Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 20152021

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Energy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic/thermal integrated with a solar

greenhouse
Sujata Nayak *, G.N. Tiwari
Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India

A R T I C L E I N F O

A B S T R A C T

Article history:
Received 29 November 2007
Received in revised form 7 May 2008
Accepted 12 May 2008

In this paper, an attempt has been made to validate the thermal model with experimental results of a
typical day August, 25, 2006 for clear weather condition of New Delhi. An energy and exergy analysis for
the prediction of performance of a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector integrated with a greenhouse at
I.I.T, Delhi, India has been carried out. The analysis is based on quasi-steady state condition. Experiments
have been conducted extensively during period from June 2006 to May 2007, for annual performance.
Numerical computation has been carried out for a typical day only for validation. It is observed that the
theoretical value of solar cell, tedlar back surface and greenhouse room air temperatures is
approximately equivalent to the experimental values. The predicted and measured values of solar
cell, tedlar back surface and greenhouse air temperatures have been veried in terms of root mean square
of percent deviation (7.0517.58%) as well as correlation coefcient (0.950.97) and both exhibit fair
agreement. Exergy analysis calculations of the PV/T integrated greenhouse system show an exergy
efciency level of approximately 4%.
2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Greenhouse
Photovoltaic/thermal
Solar energy
Thermal modeling
Exergy

1. Introduction
Heating of greenhouse is one of the most important and
essential requirements for proper growth of summer growing
crops in winter, Tiwari [1]. Greenhouse heating can be carried out
either by passive or an active method. The study of greenhouse
heating by the passive method has also been made by many
scientists, Tiwari and Dhiman [2], Abak et al. [3] and Santamouris
et al. [4]. The passive heating may be realized through water
storage, rock bed storage, presence of north wall, mulching, phase
changing material, movable insulation and thermal curtain etc.
Among passive heating modes a thermal curtain or thermal screen
is one of the most practical and appropriate means for reducing
the energy consumption in greenhouse, Bailey [5] and Barrel et al.
[6]. Active heating methods are ground collector, the ground
geothermal water and an earthair heat exchanger. Thermal heating
of greenhouse using the active method has been investigated by
many researchers namely Connellan [7], Santamouris et al. [8],
Bargach et al. [9] and Jain and Tiwari [10].

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9968239148;

fax: +91 11 2658 1121/2686 2037.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected]
(S. Nayak).
0378-7788/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.05.007

Jones and Underwood have studied the temperature prole of a

photovoltaic (PV/T) module in non-steady conditions. They have
carried out experimental observations for cloudy as well as clear
sky conditions. They found that PV module temperature varies in
the range of 2752 8C for an ambient air temperature (24.5 8C). The
carrier of thermal energy associated with the PV module can be air
or water. The integrated arrangements for utilizing thermal energy
as well as electrical energy, with a photovoltaic module are
referred to as the hybrid PV/T system [11]. The rate of the thermal
energy obtained from hybrid (PV/T) system is supplied to the
greenhouse for heating purpose. Tiwari and Sodha [12] have
studied the thermal performance of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal
(PV/T) air collector for New Delhi climatic condition.
Chow [13] analyzed the performance of photovoltaic-thermal
collector by explicit dynamic model and a thermal efciency of 60%
has been observed. If the hot air available from PV/T air collector is
used to heat greenhouse then it is referred as hybrid greenhouse.
Sujata and Tiwari [14] have studied the performance evaluation of
a hybrid PV/T integrated greenhouse system. Design, construction
and testing of hybrid photovoltaic integrated greenhouse dryer
have been studied by Barnwal and Tiwari [15]. Dincer et al. [16]
have studied energetic performance of two geothermal district
heating systems for building applications and found energy
efciencies for Balcova geothermal district heating system and
Salihli geothermal district heating system to be 39.36% and 59.31%,
respectively.

