C 22 Al-Ïajj: The Pilgrimage: Hapter
C 22 Al-Ïajj: The Pilgrimage: Hapter
C 22 Al-Ïajj: The Pilgrimage: Hapter
Al-Ïajj: The Pilgrimage
(REVEALED AT MAKKAH: 10 sections; 78 verses)
While the last chapter deals generally with the ultimate triumph of Truth in the world, this
deals particularly with the triumph of the Truth at Makkah, whence the Prophet was now
being expelled. The chapter is called The Pilgrimage because the proclamation of pilgrim-
age, originally made by Abraham, was now repeated by the Holy Prophet and addressed to
the whole world, being no longer confined to the borders of Arabia.
The chapter opens with the mention of a terrible calamity which is, as it were, a
preliminary to the triumph of Truth in the world. The second section asserts the certainty
of Divine help to the Holy Prophet. The next section asserts the triumph of the believers,
who were now fleeing by twos and threes to escape persecution by their cruel oppres-
sors. Their triumph, however, involved the conquest of Makkah, for without that
spiritual centre in their possession their triumph could not be complete. The fourth
section speaks of the Sacred House and the pilgrimage to it. The connected subject of
sacrifices is dealt with in the fifth; and the sacrifices which the Muslims themselves were
now required to make, viz., the laying down of their lives in the cause of Truth, are
spoken of in the sixth section, which introduces the subject of fighting. The opposition
to the Holy Prophet is mentioned in the seventh, and the eighth states that the faithful
will be established in the land. Allåh’s dealing, however, with even the opponents of the
truth is merciful, and therefore the punishment is withheld for a while. This we are told
in the ninth section, which also shows that mere differences of belief are not punished in
this world. The tenth sums up the whole by showing that polytheism will ultimately be
uprooted.
Rodwell is certainly wrong in placing this chapter among the latest Madßnah revela-
tions. Muir places it at the close of the Makkan s∂rahs of the fifth period, and external as
well as internal evidence tends to show the correctness of his view. Regarding vv.
39 – 41, however, it may be added that, though they speak of permission to fight, it does
not follow that they were revealed at Madßnah. For a full discussion of this point, see
39a. It is noteworthy that the oath of allegiance taken by the Madßnah converts at
‘Aqabah, before the Holy Prophet’s flight, contained a promise that they would fight in
defence of the Holy Prophet. Such an oath would not have been taken if a revelation per-
mitting fighting in self-defence had not been received by the Prophet.
666
Part 17] THE JUDGMENT 667
SECTION 1: The Judgment
In the name of Allåh, the Beneficent,
the Merciful.
1 O people, keep your duty to your
Lord; surely the shock a of the Hour
is a grievous thing.b
2 The day you see it, every woman
giving suck will forget her suckling
and every pregnant one will lay
down her burden, and thou wilt see
men as drunken, yet they will not be
drunken, but the chastisement of
Allåh will be severe.
3 And among men is he who dis-
putes about Allåh without knowl-
edge, and follows every rebellious
devil a —
4 For him it is written that whoever
takes him for a friend, he will lead
him astray and conduct him to the
chastisement of the burning Fire.
5 O people, if you are in doubt
about the Resurrection,a then surely
1a. Zalzala means originally he put him into a state of commotion or agitation
(LL). It is noteworthy that the word is specially used in connection with wars implying a
casting of terror into the heart. Thus in 33:11 and also in a prayer of the Prophet the
word is used in connection with the terror or affliction of war. And zalåzil, which is
plural of zalzalah, means difficulties, trials, afflictions (LL).
1b. In the Holy Qur’ån, al-så‘ah or the Hour does not necessarily imply the day of
Judgment. It often implies the time of judgment in this life, the time when the threatened
doom overtakes a people, and this seems to be the significance here. Some consider that
a severe shaking of the earth is meant as a sign of the approach of the great judgment,
but even in that case it might imply any terrible calamity, such as a great war.
3a. The devil here is, as very frequently in the Holy Qur’ån, the devil in human form.
