Java Digital Image Processing

Java Digital Image Processing

About the Tutorial

This tutorial gives a simple and practical approach of implementing algorithms
used in digital image processing. After completing this tutorial, you will find
yourself at a moderate level of expertise, from where you can take yourself to
next levels.

Audience
This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand and
implement the basic to advance algorithms of digital image processing in java.

Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial, you need to have a basic knowledge of digital
image processing and Java programming language.

Disclaimer & Copyright

Copyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
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Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy,
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manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents
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no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website
or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or
in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected].

Java Digital Image Processing

Contents
About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i
Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i
Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i
Disclaimer & Copyright............................................................................................................................. i
Contents.................................................................................................................................................. ii

1.

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING................................................................ 1

2.

JAVA BUFFEREDIMAGE CLASS.............................................................................................. 2

Constructors............................................................................................................................................ 2
Methods.................................................................................................................................................. 2
Example .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Output .................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.

DOWNLOADING / UPLOADING IMAGES .............................................................................. 6

Downloading an Image............................................................................................................................ 6
Example .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Output .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Uploading an Image ................................................................................................................................ 9
Example ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 13

4.

IMAGE PIXELS .................................................................................................................... 15

Getting Pixel Value ................................................................................................................................ 15
Getting RGB Values ............................................................................................................................... 15
Getting Width and Height of Image ....................................................................................................... 15
Example ................................................................................................................................................ 16
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 18

5.

GRAYSCALE CONVERSION.................................................................................................. 19

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Java Digital Image Processing

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 20
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 21

6.

ENHANCING IMAGE CONTRAST ......................................................................................... 23

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 24
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 25

7.

ENHANCING IMAGE BRIGHTNESS ...................................................................................... 26

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 27
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 28

8.

ENHANCING IMAGE SHARPNESS ....................................................................................... 30

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 32
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 33

9.

IMAGE COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES ................................................................................. 34

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 35
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 37

10. ADDING IMAGE BORDER ................................................................................................... 39

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 40
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 41

11. IMAGE PYRAMIDS.............................................................................................................. 44

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 45
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 46

12. BASIC THRESHOLDING ....................................................................................................... 49

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 50
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 51

13. IMAGE SHAPE CONVERSION .............................................................................................. 54

Flipping an Image .................................................................................................................................. 54
Example ................................................................................................................................................ 55

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Java Digital Image Processing

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 57

14. APPLYING GAUSSIAN FILTER .............................................................................................. 58

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 59
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 60

15. APPLYING BOX FILTER........................................................................................................ 62

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 63
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 65

16. ERODING AND DILATION ................................................................................................... 67

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 68
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 69

17. APPLYING WATERMARK .................................................................................................... 72

Applying Text Watermark ..................................................................................................................... 72
Example ................................................................................................................................................ 73
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 74
Applying Image Watermark on Image ................................................................................................... 75
Example ................................................................................................................................................ 76
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 77

18. UNDERSTANDING CONVOLUTION ..................................................................................... 80

Performing Convolution ........................................................................................................................ 80
Example ................................................................................................................................................ 81
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 82

19. APPLYING PREWITT OPERATOR ......................................................................................... 84

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 85
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 87

20. APPLYING SOBEL OPERATOR ............................................................................................. 90

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 91

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Java Digital Image Processing

Output .................................................................................................................................................. 93

21. APPLYING KIRSCH OPERATOR ............................................................................................ 96

Example ................................................................................................................................................ 97
Output .................................................................................................................................................. 99

22. APPLYING ROBINSONOPERATOR ..................................................................................... 102

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 103
Output ................................................................................................................................................ 105

23. APPLYING LAPLACIAN OPERATOR .................................................................................... 108

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 109
Output ................................................................................................................................................ 111

24. APPLYING WEIGHTED AVERAGE FILTER ........................................................................... 114

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 115
Output ................................................................................................................................................ 117

25. CREATING ZOOM EFFECT ................................................................................................ 119

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 120
Output ................................................................................................................................................ 121

26. OPEN SOURCE LIBRARIES................................................................................................. 123

ImageJ ................................................................................................................................................. 123
Fiji ....................................................................................................................................................... 124
Commons Imaging............................................................................................................................... 125
ImageMagick ....................................................................................................................................... 126
Endrov................................................................................................................................................. 127
LEADTOOLS ......................................................................................................................................... 128
OpenCV ............................................................................................................................................... 129

27. INTRODUCTION TO OPENCV............................................................................................ 131

Integrating OpenCV ............................................................................................................................. 132

Java Digital Image Processing

Creating OpenCV Project ..................................................................................................................... 133

28. GRAYSCALE CONVERSION OPENCV.................................................................................. 135

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 136
Output ................................................................................................................................................ 137

29. COLORSPACE CONVERSION ............................................................................................. 139

Example .............................................................................................................................................. 140
Output ................................................................................................................................................ 142

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Java Digital Image Processing

1. INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL IMAGE

PROCESSING
Digital Image Processing (DIP) deals with manipulation of digital images using a
computer. It is a subfield of signals and systems but focuses particularly on images.
DIP focuses on developing a computer system that is able to perform processing on
an image. The input of such system is a digital image. The system processes the
image using efficient algorithms, and gives an image as an output.

Java is a high level programming language that is widely used in the modern world.
It can support and handle digital image processing efficiently using various functions.

Java Digital Image Processing

2. JAVA BUFFEREDIMAGE CLASS

Java BufferedImage class is a subclass of Image class. It is used to handle and

manipulate the image data. A BufferedImage is made of ColorModel of image data.
All BufferedImage objects have an upper left corner coordinate of (0, 0).

Constructors
This class supports three types of constructors. The first constructor constructs a new
BufferedImage with a specified ColorModel and Raster.
BufferedImage(ColorModel cm, WritableRaster raster,
boolean isRasterPremultiplied, Hashtable<?,?> properties)
The second constructor constructs a BufferedImage of one of the predefined image
types.
BufferedImage(int width, int height, int imageType)
The third constructor constructs a BufferedImage of one of the predefined image
types: TYPE_BYTE_BINARY or TYPE_BYTE_INDEXED.
BufferedImage(int width, int height, int imageType, IndexColorModel cm)

Methods
Sr. No.

Methods

copyData(WritableRaster outRaster)
It computes an arbitrary rectangular region of the BufferedImage and
copies it into a specified WritableRaster.

getColorModel()
It returns object of class ColorModel of an image.

getData()
It returns the image as one large tile.

Java Digital Image Processing

getData(Rectangle rect)
It computes and returns an arbitrary region of the BufferedImage.

getGraphics()
This method returns a Graphics2D, retains backwards compatibility.

getHeight()
It returns the height of the BufferedImage.

getMinX()
It returns the minimum x coordinate of this BufferedImage.

getMinY()
It returns the minimum y coordinate of this BufferedImage.

getRGB(int x, int y)
It returns an integer pixel in the default
(TYPE_INT_ARGB) and default sRGB colorspace.

10

RGB

color

model

getType()
It returns the image type.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of java BufferedImage class that draws
some text on the screen using Graphics Object:
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JPanel;

Java Digital Image Processing

public class Test extends JPanel {

public void paint(Graphics g) {

Image img = createImageWithText();
g.drawImage(img, 20,20,this);
}

private Image createImageWithText(){

BufferedImage bufferedImage = new
BufferedImage(200,200,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics g = bufferedImage.getGraphics();

g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,20);
g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,40);
g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,60);
g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,80);
g.drawString("www.tutorialspoint.com", 20,100);
return bufferedImage;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame();
frame.getContentPane().add(new Test());

frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setSize(200, 200);
frame.setVisible(true);
}

Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Java Digital Image Processing

3. DOWNLOADING / UPLOADING
IMAGES

In this chapter we are going to see how you can download an image from internet,
perform some image processing techniques on the image, and then again upload the
processed image to a server.

