Sugar Cane

Research Paper
Engineering
Volume : 4 | Issue : 9 | September 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X
Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Sugarcane

Stalks for the Development of a Whole Cane
Combine Harvester
Keywords
Sugarcane, mechanical properties, combine harvester
Joby Bastian
B. Shridar
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kumarakom,

Kerala Agricultural University, Kottayam,
Kerala, India.
Agricultural Machinery Research Centre, AEC&RI,

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT The mechanical properties of the plant material significantly influence the performance of the different
unit operations in combine harvester. Hence, studies of these properties were done prior to the design of
sugarcane harvesting system. The mechanical properties of sugarcane stalk viz., bending resistance, cutting resistance,
penetration resistance and crushing resistance were studied in the laboratory. It is found that the Youngs modulus of
the sugarcane stalks as 86MPa, The specific cutting resistance varies between 1764.56 and 957.48kNm-2, penetration
resistance ranged from 29.74kNm-2 to 56.33kNm-2 and the crushing force varied from 0.75kN to 1.53kN.
INTRODUCTION
Mechanical properties of the sugarcane stalks are to be
considered in the development of a sugarcane combine
harvester. The design of the major unit operations such as
de-topping, base cutting with de-trashing and conveyance
are depends upon the above properties.
Mechanical properties of plant stems are important in the
design of a harvester as the force and energy requirements
are by and large dependent on these properties. Bhaholyotin et al. (1988) reported that the hardness, shearing, tension, compression and de-trashing forces play an important
role in the design of harvesters.
Chattopadhyay and Pandey (1999) conducted the quasistatic tests using a universal testing machine to determine
shear, compressive resistance and bending resistance of
forage crops.
Miyabe and Abe (1976) conducted tests with the forces
necessary to remove the leaves of cane sugar, using universal testing machine and observed that the traction force
to remove the leaves varies with position on the stem and
the direction of application.
Miyabe and Abe (1979) did tests to determine the resistance for penetration of the stem, bending, cutting and
crushing. They concluded that the penetration resistance
varies with node position from top to bottom in the range
of 300 to 800kgcm-2. They also concluded that the flexural
strength and stiffness increases from top to bottom. The
crushing strength (80 to 140kg) increases with the age of
the cane and top to bottom.
Miyabe et al. (1979) conducted impact tests verifying that
the impact energy varies with the location of the nodes,
increasing from top to root (2.0 to 4.0kgm). The results
show that the inner tissue of the stem is softer and more
elastic in the upper parts of the cane.
Paulo et al. (2004) studied the mechanical properties of
the sugarcane by compression tests using the universal
testing machine and for leaves removal test by friction
by a special apparatus designed to allow the registration
of the normal and traction force. The sugarcane stalk can
resist up to 4.9MPa. With a normal pressure of 0.8MPa,
which correspond to a friction force of 315N, it is possible

to remove the leaves, independent of its location in the
sugarcane stalk.
Qingting et al. (2006) reported that the flexural modulus and flexural strength of basal stalks of sugarcane were
1172MPa and 46. MPa respectively.
MATERIALS & METHODS
The mechanical properties of sugarcane stalks viz., bending resistance, cutting resistance, penetration resistance
and crushing resistance are measured in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) Unitek-9410.
Bending resistance
The base cutting quality can be accomplished by flexing
the canes at the time of cutting and this can be achieved
by the use of a knock-down roller positioned forward and
above the base-cutter discs. The power requirements of
this knock-down roller depend upon the bending properties of the sugarcane. Hence, the bending characteristics of the sugarcane are studied on the UTM by using a
specially designed holding device for the sugarcane. The
holding device is provided with a socket for holding one
end of sugarcane stalk specimen and is held firmly by
tightening clamping screws. The socket is fixed to a square
pipe which is welded to a T section and can be fitted to
the upper vice of the UTM horizontally. The test specimen,
held by the jaw at one end, will remain at the cantilever
position (Figure 1). Load for bending the specimen is applied at the free end through a clamping mechanism fixed
at the lower vice of the UTM. The bending force at different deflections can be recorded from the output of the
UTM. The experiment was conducted for different cantilever lengths of 50 and 75mm by changing the clamping
position of the of T section on the upper vice. The experiment was conducted using CO-86032 variety of sugarcane
and the experiment was repeated for different diameters
of the specimen. Youngs modulus for each test was calculated using the equation
Where,
INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 1
Research Paper
E - Youngs modulus,Pa
P - Applied force,N
L - Beam length,m
D - Deflection,m
I - Area moment of inertia
cane will be under a line contact between the rollers in