5a. The word ba‘th (raising) is used in three senses in the Holy Qur’ån, viz., (1) the
raising of the dead to life according to their good or evil deeds on the Judgment day;
(2) the raising of the spiritually dead to life by the prophets; and (3) the raising up of
prophets by Allåh for the guidance of mankind. The word as used here may include all
three cases, whether it is the denial of the Resurrection or the denial of Allåh’s raising
the Prophet, or the denial of the Prophet’s raising them to spiritual life. The argument
contained in this and the following verses is equally applicable to all, but it most promi-
nently refers to the spiritual resurrection of the dead.
668 Ch. 22: THE PILGRIMAGE [Al-Ïajj
5b. These words explain the meaning of Adam’s or man’s creation from dust, which is
frequently referred to in the Holy Qur’ån, for all people are here spoken of as being created
from dust. Man’s creation from dust implies the ultimate springing of all life from earth.
5c. The various stages through which every human child passes are spoken of here,
the object being to show how humble is his origin. Or, the reference may be to the vari-
ous stages through which man has passed in his evolution to the present stage of perfec-
tion. Attention is thus drawn to the fact that, just as the physical evolution of man is
gradual, so is his spiritual growth and development.
5d. By the worst part of life is meant dotage and decrepitude (Rz).
5e. The stirring and swelling of the earth means its stirring and swelling with the
growth of herbage. Compare 41:39, and see 41:39a. The illustration draws attention to
the fact that revelation quickens dead hearts as rain quickens dead earth. The next verse
makes it plain: He gives life to the dead and He is Possessor of power over all things.
7a. To understand what is meant by those who are in the graves compare 35:22:
“Surely Allåh makes whom He pleases hear, and thou canst not make those hear who are in
the graves”. The significance is that even the incorrigible will be raised to a spiritual life.
Part 17] CERTAINTY OF DIVINE HELP 669
SECTION 2: Certainty of Divine Help
11 And among men is he who
serves Allåh, (standing) on the
verge,a so that if good befalls him he
is satisfied therewith, but if a trial
afflicts him he turns back headlong.
He loses this world and the
Hereafter. That is a manifest loss.
12 He calls besides Allåh on that
which harms him not, nor benefits
him; that is straying far.
13 He calls on him whose harm is
nearer than his benefit. Certainly an
evil guardian and an evil associate!
14 Surely Allåh causes those who
believe and do good deeds to enter
Gardens wherein flow rivers. Allåh
indeed does what He pleases.
9a. Thåniya ‘iΔ fi-hß signifies literally folding up, twisting, or turning his side, ‘iΔ f
meaning the side of a man from the head to the hip, but the expression is used metaphor-
ically to signify behaving proudly (LL) or turning away (R).
11a. ‘Alå √arf (lit., on the verge) is variously explained, the ultimate significance
being in all cases the same. LL quotes many of these explanations. It either means stand-
ing aloof with respect to religion in a fluctuating state, like him who is on the outskirts of
the army, who, if sure of victory and spoil, stands firm but otherwise flees; or, the mean-
ing is, who serves Allåh in doubt or suspense, being unsteady like him who stands on the
edge of a mountain, or who serves Allåh in one mode of circumstances, i.e., when in
ample circumstances. All these explanations indicate the attitude of a man who wavers,
being ready to quit the faith on any pretence.
670 Ch. 22: THE PILGRIMAGE [Al-Ïajj
15a. This passage is misconstrued on account of a misconception in connection
with the personal pronoun hu in yan©ura-hu (“assist him”), which refers really to the
Holy Prophet. The second difficulty is in connection with the object of yaqΔa’, i.e., cut
(it) off, which is understood as being really the Divine assistance, which the opponents
are told must come to the Holy Prophet, however hard their struggle against that Divine
assistance, and this is clearly indicated by the concluding words of the verse. The
prophecies of the final triumph of the Truth and of the coming of Divine assistance to
the Holy Prophet were repeatedly declared in the Holy Qur’ån, and the disbelievers were
enraged at this. They are told that the Divine assistance must come, and that they should
leave no stone unturned in their struggle against it, insomuch that, if they could, they
should rise to heaven and cut off all heavenly or Divine assistance from the Prophet. Or,
the meaning may be that they may carry their anger to the greatest possible extremity
and be driven to the utmost desperation, yet they will be unable to stop the coming of
Divine help. The meaning is in either case that Divine assistance, which is promised to
the Prophet, will come to him most surely, however hard the struggle carried on against
him, or however great the disappointment of the opponents.