Downloading an Image
In order to download an image from a website, we use Java class named URL, which
can be found under java.net package. Its syntax is given below:
String website = "http://tutorialspoint.com";
URL url = new URL(website);
Apart from the above method, there are other methods available in class URL as
described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

public String getPath()

It returns the path of the URL.

public String getQuery()

It returns the query part of the URL.

public String getAuthority()

It returns the authority of the URL.

public int getPort()

It returns the port of the URL.

public int getDefaultPort()

It returns the default port for the protocol of the URL.

public String getProtocol()

Java Digital Image Processing

It returns the protocol of the URL.

7

public String getHost()

It returns the host of the URL.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of java URL class to download an image
from the internet:
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.URL;

public class Download {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

try{
String fileName = "digital_image_processing.jpg";
String website =
"http://tutorialspoint.com/java_dip/images/"+fileName;
System.out.println("Downloading File From: " + website);
URL url = new URL(website);
InputStream inputStream = url.openStream();
OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(fileName);
byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
int length = 0;
while ((length = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
System.out.println("Buffer Read of length: " + length);
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Java Digital Image Processing

outputStream.write(buffer, 0, length);
}
inputStream.close();
outputStream.close();
}catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("Exception: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Java Digital Image Processing

It would download the following image from the server.

Uploading an Image
Let us see how to upload an image to a webserver. We convert a BufferedImage to
byte array in order to send it to server.
We use Java class ByteArrayOutputStream, which can be found under java.io
package. Its syntax is given below:
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", baos);
In order to convert the image to byte array, we use toByteArray() method of
ByteArrayOutputStream class. Its syntax is given below:
byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray();
Apart from the above method, there are other methods available in the
ByteArrayOutputStream class as described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

public void reset()

Java Digital Image Processing

This method resets the number of valid bytes of the byte array output
stream to zero, so that all the accumulated output in the stream is
discarded.
2

public byte[] toByteArray()

This method creates a newly allocated Byte array. Its size would be the
current size of the output stream and the contents of the buffer will be
copied into it. It returns the current contents of the output stream as a
byte array.

public String toString()

Converts the buffer content into a string. Translation will be done according
to the default character encoding. It returns the String translated from the
buffer's content.

public void write(int w)

It writes the specified array to the output stream.

public void write(byte []b, int of, int len)

It writes len number of bytes starting from offset off to the stream.

public void writeTo(OutputStream outSt)

It writes the entire content of this Stream to the specified stream
argument.

Example
The following example demonstrates ByteArrayOutputStream to upload an image to
the server:

Client Code
import javax.swing.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
import javax.imageio.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
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Java Digital Image Processing

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

public class Client{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
Socket soc;
BufferedImage img = null;
soc=new Socket("localhost",4000);
System.out.println("Client is running. ");
try {
System.out.println("Reading image from disk. ");
img = ImageIO.read(new File("digital_image_processing.jpg"));
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

ImageIO.write(img, "jpg", baos);

baos.flush();
byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray();
baos.close();
System.out.println("Sending image to server. ");

OutputStream out = soc.getOutputStream();

DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(out);
dos.writeInt(bytes.length);
dos.write(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
System.out.println("Image sent to server. ");

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Java Digital Image Processing

dos.close();
out.close();
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception: " + e.getMessage());
soc.close();
}
soc.close();
}
}

Server Code
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
import javax.imageio.*;
import javax.swing.*;

class Server {
public static void main(String

args[]) throws Exception{

ServerSocket server=null;
Socket socket;
server=new ServerSocket(4000);
System.out.println("Server Waiting for image");

socket=server.accept();
System.out.println("Client connected.");
InputStream in = socket.getInputStream();
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(in);

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Java Digital Image Processing

int len = dis.readInt();

System.out.println("Image Size: " + len/1024 + "KB");
byte[] data = new byte[len];
dis.readFully(data);
dis.close();
in.close();

InputStream ian = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);

BufferedImage bImage = ImageIO.read(ian);

JFrame f = new JFrame("Server");

ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(bImage);
JLabel l = new JLabel();
l.setIcon(icon);
f.add(l);
f.pack();
f.setVisible(true);
}
}

Output
Client Side Output
When you execute the client code, the following output appears on client side:

Server Side Output

When you execute the server code, the following output appears on server side:
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Java Digital Image Processing

After receiving the image, the server displays the image as shown below:

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Java Digital Image Processing

4. IMAGE PIXELS

An image contains a two dimensional array of pixels. It is actually the value of those
pixels that make up an image. Usually an image could be color or grayscale.
In Java, the BufferedImage class is used to handle images. You need to
call getRGB() method of the BufferedImage class to get the value of the pixel.

Getting Pixel Value

The pixel value can be received using the following syntax:
Color c = new Color(image.getRGB(j, i));

Getting RGB Values

The method getRGB() takes the row and column index as a parameter and returns
the appropriate pixel. In case of color image, it returns three values which are (Red,
Green, Blue). They can be get as follows:
c.getRed();
c.getGreen();
c.getBlue();

Getting Width and Height of Image

The
height
and
width
of
the
image
can
be
get
by
calling
the getWidth() and getHeight() methods of the BufferedImage class. Its syntax is
given below:
int width = image.getWidth();
int height = image.getHeight();
Apart from these methods, there are other methods supported in the BufferedImage
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

copyData(WritableRaster outRaster)

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Java Digital Image Processing

It computes an arbitrary rectangular region of the BufferedImage and

copies it into a specified WritableRaster.
2

getColorModel()
It returns ColorModel of an image.

getData()
It returns the image as one large tile.

getData(Rectangle rect)
It computes and returns an arbitrary region of the BufferedImage.

getGraphics()
This method returns a Graphics2D, but is here for backwards compatibility.

getHeight()
It returns the height of the BufferedImage.

getMinX()
It returns the minimum x coordinate of this BufferedImage.

getMinY()
It returns the minimum y coordinate of this BufferedImage.

getRGB(int x, int y)
It returns an integer pixel in the default
(TYPE_INT_ARGB) and default sRGB colorspace.

10

RGB

color

model

getType()
It returns the image type.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of java BufferedImage class that
displays pixels of an image of size (10 x 10):
import java.awt.*;

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Java Digital Image Processing

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.*;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
class Pixel {
BufferedImage

image;

int width;
int height;
public Pixel() {
try {
File input = new File("blackandwhite.jpg");
image = ImageIO.read(input);
width = image.getWidth();
height = image.getHeight();
int count = 0;
for(int i=0; i<height; i++){
for(int j=0; j<width; j++){
count++;
Color c = new Color(image.getRGB(j, i));
System.out.println("S.No: " + count + " Red: " + c.getRed() +
" Green: " + c.getGreen() + " Blue: " + c.getBlue());
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {}
}
static public void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
Pixel obj = new Pixel();

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Java Digital Image Processing

}
}

Output
When you execute the above example, it would print the pixels of the following
image:

Original Image

Pixels Output

If you scroll down the ouput, the following pattern is seen:

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Java Digital Image Processing

5. GRAYSCALE CONVERSION

In order to convert a color image to Grayscale image, you need to read pixels or data
of the image using File and ImageIO objects, and store the image in BufferedImage
object. Its syntax is given below:
File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);
Further, get the pixel value using method getRGB() and perform GrayScale() method
on it. The method getRGB() takes row and column index as parameter.
Color c = new Color(image.getRGB(j, i));
int red = (c.getRed() * 0.299);
int green =(c.getGreen() * 0.587);
int blue = (c.getBlue() *0.114);
Apart from these three methods, there are other methods available in the Color class
as described briefly:
Sr. No.

Method

brighter()
It creates a new Color that is a brighter version of this Color.

darker()
It creates a new Color that is a darker version of this Color.

getAlpha()
It returns the alpha component in the range 0-255.

getHSBColor(float h, float s, float b)

It creates a Color object based on the specified values for the HSB color
model.

HSBtoRGB(float hue, float saturation, float brightness)

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Java Digital Image Processing

It converts the components of a color, as specified by the HSB model, to

an equivalent set of values for the default RGB model
6

toString()
It returns a string representation of this Color.

