Social and Emotional Development:

The Next School Reform Frontier

May 2015 l The Brookings Institution
Hugh Price, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Economic Studies, The Brookings Institution
Introduction
As Congress wrestles with rewriting the federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act (currently
better known as the No Child Left Behind law or NCLB), it is high time policymakers address a crucial
aspect of K-12 school improvement that has long been given short shrift by legislators and educatorsthe
social and emotional development of youngsters who chronically lag far behind academically. More than
30 years after the controversial A Nation at Risk report triggered successive waves of reform, Americas
schools have unquestionably gained ground: achievement gaps along racial and ethnic lines have
narrowed and high school graduation rates nationally are climbing. Yet progress in urban districts that
largely serve low-income and minority students is still stalled.
The sobering statistics
-

As recently as 2013, half of black fourth-graders and 47 percent Latino fourth-graders scored Below
Basic in reading according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress, known as the
nations report card. Minority youngsters, who will comprise a growing proportion of the U.S. labor
force, suffer disproportionately from high suspension and grade retention rates, and they still drop
out in droves.

Students who struggle perpetually in school often lack the social and emotional skills needed to
succeed academically. They act out, interact poorly with teachers and classmates, pay scattered
attention in class, and skip school.

Some educators view social and emotional development as peripheral. Others lack the time or
energy to address it because of unrelenting pressure to improve test scores as mandated under
NCLB.

On the bright side

-

Research and real-world experience convincingly show that interventions aimed at developing
youngsters social and emotional skills boost their achievement levels and curtail behavioral
problems.

Cost-benefit analyses demonstrate that these approaches produce significant benefits that
appreciably exceed their cost.

For the sake of our children and society, we must inventand invest ina new educational paradigm.
We urgently need public schools that that are devoted explicitly to the academic and social development
of struggling students. This dual mission should drive the structure, curriculum and staffing of these
schools.
Wise federal, state and local policy should reflect the reality of Americas children who remain left far
behind. The smartest way to jumpstart school improvement is, at long last, to give social and emotional
development its due in education policy, appropriations and practice. Congress should bear these
empirically-validated and academically compelling policies in mind as they reauthorize NCLB.

Social and Emotional Development:

The Next School Reform Frontier
early 1970s. The achievement gaps between
white and black students and between white
and Latino students have closed significantly
over the course of four generations due to
larger academic gains registered by minority
versus white youngsters.

The Broad Foundation rendered a stinging

verdict on the state of public school reform by
suspending the $1 million it awards annually to
the urban school district that demonstrates the
greatest improvement in boosting student
academic performance and narrowing the
achievement gaps afflicting low-income and
minority pupils. The foundation cited sluggish
academic results as a primary reason.
Congressional leaders currently engaged
rewriting the federal Elementary and Secondary
Education Act and No Child Left Behind law
should take heed and devise fresh strategies for
educating youngsters stranded on the wrong
end of the achievement gap.

There is heartening news as well on the high

school graduation front. The rate continues its
steady climb in recent years, reaching 81
percent for 2012-13. Among minority groups
who traditionally bring up the rear, the
graduation rate for Latino students soared to 73
percent, while the rate for black students rose
to 69 percent. These gains thankfully extend to
black males, who routinely suffer the lowest
graduation rates among all racial, ethnic and
gender groups.

Nearly one-third of a century ago, a panel

appointed by U.S. Secretary of Education Terrell
Bell issued a harsh critique of Americas schools
in a report entitled A Nation at Risk: The
Imperative for Educational Reform. It triggered
an avalanche of reform policies and initiatives
that have engulfed public schools ever since,
from the top down and bottom up. The
dizzying litany of reforms that have been
imposed consecutively, concurrently and even
at cross-purposes includes: the federal No Child
Left Behind law; tougher academic standards
and Common Core; high-stakes tests; state
takeover and mayoral control of local school
districts; teacher accountability and merit pay;
whole school reform; school vouchers; public
school choice; small public schools and charter
schools; and school turnaround.