17a. It is implied that differences in religious beliefs do not call for punishment in
this life; these will be decided on the day of Judgment. Punishment in this life is brought
upon those who work mischief and transgress all limits in doing evil.
Part 17] BELIEVERS ARE TRIUMPHANT 671
SECTION 3: Believers are Triumphant
18a. The recital of this verse is followed by an actual prostration; see 7:206a.
19a. The two adversaries are the believers and the disbelievers. It should be noted
that the enmity of the two parties, whose original difference is only a dispute about their
Lord, is now assuming a graver aspect, and the fate of the two in the coming conflicts is
clearly foretold — of the disbelievers in vv. 19 –22, and of the believers in vv. 23, 24.
21a. The iron whips indicate holding in subjection. Qama‘a-h∂, the root from
which maqma‘, meaning whip, is derived, signifies he held him in subjection and
brought him to submission (T).
22a. Min ghamm-in ( from grief ) explains min-hå (from it), and thus explains the
nature of the chastisement in this and the previous verse. It is a grief which will con-
stantly burn their souls so as to melt them.
23a. The following incident, mentioned by Baihaqß, shows that the companions of
the Prophet understood these prophecies in another sense too: “The bracelets of Kisrå,
the Persian monarch, were brought to ‘Umar, and he caused Suråqah, son of Målik, to
672 Ch. 22: THE PILGRIMAGE [Al-Ïajj
SECTION 4: Pilgrimage
26 And when We pointed to
Abraham the place of the House, say-
ing: Associate naught with Me, and
purify My House for those who make
circuits and stand to pray and bow
and prostrate themselves.
27 And proclaim to men the
Pilgrimage:a they will come to thee
on foot and on every lean camel,
coming from every remote path:b
28 That they may witness benefits
(provided) for them, and mention the
wear them, on which he praised the Almighty”. The reason for ‘Umar causing the
bracelets to be worn by Suråqah is also given by the same authority in another report,
according to which the Holy Prophet had said to Suråqah: “How wilt thou feel when
thou wearest the bracelets of Kisrå?” (Kha©å’i© al-Kubrå, vol. ii, p. 113).
25a. Or, ‘åkif may signify the dweller in Makkah, and båd, the dweller in the
desert, or the two may respectively signify one who dwells in it constantly and one who
comes to it occasionally. The disbelievers, being then in possession of the Sacred
Mosque, prevented the Muslims from using it. They are told that this state of things will
be brought to an end, for it must be open to all visitors, and that could only be brought
about by the Muslims being made masters of it.
27a. The words are addressed to the Holy Prophet, and contain a mighty prophecy
that Makkah will become the centre to which men will come for pilgrimage. It was
announced just at the time when the Holy Prophet was being driven away from Makkah
by his enemies, who were the sole masters of the place. Just when Makkah seemed to
have lost every chance of becoming a Muslim centre, and when the Muslims themselves
were in danger of being entirely destroyed, a mighty prophecy is announced in the most
forcible words that Islåm will spread to all countries of the world, and Makkah will
become the universal centre to which pilgrims from all nations will resort.
27b. The lean camel is particularly mentioned here to indicate the great distances
from which the pilgrims would come. The addition of the words from every remote path
shows that people will come from the remotest parts of the earth.
Part 17] SACRIFICES 673
name of Allåh on appointed days over
what He has given them of the cattle
quadrupeds; then eat of them and feed
the distressed one, the needy.a
29 Then let them accomplish their
needful acts of cleansing, and let
them fulfil their vows and go round
the Ancient House.a
30 That (shall be so). And whoever
respects the sacred ordinances of
Allåh, it is good for him with his
Lord. And the cattle are made lawful
for you, except that which is recited
to you, so shun the filth of the idols
and shun false words,
31 Being upright for Allåh, not
associating aught with Him. And
whoever associates (aught) with
Allåh, it is as if he had fallen from on
high, then the birds had snatched him
away, or the wind had carried him
off to a distant place.
32 That (shall be so). And whoever
respects the ordinances of Allåh, this
is surely from the piety of hearts.
33 Therein are benefits for you for
a term appointed, then their place of
sacrifice is the Ancient House.
