses of Shape called Circle and Rectangle, as shown in the class diagram.
The Circle class contains:
An instance variable radius double.
Three constructors as shown. The noarg constructor initializes the radius to 1.0.
Getter and setter for the instance variable radius.
Methods getArea() and getPerimeter().
Override the toString() method inherited, to return "ACirclewithradius=xxx,whichisasubclass
ofyyy", where yyy is the output of the toString() method from the superclass.
The Rectangle class contains:
Two instance variables width double and length double.
Three constructors as shown. The noarg constructor initializes the width and length to 1.0.
Getter and setter for all the instance variables.
Methods getArea() and getPerimeter().
Override the toString() method inherited, to return "A Rectangle with width=xxx and length=zzz,
whichisasubclassofyyy", where yyy is the output of the toString() method from the superclass.
Write a class called Square, as a subclass of Rectangle. Convince yourself that Square can be modeled as a
subclass of Rectangle. Square has no instance variable, but inherits the instance variables width and length from
its superclass Rectangle.
Provide the appropriate constructors as shown in the class diagram. Hint:
publicSquare(doubleside){
super(side,side);//CallsuperclassRectangle(double,double)
}

Override the toString() method to return "ASquarewithside=xxx,whichisasubclassofyyy",

where yyy is the output of the toString() method from the superclass.
Do you need to override the getArea() and getPerimeter()? Try them out.
Override the setLength() and setWidth() to change both the width and length, so as to maintain the
square geometry.

3.Exercises on Composition vs Inheritance

They are two ways to reuse a class in your applications: composition and inheritance.

3.1Exercise: The Point and Line Classes

Let us begin with composition with the statement "a line composes of two points".
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Complete the definition of the following two classes: Point and Line. The class Line composes 2 instances of class
Point, representing the beginning and ending points of the line. Also write test classes for Point and Line says
TestPoint and TestLine.
publicclassPoint{
//Privatevariables
privateintx;//xcoordinate
privateinty;//ycoordinate

//Constructor
publicPoint(intx,inty){......}

//Publicmethods
publicStringtoString(){
return"Point:("+x+","+y+")";
}

publicintgetX(){......}
publicintgetY(){......}
publicvoidsetX(intx){......}
publicvoidsetY(inty){......}
publicvoidsetXY(intx,inty){......}
}
publicclassTestPoint{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
Pointp1=newPoint(10,20);//ConstructaPoint
System.out.println(p1);
//Trysettingp1to(100,10).
......
}
}
publicclassLine{
//Alinecomposesoftwopoints(asinstancevariables)
privatePointbegin;//beginningpoint
privatePointend;//endingpoint

//Constructors
publicLine(Pointbegin,Pointend){//callertoconstructthePoints
this.begin=begin;
......
}
publicLine(intbeginX,intbeginY,intendX,intendY){
begin=newPoint(beginX,beginY);//constructthePointshere
......
}

//Publicmethods
publicStringtoString(){......}

publicPointgetBegin(){......}
publicPointgetEnd(){......}
publicvoidsetBegin(......){......}
publicvoidsetEnd(......){......}

publicintgetBeginX(){......}
publicintgetBeginY(){......}
publicintgetEndX(){......}
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publicintgetEndY(){......}

publicvoidsetBeginX(......){......}
publicvoidsetBeginY(......){......}
publicvoidsetBeginXY(......){......}
publicvoidsetEndX(......){......}
publicvoidsetEndY(......){......}
publicvoidsetEndXY(......){......}

publicintgetLength(){......}//Lengthoftheline
//Math.sqrt(xDiff*xDiff+yDiff*yDiff)
publicdoublegetGradient(){......}//Gradientinradians
//Math.atan2(yDiff,xDiff)
}
publicclassTestLine{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
Linel1=newLine(0,0,3,4);
System.out.println(l1);

Pointp1=newPoint(...);
Pointp2=newPoint(...);
Linel2=newLine(p1,p2);
System.out.println(l2);
...
}
}

The class diagram for composition is as follows where a diamondhollowhead arrow pointing to its constituents:

Instead of composition, we can design a Line class using inheritance. Instead of "a line composes of two points",
we can say that "a line is a point extended by another point", as shown in the following class diagram:

Let's redesign the Line class called LineSub as a subclass of class Point. LineSub inherits the starting point
from its superclass Point, and adds an ending point. Complete the class definition. Write a testing class called
TestLineSub to test LineSub.
publicclassLineSubextendsPoint{
//Alineneedstwopoints:beginandend.
//ThebeginpointisinheritedfromitssuperclassPoint.
//Privatevariables
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Pointend;//Endingpoint