conveyance, the gadgets are made to simulate the same
conditions of contact. The sugarcane of variety CO-86032
was used for the test and the crushing force at each internodes, numbered from the bottom to top of sugarcane are
measured in the UTM.
Figure 2. Experimental set up for measuring cutting,

penetration and crushing resistance
Figure 1. Experimental set up for measuring bending
resistance
Cutting resistance
The cutting force required to cut the sugarcane is an important parameter in the design of the base cutter and
the de-topper system of the sugarcane combine harvester. Since the development of the machine is aiming at a
whole-cane combine harvester the cutting force required at
the bottom and top of the matured cane is the influencing
factor in the design consideration. Hence the cutting force
required at top and bottom is measured in a UTM (Figure
2). The experiment was conducted with the most common
variety CO-86032. The cutting forces are measured at the
nodes and internodes of the sugarcane where the de-topping and base cutting are to be performed.
Penetration resistance
In small sized sugarcane harvesters, centrifugal cleaning
method is adopted rather than compressed air cleaning
method (Li et al.,2002). The penetration resistance of the
cane is considered for the design of the de-trashing system with brushes in the centrifugal cleaning system. The
penetration (vertical) force acting on the cane by the bristles of the brushes is to be lesser than the penetration resistance to avoid the damage of the cane by the bristles of
the brush.
The penetration resistance of the cane is measured in an
UTM using a plunger specially designed for the test. The
plunger is fixed on the upper jaw of the UTM and the
cane is placed on the lower jaw (Figure 2). The plunger
dimensions are based on the size of the bristle (2.5 mm)
used in the de-trashing system. The penetration resistance
is measured at each internode, numbered from the bottom
to top of the sugarcane for the variety CO-86032.
Crushing resistance
The conveyance system of the sugarcane combine harvester consists of counter rotating rollers. The sugarcane
was passed between the rollers, which provide the positive drive to the sugarcane. The vertical force exerted by
the rollers which acts on the cane should not exceed the
crushing resistance of the sugarcane. Hence, the maximum
permissible load which can be applied to a cane without
damaging the cane is measured by a crushing test. The
test is conducted with specially designed gadgets at the
upper and lower jaws of the UTM (Figure 2). Since the
2 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The mechanical properties of sugarcane stalk viz., bending
resistance, cutting resistance, penetration resistance and
crushing resistance were studied in the laboratory.
Bending resistance
Bending tests for sugarcane stalk were carried out in the
laboratory for studying the stiffness characteristics as cantilever supported beam. Knowing the load and deflection, the modulus of elasticity of the sugarcane stalk was
calculated. These properties were used in the design of
knock-down roller unit of sugarcane harvester. The Youngs
modulus of the sugar cane stalks were worked out. It was
observed that the Youngs modulus of the sugarcane stalks
by cantilever beam loading was found as 86MPa.
Cutting resistance
The cutting force required at the top and bottom portion
of the sugarcane was measured using an UTM. The cutting forces were measured at the node and at the internode in the top and bottom position. The specific cutting
resistance at the bottom and top were 1764.56 and 957.
48kNm-2 respectively at the internodes. At the nodes, the
specific cutting resistance at the bottom and top were
2147.8 and 1120.45kNm-2 respectively. The maximum diameter of the cane during harvest were 40mm and 35mm
respectively at bottom and top based on field observations. Hence, taking the maximum specific cutting resistance requirement of 2147.8 and 1120.45kNm-2, the maximum force required for cutting a single cane at bottom
was 2.7kN and the same at top was 1.04kN.
Penetration resistance
The internodes were numbered from the bottom to top of
the cane and the penetration resistance of the cane was
measured at each internode using an UTM. The variations in the penetration resistance with internode number
are plotted in the Figure 3. The figure shows that the upper part of the sugarcane has lesser penetration resistance
compared to the lower ends. This was because the outer
cells of the bottom parts were more thick-walled and lignified due to maturity. The penetration resistance ranged
from 29.74 kNm-2 to 56.33 kNm-2.
Crushing resistance
The crushing resistance tests were conducted with a specially designed gadget at the upper and lower jaws of the
UTM. The crushing forces at each internode were measured and plotted in Figure 3. The crushing force ranged
Research Paper
from 0.75kN to 1.53kN. The figure showed that the upper