Still, the national obsession with testing and

accountability continues to roil public
education, as evidenced by the pushback
against the Common Core and the harsh
sentences imposed on educators in the Atlanta
public schools for rigging exam results. A blue
ribbon committee established by the National
Research Council of the National Academy of
Sciences foresaw the perils of taking testing to
excess. The NRC panels scan of the literature
raised warning flags when it comes to students
who are struggling in school. It noted, for
instance, that when performance incentives for
educators and schools are pegged to the
number of proficient students, the result is
extra attention to those who are just below the
threshold of proficiency, and may even trigger
competition for proficient students who do not
pose a threat of negative consequences.
Furthermore, the panel found evidence of
attempts to increase scores by excluding lowperforming students from tests.

Clear signs of progress shine through the

pervasive haze generated by all this reform.
The National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) serves as the nations report
card for public and private school students.
According to the 2012 NAEP report, 9- and 13year-olds scored higher in reading and math
that year than did their counterparts in the
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term disability typically evokes images of

physical infirmities or mental retardation. Yet
under the law, disability also encompasses
learning difficulties, a phrase which potentially
covers youngsters who are faltering because
their teachers do not know how to reach or
teach them.

Demographic trends indicate that the U.S.

economy will rely increasingly on Latinos and
African Americans because they, and especially
the former, will comprise a steadily growing
proportion of the adult workforce. Yet despite
glimmers of progress in student achievement,
these economically indispensable groups, along
with the overlapping population of low-income
youngsters, consistently lag farthest behind
academically.

The picture when it comes to grade retention

basically resembles that for suspensions.
Nationwide data compiled by the U.S.
Department of Educations civil rights office
reveals that black and Hispanic students are far
more likely to repeat a grade, especially in
elementary and middle school. Across all
grades, African-American pupils were 3 times
more likely than whites to be retained in grade.
Hispanics fared a little better; they were twice
as likely to be held back.

As recently as 2013, 50 percent of AfricanAmerican fourth-graders and 47 percent of

Latino fourth-graders scored Below Basic
roughly two notches under grade level -- in
reading according to NAEP. That is certainly a
welcome contrast to 2002, when 68 percent of
black youngsters and 61 percent of Latino
students respectively scored Below Basic at the
same grade level. The Center on Education
Policy projects that it could take decades for
minority and low-income students to catch up
with their better performing peers. The Center
even offered the astonishing projection that in
the state of Washington, for example, it will
take 105 years to close the black-white gap in
fourth-grade reading!

Distressingly large numbers of Latino and

African-American youngsters give up and drop
out of high school entirely. Unfortunately for
them, many of these youngsters attend lousy
urban high schools, labeled dropout factories,
where fewer than half of the students reach
senior year on time and where graduation is not
the norm. Despite the welcome progress
among youngsters who are dropout prone, the
Schott Foundation reports that between 2010
and 2012 the gap between black and white
males actually widened again to 21 percentage
points after narrowing in recent years. As
recently as 2012, Schott ventured the alarming
projection that:

Compounding pervasive low achievement is the

problem of rampant school suspensions. The
demographic profile of low achievers roughly
mirrors that of youngsters who are
disproportionately suspended. A study by the
Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles at
UCLA revealed yawning disparities in
disciplinary actions and grade retention
imposed on African-American students.
Suspension rates vary by state and by school
district. The proportions in Texas, for instance,
border on astonishing. During 2009-10, more
than half of all students in Texas were
suspended or expelled at least once between
the 7th and 12th grades.

(A)t the current pace of

progress for both,

it would take nearly 50 years
for black males to secure the
same high school graduation
rates as their white male
peers.

The high incidence of suspensions extends to

students with disabilities. In 2009-10, the
Chicago school system suspended nearly 63
percent of black students with disabilities. The

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explain their relationship to achieving positive

outcomes in education, work, and other areas
of life.