SECTION 5: Sacrifices
34 And for every nation We
appointed acts of devotion that they
28a. The subject of sacrifice is one that is specially related to the pilgrimage,
because every pilgrim must sacrifice an animal. Thus it is the lesson of sacrifice that is
taught in pilgrimage. It may be added that the act of the pilgrim finds an echo throughout
the Muslim world, for every Muslim who can afford is required to sacrifice an animal on
this occasion, and this subject is discussed in the next section.
29a. The mention of the Ka‘bah as the Ancient House, here and in v. 33, shows that
it is so old that it came to be known throughout Arabia by that name, thus pointing to its
very remote antiquity; see 2:125a.
674 Ch. 22: THE PILGRIMAGE [Al-Ïajj
34a. The principle of sacrifice is one which is accepted in one form or another by
all nations of the world; but it has a deeper meaning in Islåm. The outward act is still
there, as of old, but it no more conveys the meaning attached to it in ancient religions,
viz., that of appeasing an offended Deity, or that of serving as an atonement for sins. It
signifies the sacrifice of the sacrificer himself, and becomes thus an outward symbol of
his readiness to lay down his life, if required, and to sacrifice all his interests and desires
in the cause of Truth. Hence it is that words introducing the subject of sacrifice are
immediately followed by an injunction to submit oneself entirely to Allåh, Who is the
one God, i.e., the only Being Who deserves to be made the true object of one’s love.
35a. It is by the mention of Allåh’s name that an animal is sacrificed, and the mean-
ing underlying it is that their own hearts should tremble at the mention of that name.
Thus they should bear in mind, when sacrificing an animal over which they hold control,
how much more necessary it is that they should lay down their lives in the way of Allåh,
Who holds control over all. Hence a verse speaking of sacrifices is immediately fol-
lowed by one which requires the exercise of great patience and endurance under hard tri-
als by the faithful. The sacrifice of an animal is thus a reminder to man that he must be
ready to sacrifice his own life in the cause of Truth.
36a. The meaning conveyed here is the same as that in the previous verse. The camels
which are brought for sacrifice to Makkah by the pilgrims are here stated to be only out-
ward signs of the true religion of Allåh, that religion being no other than the religion of
entire submission and of laying down all one has, even one’s life, in the way of Allåh.
36b. The flesh of the animals sacrificed is not to be wasted, but it should serve as
food for the poor and the needy. The burying of the flesh of the numerous sacrifices at
Makkah on the occasion of the pilgrimage is not in accordance with any injunction of
the Holy Qur’ån or any saying of the Holy Prophet. It can be turned to good use.
Part 17] BELIEVERS PERMITTED TO FIGHT 675
SECTION 6: Believers permitted to Fight
39 Permission (to fight) is given to
those on whom war is made, because
they are oppressed. And surely Allåh
is Able to assist them a —
40 Those who are driven from their
homes without a just cause except that
they say: Our Lord is Allåh. And if
37a. This verse settles conclusively that it is not the outward act of sacrifice, which
is acceptable, but the deep meaning of sacrifice which underlies it. It should also be
borne in mind that the idea of atonement is quite foreign to Islamic sacrifice. It is the
righteous whom Islåm requires to sacrifice, and this is hinted at in the words, to Him is
acceptable observance of duty on your part.
38a. With this verse, which brings this section to a close, is introduced a new subject,
the subject of fighting in the way of Allåh, which is dealt with at length in the following
section. This sheds light upon the connection which exists between the two subjects. After
dealing with the subject of sacrifice theoretically, the Muslim has in fact been prepared to
bring into practice the theory of the sacrifice. Hence he is told that the time is near when he
will be required to lay down his very life in the defence of Truth, which the opponents
were striving to exterminate. Therefore, the subject of fighting in the cause of Truth is a
fitting sequel to the subject of sacrifice, as casting further light upon the inner meaning of
sacrifice, and also requiring that doctrine to be carried into practice.
39a. According to authentic reports, this is the earliest permission given to the
Muslims to fight. There is nothing to show that this verse was not revealed at Makkah. On
the other hand, it was owing to this revelation that in the well-known oath of allegiance
taken at ‘Aqabah, the Holy Prophet required a promise from the Madßnah deputation that
they would defend him against his enemies even as they would defend their own children.
