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Lecture7 PressureVessel Combined Loading

This document contains slides about pressure vessels and combined loading from a solid mechanics course. It discusses thin-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels, determining stresses in them using assumptions of small thickness. It also covers stress concentration near points of concentrated loading, Poisson's ratio, Hooke's law, shear strain, and the relationship between modulus of elasticity and shear modulus. An example problem calculates stresses and strains in a plate under biaxial normal stresses.

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Harold Valle Reyes
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226 views22 pages

Lecture7 PressureVessel Combined Loading

This document contains slides about pressure vessels and combined loading from a solid mechanics course. It discusses thin-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels, determining stresses in them using assumptions of small thickness. It also covers stress concentration near points of concentrated loading, Poisson's ratio, Hooke's law, shear strain, and the relationship between modulus of elasticity and shear modulus. An example problem calculates stresses and strains in a plate under biaxial normal stresses.

Uploaded by

Harold Valle Reyes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pressure V

P
Vessell and
d
Combined Loading
MAE314 SolidMechanics
Y.Zhu

Slide 1

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Cylindrical vessel with capped ends

Assumptions

Slide 2

Spherical vessel

Constant gage pressure, p = internal pressure external pressure


Thickness much less than radius (t << r, t / r < 0.1)
Internal radius = r
Point of calculation far away from ends (St
(St. Venants
Venant s principle)

Cylindrical Pressure Vessel


Circumferential (Hoop) Stress: 1
Sum forces in the vertical direction.

2 1 (tx ) p (2rx) = 0

pr
1 =
t

Longitudinal stress: 2
Sum forces in the horizontal direction:

2 (2rt ) p(r 2 ) = 0

pr
2 =
2t

Slide 3

Cylindrical Pressure Vessel contd

There is also a radial component of stress because the gage


pressure must be balanced by a stress perpendicular to the surface.
r = p
However r << 1 and 2 , so we assume that r = 0 and consider this a
case of plane stress.

Mohrs
Mohr
s circle for a cylindrical pressure vessel:
Maximum shear stress (in-plane)

max

pr
=
=
2
4t

Maximum shear stress (out-of-plane)

max

Slide 4

pr
=2 =
2t

Spherical Pressure Vessel

Sum forces in the horizontal direction:

2 (t 2r ) p (r 2 ) = 0

pr
1 = 2 =
2t

Slide 5

In-plane Mohrs circle is just a point

max

pr
=
=
2
4t

Example Problem 1
When filled to capacity, the unpressurized storage tank shown contains
water to a height of 48 ft above its base. Knowing that the lower portion
of the tank has a wall thickness of 0.625 in, determine the maximum
normal stress and the maximum shearing stress in the tank. (Specific
weight
g of water = 62.4 lb/ft3)

Slide 6

Slide 7

Stress Concentration
The stresses near the points of application of concentrated loads can reach
values much larger than the average value of the stress in the member.
Stress concentration factor,
factor K = max/ave

Slide 8

--- Uniaxial Loading ---

Slide 9

--- Uniaxial Loading ---

Example
Determine the largest axial load P that can safely supported by a flat steel
bar consisting of two portions, both 10 mm thick and, respectively, 40 and 60
mm wide,
wide connected by fillets of radius r = 8 mm.
mm assume an allowable
normal stress of 165 MPa. (Example 2.12 in Beers book)

Slide 10

--- Uniaxial Loading ---

Poissons Ratio

When an axial force is applied to a bar, the bar not only


elongates but also shortens in the other two orthogonal
directions.
lateral strain

Poisson s ratio () is the ratio


Poissons
of lateral strain to axial strain.

=
= = z
axial strain
x
x
lateral strain

Minus sign needed to obtain a positive value all engineering


materials have opposite
pp
signs
g for axial and lateral strains

is a material specific property and is dimensionless.

Slide 11

axial strain

Generalized Hookes Law


Lets generalize Hookes Law (=E).
Assumptions:
p
linear elastic material, small deformations

x =

x y z
E

y =

z =

x y
E

x
E

y z
E

z
E

So, for the case of a homogenous isotropic bar that is axially


loaded along the x-axis (y=0 and z=0), we get

x =

Slide 12

x
E

y = z =

x
E

Even though the stress in the y and z


axes are zero, the strain is not!

Poissons Ratio

contd

What are the limits on ? We know that > 0.


Consider a cube with side lengths = 1

Apply hydrostatic pressure to the cube

x = y = z = P

Can write an expression for the change

in volume of the cube

V = (1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + z ) 1

P
0

= 1 1 + x + y + z + x y + x z +
0

y z + x y z

x, y, z are very small, so


we can neglect the terms of
order 2 or 3

Slide 13

Poissons Ratio

contd

V simplifies to V x + y + z
g =P/A=P into our g
generalized equations
q
for strain.
Plug
x y z
P P P P

= +
+
= (2 1)
x =
E
E
E
E E E E
x y z P P P P
y =
+

=
+
= (2 1)
E
E
E
E E E E
x y z P P P P
z =

+
=
+
= (2 1)
E
E
E
E E E E
Plug these values into the expression for V.

3P
(2 1)
V
E

Slide 14

Poissons Ratio

contd

Since the cube is compressed, we know V must be less than zero.

3P
3P
(2 1) < 0
E
2 1 < 0

P
P

P
P

1
0 < <
2

Slide 15

Shear Strain

Recall that

Normal stresses p
produce a change
g in volume of the element
Shear stresses produce a change in shape of the element

Shear strain () is an angle


measured in degrees or radians
(dimensionless)

Sign convention is the same as


for shear stress ()

Slide 16

Shear Strain

contd

There are two equivalent ways to visualize shear strain.

Hookes Law for shear stress is defined as

xy = G xy

Slide 17

xz = G xz

yz = G yz

G = shear modulus (or modulus of rigidity)


G is a material specific property with the same units as E (psi or Pa).

Relation Among E, , and G


An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions
directions.
An initially cubic element oriented as in
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped The axial load produces a
parallelepiped.
normal strain.
If the cubic element is oriented as in the
b tt
bottom
figure,
fi
it will
ill deform
d f
into
i t a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain.
C
Components off normall andd shear
h strain
i are
related,
E
= (1 + )
2G
Slide 18

Example Problem 1

Slide 19

A vibration isolation unit consists of two blocks of hard rubber


bonded to a plate AB and to rigid supports as shown. Knowing that a
force of magnitude P = 6 kips causes a deflection of =0.0625
=0 0625 in.
in of
plate AB, determine the modulus of rigidity of the rubber used.

Example Problem 1 Solution

Slide 20

Example Problem
A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on an
unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t = 3/4
in. Forces acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses x = 12 ksi and z = 20
ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate,
plate and
d) the volume of the plate.
((sample
p pproblem 2.5 in Beers book))
Slide 21

Example Problem 2 Solution


Apply the generalized Hookes Law to Evaluate the deformation components.
find the three components of normal
B A = x d = + 0.533 103 in./in. (9 in.)
strain.

x = +
=

x y z
E

(
)
(
)
12
ksi

20
ksi

3
10 106 psi
1

= +0.533 103 in./in.

y =

x y z
E

= 1.067 103 in./in.

z =

x y
E

+ z
E
E

= +1.600 103 in./in.

= +4.8 103 in.

= z d = + 1.600 10 3 in./in. (9 in.)

= +14.4 103 in.

t = y t = 1.067 10 3 in./in. (0.75 in.)

t = 0.800 103 in.

Find the change in volume


e = x + y + z = 1.067 10 3 in 3/in 3
V = eV = 1.067 103 (15 15 0.75)in 3
V = +0.187 in 3

Slide 22

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