IEEE Guide To The Factors To Be Considered in The Planning, Design, and Installation of Submarine Power and Communications Cables

IEEE Std 1120-1990
IEEE Guide to the Factors to Be

Considered in the Planning, Design, and
Installation of Submarine Power and
Communications Cables
Sponsor
Special Purpose Cable Subcommittee

of the
Insulated Conductors Committee of the
of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Approved September 28, 1990
IEEE Standards Board
Abstract: IEEE Std 1120-1990, IEEE Guide to the Factors to Be Considered in the Planning, Design, and
Installation of Submarine Power and Communications Cables, provides a checklist of factors to be
considered in the planning, design, and installation of power and communications cables in a submarine
environment. It does not attempt to provide complete cable design criteria.
Keywords: submarine communications cable, submarine power cable
ISBN 1-55937-065-3
Copyright 1990 by
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the publisher.
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HeaderTitleRight (Variable)
Designation (Variable)
Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 1120-1990, IEEE Guide to the Factors to Be Considered in the Planning, Design, and
Installation of Submarine Power and Communications Cables.)
This guide has been prepared in the form of a checklist, which presents the more important aspects of submarine cable
projects. As such, this guide should be particularly helpful to the design engineer who is occasionally presented with
the challenge of designing a submarine cable installation.
A checklist approach has been used because a comprehensive coverage of the wide variety of subjects and
technologies involved in a submarine cable project would fill many volumes. Once the checklist has been used to
evaluate the particular project under consideration, a search of the technical literature can then be implemented to
obtain the detailed information that is needed.
It is suggested that, given the numerous references to submarine cable, the most practical means of carrying out a
serious search of this nature is to utilize the capabilities of a computerized search-and-retrieval system. Document
searches can be originated by using the section headings in this guide as keywords.
This guide was prepared by the Submarine Cable Task Force (929) of the Special Purpose Cable Subcommittee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society Insulated Conductors Committee. Task Force 929 had the following membership at
the time it prepared this guide:
E.M. Walton, Chair
J. Clarke
C. Doench
A. Fitzpatrick
W. Flack
O. I. Gilbertson
C. V. Johnson
J. Kitchens
D. E. Koonce
J. V. McBride
J. A. Moran, Jr.
J. A. Seminoro
W. A. Thue
W. Torok
R. S. Turner
S. E. Turner
R. O. Wilkinson
J. T. Zimnoch
The Insulated Conductors Committee that approved this document for submission to the IEEE Standards Board had
the following membership:
T. Aabo
K. N. Akay
P. Alex
R. W. Allen, Jr.
W. O. Andersen, Jr.
T. P. Arnold
T. A. Balaska
R. Bartnikas
E. W. Bennett
C. W. Blades
R. B. Blodgett
R. R. Borowski
K. E. Bow
J. E. Bramfitt
C. V. Brown
M. D. Buckweitz
P. W. Burgemeestre
R. R. Burghardt
M. D. Calcamuggio
J. L. Carlson
Copyright 1998 IEEE All Rights Reserved
J. R. Chalker
H. Chu
W. E. Cole
J. E. Conley
W. F. Constantine
J. T. Corbett
D. A. Costello
S. J. Croall
F. V. Cunningham
E. J. D'Aquanno
S. J. Dale
J. M. Daly
R. A. Decker
C. Doench
E. K. Duffy
J. P. Dupont
G. S. Eager, Jr.
R. M. Eichhorn
J. S. Englehardt
R. N. Essig
A. W. Fidrych
S. L. Fitzhugh
A. Fitzpatrick
M. A. Ford
R. W. Foster
E. O. Forster
R. D. Fulcomer
J. B. Gardner
J. J. Garland
A. Garshick
P. Gazzana-Priaroggia
R. B. Gear
E. F. Geary
S. M. Gilbert
O. I. Gilbertson
A. Godoshian
R. A. Guba
R. Hartlein
H. C. Hervig, Jr.
S. V. Heyer
iii
Designation (Variable)
R. W. Higginbottom
L. J. Hiivala
R. E. Hoy
W. F. Jensen, Jr.
C. V. Johnson
J. Jurcisin
C. Katz
F. E. Kimsey
J. Kitchens
H. T. Knox
F. B. Koch
S. Kozak
F. E. La Fetra
C. Landinger
J. S. Lasky
J. H. Lawson
R. E. Leuch
R. H. Leuteritz
T. H. Ling
G. Ludasi
R. Lukac
G. R. Lusk
R. Luther
G. J. Luzzi
R. F. Mann
M. A. Martin, Jr.
I. J. Marwick
M. S. Mashikain
S. G. Mastoras
HeaderTitleLeft (Variable)
L. B. McClung
A. R. McCulloch
E. J. McGowen
W. J. McNulty
J. D. Medek
J. D. Mintz
J. A. Moran, Jr.
D. J. Nichols
H. E. Orton
J. J. Pachot
R. N. Pallardy
C. D. Palmer
N. E. Piccione
J. J. Pickering
J. S. Pirrong
N. R. Plant
J. B. Prime, Jr.
P. F. Pugh
D. W. Purnhagen
J. G. Quin
G. P. Rampley
R. A. Resauli
R. B. Robertson
N. M. Sacks
C. J. Saldivar
D. Sandwick
E. L. Sankey
J. F. Shimshock
D. A. Silver
B. E. Smith
J. H. Snow
N. R. Spencer
N. Srinivas
D. R. Stein
J. L. Steiner
F. R. Stockum
G. A. Straniero
M. D. Sweat
W. K. Switzer
J. Tanaka
F. A. Teti
H. D. Thomas
W. A. Thue
A. C. Tingley
D. Tomaszewski
R. S. Turner
S. E. Turner
C. F. Von Hermann, Jr.
J. G. Waligorski
S. P. Walldorf
E. M. Walton
V. J. Warnock
R. H. W. Watkins
A. C. Westrom
C. A. White
R. O. Wilkinson
J. A. Williams
C. Woodell
J. T. Zimnoch
When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on September 28, 1990, it had the following membership:
Marco W. Migliaro, Chair
James M. Daly, Vice Chair
Andrew G. Salem, Secretary
Dennis Bodson
Paul L. Borrill
Fletcher J. Buckley
Allen L. Clapp
Stephen R. Dillon
Donald C. Fleckenstein
Jay Forster *
Thomas L. Hannan
Kenneth D. Hendrix
John W. Horch
Joseph L. Koepfinger *
Irving Kolodny
Michael A. Lawler
Donald J. Loughry
John E. May, Jr.
Lawrence V. McCall
L. Bruce McClung
Donald T. Michael *
Stig Nilsson
Roy T. Oishi
Gary S. Robinson
Terrance R. Whittemore
Donald W. Zipse
* Member Emeritus
iv
CLAUSE
PAGE
1.
Scope ...................................................................................................................................................................1
2.
Purpose................................................................................................................................................................1
3.
Route Planning Preliminary Engineering ......................................................................................................1