The last step is to add all these three values and set it again to the corresponding
pixel value. Its syntax is given below:
int sum = red+green+blue;
Color newColor = new Color(sum,sum,sum);
image.setRGB(j,i,newColor.getRGB());

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Java BufferedImage class that
converts an image to Grayscale:
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.*;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class GrayScale {
BufferedImage

image;

int width;
int height;
public GrayScale() {
try {
File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
image = ImageIO.read(input);
width = image.getWidth();
height = image.getHeight();
for(int i=0; i<height; i++){
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Java Digital Image Processing

for(int j=0; j<width; j++){

Color c = new Color(image.getRGB(j, i));
int red = (int)(c.getRed() * 0.299);
int green = (int)(c.getGreen() * 0.587);
int blue = (int)(c.getBlue() *0.114);
Color newColor = new Color(red+green+blue,
red+green+blue,red+green+blue);
image.setRGB(j,i,newColor.getRGB());
}
}
File ouptut = new File("grayscale.jpg");
ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", ouptut);
} catch (Exception e) {}
}
static public void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
GrayScale obj = new GrayScale();
}
}

Output
When
you
execute
the
given
example,
it
converts
the
image
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent Grayscale image and write it on
hard disk with the name grayscale.jpg.

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Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

Grayscale Image

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Java Digital Image Processing

6. ENHANCING IMAGE CONTRAST

In this chapter we learn how to enhance the contrast of an image using histogram
equalization.
We use the OpenCV function equalizeHist() method. It can be found under Imgproc
package. Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.equalizeHist(source, destination);
The parameters are described below:
Sr. No.

Parameters

Source
It is 8-bit single channel source image.

Destination
It is the destination image.

Apart from the equalizeHist() method, there are other methods provided by the
Imgproc class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Method

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

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Java Digital Image Processing

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

IT calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to enhance contrast of
an image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

static int width;
static int height;
static double alpha = 2;
static double beta = 50;
public static void main( String[] args )
{
try{
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new
Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Imgproc.equalizeHist(source, destination);
Highgui.imwrite("contrast.jpg", destination);
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Java Digital Image Processing

}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

Enhanced Contrast Image

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Java Digital Image Processing

7. ENHANCING IMAGE BRIGHTNESS

In this chapter we enhance the brightness of an image by multiplying each pixel of
the image with an alpha value and adding another beta value to it.
We OpenCV function convertTo that does the above operation automatically. It can
be found under Mat package. Its syntax is given below:
int alpha = 2;
int beta = 50;
sourceImage.convertTo(destination, rtype , alpha, beta);
The parameters are described below:
Sr. No.

Parameters

destination
It is destination image.

rtype
It is desired output matrix type or rather the depth, since the number of
channels are the same as the input. If rtype is negative, the output matrix
has the same type as the input.

alpha
It is optional scale factor.

beta
It is optional delta added to the scaled values.

Apart from the convertTo() method, there are other methods provided by the Mat
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

adjustROI(int dtop, int dbottom, int dleft, int dright)

It adjusts a submatrix size and position within the parent matrix.

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Java Digital Image Processing

copyTo(Mat m)
It copies the matrix to another one.

diag()
It extracts a diagonal from a matrix, or creates a diagonal matrix.

dot(Mat m)
It computes a dot-product of two vectors.

reshape(int cn)
It changes the shape and/or the number of channels of a 2D matrix without
copying the data.

submat(Range rowRange, Range colRange)

It extracts a rectangular sub matrix.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Mat class to enhance brightness of
an image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;

public class Main {

static int width;
static int height;
static double alpha = 2;
static double beta = 50;
public static void main( String[] args )
{
try{

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Java Digital Image Processing

System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination=new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),
source.type());
source.convertTo(destination, -1, alpha, beta);
Highgui.imwrite("brightWithAlpha2Beta50.jpg", destination);
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

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Java Digital Image Processing

Enhanced Bright Image (Alpha=1 & Beta=50)

Enhanced Bright Image (Alpha=2 & Beta=50)

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Java Digital Image Processing

8. ENHANCING IMAGE SHARPNESS

In this chapter we learn to increase the sharpness of an image using Gaussian filter.
First we use OpenCV function GaussianBlur. It can be found under Imgproc package.
Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.GaussianBlur(source, destination, new Size(0,0), sigmaX);
The parameters are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Parameters

source
It is source image.

destination
It is destination image.

Size
It is Gaussian kernel size.

sigmaX
It is Gaussian kernel standard deviation in X direction.

Further, we use OpenCV function addWeighted to apply image watermark to image.

It can be found under Core package. Its syntax is given below:
Core.addWeighted(InputArray src1, alpha, src2, beta, gamma, OutputArray
dst);
The parameters of this function are described below:
Sr. No.
1

Parameters
src1
It is first input array.
alpha
It is weight of the first array elements.

30

Java Digital Image Processing

src2
It is second input array of the same size and channel number as src1.
Beta
It is weight of the second array elements.
gamma
It is scalar added to each sum.
Dst

It is output array that has the same size and number of channels as the
input arrays.

Apart from the GaussianBlur() method, there are other methods provided by the
Imgproc class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

31

Java Digital Image Processing

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc and Core class to apply
sharpening to an image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.core.Size;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try{
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination = new
Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Imgproc.GaussianBlur(source, destination, new Size(0,0), 10);
Core.addWeighted(source, 1.5, destination, -0.5, 0, destination);
Highgui.imwrite("sharp.jpg", destination);
}catch (Exception e) {
}
}
}

32

Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

Sharpened Image

33

Java Digital Image Processing

9. IMAGE COMPRESSION
TECHNIQUES

An image can easily be compressed and stored through Java. Compression of image
involves converting an image into jpg and storing it.
In order to compress an image, we read the image and convert into BufferedImage
object.
Further, we get an ImageWriter from getImageWritersByFormatName() method
found
in
the
ImageIO
class.
From
this
ImageWriter,
create
an ImageWriteParam object. Its syntax is given below:
Iterator<ImageWriter> list = ImageIO.getImageWritersByFormatName("jpg");
ImageWriteParam obj = writer_From_List.getDefaultWriteParam();
From this ImageWriteParam object, you can set the compression by calling these two
methods which are setCompressionMode() and setCompressionQuality(). Their
syntaxes are as given below:
obj.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT);
obj.setCompressionQuality(0.05f);
The setCompressionMode() method takes Mode_EXPLICIT as the parameter. Some
of the other MODES are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Modes

MODE_DEFAULT
It is a constant value that may be passed into methods to enable that
feature for future writes.

MODE_DISABLED
It is a constant value that may be passed into methods to disable that
feature for future writes.

MODE_EXPLICIT
It is a constant value that may be passed into methods to enable that
feature for future writes.

34

Java Digital Image Processing

Apart from the compressions methods, there are other methods provided by the
ImageWriteParam class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

canOffsetTiles()
It returns true if the writer can perform tiling with non-zero grid offsets
while writing.

getBitRate(float quality)
It returns a float indicating an estimate of the number of bits of output
data for each bit of input image data at the given quality level.

getLocale()
It returns the currently set Locale, or null if only a default Locale is
supported.

isCompressionLossless()
It returns true if the current compression type provides lossless
compression.

unsetCompression()
It removes any previous compression type and quality settings.

unsetTiling()
It removes any previous tile grid parameters specified by calls to setTiling.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of ImageWriteParam class to compress
an image:
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import javax.imageio.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
import javax.imageio.stream.ImageOutputStream;

35

Java Digital Image Processing

class Compresssion {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

File compressedImageFile = new File("compress.jpg");

OutputStream os =new FileOutputStream(compressedImageFile);

Iterator<ImageWriter>writers =
ImageIO.getImageWritersByFormatName("jpg");
ImageWriter writer = (ImageWriter) writers.next();

ImageOutputStream ios = ImageIO.createImageOutputStream(os);

writer.setOutput(ios);

ImageWriteParam param = writer.getDefaultWriteParam();

param.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT);
param.setCompressionQuality(0.05f);
writer.write(null, new IIOImage(image, null, null), param);
os.close();
ios.close();
writer.dispose();
}
}

36

Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When
you
execute
the
given
code,
it
compresses
the
image
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent compressed image and writes it on the
hard disk with the name compress.jpg.