//Constructors
publicLineSub(intbeginX,intbeginY,intendX,intendY){
super(beginX,beginY);//constructthebeginPoint
this.end=newPoint(endX,endY);//constructtheendPoint
}
publicLineSub(Pointbegin,Pointend){//callertoconstructthePoints
super(begin.getX(),begin.getY());//needtoreconstructthebeginPoint
this.end=end;
}

//Publicmethods
//InheritsmethodsgetX()andgetY()fromsuperclassPoint
publicStringtoString(){...}

publicPointgetBegin(){...}
publicPointgetEnd(){...}
publicvoidsetBegin(...){...}
publicvoidsetEnd(...){...}

publicintgetBeginX(){...}
publicintgetBeginY(){...}
publicintgetEndX(){...}
publicintgetEndY(){...}

publicvoidsetBeginX(...){...}
publicvoidsetBeginY(...){...}
publicvoidsetBeginXY(...){...}
publicvoidsetEndX(...){...}
publicvoidsetEndY(...){...}
publicvoidsetEndXY(...){...}

publicintgetLength(){...}//Lengthoftheline
publicdoublegetGradient(){...}//Gradientinradians
}

Summary: There are two approaches that you can design a line, composition or inheritance. "A line composes
two points" or "A line is a point extended with another point". Compare the Line and LineSub designs: Line uses
composition and LineSub uses inheritance. Which design is better?

3.2Exercise: Circle and Cylinder using Composition

Try rewriting the CircleCylinder of
the previous exercise using composition
as shown in the class diagram instead of
inheritance.

That

is,

"a

cylinder

is

composed of a base circle and a height".

publicclassCylinder{
privateCirclebase;//Basecircle,aninstanceofCircleclass
privatedoubleheight;

//Constructorwithdefaultcolor,radiusandheight
publicCylinder(){
base=newCircle();//CalltheconstructortoconstructtheCircle
height=1.0;
}
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......
}

Which design inheritance or composition is better?

4.Exercises on Polymorphism, Abstract Classes and

Interfaces
4.1Exercise: Abstract Superclass Shape and Its Concrete Subclasses
Rewrite the superclass Shape and its subclasses Circle, Rectangle and Square, as shown in the class diagram.

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In this exercise, Shape shall be defined as an abstract class, which contains:

Two protected instance variables colorString and filledboolean. The protected variables can be
accessed by its subclasses and classes in the same package. They are denoted with a '#' sign in the class
diagram.
Getter and setter for all the instance variables, and toString().
Two abstract methods getArea() and getPerimeter() shown in italics in the class diagram.

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The subclasses Circle and Rectangle shall override the abstract methods getArea() and getPerimeter() and
provide the proper implementation. They also override the toString().
Write a test class to test these statements involving polymorphism and explain the outputs. Some statements may
trigger compilation errors. Explain the errors, if any.
Shapes1=newCircle(5.5,"RED",false);//UpcastCircletoShape
System.out.println(s1);//whichversion?
System.out.println(s1.getArea());//whichversion?
System.out.println(s1.getPerimeter());//whichversion?
System.out.println(s1.getColor());
System.out.println(s1.isFilled());
System.out.println(s1.getRadius());

Circlec1=(Circle)s1;//DowncastbacktoCircle
System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c1.getArea());
System.out.println(c1.getPerimeter());
System.out.println(c1.getColor());
System.out.println(c1.isFilled());
System.out.println(c1.getRadius());

Shapes2=newShape();

Shapes3=newRectangle(1.0,2.0,"RED",false);//Upcast
System.out.println(s3);
System.out.println(s3.getArea());
System.out.println(s3.getPerimeter());
System.out.println(s3.getColor());
System.out.println(s3.getLength());

Rectangler1=(Rectangle)s3;//downcast
System.out.println(r1);
System.out.println(r1.getArea());
System.out.println(r1.getColor());
System.out.println(r1.getLength());

Shapes4=newSquare(6.6);//Upcast
System.out.println(s4);
System.out.println(s4.getArea());
System.out.println(s4.getColor());
System.out.println(s4.getSide());

//TakenotethatwedowncastShapes4toRectangle,
//whichisasuperclassofSquare,insteadofSquare
Rectangler2=(Rectangle)s4;
System.out.println(r2);
System.out.println(r2.getArea());
System.out.println(r2.getColor());
System.out.println(r2.getSide());
System.out.println(r2.getLength());

//DowncastRectangler2toSquare
Squaresq1=(Square)r2;
System.out.println(sq1);
System.out.println(sq1.getArea());
System.out.println(sq1.getColor());
System.out.println(sq1.getSide());
System.out.println(sq1.getLength());

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What is the usage of the abstract method and abstract class?