S. Nayak, G.N. Tiwari / Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 20152021

2016

Nomenclature
area (m2)
breadth (m)
specic heat of air (J kg1 8C1)
specic heat of plant (J kg1 8C1)
elemental length (m)
exergy input to the greenhouse (kWh)
exergy output to the greenhouse (kWh)
exergy thermal energy to the greenhouse (kWh)
monthly exergy thermal energy to the greenmonthly
house (kWh)


th
yearly exergy thermal energy to the greenhouse
Ex
yearly
(kWh)
work
Ex
exergy of work rate (kWh)
penalty factor due to presence of solar cell material,
hp1
tedlar and EVA
conductive heat transfer coefcient through tedlar
hT
(W m2 8C1)
convective heat transfer coefcient from back
ht
surface of tedlar to the working uid (W m2 8C1)
heat transfer coefcient from oor to larger depth
hg1
of ground (W m2 8C1)
heat transfer coefcient from greenhouse oor to
hgr
room (W m2 8C1)
heat transfer coefcient from greenhouse to greenhgrr
house air (W m2 8C1)
I (t)
incident solar intensity on inclined PV module
surface (W m2)
k
thermal conductivity (W m1 8C1)
mass of air (kg)
ma
mass of plant (kg)
mp
number of air changes per hour (rpm)
No:
Q u daily daily rate of useful thermal energy (kWh)
t
time (s)
ambiant temperature (8C)
Ta
solar cell temperature (8C)
Tc
tedlar back surface temperature (8C)
Tbs
greenhouse room air temperature (8C)
Tr
temperature at larger depth, Innity (8C)
T1
u
duct air velocity (m s1)
conductive heat transfer coefcient from solar cell
UT
to ambient through top and back surface
(W m2 8C1)
UtT
overall heat transfer coefcient from glass to tedlar
through solar cell (W m2 8C1)
V
volume of greenhouse (m3)
A
B
ca
cp
dx
in
Ex
out
Ex

Ex
 th 
th
Ex

r
zG

wind velocity (m s1)

density of air (kg m3)
transmissivity of glass, dimensionless

In this paper, an attempt has been made to validate the

developed thermal model with experimental values for a typical
day for clear day conditions. The monthly energy and exergy
analysis for PV/T integrated greenhouse has also been carried out.
2. Experimental set-up and observations
There are two PV arrays, each consists of 8 PV modules of rating
75 W; short circuit current (Isc) = 4.8 A; rated current 4.4 A; open
circuit voltage (Voc) = 21.7 V; rated voltage 17.0 V (Siemens solar
industries, camarillo) with an effective area of 0.605 m2. The PV
modules, each are connected in series and mounted on a wooden
structure. The PV module with a wooden structure is placed on a
steel frame. The inclination of the frame is maintained at around
458 for receiving the maximum solar radiation. Infrared thermometer has also been provided to measure the temperature of the
exposed surface (solar cell) and unexposed surface (tedlar back
surface) of the module. One fan of capacity 12 W has been provided
at the outlet to induce the ow of air inside the greenhouse. The
power generated by solar modules is stored in a set of 12 D.C.
batteries of rating each 6 V and 180 Ah-10 h. There is an inverter of
rating 2.1 KVA is employed for running AC equipments.
The experimental set-up shown in Fig. 1 is Photovoltaic
Integrated Solar Greenhouse System.
2.1. Working principle of PV integrated greenhouse
Front view of PV/T integrated greenhouse has been shown in
Fig. 2. These PV panels are integrated with greenhouse for
generating the required electrical power to run the accessories.
During daytime the solar radiation falls on the greenhouse, which
increases temperature of the inside greenhouse. In a clear day the
temperature may go up to 5055 8C. The rise in temperature
depends upon the weather condition. In winter season, the lowest
outside temperature may lie between 2 and 10 8C. Due to low
temperature the growth of plants reduces. The greenhouse helps in
increasing the temperature in winter between 40 and 45 8C. For
maintaining the air movement uniform inside the greenhouse, a
DC fan is operated continuously.
When the solar radiation falls on the roofs and walls of the
greenhouse, it enters inside the greenhouse through the transparent canopy cover. Part of the solar radiation is lost due to the
transparent north wall cover. The solar radiation is absorbed by the
ground and re-emitted in the form of long wavelength radiation,