Original Image

Compressed Image - Quality Factor: 0.05

37

Java Digital Image Processing

Compressed Image - Quality Factor: 0.5

38

Java Digital Image Processing

10. ADDING IMAGE BORDER

In this chapter we learn to add different types of borders to an image.

We use OpenCV function copyMakeBorder. It can be found under Imgproc package.

Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.copyMakeBorder(source,destination,top,bottom,left,right,borderType);
The parameters are described below:
Sr. No.

Parameters

source
It is source image.

destination
It is destination image.

top
It is the length in pixels of the border at the top of the image.

bottom
Length in pixels of the border at the bottom of the image.

left
It is the length in pixels of the border at the left of the image.

right
It is the length in pixels of the border at the right of the image.

borderType
It defines the type
BORDER_REPLICATE,
BORDER_CONSTANT etc.

of

border. The possible borders are

BORDER_REFLECT,
BORDER_WRAP,

39

Java Digital Image Processing

Apart from the copyMakeBorder() method, there are other methods provide by the
Imgproc class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to add border to an
image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class main {

40

Java Digital Image Processing

public static void main( String[] args )

{
try{
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination = new
Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
int top, bottom, left, right;
int borderType;

/// Initialize arguments for the filter

top = (int) (0.05*source.rows());
bottom = (int) (0.05*source.rows());
left = (int) (0.05*source.cols());
right = (int) (0.05*source.cols());

destination = source;
Imgproc.copyMakeBorder(source, destination, top, bottom,
left, right, Imgproc.BORDER_WRAP);
Highgui.imwrite("borderWrap.jpg", destination);
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:
41

Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

Isolated Border Image

Wrapped Border Image

42

Java Digital Image Processing

Reflect Border Image

43

Java Digital Image Processing

11. IMAGE PYRAMIDS

Image pyramid is nothing but a method to display a multi-resolution image. The

lowermost layer is a highest-resolution version of image and the topmost layer is a
lowest-resolution version of the image. Image pyramids are used to handle image at
different scales.
In this chapter we perform some down sampling and up sampling on images.
We use OpenCV functions pyrUp and pyrDown. They can be found under
Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.pyrUp(source, destination, destinationSize);
Imgproc.pyrDown(source, destination,destinationSize);
The parameters are described below:
Sr. No.

Parameters

source
It is the source image.

destination
It is the destination image.

destinationSize
It is the size of the output image. By default, it is computed as
Size((src.cols*2), (src.rows*2)).

Apart from the pyrUp and pyrDown methods, there are other methods provided by
the Imgproc class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

44

Java Digital Image Processing

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to perform up sampling
and down sampling on an image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.core.Size;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class main {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try{
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination1 = new Mat(source.rows()*2,
45

Java Digital Image Processing

source.cols()*2,source.type());
destination1 = source;
Imgproc.pyrUp(source, destination1, new Size(source.cols()*2,
source.rows()*2));
Highgui.imwrite("pyrUp.jpg", destination1);
source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows()/2,source.cols()/2,
source.type());
destination = source;
Imgproc.pyrDown(source, destination, new Size(source.cols()/2,
source.rows()/2));
Highgui.imwrite("pyrDown.jpg", destination);
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

46

Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

On the original image, pyrUp (UP Sampling) and pyrDown (Down Sampling) are
performed. The output after sampling is as shown below:

47

Java Digital Image Processing

PyrUP Image

pyrDown Image

48

Java Digital Image Processing

12. BASIC THRESHOLDING

Thresholding enables to achieve image segmentation in the easiest way. Image

segmentation means dividing the complete image into a set of pixels in such a way
that the pixels in each set have some common characteristics. Image segmentation
is highly useful in defining objects and their boundaries.
In this chapter we perform some basic thresholding operations on images.
We use OpenCV function threshold. It can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax
is given below:
Imgproc.threshold(source, destination, thresh , maxval , type);
The parameters are described below:
Sr. No.

Parameters

source
It is source image.

destination
It is destination image.

thresh
It is threshold value.

maxval
It is the maximum value to be used with the THRESH_BINARY and
THRESH_BINARY_INV threshold types.

type
The possible types are THRESH_BINARY,
THRESH_TRUNC, and THRESH_TOZERO.

THRESH_BINARY_INV,

49

Java Digital Image Processing

Apart from these thresholding methods, there are other methods provided by the
Imgproc class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to perform
thresholding operations to an image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class main {

50

Java Digital Image Processing

public static void main( String[] args )

{
try{
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination = new
Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
destination = source;
Imgproc.threshold(source,destination,127,255,Imgproc.THRESH_TOZERO);

Highgui.imwrite("ThreshZero.jpg", destination);
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

51

Java Digital Image Processing

On the above original image, some thresholding operation is performed which is

shown in the output below:

Thresh Binary

52

Java Digital Image Processing

Thresh Binary Invert

Thresh Zero

53

Java Digital Image Processing

13. IMAGE SHAPE CONVERSION

The shape of the image can easily be changed by using OpenCV. Image can either
be flipped, scaled, or rotated in any of the four directions.
In order to change the shape of the image, we read the image and convert into Mat
object. Its syntax is given below:
File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);
//convert Buffered Image to Mat.

Flipping an Image
OpenCV allows three types of flip codes which are described below:
Sr. No.

Flip Code

0
0 means, flipping around x axis.

1
1 means, flipping around y axis.

-1
-1 means, flipping around both axis.

We pass the appropriate flip code into method flip() in the Core class. Its syntax is
given below:
Core.flip(source mat, destination mat1, flip_code);
The method flip() takes three parameters: the source image matrix , the destination
image matrix, and the flip code.
Apart from the flip method, there are other methods provided by the Core class. They
are described briefly:

54

Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No.

Methods

add(Mat src1, Mat src2, Mat dst)

It calculates the per-element sum of two arrays or an array and a scalar.

bitwise_and(Mat src1, Mat src2, Mat dst)

It calculates the per-element bit-wise conjunction of two arrays or an array
and a scalar.

bitwise_not(Mat src, Mat dst)

It inverts every bit of an array.

circle(Mat img, Point center, int radius, Scalar color)

It draws a circle.

sumElems(Mat src)
It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

subtract(Mat src1, Scalar src2, Mat dst, Mat mask)

It calculates the per-element difference between two arrays or array and
a scalar.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Core class to flip an image:
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.awt.image.DataBufferByte;
import java.io.File;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

55

Java Digital Image Processing

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

{
try {
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

byte[] data = ((DataBufferByte) image.getRaster().

getDataBuffer()).getData();
Mat mat = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC3);
mat.put(0, 0, data);

Mat mat1 = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC3);

Core.flip(mat, mat1, -1);

byte[] data1 = new

byte[mat1.rows()*mat1.cols()*(int)(mat1.elemSize())];
mat1.get(0, 0, data1);
BufferedImage image1 = new BufferedImage(mat1.cols(), mat1.rows(), 5);
image1.getRaster().setDataElements(0,0,mat1.cols(),mat1.rows(),data1);

File ouptut = new File("hsv.jpg");

ImageIO.write(image1, "jpg", ouptut);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}

56

Java Digital Image Processing

}
}

Output
When you run the above example, it would flip an image name
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent HSV color space image and write it on
hard disk with name flip.jpg.

Original Image

Flipped Image

57

Java Digital Image Processing

14. APPLYING GAUSSIAN FILTER

In this chapter, we apply Gaussian filter to an image that blurs an image. We are
going to use OpenCV function GaussianBlur to apply Gaussian filter to images. It can
be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.GaussianBlur(source, destination,Size,SigmaX);
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Argument

source
It is source image.

destination
It is destination image.

Size
It is Gaussian kernel size.

SigmaX
It is Gaussian kernel standard deviation in X direction.