The words in which the permission is granted show clearly that war was first made on the
Muslims by their opponents; and secondly, that the Muslims had already suffered great
oppression at the hands of their persecutors. The words of the next verse, those who are
driven from their homes, may refer to the emigration to Abyssinia, or to the exodus to
Madßnah, which commenced soon after the ‘Aqabah allegiance was sworn.
676 Ch. 22: THE PILGRIMAGE [Al-Ïajj
40a. The religious freedom which was established by Islåm thirteen hundred years
ago has not yet been surpassed by the most civilized and tolerant of nations. It deserves to
be noted that the lives of Muslims are to be sacrificed not only to stop their own persecu-
tion by their opponents and to save their own mosques, but to save churches, synagogues
and cloisters as well — in fact, to establish perfect religious freedom. The mosques,
though they are the places where the name of Allåh is remembered most of all, come in
for their share of protection even after the churches and the synagogues. Early Muslims
closely followed these directions, and every commander of an army had express orders to
respect all houses of worship, and even the cloisters of monks, along with their inmates.
Part 17] OPPOSITION TO THE PROPHET 677
SECTION 7: Opposition to the Prophet
49 Say: O people, I am only a plain
warner to you.
50 So those who believe and do
good, for them is forgiveness and an
honourable sustenance.
51 And those who strive to oppose
Our messages, they are the inmates
of the flaming Fire.
52 And We never sent a messenger
or a prophet before thee but when he
desired, the devil made a suggestion
respecting his desire; but Allåh
annuls that which the devil casts, then
does Allåh establish His messages.
And Allåh is Knowing, Wise a —
46a. It should be noted that the Holy Qur’ån very often speaks of the blind, the deaf
and the dead, meaning thereby the spiritually blind, deaf and dead, as it has plainly
stated here.
47a. Those spoken of here are undoubtedly the opponents of Truth who were to
come later, and who have been allowed to oppose the advance of Islåm for a thousand
years. Compare 20:103a, 104a. The set-back which Islåm was to receive for a thousand
years is again spoken of in 32:5; see 32:5a.
52a. Some careless commentators mention here the false story relating to what the
Christian critics call “the Lapse” of the Prophet. The Prophet, they say, on this occasion
recognized that the idols worshipped by the Arabs could intercede with God on their
behalf. That such a thing never happened is shown in 53:21a. This story has been reject-
ed by all sound and reliable commentators. Thus Ibn Kathßr says: “Many commentators
relate here the story of the Gharånßq ... but it is from sources not traceable to any
678 Ch. 22: THE PILGRIMAGE [Al-Ïajj
companion”. According to Rz, commentators who aim at accuracy and truth say that
this story is false and a forgery. Bd makes similar remarks.
The words do not, and cannot, mean that when a prophet recites a revelation, the
devil introduces his own words into his recitation. It is absurd on the face of it, and the
Holy Qur’ån belies it when it says: “He makes His secrets known to none, except a mes-
senger whom He chooses. For surely He makes a guard to go before him and after him,
that He may know that they have truly delivered the messages of their Lord” (72:26–28).
Moreover, it is absolutely inconceivable that such an important incident as the Prophet’s
having accepted the intercession of idols should have been mentioned in the Qur’ån eight
years after it happened. The 53rd chapter, in which the change is said to have taken place,
was revealed before the fifth year of the Prophet’s call, while this chapter was revealed on
the eve of the Prophet’s departure from Makkah. That more than half the Qur’ån should
have been revealed during this long period without a single reference to the alleged story,
and that it should then have been quite unnecessarily referred to in a chapter where it is
quite out of place, is alone sufficient to give the lie to this story.
Now take the words. Tamannå, according to all lexicologists, signifies he desired,
and according to T, tamannß signifies the desire to attain to that which is liked by one.
Now, what every prophet desires is the establishing of the Truth that is revealed to him,
and it is with this desire of every prophet that the devil interferes, instigating men, mak-
ing suggestions to them, as stated here, to oppose the Truth. That this is the true meaning
is also shown by the context, which deals with the establishing of the Truth and the
desire of the opponents of Truth to annihilate it. See the previous verse, which con-
demns those who fight and contest with the Prophet to render him unable to establish the
Truth in the world. And here we are told that the plans of the enemies will be frustrated
and Truth will be established in the world.