Typically we view educational disparities, from

achievement levels to dropout rates, through
an ethnic prism. Yet the achievement gap
between poor and rich children has widened
significantly in the last three decades and is
now nearly twice as large as the black-white
achievement gap. Thus when it comes to lowincome and minority students, the bottom line,
after all these years, all the interventions, all
the testing and tough love, and all the
investment,
is
encouraging
yet
still
underwhelming.

According to Education Week, Paul R. Sackett, a

psychology professor at the University of
Minnesota who served on NRC committee,
argues that researchpoints to five key noncognitive indicators that a student will need to
be able to complete college and become
successfully employed He contends that the
biggest predictor of success is a students
conscientiousness, as measured by such traits
as dependability, perseverance through tasks,
and work ethic.
Agreeableness, including
teamwork, and emotional stability were the
next-best predictors of college achievement,
followed by variations on extroversion and
openness to new experiences.

There is little hope of dramatically improving

woefully low-performing schools so long as we
cling resolutely to the idea that, as presently
conceived and structured, these schools can
reach the large cohorts of youngsters who,
while technically enrolled, have disengaged and
dialed out, as a prelude to dropping out.
Conventional public schools focused exclusively
or predominantly on strictly scholastic
objectives clearly are not attuned to their needs
and do not work for them, much less serve their
best interests.

Social and emotional competence matters

enormously in the workplace as well. The traits
that employers value in their employees include
self-esteem, goal-setting, self-motivation, pride
in work accomplished, interpersonal skills and
teamwork. Daniel Goleman reinforces this
point in his influential book, Emotional
Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ.
As he points out, Today companies worldwide
routinely look through the lens of EI (emotional
intelligence) in hiring, promoting, and
developing their employees.

Students who struggle perpetually in school

often lack the social and emotional skills
needed to succeed academically. They act out,
interact poorly with teachers and classmates,
pay scattered attention in class, and skip school.
By contrast, the Collaborative for Academic,
Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL) notes
that youngsters who are socially and
emotionally developed manage their emotions,
calm themselves when angry, establish positive
relationships, make responsible and safe
decisions, and handle challenging situations
constructively and ethically.

Sadly it comes as no surprise that low-income

and minority children are more likely than their
economically advantaged white counterparts to
exhibit the academic indifference and
behavioral difficulties associated with social and
emotional deficits.
In 2005, the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services
estimated that 14 percent of parents living
below the poverty line reported social and
emotional difficulties in their children.

Social and emotional competence bears directly

on childrens ability to learn and achieve in
school. Recognizing that cognitive and noncognitive skills combine to contribute to student
success, the influential National Research
Council empaneled a committee of experts in
education, psychology and economics to
formulate a definition of 21st century skills and

Children raised in poverty and exposed to

violence often exhibit symptoms of PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, including flashbacks,
inability to focus attention due to mental

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significantly. The gain reported in some

reviewed studies was equivalent to moving a
student ranked in the middle of the class
academically up to the top 40 percent during
the course of the intervention. In fact the
achievement gains were comparable to the
results of more than seventy meta-analyses of
strictly educational interventions.

distractions, lack of motivation, apathy and

depression, and unpredictable behaviors. The
psychological and emotional distress associated
with living under dangerous, stressful,
unpredictable conditions, Robert Pianta and
Daniel Walsh observe, are some of the primary
reasons why these children have difficulty
attending and learning in classroom settings.
These youngsters, they found, lacked
persistence, attentiveness, or motivation, often
wandering aimlessly around the room. A
striking proportion 80% -- of these children
was referred to special education by the end of
first grade.

On the non-academic side of the ledger,

compared to their non-participating peers,
students served by SEL programs improved
significantly on five key non-academic
measures. They demonstrated greater social
skills, less emotional stress, better attitudes,
fewer conduct problems like bullying and
suspensions, and more frequent positive
behaviors, such as cooperation and help for
other students.