Apart from the GaussianBlur method, there are other methods provided by the
Imgproc class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

58

Java Digital Image Processing

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Gaussian filter
to an image.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.core.Size;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Imgproc.GaussianBlur(source, destination,new Size(45,45), 0);
Highgui.imwrite("Gaussian45.jpg", destination);
59

Java Digital Image Processing

} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

When this original image is convolved with the Gaussian filter of size 11 and 45, the
following output is seen:

60

Java Digital Image Processing

Gaussian Filter of Size 11

Gaussian Filter of Size 45

61

Java Digital Image Processing

15. APPLYING BOX FILTER

We apply Box filter that blurs an image. A Box filter could be of dimensions 3x3, 5x5,
9x9 etc.
We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Box filter to images. It can be found
under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Arguments

src
It is source image.

dst
It is destination image.

ddepth:
It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the
depth is the same as the source.

kernel
It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

anchor
It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (1, -1) indicates the center by default.

Delta
It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default
it is 0.

BORDER_DEFAULT
We let this value by default.

62

Java Digital Image Processing

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Box filter to
an image of Grayscale.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

63

Java Digital Image Processing

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
int kernelSize = 9;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Mat kernel = Mat.ones(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F);
for(int i=0; i<kernel.rows(); i++){
for(int j=0; j<kernel.cols(); j++){
double[] m = kernel.get(i, j);
for(int k =0; k<m.length; k++){
m[k] = m[k]/(kernelSize * kernelSize);
}
kernel.put(i,j, m);
}
}
Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);
Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

64

Java Digital Image Processing

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

In this example we convolve our image with the following filter (kernel). This filter
results in blurring an image as its size increases.
This original image has been convolved with the box filter of size 5, which is given
below:

Box filter of size 5

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

1/25

65

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image with Box Filter of Size 5

Convolved Image with Box Filter of Size 9

66

Java Digital Image Processing

16. ERODING AND DILATION

In this chapter we learn apply two very common morphology operators: Dilation and
Erosion.
We use OpenCV function erode and dilate. They can be found under Imgproc package.
Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.erode(source, destination, element);
Imgproc.dilate(source, destination, element);
The parameters are described below:
Sr. No.

Parameters

source
It is source image.

destination
It is destination image.

element
It is a structuring element used for erosion and dilation, if
element=Mat(), a 3 x 3 rectangular structuring element is used.

Apart from erode() and dilate() methods, there are other methods provided by the
Imgproc class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Method

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

67

Java Digital Image Processing

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to perform erosion and
dilation on an image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class main {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try{
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination =new
Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
destination = source;

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Java Digital Image Processing

int erosion_size = 5;
int dilation_size = 5;
Mat element = Imgproc.getStructuringElement(Imgproc.MORPH_RECT,
new Size(2*erosion_size + 1, 2*erosion_size+1));
Imgproc.erode(source, destination, element);
Highgui.imwrite("erosion.jpg", destination);

source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
destination = source;
Mat element1 = Imgproc.getStructuringElement(Imgproc.MORPH_RECT,
new Size(2*dilation_size + 1, 2*dilation_size+1));
Imgproc.dilate(source, destination, element1);
Highgui.imwrite("dilation.jpg", destination);
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

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Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

On the above original image, some erosion and dilation operations have been
performed which have been shown in the output below:

Erosion

70

Java Digital Image Processing

Dilation

71

Java Digital Image Processing

17. APPLYING WATERMARK

In this chapter we learn two ways of applying watermark on images. These ways are:
1. Applying Text Watermark
2. Applying Image watermark

Applying Text Watermark

We use OpenCV function putText to apply text watermark to image. It can be found
under Core package. Its syntax is given below:
Core.putText(source,Text,Point, fontFace ,fontScale ,color);
The parameters of this function are described below:
Sr. No.

Parameters

Source
It is source image.

Text
It is the string text that would appear on the image.

Point
It is the point where text should appear on image.

fontFace
It
is
font
type.
For
example:
FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,
FONT_HERSHEY_PLAIN, FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX etc.

fontScale
It is font scale factor that is multiplied by the font-specific base size.

color
It is text color.

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Java Digital Image Processing

Apart from the putText method, there are other methods provided by the Core class.
They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

normalize(Mat src, Mat dst, double alpha, double beta, int norm_type)
It normalizes the norm or value range of an array.

perspectiveTransform(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat m)

It performs the perspective matrix transformation of vectors.

phase(Mat x, Mat y, Mat angle)

It calculates the rotation angle of 2D vectors.

rectangle(Mat img, Point pt1, Point pt2, Scalar color)

It draws a simple, thick, or filled up-right rectangle.

reduce(Mat src, Mat dst, int dim, int rtype, int dtype)
It reduces a matrix to a vector.

transform(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat m)

It performs the matrix transformation of every array element.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Core class to apply text watermark
to an image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
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Java Digital Image Processing

try{
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),
source.type());
Core.putText(source, "Tutorialspoint.com", new Point
(source.rows()/2,source.cols()/2),
Core.FONT_ITALIC,new Double(1),new Scalar(255));

Highgui.imwrite("watermarked.jpg", source);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: "+e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

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Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

Text Watermarked Image

Applying Image Watermark on Image

We are going to use OpenCV function addWeighted to apply image watermark to
image. It can be found under Core package. Its syntax is given below:

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Java Digital Image Processing

Core.addWeighted(InputArray src1, alpha, src2 (Watermark image), beta,

gamma, OutputArray dst);
The parameters of this function are described below:
Sr. No.

Parameters

src1
It is first input array.

alpha
It is the weight of the first array elements.

src2
It is the second input array of the same size and channel number as
src1.

beta
It is the weight of the second array elements.

gamma
It is the scalar added to each sum.

dst
It is the output array that has the same size and number of channels
as the input arrays.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Core class to apply image watermark
to an image:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

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Java Digital Image Processing

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try{
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("digital_image_processing.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat waterMark=Highgui.imread("watermark.png",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Rect ROI = new Rect(waterMark.rows()*4,waterMark.cols(),
waterMark.cols(),waterMark.rows());
Core.addWeighted(source.submat(ROI), 0.8, waterMark,
0.2, 1, source.submat(ROI));
Highgui.imwrite("watermarkedImage.jpg", source);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: "+e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

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Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

The Watermark Image

78

Java Digital Image Processing

Watermarked Image

79

Java Digital Image Processing

18. UNDERSTANDING
CONVOLUTION

Convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions f and g. The function f and

g in this case are images, since an image is also a two dimensional function.

Performing Convolution
In order to perform convolution on an image, following steps are taken:

Flip the mask (horizontally and vertically) only once.

Slide the mask onto the image.

Multiply the corresponding elements and then add them.

Repeat this procedure until all values of the image has been calculated.

We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply convolution to images. It can be found
under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
filter2D(src, dst, ddepth , kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Arguments

src
It is source image.

dst
It is destination image.

ddepth:
It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth
is the same as the source.

kernel
It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

anchor

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Java Digital Image Processing

It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1,
-1) indicates the center by default.
6

delta
It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it
is 0.

BORDER_DEFAULT
We let this value by default.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to perform convolution
on an image of Grayscale.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;
public class convolution {
public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
int kernelSize = 3;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new
Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){
{

81

Java Digital Image Processing

put(0,0,0);
put(0,1,0);
put(0,2,0);

put(1,0,0);
put(1,1,1);
put(1,2,0);

put(2,0,0);
put(2,1,0);
put(2,2,0);
}
};
Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);
Highgui.imwrite("original.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
In this example we convolve our image with the following filter (kernel). This filter
results in producing original image as it is:
0

82

Java Digital Image Processing

Original Image

Convolved Image

83

Java Digital Image Processing

19. APPLYING PREWITT OPERATOR

Prewitt operator is used for edge detection in an image. It detects two types of edges:
vertical edges and horizontal edges.
We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Prewitt operator to images. It can be
found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Arguments

src
It is source image.

dst
It is destination image.

ddepth:
It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the
depth is the same as the source.

kernel
It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

anchor
It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (1, -1) indicates the center by default.

delta
It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default
it is 0.

BORDER_DEFAULT
We let this value by default.