4.2Exercise: Polymorphism
Examine the following codes and draw the class diagram.
abstractpublicclassAnimal{
abstractpublicvoidgreeting();
}
publicclassCatextendsAnimal{
@Override
publicvoidgreeting(){
System.out.println("Meow!");
}
}
publicclassDogextendsAnimal{
@Override
publicvoidgreeting(){
System.out.println("Woof!");
}

publicvoidgreeting(Doganother){
System.out.println("Woooooooooof!");
}
}
publicclassBigDogextendsDog{
@Override
publicvoidgreeting(){
System.out.println("Woow!");
}

@Override
publicvoidgreeting(Doganother){
System.out.println("Woooooowwwww!");
}
}

Explain the outputs or error for the following test program.

publicclassTestAnimal{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
//Usingthesubclasses
Catcat1=newCat();
cat1.greeting();
Dogdog1=newDog();
dog1.greeting();
BigDogbigDog1=newBigDog();
bigDog1.greeting();

//UsingPolymorphism
Animalanimal1=newCat();
animal1.greeting();
Animalanimal2=newDog();
animal2.greeting();
Animalanimal3=newBigDog();
animal3.greeting();
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Animalanimal4=newAnimal();

//Downcast
Dogdog2=(Dog)animal2;
BigDogbigDog2=(BigDog)animal3;
Dogdog3=(Dog)animal3;
Catcat2=(Cat)animal2;
dog2.greeting(dog3);
dog3.greeting(dog2);
dog2.greeting(bigDog2);
bigDog2.greeting(dog2);
bigDog2.greeting(bigDog1);
}
}

4.3Exercise: Interface Movable and its implementations MovablePoint and

MovableCircle
Suppose that we have a set of objects with some common behaviors: they could move up, down, left or right. The
exact behaviors such as how to move and how far to move depend on the objects themselves. One common way
to model these common behaviors is to define an interface called Movable, with abstract methods moveUp(),
moveDown(), moveLeft() and moveRight(). The classes that implement the Movable interface will provide actual
implementation to these abstract methods.
Let's write two concrete classes MovablePoint and MovableCircle that implement the Movable interface.

The code for the interface Movable is straight forward.

publicinterfaceMovable{//savedas"Movable.java"
publicvoidmoveUp();
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......
}

For the MovablePoint class, declare the instance variable x, y, xSpeed and ySpeed with package access as shown
with '~' in the class diagram i.e., classes in the same package can access these variables directly. For the
MovableCircle class, use a MovablePoint to represent its center which contains four variable x, y, xSpeed and
ySpeed. In other words, the MovableCircle composes a MovablePoint, and its radius.
publicclassMovablePointimplementsMovable{//savedas"MovablePoint.java"
//instancevariables
intx,y,xSpeed,ySpeed;//packageaccess

//Constructor
publicMovablePoint(intx,inty,intxSpeed,intySpeed){
this.x=x;
......
}
......

//ImplementabstractmethodsdeclaredintheinterfaceMovable
@Override
publicvoidmoveUp(){
y=ySpeed;//yaxispointingdownfor2Dgraphics
}
......
}
publicclassMovableCircleimplementsMovable{//savedas"MovableCircle.java"
//instancevariables
privateMovablePointcenter;//canusecenter.x,center.ydirectly
//becausetheyarepackageaccessible
privateintradius;

//Constructor
publicMovableCircle(intx,inty,intxSpeed,intySpeed,intradius){
//CalltheMovablePoint'sconstructortoallocatethecenterinstance.
center=newMovablePoint(x,y,xSpeed,ySpeed);
......
}
......

//ImplementabstractmethodsdeclaredintheinterfaceMovable
@Override
publicvoidmoveUp(){
center.y=center.ySpeed;
}
......
}

Write a test program and try out these statements:

Movablem1=newMovablePoint(5,6,10);//upcast
System.out.println(m1);
m1.moveLeft();
System.out.println(m1);

Movablem2=newMovableCircle(2,1,2,20);//upcast
System.out.println(m2);
m2.moveRight();
System.out.println(m2);
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Write a new class called MovableRectangle, which composes two MovablePoints representing the topleft and
bottomright corners and implementing the Movable Interface. Make sure that the two points has the same speed.