Greek symbols
ac
absorptivity of solar cell, dimensionless
aT
absorptivity of tedlar, dimensionless
ap
absorptivity of plant, dimensionless
ag
absorptivity of oor, dimensionless
(at)eff
effective transmittance-absorptance product for
bc
hc
hEX

greenhouse
packing factor of solar cell, dimensionless
efciency of solar cell, dimensionless
exergy efciency of greenhouse (%)
Fig. 1. Picture of experimental set-up at solar energy park, IIT Delhi campus.

S. Nayak, G.N. Tiwari / Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 20152021

2017

Fig. 2. Front view of PV integrated greenhouse.

which is not allowed to come out of the wall and roof due to
transparent media. The solar energy is trapped inside and raises
the temperature.
The integration of the PV modules at the south wall helps in
increasing the temperature of the greenhouse by convection. The
solar radiation falls on the PV modules; this solar radiation is
converted into thermal and electrical energy. The thermal energy is
convected to the greenhouse and electrical energy is stored in the
batteries. Batteries are important for storing the power for
supplying it to the electrical equipments during day and night
time operation.
The power stored in the batteries is converted into AC power
with the help of an inverter of rating 2.1 KVA is employed for
running AC equipments.
2.2. Experimental observations
The experiments have been performed under forced convection
mode of operation during the year 20062007 with the operation
of one fan for one day in every month. For each month, two sets of
experiments have been carried out. Number of clear days in each
month has also been recorded. Hourly observations of solar
radiation, various temperatures namely ambient air, greenhouse
room air, solar cell, tedlar back surface, the battery current, short
circuit current of arrays and battery voltage, open circuit voltage of
arrays, inverter current and voltage have been measured during
experimentation with the help of calibrated solarimeter, mercury
thermometer, infrared thermometer and tong meter respectively
for the whole day.

For PV module:

t G ac Itbc 1  bc aT It bdx

bdxfU T T c  T a hT T c  T bs g t G hc Itbc 
For back surface of tedlar:
bdxhT T c  T bs bdxht T bs  T r

Tc

at eff It U T T a hT T bs
U T hT

Energy balance for different components of photovoltaic/

thermal (PV/T) collector can be written as:

(3)

and
T bs

h p1 at eff It U tT T a ht T avg
ht U tT

(4)

Energy balance for different components of an even span

greenhouse integrated with PV/T collector can be written as:
Plant mass:

ap F p

Ai Ii t i mp cp

dT p
hp Ap T p  T r
dt

where hp = hcw + hrad + hevp

Floor:
X
ag 1  F p
Ai Ii t i hgr Ag T gjx0  T r hg1 Ag T gjx0  T 1

(5)

(6)

The above equation gives

3. Thermal analysis

3.1. Thermal modeling for an even span greenhouse without north

wall integrated with PV/T collector (Tiwari and Sodha [12])

(2)

By solving Eqs. (1) and (2), one gets

T gjx0

Thermal modeling has been carried out by solving the energy

balance equations for PV/T integrated greenhouse to calculate the
temperature of solar cell, tedlar back surface and greenhouse room
air for validation of developed model. It is also used to calculate the
required rate of useful thermal energy, for greenhouse heating
during winter season. The energy balance equations for energy and
exergy analysis for PV/T integrated greenhouse have been carried
out.