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Java Digital Image Processing

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Prewitt
operator to an image of Grayscale.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

85

Java Digital Image Processing

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
int kernelSize = 9;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){
{
put(0,0,-1);
put(0,1,0);
put(0,2,1);

put(1,0-1);
put(1,1,0);
put(1,2,1);

put(2,0,-1);
put(2,1,0);
put(2,2,1);
}
};
Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);
Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

86

Java Digital Image Processing

}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Prewitt operator of vertical edges as given
below:

Vertical direction
-1

-1

-1

87

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image Vertical Direction

This original image has also been convolved with the Prewitt operator of horizontal
edges, which is given below:

Horizontal Direction
-1

-1

-1

88

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image-Horizontal Direction

89

Java Digital Image Processing

20. APPLYING SOBEL OPERATOR

Sobel operator is very similar to Prewitt operator. It is also a derivative mask and is
used for edge detection. Sobel operator is used to detect two kinds of edges in an
image: Vertical direction edges and Horizontal direction edges.
We are going to use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Sobel operator to images.
It can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Argument

src
It is source image.

dst
It is destination image.

ddepth:
It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth
is the same as the source.

kernel
It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

anchor
It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1,
-1) indicates the center by default.

Delta
It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it
is 0.

BORDER_DEFAULT
We let this value by default.

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Java Digital Image Processing

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Sobel operator
to an image of Grayscale.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

91

Java Digital Image Processing

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
int kernelSize = 9;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){
{
put(0,0,-1);
put(0,1,0);
put(0,2,1);

put(1,0-2);
put(1,1,0);
put(1,2,2);

put(2,0,-1);
put(2,1,0);
put(2,2,1);
}
};
Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);
Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

92

Java Digital Image Processing

}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Sobel operator of vertical edges, which is
given below:

Vertical Direction
-1

-2

-1

93

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image-Vertical Direction

This original image is convolved with the Sobel operator of horizontal edges, which
is given below:

Horizontal Direction
-1

-2

-1

94

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image-Horizontal Direction

95

Java Digital Image Processing

21. APPLYING KIRSCH OPERATOR

Kirsch compass masks are yet another type of derivative mask which are used for
edge detection. This operator is also known as direction mask. In this operator we
take one mask and rotate it in all the eight compass directions to get edges of the
eight directions.
We are going to use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Kirsch operator to
images. It can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
filter2D(src, dst, ddepth , kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT);
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Argument

src
It is source image.

dst
It is destination image.

ddepth:
It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the
depth is the same as the source.

Kernel
It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

Anchor
It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (1, -1) indicates the center by default.

Delta
It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default
it is 0.

BORDER_DEFAULT

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Java Digital Image Processing

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Kirsch
operator to an image of Grayscale.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

97

Java Digital Image Processing

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
int kernelSize = 9;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){
{
put(0,0,-3);
put(0,1,-3);
put(0,2,-3);

put(1,0-3);
put(1,1,0);
put(1,2,-3);

put(2,0,5);
put(2,1,5);
put(2,2,5);
}
};
Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);
Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {

98

Java Digital Image Processing

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Kirsch operator of East edges as given
below:

Kirsch East
-3

-3

-3

-3

-3

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Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image-Kirsch East

This original image is convolved with the Kirsch operator of South West edges as
given below:

Kirsch South West

5

-3

-3

-3

-3

-3

100

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image-Kirsch South West

101

Java Digital Image Processing

22. APPLYING ROBINSONOPERATOR

Robinson compass masks are yet another type of derivative masks which are used
for edge detection. This operator is also known as direction mask. In this operator
we take one mask and rotate it in all the eight major directions to get edges of the
eight directions.
We are going to use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Robinson operator to
images. It can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Argument

src
It is source image.

dst
It is destination image.

ddepth:
It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth
is the same as the source.

kernel
It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

anchor
It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1,
-1) indicates the center by default.

Delta
It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it
is 0.

BORDER_DEFAULT

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Java Digital Image Processing

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Robinson
operator to an image of Grayscale:
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

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Java Digital Image Processing

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
int kernelSize = 9;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){
{
put(0,0,-1);
put(0,1,0);
put(0,2,1);

put(1,0-2);
put(1,1,0);
put(1,2,2);

put(2,0,-1);
put(2,1,0);
put(2,2,1);
}
};
Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);
Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {

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Java Digital Image Processing

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Robinson operator of North edges as given
below:

North Direction Mask

-1

-2

-1

105

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image Robinson North

This original image has also been convolved with the Robinson operator of East edges
as given below:

East Direction Mask

-1

-2

-1

106

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image Robinson East

107

Java Digital Image Processing

23. APPLYING LAPLACIAN OPERATOR

Laplacian Operator is also a derivative operator which is used to find edges in an
image. The major difference between Laplacian and other operators like Prewitt,
Sobel, Robinson, and Kirsch is that these all are first order derivative masks but
Laplacian is a second order derivative mask.
We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply Laplacian operator to images. It can
be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Arguments

Src
It is source image.

Dst
It is destination image.

ddepth:
It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the
depth is the same as the source.

kernel
It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

anchor
It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (1, -1) indicates the center by default.

delta
It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default
it is 0.

BORDER_DEFAULT

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Java Digital Image Processing

We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply Laplacian
operator to an image of Grayscale.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;
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Java Digital Image Processing

public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
int kernelSize = 9;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());

Mat kernel = new Mat(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){

{
put(0,0,0);
put(0,1,-1);
put(0,2,0);

put(1,0-1);
put(1,1,4);
put(1,2,-1);

put(2,0,0);
put(2,1,-1);
put(2,2,0);
}
};
Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

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Java Digital Image Processing

Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the Laplacian Negative operator as given below:

Laplacian Negative
0

-1

-1

-1

-1

111

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image-Laplacian Negative

This original image is convolved with the Laplacian Positive operator as given below:

Laplacian Positive
0

-4

112

Java Digital Image Processing

Convolved Image-Laplacian Positive

113

Java Digital Image Processing

24. APPLYING WEIGHTED AVERAGE

FILTER
In weighted average filter, we gave more weight to the center value, due to which
the contribution of center becomes more than the rest of the values. Due to weighted
average filtering, we can control the blurring of image.
We use the OpenCV function filter2D() to apply weighted average filter to images. It
can be found under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
filter2D(src, dst, ddepth, kernel, anchor, delta, BORDER_DEFAULT );
The function arguments are described below:
Sr. No.

Arguments

src
It is source image.

dst
It is destination image.

ddepth:
It is the depth of dst. A negative value (such as -1) indicates that the depth
is the same as the source.

kernel
It is the kernel to be scanned through the image.

anchor
It is the position of the anchor relative to its kernel. The location Point (-1,
-1) indicates the center by default.

Delta
It is a value to be added to each pixel during the convolution. By default it
is 0.

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BORDER_DEFAULT
We let this value by default.

Apart from the filter2D() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply weighted
average filter to an image of Grayscale.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;
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public class convolution {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
int kernelSize = 9;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("grayscale.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows(),source.cols(),source.type());
Mat kernel = Mat.ones(kernelSize,kernelSize, CvType.CV_32F){
for(int i=0; i<kernel.rows(); i++){
for(int j=0; j<kernel.cols(); j++){
double[] m = kernel.get(i, j);
for(int k =0; k<m.length; k++){
if(i==1 && j==1){
m[k] = 10/18;
}
else{
m[k] = m[k]/(18);
}
}
kernel.put(i,j, m);
}
}
};
Imgproc.filter2D(source, destination, -1, kernel);

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Highgui.imwrite("output.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image

This original image is convolved with the weighted average filter as given below:

Weighted Average Filter

1

10

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Convolved Image

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25. CREATING ZOOM EFFECT

Zooming is the process of enlarging an image so that the details in the image become
more visible and prominent.
We use OpenCV function resize to apply zooming to images. It can be found
under Imgproc package. Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.resize(source,destination,
destination.size(),zoomFactor,zoomFactor,Interpolation);
In the resize function, we pass source image, destination image and its size, zooming
factor, and the interpolation method to use.
The interpolation methods available are described below:
Sr. No.

Interpolation methods

INTER_NEAREST
It is nearest-neighbor interpolation.

INTER_LINEAR
It is bilinear interpolation (used by default).

INTER_AREA
It is resampling using pixel area relation. It may be a preferred method for
image decimation, as it gives more-free results.

INTER_CUBIC
It is a bi-cubic interpolation over 4x4 pixel neighborhood.