Spurred by the strength and consistency of

clinical research as well as by studies of
prevention-oriented and youth development
programs, many school-based programs have
been designed and implemented specifically to
promote youngsters social and emotional
development. These interventions range from
strengthening childrens social and emotional
skills and teaching teachers to address their
pupils social and emotional needs, to
organizing entire schools including faculty,
staff and parents to attend to the academic
and social development of the children. These
programs may operate within the standard
school day, during extracurricular hours, even
outside the building after school ends. They
vary from after-school courses taught by
specialists to school-wide efforts incorporating
curriculum, teacher professional development,
school activities and parent training.

Another study focused more narrowly on SEL

interventions in public elementary schools
serving large numbers of children from poor
families living in high-crime areas of Seattle.
Here, too, the findings affirmed the value of
school-based SEL initiatives fully six years later.
Compared to non-participants, fewer students
involved in the full intervention had engaged in
violent delinquent acts or heavy drinking. They
also evidenced more commitment and
attachment to school, higher academic
achievement, and less misbehavior in school.
Evaluations of Dr. James Comers School
Development Program, a school-wide model
emphasizing social and emotional development,
also demonstrate the academic and other
payoffs of the approach.

Do SEL programs actually work? A large-scale

meta-analysis of more than 200 programs
involving roughly 270,000 students from
kindergarten through high school gauged the
effectiveness of school-based social and
emotional learning programs.
The study
affirmed the benefits of social and emotional
development programs situated in schools.
Whats especially noteworthy in terms of
education policy and practice, the researchers
reported that the academic performance of
students served by SEL programs improved

Furthermore, the Center for Benefit-Cost

Studies in Education (CBCSE) at Teachers
College assessed the available evidence on the
economic value of social and emotional
learning. In a breakthrough study released
earlier this year, CBCSE reported that improving
students social and emotional skills produces
measurable benefits that exceed its costs, often
by considerable amounts. For every dollar
invested in SEL programs, there is a return of

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much more powerful model of school

development, which would entail transforming
schooling through a comprehensive and
integrated set of community, school, and
related social program initiatives, including
expanded student learning opportunities and a
strong programmatic focus on the myriad of
social, emotional, and physical health needs
that impede the learning of many children.
Actually, he and his colleagues called and raised
themselves by envisioning an even more radical
model. Perhaps we should be aiming toward
something more akin to a total institution that
creates an island of safety and order,
established social routing, and new norms for
academic effort in order to counter the external
forces pushing students in very different
directions.

eleven dollars, a rate of economic return that

would be the envy even of hedge funds.
Some educators view SEL as peripheral. Others
recognize the value but are unable to allocate
the time or muster the energy to address it
because of the unrelenting pressure to improve
students test scores. The cruel irony, of course,
is that the challenges facing educators in the
lowest performing schools are compounded by
high concentrations of youngsters whose social
and emotional shortcomings impede their
inclination and ability to learn.
As Robert Balfanz, the Johns Hopkins expert on
the dropout phenomenon, has observed, in
schools with steep dropout rates, only one in
five youngsters can be described as typical
students whom high schools were designed to
educate, who attend school regularly, who are
not assigned to special education, and whose
reading and math skills are grade level or
better. Four out of five students need
substantial and sustained supports in order to
succeed at all, let alone in a high-standards
high-stakes testing environment, he notes.
Anthony Bryk and his colleagues who evaluated
the Chicago school reform initiative reported
that an endemic concern for urban
schoolteachers is students with acute personal
and social needs. As the authors cautioned,
The natural inclination for school staff is to
respond as fully humanly as possible to these
heartfelt personal needs; but if the number of
students presenting substantial needs is too
large, even extraordinary teachers can be
quickly overwhelmed. (I)t can be difficult at
the school level to maintain collective attention
on instructional improvement when the social
needs of children continue to cry out for adult
attention. It is easy to see how the core work of
instruction and its improvement can quickly
become a secondary priority.

