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Basics of Heat Transfer (Lecture#3) : by Engr. Muhammad Usman Khan

The document discusses the basics of heat transfer and thermodynamics. It covers the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The first law can be expressed as the net energy entering a system minus the net energy leaving the system equals the change in the system's total energy. The document also discusses open and closed systems, control volumes, the energy balance for closed and steady flow systems, and mass and volume flow rates.

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Mariam Mughees
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106 views25 pages

Basics of Heat Transfer (Lecture#3) : by Engr. Muhammad Usman Khan

The document discusses the basics of heat transfer and thermodynamics. It covers the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The first law can be expressed as the net energy entering a system minus the net energy leaving the system equals the change in the system's total energy. The document also discusses open and closed systems, control volumes, the energy balance for closed and steady flow systems, and mass and volume flow rates.

Uploaded by

Mariam Mughees
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASICS OF HEAT TRANSFER

(Lecture#3)
By
Engr. Muhammad Usman Khan

THE FIRST LAW OF


THERMODYNAMICS
The first law of thermodynamics, also known
as the conservation of energy principle, states
that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed; it can only change forms
Therefore, every bit of energy must be
accounted for during a process.
The conservation of energy principle (or the
energy balance) for any system undergoing
any process may be expressed as follows:That
is,

THE FIRST LAW OF


THERMODYNAMICS
The net change (increase or decrease) in the
total energy of the system during a process is
equal to the difference between the total
energy entering and the total energy leaving
the system during that process
(Total energy entering the system) (Total
energy leaving the system) =(Change in the
total energy of the system )

THE FIRST LAW OF


THERMODYNAMICS

Ein- Eout =Esystem


Net energy transfer by heat, work and
mass=Change in K.E and P.E etc

Open System
Open System: The open system is one in
which matter crosses the boundary of the
system. There may be energy transfer also.
Most of the engineering devices are generally
open systems e.g an air compressor in which
air enter at low pressure and leaves at high
pressure and there are energy transfer across
the boundary

Isolated/Closed System
Isolated System: The isolated system is one in
which there is no interaction between the
system and surrounding it is of fixed mass and
energy and there is no mass or energy
transfer across the system boundary

Open System

Isolated/Closed System

Control Volume and Control Surface


In the analysis of an open system such as an
air compressor attention is focused on a
certain volume on a certain volume in space
surrounding the compressor known as control
volume bounded by a surface called control
surface. Matter as well as energy crosses the
control surface

Control Volume and Control Surface

Control Volume and Control Surface


A closed system is a system closed to matter
flow through its volume against a flexible
boundary .When there is matter flow then the
system is considered to be a volume of fixed
boundary, the control volume. There is thus
no difference between an open system and a
control volume

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous


System
A quantity of matter homogeneous
throughout in chemical composition and
physical structure is called a phase. Every
substance can exist in one of three phases i.e
solid liquid and gas.
A system consist of a single phase is called a
homogeneous system
A system consisting of more than one phases
is called an heterogeneous system

Macroscopic and Microscopic


approach
Every system has certain characteristics by
which its physical condition may be described
e,g volume, temperature and pressure etc.
Such characteristics are called properties of
the system. These are all macroscopic in
nature.
Macroscopic properties concerned with the
effect of action of molecules and these effect
can be perceived by human senses

Macroscopic and Microscopic


approach
For example the macroscopic quantity
pressure is the average change of momentum
due to all the molecular collisions made on a
unit area. The macroscopic point of view is not
concerned with the action of individual
molecules and the force on a given unit area
can be measured by using a pressure gauge
Entropy, Pressure and internal energy

Macroscopic and Microscopic


approach
For the microscopic point of view matter is
composed of myriads of molecules if its is a
gas each molecule at a given instant has a
certain position velocity and energy and for
each molecule these change very frequently
as a result of collisions. The behavior of gas is
decided by summing up the behavior of each
molecule

Energy Balance for Closed Systems


(Fixed Mass)
A closed system consists of a fixed mass
The total energy E for most systems
encountered in practice consists of the
internal energy U
This is especially the case for stationary
systems since they dont involve any changes
in their velocity or elevation during a process.
The energy balance relation in that case
reduces to

Energy Balance for Closed Systems


(Fixed Mass)
Stationary closed system: Ein - Eout =U =
mCv T
Where we expressed the internal energy
change in terms of mass m, the specific heat
at constant volume Cv, and the temperature
change T of the system. When the system
involves heat transfer only and no work
interactions across its boundary, the energy
balance relation further reduces to
Stationary closed system, no work: Q = mCv T

Energy Balance for Closed Systems


(Fixed Mass)
Where Q is the net amount of heat transfer to
or from the system. This is the form of the
energy balance relation we will use most often
when dealing with a fixed mass.
Stationary closed system, no work:
Q =mCvT
where Q is the net amount of heat transfer to
or from the system. This is the form of the
energy balance relation we will use most often
when dealing with a fixed mass.

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow


Systems
A large number of engineering devices such as
water heaters and car radiators involve mass
flow in and out of a system, and are modeled
as control volumes
Most control volumes are analyzed under
steady operating conditions
The term steady means no change with time
at a specified location.

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow


Systems
The opposite of steady is unsteady or
transient.
Also, the term uniform implies no change with
position throughout a surface or region at a
specified time
The total energy content of a control volume
during a steady-flow process remains constant
(ECV constant).

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow


Systems
That is, the change in the total energy of the
control volume during such a process is zero
(ECV = 0).
Thus the amount of energy entering a control
volume in all forms (heat, work, mass transfer)
for a steady-flow process must be equal to the
amount of energy leaving it.
The amount of mass flowing through a cross
section of a flow device per unit time is called
the mass flow rate, and is denoted by m

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow


Systems
A fluid may flow in and out of a control
volume through pipes or ducts
The mass flow rate of a fluid flowing in a pipe
or duct is proportional to the cross-sectional
area Ac of the pipe or duct, the density , and
the velocity of the fluid.
The flow of a fluid through a pipe or duct can
often be approximated to be one-dimensional.
That is, the properties can be assumed to vary
in one direction only (the direction of flow).

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow


Systems
Under
the
one-dimensional
flow
approximation, the mass flow rate of a fluid
flowing in a pipe or duct can be expressed as
m =Av (kg/s)
The volume of a fluid flowing through a pipe
or duct per unit time is called the volume flow
rate V and is expressed as

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow


Systems
Note that the mass flow rate of a fluid through
a pipe or duct remains constant during steady
flow. This is not the case for the volume flow
rate


Thank You !

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