53a. The devil’s strivings against the Prophet become a trial for the weak, who are
unable to endure the severe persecutions of their enemies.
55a. ‘Aqßm, applied to a womb, means barren; applied to wind, it signifies such as
does not fructify (LL); hence al-rß√ al-‘aqßm in 51:41 means a destructive wind, and
Part 17] THE FAITHFUL SHALL BE ESTABLISHED 679
SECTION 8: The Faithful shall be Established
yaum ‘aqßm here a destructive day, i.e., a day bringing no good. This verse, as well as
the two following, prophesy the establishment of Truth — for that is the kingdom of
Allåh — and the discomfiture of the power of evil.
58a. The mere occurrence of the word håjar∂ (they fled) in this verse does not
show that it was not revealed at Makkah, for a flight of the faithful to Abyssinia had
taken place as early as the fifth year of the Call. Moreover, it should be noted that the
Holy Prophet, with Ab∂ Bakr and ‘Alß, were the last men to depart from Makkah on the
occasion of the second flight. A true and generous leader of men, he waited to see his
faithful followers depart before he left, so that their safety might be ensured. There is no
doubt that if he had left his followers behind him, they would have encountered a very
hard fate at the hands of an exasperated enemy. The reference to some being slain after
their fight is clearly prophetical.
60a. This verse permits the Muslims, who were long persecuted and oppressed, to
punish their persecutors, but at the same time recommends pardon and forgiveness by
referring to those two attributes of the Divine Being in the concluding words of the verse.
680 Ch. 22: THE PILGRIMAGE [Al-Ïajj
SECTION 9: Divine Mercy in dealing with Men
61a. Apparently the succession of the day and the night refers here to the turn of for-
tune hinted at in the previous verse, because an oppressed community could not punish
its persecutors unless it gained the mastery over them. The same is indicated in the two
attributes of the Divine Being with which the verse is closed. The verses that follow con-
tain hints to the same effect.
65a. The first part of the verse gives a promise of victory to the Muslims, while the
latter part warns the opponents that Allåh withholds the punishment from them for a
time, for He is Compassionate and Merciful to men. The withholding of the heaven
means the withholding of the punishment, which the opponents were told would come
down upon them from heaven.
Part 17] POLYTHEISM WILL BE UPROOTED 681
SECTION 10: Polytheism will be uprooted
73 O people, a parable is set forth,
so listen to it. Surely those whom
you call upon besides Allåh cannot
create a fly, though they should all
gather for it. And if the fly carry off
aught from them, they cannot take it
67a. The principle that all people were given spiritual light is reiterated throughout
the Holy Qur’ån.
682 Ch. 22: THE PILGRIMAGE [Al-Ïajj
down and prostrate yourselves
and serve your Lord, and do
good that you may succeed.a
78 And strive hard for Allåh with
due striving. He has chosen you and
has not laid upon you any hardship in
religion — the faith of your father
Abraham. He named you Muslims
before and in this,a that the Messenger
may be a bearer of witness to you, and
you may be bearers of witness to the
people;b so keep up prayer and pay
the poor-rate and hold fast to Allåh.
He is your Protector; excellent the
Protector and excellent the Helper!
73a. The verse, while truly describing the inability of false gods to create the lowest
form of life or to exercise the least control over creation, contains a clear prophecy that
the false deities will be removed from the Sacred House, and that both the worshippers
and the worshipped will be helpless.
77a. The recitation of this verse is followed by an actual prostration; see 7:206a.
78a. The reference in before is to the revelation of Abraham, who prayed that from
among his descendants there should arise a nation of Muslims (2:128), and in this to the
Holy Qur’ån. For the meaning of Islåm and Muslim, see 2:112a and 3:19a. The root-
word is salm or silm, both signifying peace (R), and a Muslim is therefore one who leads
a life of peace, peace with God, which means complete submission to His will, and
peace with man, which means that he causes no injury to any man, as a saying of the
Holy Prophet has it (B. 2:3).
78b. Compare 2:143, where similar words are used. The significance is that the Muslim
community is destined to play the role of leader to the whole of humanity; see 2:143b.