Stitching together these threads of research

and reality, I am convinced that the futility of
the prevailing approaches to educating
disengaged youngsters cries out for fresh
thinking and strategies. Tweaking customary
methods that repeatedly fall short will result in
the continued miseducation of youngsters
who have dialed out of traditional schooling.
Accordingly, I call for an entirely new paradigm,
namely public academies devoted explicitly and
unequivocally to the academic and social
development of youngsters who are struggling
mightily in school and in life.
Children with varying social and emotional
needs require varying doses of development
calibrated to their needs. Light doses of
support provided by teachers, other school
personnel and youth development programs
after school may suffice for some, especially
preschoolers and elementary school children.
As estrangement from school intensifies and
hardens, especially among middle-school and
high-school-aged students, more robust social
and emotional interventions may be indicated.
At the far end of the disengagement continuum
lie youngsters teetering on the precipice of
dropping out. Yet even these virtually lost
causes can be saved by concerted second

Many conventional schools are ill-suited to the

needs of youngsters who have palpably tuned
out of the education offered there. This stark
reality in Chicago prompted Bryk to call for a

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Skills, participants develop techniques for

dealing with anger, stress and frustration,
handling peer pressure, and making
constructive choices. Job Skills focuses on
exploring career options, developing resumes,
filling out job applications, and preparing for
interviews. Physical Fitness and Health and
Hygiene cover what one would expect.

chance programs dedicated to their social as

well as academic development.
One robust and successful example is the
National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Program, a
civilian intervention devoted to turning around
the aspirations and life prospects of school
dropouts.
It treats academic and social
development as co-equal objectives. The basic
experience consists of a 22-week residential
stint on a military base. These days ChalleNGe
operates in 27 states, Puerto Rico and the
District of Columbia, serving roughly five
thousand 16-to-18 year-olds annually. Since its
inception in 1993, more than 121,000 former
dropouts have graduated from the program.

Beyond these core ingredients, ChalleNGe

embodies other key attributes associated with
effective social and emotional development.
Students who struggle academically are often
devalued and stigmatized as failures by adults.
They yearn for adults, like those in this program,
who genuinely value them and challenge them to
succeed. By relying on experiential learning,
ChalleNGe departs from traditional pedagogy,
which clearly has not worked with youngsters
who chronically lag behind academically and
lose interest in school. The program fosters a
positive sense of belonging among young
people whose alterative often is gangs. They
also teach young people to function as
interdependent team members upon whom
others can rely, rather than Lone Rangers
answerable to no one. Absorbing this lesson is
one of the keys to growing up and getting
ahead in civilian life

While the program attracts dropouts from all

walks of life, they share certain characteristics,
among them disenchantment with school,
truancy, disruptive and violent behavior,
disrespect for teachers, family conflict, poverty,
parental and personal substance abuse, drugdealing, gang membership, and physical abuse.
Eight core components reflect the programs
commitment to academic and social
development. The Academic Excellence
component prepares them to obtain a high
school diploma or GED certificate, or at a bare
minimum, become functionally literate and
employable. Through Leadership/Followership
training, cadets earn opportunities to lead their
peers, while also learning to heed the
instructions of their teachers and mentors.
Responsible Citizenship covers the rights and
obligations of citizens, voting, the role of
government, and the legal system. Cadets
devote at least 40 hours to Community Service,
such as building a walking path in a park. These
activities provide opportunities for experiential
learning where the participants practice their
reading, math, planning, and teamwork skills.
Military researchers have found that, compared
with traditional instruction, this kind of
learning-to-do instruction generates rapid and
robust gains in job-related reading and math
literacy that endure over time. In Life-Coping

Furthermore, ChalleNGe instills self-discipline,

which in turn motivates youngsters to succeed.
The related structure and routine help negate
the destructive culture of the streets. The
program recognizes and rewards youngsters
frequently for virtually any accomplishment or
contribution, however modest.
This
demonstrates that advancement is well within
reach for young people who seldom experience
success, at least within legitimate organizations.
Lastly,
immediate
accountability
and
predictable consequences for misbehaving are
staples of ChalleNGe, which prizes an orderly
climate where faculty can focus on teaching and
students need not fear for their safety.
The dual mission of fostering academic and
social development drives the staffing