(1)

IeffF hgr T r Ag hg1 T 1 Ag

hgr hg1 Ag

(7)

Greenhouse air:
X
X
Ai Ii t i 1  ag 1  ap
Ai Ii t i hp Ap T p
1  ap F p
 T r hgrr Ag T gjx0  T r Q u daily
X
0:33No  VT r  T a
Ai U i T r  T a

(8)

By solving above equations, one gets

Tr

F 2 hp T p Ap UAeff T a F R hp1 hp2 at eff It

UAeff hp Ap

(9)

Following equation is obtained after algebraic simplication of

Eqs. (8) and (5)
dT p
aT p Btj
dt

2018

S. Nayak, G.N. Tiwari / Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 20152021

P
where a = Upa/mpcp and Bt 1=mp cp F P aP t Ai Ii F 2 H1
F R H2 It=U pa T a .
By solving the above equation, one gets an expression for plant
temperature as
Tp

Bt
1  eat T po eat
a

(10)

where the instantaneous exergy input to the greenhouse is

radiation energy and given by Petela [18] and can be written as:
Exergy input for PV module:
"



4 #
in PV module Ac  It 1  4 T a 273 1 T a 273
Ex
3
Ts
3
Ts
(18a)

where Tpo is the plant temperature at (t = 0) and Bt

is an average
value of B(t) over time interval.
After getting the value of Tp, the value Tr can be evaluated from
Eq. (9).
The rate of useful thermal energy Q u daily can be obtained
X
Q u daily ma  ca 
T r  T a
(11)

Exergy input for south roof of greenhouse:

"
in Southroof Asr  Isr t 1 
Ex




 #
4 T a 273
1 T a 273 4

3
Ts
3
Ts
(18b)

where
ma = Vol. of greenhouse  density of air = V  r.
The useful thermal energy Q u daily obtained by solving the
energy balance equations (Tiwari and Sodha [12]) can be used for
thermal heating of a greenhouse.
For the PV/T integrated greenhouse, the coefcient of correlation (r) and the root mean square percent deviation (e) can be
calculated by using formulae
P
 P
P

N
N
N
n
i1 X i  Y i 
i1 X i
i1 Y i
r r
(12)
P
P
2 r
P
P
2
2
2
N
N
N
N

n
X
X
Y
Y
n
i
i
i
i
i1
i1
i1
i1

where Ac, Asr are the area of photovoltaic module and south roof,
respectively, and Is(t) and Isr(t) are solar radiation on inclined PV
module and south roof surface, respectively, and Ts is the sun
temperature, 6000 K.
in yearly to the greenhouse has been
The yearly exergy input Ex
calculated by using Eq. (17) and shown in Fig. 8.

and

It can be calculated as follows:

The annual electrical energy generated by PV module (Egen)annually is given by

1
0sP
N
2
i1 ei A
 100
e@
N

(13)

3.2. Thermal output

The exergy thermal output of a greenhouse, Syahrul et al. [17]
can be obtained as follows:

X
T a 273
th daily
 Q u daily
1
(14)
Ex
T r 273
where, Q u daily has been calculated in Eq. (11)
th monthly in kWh is
The monthly exergy thermal energy Ex
given by
th monthly
Ex

PN

i1

th daily  n0
Ex
1000

12
X
th monthly
Ex

The exergy of work rate for PV/T coupled greenhouse is given by

:

work W Isc  V oc  IL  V L
Ex

Egenyearly h  A  It  N  no

(16)

i1

3.3. Exergy input

In case of PV/T integrated greenhouse, the yearly exergy input
will be sum of yearly radiation energy on PV module and on south
roof of greenhouse and given as;

(19)

(19a)

where h is the efciency of PV module, A is the area of module, N is

the number of sunshine hour, no is the number of days in year and
I(t) is an annual average intensity.
For daily, no = 1,
Egendaily h  A  It  N  1
The above calculated daily electrical energy is very close to the
value obtained by using experimental current and voltage data
(shown in Fig. 9).
The total yearly exergy output from PV/T integrated greenhouse
is calculated using following equation
out yearly Ex
th yearly Ex
work yearly
Ex

(15)

where N is the number of sunshine hour and no is the number of

clear days in a month.
Similarly one gets yearly exergy thermal energy output
th yearly in kWh (as shown in Table 2).
Ex
th yearly
Ex