part of the sugarcane showed lesser crushing force compared to the lower ends. This was because the outer cells
of the bottom parts were more thick-walled and lignified
due to maturity.
Figure 3. Relationship between node order penetration

resistance and crushing resistance
CONCLUSION
The mechanical properties of sugarcane stalk are as follows
1. The The Youngs modulus of the sugarcane stalks by
cantilever beam loading was found as 86MPa.
2. The specific cutting resistance on the internodes at
the bottom and top of the sugarcane stalks were observed as 1764.56 and 957.48kNm-2 respectively. At
the nodes, the specific cutting resistance at the bottom
and top were recorded as 2147.8 and 1120.45kNm-2
respectively.
3. The lower parts of the sugarcane has higher penetration resistance when compared to the upper parts and
ranged from 29.74kNm-2 to 56.33kNm-2.
4. The crushing force of the sugarcane stalks varied from
0.75kN to 1.53kN and the upper part resulted lesser
crushing force when compared to the lower part.
REFERENCE Bhaholyotin,B.K.Prasarn,I.Kazumoto and G.Yoshiaki.1988. Study on some physical properties of sugarcane whole stalk harvester design.
Kasetsar Journal. 22:88-90. | Chattopadhyay,P.S. and K. P. Pandey.1999. Effect of knife and operational parameters on energy requirement in
flail forage harvesting. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 73:3-12. | Li.S.P., Y.M.Meng, E.L.Ma, H.H.Tan and W.X Chen.2002. Research on the working mechanism and virtual design for
a brush shape cleaning element of a sugarcane harvester. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 129:418-422 | Miyabe,Y. and M.Abe. 1976. Fundamental studies
on developing a leaf-stripping machine for sugarcane. I -The pulling force needed for leaf detachment. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, KagoshimaUniversity,
Kagoshima. 26: 271-276. | Miyabe,Y. and M.Abe.1979. Fundamental studies on development of a leaf-stripping machine for sugarcane. II - The penetrating, bending,
cutting and crushing resistance of a sugarcane stalk. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima. 29:231-243. | Miyabe,Y., M.Abe and
S.Kojima.1979. Fundamental studies on the development of a leaf-stripping machine for sugarcane. III - The impact resistance of a sugarcane stalk. Bulletin of the
Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima. 29:245-248. | Paulo,S.G.M., A.B.Oscar and B.P.Natasha.2004. Resistance to compression and leaves removal
of sugarcane for mechanical harvesting. Eng. Agrc., Jaboticabal, 24(1) :177-184. | Qingting, L., O.Yinggang and Q.Shangle.2006. Failure forms of sugarcane stalks
under torsion, compression and tension and tension load. Transactions of the Chinese society of agricultural engineering. 22(6):201-204. |
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Research Paper

Volume : 4 | Issue : 9 | September 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X

Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Sugarcane

Sugarcane, mechanical properties, combine harvester

Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kumarakom,

Agricultural Machinery Research Centre, AEC&RI,

which correspond to a friction force of 315N, it is possible

INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 1

Volume : 4 | Issue : 9 | September 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X

cane will be under a line contact between the rollers in

Figure 2. Experimental set up for measuring cutting,

2 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Volume : 4 | Issue : 9 | September 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X

from 0.75kN to 1.53kN. The figure showed that the upper

Figure 3. Relationship between node order penetration

INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 3

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