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Catatan 2

This document discusses 2D transformations including translations, scalings, rotations, and compositions of transformations. It introduces homogeneous coordinates which allow all transformations to be represented as matrix multiplications. This increases storage and processing but allows transformations to be easily combined by multiplying the corresponding matrices. The document also discusses the window to viewport transformation which maps from world to screen coordinates and may involve scaling and translation. Inverse transformations are defined by the inverse of the transformation matrix.

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36 views3 pages

Catatan 2

This document discusses 2D transformations including translations, scalings, rotations, and compositions of transformations. It introduces homogeneous coordinates which allow all transformations to be represented as matrix multiplications. This increases storage and processing but allows transformations to be easily combined by multiplying the corresponding matrices. The document also discusses the window to viewport transformation which maps from world to screen coordinates and may involve scaling and translation. Inverse transformations are defined by the inverse of the transformation matrix.

Uploaded by

Bria Yogasa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2D transformations

What are we transforming?


Why consider 2D transformations?
Definition of common 2D ane transformations.
Homogeneous coordinates.
Start by considering 2D objects.
- Later we will consider scan conversion:
objects
primitives
pixels.
- This section discusses the methods we use to model 2D objects and
transformations of those objects: objects ! objects.
- In 2D, possible primitives are points, lines and polygons, which can be combined
to give higher level objects.
- In 2D it is generally easy to see how to represent certain objects.
- To understand transformations we need to use basic vector algebra!
Vectors
A vector is an n-tuple of numbers:

The rule for the addition is:

Vector addition is commutative: r +s = s+r.


Translations are offsets from the existing position of the object. Consider a point at r.
Translate it by an amount t = (tx; ty)0: new location will be r = r +t.

Scalings are stretchings of the object, about the origin. The scaling matrix S is:

r* = Sr : sx is the x-axis scaling and sy is the y-axis scaling


If sx = sy = s the scaling is said to be uniform. If not the scaling is called differential.

Rotations about the origin by an angle are defined by the rotation matrix R which is
given by:

The rotated point, r* = Rr.


A positive implies an anti-clockwise rotation.
Homogeneous coordinates
Transformation

Homogeneous coordinates allow us to treat all transformations in the same way,


as matrix multiplications.
The consequence is that our 2-vectors become extended to 3-vectors, with a
resulting increase in storage and processing.
We represent a point (x; y) by the extended triple (x; y; w).
The normalised homogeneous coordinates are (x/w; y/w; 1).
Points with w = 0 are called points at infinity, and are not frequently used.
If you like then you can think of 2D space corresponding to plane w = 1.

In homogeneous coordinates the transformations are:

Composition of transformations
One of the big advantages of homogeneous coordinates is that transformations can
be very easily combined. All that is required is multiplication of the transformation
matrices. This makes otherwise complex transformations very easy to compute. For
instance if we wanted to rotate an object about some point, p, on (or in) that object,
this can easily be achieved by:
1. translate object by -p,
2. rotate object by angle ,
3. translate object by p.
This can be written as:

Window to viewport transformation


In general the objects and primitives represented in the application model will be
stored in world coordinates, that is their size, shape, position, etc. will be given in
terms of logical units for whatever the object represent (e.g. mm, cm, m, km or light
years). Thus to display the appropriate images on the screen (or other device) it is
necessary to map from world coordinates to screen or device coordinates. This
transformation is known as the window to viewport transformation, the mapping from
the world coordinate window2 to the viewport (which is given in screen coordinates).
In general the window to viewport transformation will involve a scaling and translation
as where the scaling in non-uniform (the vertical axis has been stretched). Non
uniform sculling result from the world coordinate window and viewport having
different aspect ratios. In Figure 3.7 the screen window (that is the viewport) covers
only part of the screen.The transformation is generally achieved by a translation in
world coordinates, a scaling to viewport coordinates and another translation in
viewport coordinates, which are generally composed to give a single transformation
matrix.
Transformation

Often the clipping of visible elements will be carried out at the same time as the
transformation is applied.Typically the region will be clipped in world coordinates and
then transformed.

Inverse transformations
Since M is a matrix representing transformations this inverse matrix will exist
(because a general transformation matrix is non-singular). The matrix inverse is
defined so that MM-1 = I where I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix,

For most transformations is is quite obvious, from rst principles what the inverse
transformations are, for instance the translation matrix has inv[erse:

Transformation

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