3.4. Electrical output

(20)

The energy efciency of the thermal system is the ratio of

energy recovered from the product to the original energy input.
The exergetic analysis for solar is given by Hepbasli [19] as
X
X
X
out
dest :
in 
Ex
Ex
(21)
Ex
Eq. (20) can be written as
h
i
dest yearly
th yearly Ex
work yearly Ex
in yearly  Ex
Ex

(22)

The exergy efciency of PV/T integrated greenhouse is dened

by Hepbasli [19] as follows:
!
out
Ex
hEX
 100
(23)
in
Ex
4. Software description

in PV
in yearly Ex
Ex
with

module

in Southroof
Ex

in Ex
sun
Ex

(17)

Matlab 7 is used for computation of solar cell, tedlar

back surface and greenhouse room air temperatures and to

S. Nayak, G.N. Tiwari / Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 20152021

2019

Table 1
Design parameters used for numerical computation of PV integrated greenhouse
Hybrid PV/T air collector

Greenhouse

Parameters

Values

Parameters

Values

ca

1012 J kg1 8C1

0.5
0.95
0.83
0.12
30.25 W m2 8C1
0.5
0.9
0.52 W m1 8C1
0.003 m
1.0 W m1 8C1
10300 rpm
3.5 W m2 8C1

A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6

10 m2
10 m2
24 m2
24 m2
15 m2
26.83 m2
0.5
0.4
1.3 W m2 8C1
5.7 W m2 8C1
0.3
1.2 kg m3
50250 kg
144 m3
4910 J kg1 8C1

zi
zG
bc
hc
hp

aT
ac
kg
Lg
kG
No
U

ap
ag
hga
hgr
Fp

r
mp
V
Cp

Fig. 5. Hourly variation of greenhouse room air temperature on a typical day of

August.
Table 2
in yearly for the year 20062007
Yearly exergy thermal energy Ex
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total

Fig. 3. Hourly variation of solar cell temperature for a typical day of August.

validate the developed theoretical values with the experimental

results.
5. Results and discussion
In the paper, the design parameters of PV integrated greenhouse (Table 1) have been considered for numerical computation.
Eqs. (3), (4) and (9) have been used to calculate the theoretical solar
cell, tedlar back surface and greenhouse room air temperatures for

Fig. 4. Hourly variation of tedlar back surface temperature on a typical day of

August.

No. of clear days

20
25
30
30
31
25
15
10
15
25
30
20
276

th daily kWh
Ex
0.032
0.046
0.062
0.049
0.041
0.048
0.053
0.062
0.062
0.042
0.037
0.032

th monthly kWh
Ex
0.64
1.17
1.86
1.47
1.3
1.2
0.8
0.62
0.94
1.05
1.11
0.64
12.8

validation with the experimental data. The results obtained for the
hourly variation in the temperatures of solar cell, the back surface
of tedlar and greenhouse room air, in three cases have been shown
in Figs. 35. It has been observed that the solar cell temperature is
around 34 8C higher than the tedlar back surface temperature and
around 1516 8C higher than the greenhouse room air temperature. The experimental values for each case have also been shown
in the same gures. Further, the correlation coefcient (r) and root
mean square percent deviation (e) for each case obtained from
Eqs. (12) and (13) have also been shown in each gure. In each case,
there is fair agreement between the experimental and theoretical
results for the temperature of solar cell, tedlar back surface and
greenhouse room air at No = 50 and u = 2.5 m/s with the correlation
coefcient (r) (0.950.97) and root mean square percent deviation

Fig. 6. Variation of yearly exergy thermal energy with number of air changes
occurring inside the greenhouse.

2020

S. Nayak, G.N. Tiwari / Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 20152021

Fig. 7. Hourly variation of solar radiation available on an inclined PV module (It), Ambient temperature (Ta), greenhouse room air temperature (Tr), solar cell temperature (Tc)
and tedlar back surface temperature (Tbs) for a typical day in the month of August.