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deeply disengaged students who are ill-served

by public schools as we know them.
Accordingly, I envision middle schools and high
schools devoted explicitly to the academic and
social development of struggling youngsters.
These would be small civilianas opposed to
militaryschools of up to 500 students that are
organized as charter schools and/or public
schools with operational flexibility.

configuration. The unique feature is the socalled cadre, namely the full-time military
veterans, retirees, National Guard reservists
and youth workers who are considered the
heart of the program. They roam the corridors
to keep order so that cadets can learn and
teachers can teach. They listen to and counsel
the young people. They make sure homework
gets done, correct wayward behavior on the
spot, and ensure that cadets dress
appropriately.

The dual mission would drive the structure, size,

curriculum and extracurricular offerings,
staffing, schedule and funding. As for the
curriculum, the academies would offer the
courses typically mandated by the state and
host school district. Ideally, school districts
which establish these academies could
persuade the state education agency to relax
certain high stakes testing and higher level
course requirements. After all, given where
these academically troubled youngsters start
out, it may not be realistic to expect all of them
to make up so much lost ground and reach the
finish line articulated by increasingly rigorous
state graduation standards.

A random-assignment evaluation by MDRC

provides convincing evidence that ChalleNGe
works. Roughly two years after graduating,
cadets were much more likely than controls to
have obtained high school diplomas and GED
certificates. They also were more likely to have
received vocational training, earned college
credits, or enrolled in college. Fifty-eight
percent of participants held jobs compared to
51 percent of non-participants and they
averaged 20 percent more in earnings annually.
Although MDRC reported no significant
behavioral differences, there are promising
indications from some sites that ChalleNGe may
help curb teenage pregnancy.

If the state concurs, the academies might

provide a variation of the traditional curriculum
by configuring the civic responsibility
component of ChalleNGe as a civics course
incorporating experiential learning. The health
and hygiene component, which includes sex
education, could be designed to satisfy the
customary science requirement. The physical
fitness component should easily meet any
physical education requirements.

RAND conducted a cost-benefit analysis using

MDRCs results and concluded that ChalleNGe
pays tangible dividends to society. Per cadet,
Total benefits of $40,985 are 2.66 times total
costs, implying that the ChalleNGe program
generates $2.66 in benefits for every dollar
spent on the program. The estimated return on
investmentis 166 percent. Actually, RAND
believes that the payoff could be greater
because the benefits of higher educational
attainment were not fully captured by the
evaluation. In an MDRC survey of ChalleNGe
graduates, the interviewees enthusiastically
recounted how the program enabled them to
break habits and generated profound, positive
changes in their attitudes, expectations, and
self-confidence.

Other components akin to ChalleNGe could be

fashioned
as
elective
courses
and
extracurricular activities.
With the active
participation of local businesses, the job skills
component
could
cultivate
specific
competencies and attitudes that are aligned
with actual job opportunities, pair youngsters
with mentors and summer internships, and
steer them to real jobs upon graduation. The
life-coping skills component, which runs the
gamut from behavioral ingredients to personal

ChalleNGe demonstrates convincingly the value

of investing in a new educational paradigm for

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On the other hand, these academies may

generate meaningful savings and efficiencies
compared to traditional schools. Assuming the
atmosphere is orderly and the students are
focused on learning, the academies may
actually get by with larger classes. They may
need fewer administrators and no security
personnel who do only that, since the life
coaches who mentor students can also keep a
watchful eye on them, as well as the corridors
and grounds. It may be reasonable to expect
the principal and other administrators to double
up and teach one of the curricular components.
The academies can hire life coaches who handle
the leadership/followership and physical fitness
components. In other words, it may be feasible
to recruit staff that can multi-task by
performing administrative or mentoring roles
while also carrying part of the instructional
load. Additional efficiencies may accrue from
integrating technology-based instruction deeply
into the curriculum.
If these academies
succeed, school systems might save money by
retaining fewer youngsters in grade, scaling
back summer school, and graduating more
students on time. There would also be less
need for other alternative programs and GED
offerings for push-outs and dropouts.