INTER_LANCZOS4
It is a Lanczos interpolation over 8x8 pixel neighborhood.

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Apart from the resize method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to apply zooming to
an image.
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.highgui.Highgui;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )

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{
try {
int zoomingFactor = 2;
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
Mat source = Highgui.imread("image.jpg",
Highgui.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE);
Mat destination = new Mat(source.rows() * zoomingFactor,
source.cols()* zoomingFactor,source.type());
Imgproc.resize(source, destination, destination.size(),
zoomingFactor,zoomingFactor,Imgproc.INTER_NEAREST);
Highgui.imwrite("zoomed.jpg", destination);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: "+e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given code, the following output is seen:

Original Image
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Zoomed Image (Zooming factor: 2)

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26. OPEN SOURCE LIBRARIES

In this chapter, we explore some of the free image processing libraries that are widely
used and can be easily integrated in the project. These libraries include:

ImageJ

Fiji

Commons Imaging

ImageMagick

Endrov

LeadTools

OpenCv

ImageJ
ImageJ is a public domain Java image processing program inspired by NIH Image for
the Macintosh. It can display, edit, analyze, process, save, and print 8-bit, 16-bit,
and 32-bit images.
Some of the basic features of ImageJ are described below:
Sr. No.

Features

Runs Everywhere
ImageJ is written in Java, which allows it to run on Linux, Mac OS X and
Windows, in both 32-bit and 64-bit modes.

Open Source
ImageJ and its Java source code are freely available and in the public
domain.

Toolkit
Use ImageJ as an image processing toolkit (class library) to develop
applets, servlets, or applications.

Data Types
8-bit grayscale or indexed color, 16-bit unsigned integer, 32-bit floatingpoint, and RGB color.

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File Formats
Open and save GIF, JPEG, BMP, PNG, PGM, FITS, and ASCII. Open DICOM.
Open TIFFs, GIFs, JPEGs, DICOMs, and raw data using a URL.

Selections
Create rectangular, elliptical, or irregular area selections. Create line and
point selections.

Image Enhancement
Supports smoothing, sharpening, edge detection, median filtering, and
thresholding on both 8-bit grayscale and RGB color images.

Color Processing
Split a 32-bit color image into RGB or HSV components. Merge 8-bit
components into a color image.

Fiji
Fiji is an image processing package. It can be described as a distribution of ImageJ
and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D, and a lot of plug-ins organized into a
coherent menu structure. Fiji compares to ImageJ as Ubuntu compares to Linux.
Apart from the ImageJ basic features, some of the advanced features of Fiji are
described below:
Sr. No.

Features

Registering 3D images
This involves Elastic Alignment and Montage, Feature Extraction, Image
Stabilizer etc.

Segmenting images
It offers more than 35 types of segmentation.

Useful keyboard short cuts

Fuji has a lot of keyboard shortcuts.

Scripting

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Allow scripting with Macros, in JavaScript, JRuby, Jython, Clojure, and

Beanshell.
5

Developing Plug-ins
Use the Script Editor to start developing plug-ins and then run the plugins.

ImageJ Tricks
ImageJ is easy to use, but sometimes you wish for some function that is
actually implemented, yet you do not know how to trigger.

Commons Imaging
Apache Commons Imaging, previously known as Apache Commons Sanselan, is a
library that reads and writes a variety of image formats, including fast parsing of
image information such as size, color, space, ICC profile etc. and the metadata.
Some of the basic features of ImageJ are described below:
Sr. No.

Features

Java
Apache Commons Imaging is written in 100% pure Java. It executes on
any JVM and any platform, without modification.

Image Formats
It reads and writes a wide variety of image formats, and supports some
variations and encodings missed by all or most other libraries.

Metadata support
It supports reading and writing a variety of meta data in a structured way,
including EXIF meta data.

Network Friendly
It is network-friendly. Commons Imaging only reads the data it needs, and
caches what is read so that it is not too heavy on the network.

Easy to use

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It is designed to be very easy to use. It has a simple, clean interface. Most

operations are a single Imaging method calls.
6

Transparent
Commons Imaging aims to be transparent. There are no hidden buffers to
dispose, no native memory to free, no background threads.

Open Source
It is Free Software/Open Source. It is available under the Apache Software
License.

Color Conversions
The ColorConversions class offers methods to convert between the
following color spaces: CIE-L*CH, CIE-L*ab, CIE-L*uv, CMY, CMYK, HSL,
HSV, Hunter-Lab, RGB, XYZ, and YXY.

ImageMagick
ImageMagick is a software suite to create, edit, compose, or convert bitmap images.
It can read and write images in more than 100 formats including DPX, EXR, GIF,
JPEG, JPEG-2000, PDF, PNG, Postscript, SVG, and TIFF. Use ImageMagick to resize,
flip, mirror, rotate, distort, shear, and transform images, adjust image colors, apply
various special effects, or draw text, lines, polygons, ellipses, and Bezier curve.
Some of the basic features of ImageMagick are described below:
Sr. No.

Features

Format conversion
It converts an image from one format to another (e.g. PNG to JPEG).

Transform
It can resize, rotate, crop, flip or trim an image.

Transparency
It renders portions of an image invisible.

Draw
It adds shapes or text to an image.

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Decorate
It adds a border or frame to an image.

Special effects
It can Blur, sharpen, threshold, or tint an image.

Animation
It can create a GIF animation sequence from a group of images.

Composite
It can overlap one image over another.

Morphology of shapes
It extracts features, describe shapes and recognize patterns in images.

10

Encipher or decipher an image

It converts ordinary images into unintelligible gibberish and back again.

Endrov
Endrov is a multi-purpose image analysis program. It is written independently and
designed to address many of the shortcomings of other free software and many
commercial packages.
Some of the basic features of Endrov are described below:
Sr. No.

Features

View data
It views data, in 2D and 3D. Designed to handle complex 4D data schemes
and unlimited number of channels, where each channel can have its own
X, Y, and Z resolution.

Annotate your images

It annotates your images, automatically or by hand, to understand them
and get statistics.

Undo and Redo

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It can undo and redo for all operations.

4

Lazy Evaluation
It is designed from the ground to handle large image sets. Endrov uses
lazy evaluation, a concept mostly available in research programming
languages.

Scripting language
It supports graphical scripting language, as well as traditional scripting.

Java
Written in Java. Plug-in architecture allows easy extension with new Java
plug-ins. It can interact with Matlab.

Formats
It accesses almost all commercial and open file formats using Bio-formats.

Microscopic Processing
It can control all your microscopes with one program and do on-the-fly
image analysis.

LEADTOOLS
LEADTOOLS provides over 200 image processing functions in several categories
including document cleanup, medical image enhancement, color conversion and
correction, noise reduction, edge detection, and more.
Some of the basic features of LEADTOOLS are described below:
Sr. No.

Features

Scanned Document Image Processing

This powerful collection of functions can read scanned documents of
artefacts and imperfections such as punched holes, skewed angles,
borders, dust speckles, and more.

Medical Image Processing

Enhance the image or highlight the details by shifting, selecting,
subtracting, and removing the background for better visuals.

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Java Digital Image Processing

Geometric Transformation
These functions can be used to clean, align, correct images, or apply
artistic 3D effects.

Brightness and Contrast

These functions can be used to enhance images, apply artistic effects, or
aid in diagnostic evaluation of medical images.

Color Space Conversion

They can add image color space functionality to single and multi-threaded
applications including IIS and Windows WF hosted applications.

Color Correction
These functions are used to correct images with swapped color channels,
balance color intensities or perform various image analysis tasks.

Image Enhancement
These functions are used to correct common errors in photography such
as red-eye and imbalanced colors as well as aid in diagnostic evaluation of
medical images.

Region of Interest
These functions are used to create and modify regions of interest in images
to perform image processing functions on specific portions of an image,
save time in bar-code, and OCR recognition or perform various image
analysis tasks.