(e) (7.0517.58%). The root mean square percent deviation (e) is

due to the gap between sixteen modules in a panel of length of
1.62 m.
:
The daily useful thermal energy Q u daily has been computed
from Eq. (11), which is used for thermal heating of a greenhouse.
th daily in kWh is then
The daily exergy thermal : energy Ex
calculated by using the Q u daily in Eq. (14). Monthly exergy
th monthly in kWh is further calculated by
thermal energy value Ex
multiplying the daily value by number of clear days in the month
and derived in Eq. (15). By using Eq. (15) the yearly exergy thermal
th yearly has been calculated (Eq. (16)). Total exergy
energy Ex
thermal energy supplied to the greenhouse for the year 20062007
has been calculated annually, which is 12.8 kWh (as shown in
Table 2). Fig. 6 shows that the variation of yearly exergy thermal

Fig. 8. Yearly exergy (Ex) of the greenhouse (kWh) for the year 20062007.

th yearly with the number of air changes (No). It has been

energy Ex
seen that when the number of air changes (No) varies from 25 to
250 rpm, then the yearly exergy thermal energy increases from
10.5 to 50 kWh. It has been found that yearly exergy thermal
th yearly increases with the increase of the number of air
energy Ex
changes (No). Hence there is a linear relationship between yearly
th yearly and the number of air changes
exergy thermal energy Ex
for the present design of PV/T integrated greenhouse. In this paper,
climatic parameters for a typical day in August, 25, 2006 for clear
weather condition of New Delhi (Fig. 7).
Total yearly exergy input for PV integrated greenhouse for the
year 20062007 has been computed from Eq. (17). Eqs. (18a) and
(18b) have been used for calculating the exergy input both on PV
module and on south roof of greenhouse, respectively. Using these
in yearly of the greenhouse for the
equations, the total exergy input Ex
year 20062007 has been calculated annually i.e. 21291 kWh and
shown in Fig. 8, both from an inclined PV surface and south roof.
work has been
Annual net electrical energy savings Ex
calculated from Eq. (19). Net electrical energy savings available
to the greenhouse for the year 20062007 is calculated and the
result is 716 kWh as shown in Fig. 9. Then the total exergy output
for PV integrated greenhouse for the year 20062007 (as given in
Eq. (20)) has been calculated by the summation of yearly exergy
th yearly i.e. 12.8 kWh and annual net electrical
thermal energy Ex
work i.e. 716 kWh and the result is 728.8 kWh.
energy savings Ex
Eq. (21) calculates the yearly energy losses. Eq. (23) has been
used for calculating exergy efciency (hEX). Exergy efciency
(hEX) for the PV integrated greenhouse has been calculated to be
around 4%.
6. Conclusions
On the basis of the experimental and theoretical results
obtained in the present paper, the following conclusions have
been drawn:

Fig. 9. Yearly net electrical energy savings (kWh) obtained for the year 20062007
by PV modules.

 There is fair agreement between the experimental and the

theoretical results for the temperatures of solar cell, tedlar back
surface, greenhouse room air with correlation coefcient (r) of
0.950.97 and the root mean square percent deviation (e) of
7.0517.58% (Figs. 35).
th yearly has been obtained to be
 Yearly exergy thermal energy Ex
in to the greenhouse
12.8 kWh (Table 2). Yearly exergy input Ex
is calculated to be 21291 kWh as shown in Fig. 8). Yearly net
electrical energy savings available (Exwork) is calculated, which is
716 kWh (Fig. 9) and the total exergy output for PV integrated
greenhouse for the year 20062007 has been obtained and the
result is 728.8 kWh. The exergy efciency (hEX) for PV/T
integrated greenhouse has been calculated 4%.

S. Nayak, G.N. Tiwari / Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 20152021

Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India and Ministry of Science
and Technology (DST) New Delhi, India for providing nancial
support to carry out the above experiment.
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