financial planning, could be designed as an

extracurricular offering. Community service
incorporating experiential learning would fit
right into the curriculum of the academies.
Staffing obviously is crucial to the ability of the
academies to accomplish their unique mission.
The standard academic courses require statecertified teachers.
It is essential to enlist
teachers committed to working with these
youngsters in this setting. Given the mission
and program components, the academy staff
must consist of more than teachers. The staff
should include an appropriate contingent of
civilian equivalents of cadre members. These
can be social workers, youth development
workers, military vets, teachers and athletic
coaches who are carefully screened and suited
to the role. I lean toward calling these
indispensable staff members life coaches. They
would teach courses, mentor students, closely
monitor their progress, maintain discipline and
order, keep an eye on classrooms, corridors and
school grounds, oversee a version of a student
chain of command, and handle other
components, such as physical fitness, leadership
and followership, and community service.
Yes, these schools may cost more per student at
the outset. Their base budgets might resemble
those of comparably-sized themed public
schools. To that we add the cost of life coaches,
extracurricular programs fashioned after the
ChalleNGe components, longer school days and
years, and enriched career preparation and
exploration programs.
Consolidating some
courses and program components could reduce
the incremental cost of the more expansive
curriculum associated with academic and social
development.
Optimally these academies
should occupy their own buildings instead of colocating in large facilities with other schools, in
order to maintain their distinct culture, identity
and atmosphere. Lastly, community service
projects and experiential learning that take
students outside the building would cost more.

These costs and efficiencies would be realized in

the near term. Taking a cue from the Teachers
College study as well as RANDs analysis of
ChalleNGe, the academies could generate
significant intermediate and longer term savings
as well if they succeed. As a non-residential
approach, there is a risk they will be less
impactful because they are less allencompassing and all-consuming.
On the
upside, though, the academy experience may
actually be more beneficial since the youngsters
could attend throughout their middle school or
high school years. The staff would thus have
greater opportunity to build better bridges to
community colleges and full-fledged colleges,
career training programs, summer internships,
and prospective employers.
This might
generate even stronger outcomes when it

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Institution visit: ww.brookings.edu/economics.

comes to education, employment, earnings and

eventual self-sufficiency.
Far-too-many American youngsters are
marginalized academically, deeply disengaged
from school, and destined for social and
economic oblivion in the 21st century. They will
be unable to uphold their obligations as citizens
and providers. Their plight stems from many
factors: family poverty and economic
circumstances beyond their control; their own
indifference
to
achievement
and
disenchantment with formal education as they
have known it; and the inflexibility of public
schools that fail to meet these troubled young
people halfway.

About the Author

Hugh B. Price is a Nonresident Senior Fellow
in Economic Studies at the Brookings
Institution.
Mr. Price served as president and chief
executive officer of the National Urban
League from July 1994 until April 2003.
Founded in 1910, the National Urban League
is the oldest and largest community-based
movement empowering African Americans to
enter the economic and social mainstream.
The League is a nonprofit, nonpartisan
organization headquartered in New York City,
with over 100 affiliates in 34 states and the
District of Columbia.

Of course parents, churches and communities

bear primary responsibility for socializing
children. But if in reality they are not up to it,
what then? Consigning these youngsters to
academic purgatory or, worse still, the criminal
justice system serves neither societys interests
nor, obviously, theirs. Research and real-world
experience demonstrate convincingly that
investing in the academic and social
development of youngsters left way behind
pays welcome dividends. SEL deserves, at long
last, a prominent place in school reform policy
and practice.

He is the author of Strugglers Into Strivers:

What the Military Can Teach Us About How
Young People Learn and Grow.

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