OpenCV
OpenCV is released under a BSD license and hence it is free for both academic and
commercial use. It has C++, C, Python, and Java interfaces and it supports Windows,
Linux, Mac OS, iOS, and Android. OpenCV was designed for computational efficiency
and with a strong focus on real-time applications. Written in optimized C/C++, the
library can take advantage of multi-core processing.
Some basic features of OpenCV are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Features

Smoothing Images

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This involves applying Blur, GaussianBlur, medianBlur, and bilateral Filter.

2

Eroding and Dilating

It can apply two very common morphology operators: Dilation and
Erosion.

Morphology Transformations
OpenCV function morphologyEx to apply Morphological Transformation
such as opening, closing, TopHat, and BlackHat etc.

Image Pyramids
OpenCV functions pyrUp and pyrDown to down sample or up sample a
given image.

Basic Thresholding Operations

Perform basic thresholding operations using OpenCV function threshold.

Adding borders to your images

OpenCV function copyMakeBorder is used to set the borders (extra
padding to your image).

Remapping
In OpenCV, the
implementation.

function

remap

offers

simple

remapping

Histogram Calculation
For simple purposes, OpenCV implements the function calcHist, which
calculates the histogram of a set of arrays (usually images or image
planes). It can operate with up to 32 dimensions.

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27. INTRODUCTION TO OPENCV

OpenCV is released under a BSD license and hence it is free for both academic and
commercial use. It has C++, C, Python, and Java interfaces, and it supports
Windows, Linux, Mac OS, iOS, and Android.
OpenCV was designed for computational efficiency and with a strong focus on realtime applications. Written in optimized C/C++, the library can take advantage of
multi-core processing.
Some of the basic features of OpenCV are described below:
Sr. No.

Features

Smoothing Images
This involves applying Blur, GaussianBlur, medianBlur, and bilateral Filter.

Eroding and Dilating

It can apply two very common morphology operators: Dilation and Erosion.

Morphology Transformations
OpenCV function morphologyEx to apply Morphological Transformation
such as opening, closing, TopHat, and BlackHat etc.

Image Pyramids
OpenCV functions pyrUp and pyrDown to down sample or up sample a
given image.

Basic Thresholding Operations

It can perform basic thresholding operations using OpenCV function
threshold.

Adding borders to your images

OpenCV function copyMakeBorder is used to set the borders (extra padding
to your image).

Remapping
In OpenCV, the function remap offers a simple remapping implementation.

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Histogram Calculation
For simple purposes, OpenCV implements the function calcHist, which
calculates the histogram of a set of arrays (usually images or image
planes). It can operate with up to 32 dimensions.

Integrating OpenCV
The following steps explain how to integrate OpenCV into your applications.

Download OpenCV
You can download OpenCV from their official Website here.

Create User Library

Further, we create a user library of OpenCV, so that we can use it as a future project.
Launch Eclipse.
Select Window -> Preferences from the menu.
Navigate under Java -> Build Path -> User Libraries and click New.

Now enter the name for your library. For example, OpenCV-2.4.6.
After that, select your new user library (i.e. OpenCV-2.4.6) and click on Add External
JARs.

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Browse through C:\OpenCV-2.4.6\build\java\ and select opencv-246.jar.
After adding the jar, extend the opencv-246.jar and select Native library location and
press Edit.

Select External Folder... and browse to select the folder C:\OpenCV2.4.6\build\java\x64. If you have a 32-bit system, you need to select the x86 folder
instead of x64.
Press Ok and you are done.
Now your user library is created. Now you can reuse this configuration in any of the
project.

Creating OpenCV Project

Create a new java project in eclipse.
On the Java Settings step, under Libraries tab, select Add Library... and select
OpenCV-2.4.6, then click Finish.

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Click finish and you are done.

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28. GRAYSCALE CONVERSION

OPENCV

In order to convert a color image to Grayscale image using OpenCV, we read the
image into BufferedImage and convert it into Mat Object. Its syntax is given below:
File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);
//convert Buffered Image to Mat.
Then you can transform the image from RGB to Grayscale format by using
method cvtColor() in the Imgproc class. Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.cvtColor(source mat, destination mat1, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2GRAY);
The method cvtColor() takes three parameters which are the source image matrix,
the destination image matrix, and the color conversion type.
Apart from the cvtColor method, there are other methods provided by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

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Java Digital Image Processing

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

6

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to convert an image
to Grayscale:
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.awt.image.DataBufferByte;
import java.io.File;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;
public class Main {
public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);

byte[] data = ((DataBufferByte) image.getRaster().

getDataBuffer()).getData();
Mat mat = new Mat(image.getHeight(), image.getWidth(),
CvType.CV_8UC3);

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Java Digital Image Processing

mat.put(0, 0, data);

Mat mat1 = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC1);

Imgproc.cvtColor(mat, mat1, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2GRAY);

byte[] data1 = new

byte[mat1.rows()*mat1.cols()*(int)(mat1.elemSize())];
mat1.get(0, 0, data1);
BufferedImage image1=new BufferedImage(mat1.cols(),mat1.rows()
,BufferedImage.TYPE_BYTE_GRAY);
image1.getRaster().setDataElements(0,0,mat1.cols(),mat1.rows(),data1);

File ouptut = new File("grayscale.jpg");

ImageIO.write(image1, "jpg", ouptut);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output
When you execute the given example, it converts an image named
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent Grayscale image and writes it on hard
disk with name grayscale.jpg.

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Original Image

Grayscale Image

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29. COLORSPACE CONVERSION

In order to change color space of one image to another using OpenCV, we read image
into BufferedImage and convert it into Mat Object. Its syntax is given below:
File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);
//convert Buffered Image to Mat.
OpenCv allows many color conversion types, all of which can be found in the Imgproc
class. Some of the types are described briefly:
Sr. No.

Color Conversion Type

COLOR_RGB2BGR

COLOR_RGB2BGRA

COLOR_RGB2GRAY

COLOR_RGB2HLS

COLOR_RGB2HSV

COLOR_RGB2Luv

COLOR_RGB2YUV

COLOR_RGB2Lab

From any of the color conversion type, just pass the appropriate one into method
cvtColor() in the Imgproc class. Its syntax is given below:
Imgproc.cvtColor(source mat, destination mat1, Color_Conversion_Code);
The method cvtColor() takes three parameters which are the source image matrix,
the destination image matrix and the color conversion type.
Apart from the cvtColor() method, there are other methods provide by the Imgproc
class. They are described briefly:

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Java Digital Image Processing

Sr. No.

Methods

cvtColor(Mat src, Mat dst, int code, int dstCn)

It converts an image from one color space to another.

dilate(Mat src, Mat dst, Mat kernel)

It dilates an image by using a specific structuring element.

equalizeHist(Mat src, Mat dst)

It equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

filter2D(Mat src, Mat dst, int ddepth, Mat kernel, Point anchor, double
delta)
It convolves an image with the kernel.

GaussianBlur(Mat src, Mat dst, Size ksize, double sigmaX)

It blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.

integral(Mat src, Mat sum)

It calculates the integral of an image.

Example
The following example demonstrates the use of Imgproc class to convert an image
from one color space to another.
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.awt.image.DataBufferByte;
import java.io.File;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.CvType;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;

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public class Main {

public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
System.loadLibrary( Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME );
File input = new File("digital_image_processing.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);
byte[] data = ((DataBufferByte) image.getRaster().
getDataBuffer()).getData();
Mat mat = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC3);
mat.put(0, 0, data);

Mat mat1 = new Mat(image.getHeight(),image.getWidth(),CvType.CV_8UC3);

Imgproc.cvtColor(mat, mat1, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2HSV);

byte[] data1 = new

byte[mat1.rows()*mat1.cols()*(int)(mat1.elemSize())];
mat1.get(0, 0, data1);
BufferedImage image1 = new BufferedImage(mat1.cols(), mat1.rows(), 5);
image1.getRaster().setDataElements(0,0,mat1.cols(),mat1.rows(),data1);

File ouptut = new File("hsv.jpg");

ImageIO.write(image1, "jpg", ouptut);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}
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Output
When you execute the given example, it converts an image name
digital_image_processing.jpg to its equivalent HSV color space image and writes it
on hard disk with name hsv.jpg.

Original Image (RGB)

Converted Image (HSV)

142