Catherine Schmidt-Jones This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
Abstract Different musical traditions use different scales. Modern Western music uses major and minor scales. Scales from other traditions include the pentatonic scale, blues scale, and the medieval church modes.
Scales that arent Major or Minor
1 Introduction Sounds - ordinary, everyday noises - come in every conceivable pitch1 and groups of pitches. In fact, the essence of noise, white noise, is basically every pitch at once, so that no particular pitch is heard. One of the things that makes music pleasant to hear and easy to understand is that only a few of all the possible pitches are used. But not all pieces of music use the same set of pitches. In order to be familiar with the particular notes that a piece of music might use, musicians study scales. The set of pitches that a piece of music uses can be arranged into a scale. In a scale, the pitches are usually arranged from lowest to highest (or highest to lowest), in a pattern that usually repeats within every octave2 . The set of notes that are used, and their relationships to each other, makes a big impact on how music sounds. For example, for centuries, Western music3 has been based on major4 and minor scales5 . That is one of the things that makes it instantly recognizable as Western music. Traditional music from eastern Asia, on the other hand, was for many centuries based on a pentatonic scale, giving it a much different flavor that is also easy to recognize. Some of the more commonly used scales that are not major or minor are introduced here. The pentatonic scale is usually associated with eastern Asia, but many other music traditions also use it. The blues scale, used in blues, jazz, and other African-American traditions, is a result of a compromise between European and African scales. Many of the scales that are labelled exotic are taken from the musical traditions of eastern Europe, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0 1 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10943/latest/ 2 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10862/latest/ 3 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11421/latest/ 4 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10851/latest/ 5 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10856/latest/
the Middle East, and western Asia. Microtones can be found in some traditional musics (for example, Indian classical music) and in modern classical music. Note: Some music traditions, such as Indian and medieval European, use modes or ragas, which are not quite the same as scales. Please see Modes and Ragas.6
2 Scales and Western Music
The Western musical tradition that developed in Europe after the middle ages is based on major and minor scales, but there are other scales that are a part of this tradition. In the chromatic scale, all intervals are a half step7 . This gives all the sharp, flat, and natural notes commonly used in all Western music. Young instrumentalists are encourages to practice playing the chromatic scale in order to ensure that they know the fingerings for all the notes. Listen to a chromatic scale8 . In a whole tone scale, all the intervals are a whole step. In both the chromatic and the whole tone scales, all the intervals are the same. This results in scales that have no tonal center9 ; no note feels more or less important than the others. Because of this, most traditional and popular Western music uses major or minor scales rather than the chromatic or whole tone scales. But composers who dont want their music to have a tonal center (for example, many composers of modern classical music) often use these scales. Listen to a whole tone scale10 . 6 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11633/latest/ 7 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10866/latest/ 8 chromatic.mid 9 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10851/latest/ 10 WholeTone.mid
3 Pentatonic Scales In Western music, there are eleven pitches within each octave11 . (The twelfth note starts the next octave.) But in a tonal piece of music only seven of these notes, the seven notes of a major or minor scale, are used often. In a pentatonic scale, only five of the possible pitches within an octave are used. (So the scale will repeat starting at the sixth tone.) The most familiar pentatonic scale is the one that is used in much of the music of eastern Asia. You may be familiar with this scale as the scale that is produced when you play all the black keys on a piano keyboard. Listen to the black key pentatonic scale12 . Like other scales, this pentatonic scale is transposable13 ; you can move the entire scale up or down by a half step or a major third or any interval14 you like. The scale will sound higher or lower, but other than that it will sound the same, because the pattern of intervals between the notes (half steps, whole steps, and minor thirds) is the same. (For more on intervals, see Half Steps and Whole Steps15 and Interval16 . For more on patterns of intervals within scales, see Major Scales17 and Minor Scales18 .) Now listen to a transposed pentatonic scale19 . But this is not the only possible type of pentatonic scale. Any scale that uses only five notes within one octave is a pentatonic scale. The following pentatonic scale, for example, is not simply another transposition of the black key pentatonic scale; the pattern of intervals between the notes is different. Listen to this different pentatonic scale20 . 11 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10862/latest/ 12 pentatonic1.mid 13 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10668/latest/ 14 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10867/latest/ 15 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10866/latest/ 16 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10867/latest/ 17 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10851/latest/ 18 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m10856/latest/ 19 pentatonic2.mid 20 penta3.mid
Any scale will list a certain number of notes within an octave. For major and minor scales, there are seven notes; for pentatonic, five; for a chromatic scale; eleven. Although some divisions are more common than others, any division can be imagined, and many are used in different musical traditions around the world. For example, the classical music of India divides an octave into twenty-two different notes. And there are some traditions in Africa that use six or eight notes within an octave. Listen to one possible eight-tone, or octatonic scale21 . Many Non-Western traditions, besides using different scales, also use different tuning 21 Octatonic.mid
systems22 ; the intervals in the scales may involve quarter tones (a half of a half step), for example, or other intervals we dont use. Even trying to write them in standard notation can be a bit misleading. Microtones are intervals smaller than a half step. Besides being necessary to describe the scales and tuning systems of many Non-Western traditions, they have also been used in modern Western classical music, and are also used in African-American traditions such as jazz and blues.
5 The Blues Scale
The blues scale is closely related to the pentatonic scale. Rearrange the pentatonic scale in figure 4 above so that it begins on the C, and add an F sharp in between the F and G, and you have a commonly used version of the blues scale. Listen to this blues scale23 .
6 Modes and Ragas
Many music traditions do not use scales. The most familiar of these to the Western24 listener are medieval chant and the classical music of India. In these and other modal traditions, the rules for constructing a piece of music are quite different than the rules for music that 22 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m/latest/ 23 BlueScale.mid 24 http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11421/latest/
is based on a scale. Please see Modes and Ragas25 for more information.
7 Exotic Scales There are many scales that are not part of the major-minor system; these are often called exotic scales. Some, like pentatonic and octatonic scales, have fewer or more notes per octave, but many have seven tones, just as a major scale does. Some, like the whole tone scale, are invented by composers exploring new ideas; some, with names such as Persian and Hungarian, are based on the music of other cultures. These may be borrowed from music that is essentially modal, but used as a scale in jazz and world music. If you want to compose or improvise music, you can experiment with making up new scales, unusual combinations of notes to be used in your music. Or you can look up some of the many exotic scales already in use. (Try a web search for exotic scales.) Here are just a few examples of the many possibilities. Listen to the symmetrical scale26 , enigmatic scale27 , Arabian Scale28 , and Hungarian Major Scale29 .