What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

4.4Exercise: Interfaces GeometricObject and Resizable

1. Write the interface called GeometricObject, which declares two abstract methods: getParameter()
and getArea(), as specified in the class diagram.
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Hints:
publicinterfaceGeometricObject{
publicdoublegetPerimeter();
......
}

2. Write the implementation class Circle, with a protected variable radius, which implements the interface
GeometricObject.
Hints:
publicclassCircleimplementsGeometricObject{
//Privatevariable
......
//Constructor
......
//ImplementmethodsdefinedintheinterfaceGeometricObject
@Override
publicdoublegetPerimeter(){......}
......
}

3. Write a test program called TestCircle to test the methods defined in Circle.
4. The class ResizableCircle is defined as a subclass of the class Circle, which also implements an interface
called Resizable, as shown in class diagram. The interface Resizable declares an abstract method
resize(), which modifies the dimension such as radius by the given percentage. Write the interface
Resizable and the class ResizableCircle.
Hints:
publicinterfaceResizable{
publicdoubleresize(...);
}
publicclassResizableCircleextendsCircleimplementsResizeable{

//Constructor
publicResizableCircle(doubleradius){
super(...);
}

//ImplementmethodsdefinedintheinterfaceResizable
@Override
publicdoubleresize(intpercent){......}
}

5. Write a test program called TestResizableCircle to test the methods defined in ResizableCircle.

5.More Exercises on OOP

5.1Exercise: The Discount System
You are asked to write a discount system for a beauty saloon, which provides services and sells beauty products. It
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offers 3 types of memberships: Premium, Gold and Silver. Premium, gold and silver members receive a discount of
20%, 15%, and 10%, respectively, for all services provided. Customers without membership receive no discount. All
members receives a flat 10% discount on products purchased this might change in future. Your system shall
consist of three classes: Customer, Discount and Visit, as shown in the class diagram. It shall compute the total
bill if a customer purchases $x of products and $y of services, for a visit. Also write a test program to exercise all the
classes.

The class DiscountRate contains only static variables and methods underlined in the class diagram.

5.2Exercise: Polyline of Points with ArrayList

A polyline is a line
with
formed

segments
by points.

Let's

use

the

ArrayList
dynamically allocated
array to keep the
points, but upcast to
List in the instance
variable. Take note
that array is of fixedlength, and you need to set the initial length.
publicclassPoint{
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privateintx;
privateinty;

publicPoint(intx,inty){......}
publicStringtoString(){......}
}
importjava.util.*;
publicclassPolyLine{
privateList<Point>points=newArrayList<Point>();
//AllocateanArrayListofPointsandupcasttoList

publicPolyLine(){}//defaultconstructor

publicPolyLine(List<Point>points){
this.points=points;
}

//Appendapointat(x,y)totheendofthispolyline
publicvoidappendPoint(intx,inty){
PointnewPoint=newPoint(x,y);
points.add(newPoint);
}

//Appendapointinstancetotheendofthispolyline
publicvoidappendPoint(Pointpoint){
points.add(point);
}

//return(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)....
publicStringtoString(){
StringBuildersb=newStringBuilder();
for(PointaPoint:points){
sb.append(aPoint.toString());
}
returnsb.toString();
}
}
publicclassTestPolyLine{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
PolyLinel1=newPolyLine();
System.out.println(l1);//empty
l1.appendPoint(newPoint(1,1));
l1.appendPoint(2,2);
l1.appendPoint(3,3);
System.out.println(l1);//(1,1)(2,2)(3,3)
}
}

6.Exercises on Data Structure and Algorithm

6.1Exercise: MyIntStack
A stack is a firstinlastout queue. Write a program calld MyIntStack, which uses an array to store the contents,
restricted to int.
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Write a test program.

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OOP_MyIntStack.java

publicclassMyIntStack{
privateint[]contents;
privateinttos;//Topofthestack

//constructors
publicMyIntStack(intcapacity){
contents=newint[capacity];
tos=1;
}

publicvoidpush(intelement){
contents[++tos]=element;
}

publicintpop(){
returncontents[tos];
}

publicintpeek(){
returncontents[tos];
}

publicbooleanisEmpty(){
returntos<0;
}

publicbooleanisFull(){
returntos==contents.length1;
}
}

Try:
1. Modify the push() method to throw an IllegalStateException if the stack is full.
2. Modify the push() to return true if the operation is sucessful, or false otherwise.
3. Modify the push() to increase the capacity by reallocating another array, if the stack is full.

Exercise Nodes, Link Lists, Trees, Graphs:

[TODO]
Study the existing open source codes, including JDK.
Specialized algorithms, such as shortest path.

Exercise Maps:
[TODO]
Representation of map data.
Specialized algorithms, such as shortest path.

Exercise Matrix Operations for 3D Graphics:

[TODO]
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Study the existing open source codes, including JDK's 2D Graphics and JOGL's 3D Graphics.
Efficient and specialized codes for 3D Graphics 4D matrices. Handle various primitive types such as int,
float and double efficiently.

Latest version tested: JDK 1.7.3

Last modified: May, 2012

Feedback, comments, corrections, and errata can be sent to Chua HockChuan ([email protected]) | HOME

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