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.
Cable Design Parameters ....................................................................................................................................4

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.
Construction Timing ................................................................................................................................ 10

Installation Techniques (see 5.5 for types of subsoil materials) .............................................................. 10
Cable Laying Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 10
System Grounds ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Underwater Inspection (submarine, remote controlled submersible, divers, etc.)................................... 12
Examples of Public Agencies That May Need to Be Notified..........................................................................12

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.
Thermal Resistivity and Stability of Soil ................................................................................................... 9

Thermal Resistivity and Stability of Backfill Material .............................................................................. 9
Required Trench Depth and Width ............................................................................................................ 9
Excavated Material .................................................................................................................................... 9
Types of Subsoil Material .......................................................................................................................... 9
Solid Rock Bed No Trench Design Consideration (lay on surface and install protective cover)....... 10
Mechanical Protection (e.g., wood planks, concrete cover, etc.)............................................................. 10
Cable System Installation Considerations.........................................................................................................10

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.
Electrical .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Reliability/Availability............................................................................................................................... 4
Cable Type Considerations Power ........................................................................................................ 5
Communications Cables ............................................................................................................................ 5
Cable Design Considerations ..................................................................................................................... 6
Trench Design .....................................................................................................................................................9

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.
Location of Circuit End Points................................................................................................................... 1

Rights-of-way............................................................................................................................................. 1
Rights-of-way Environment....................................................................................................................... 2
Permitting and Coordination Requirements............................................................................................... 4
US Corps of Engineers............................................................................................................................. 12
US Coast Guard ....................................................................................................................................... 12
US Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife ......................................................................................... 12
US Department of Interior, National Park Service .................................................................................. 12
Environmental Protection Agency ........................................................................................................... 12
Local and State Governing Authorities.................................................................................................... 12
Resource Organizations ....................................................................................................................................12

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society, New York, NY, USA..................................................................... 12

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, NY, USA ................................. 12
The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, England....................................................................... 13
International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE), Paris, France.................. 13
CLAUSE
PAGE
8.5 Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Washington, DC, USA ........................................................... 13

8.6 Naval Ship Research and Development Laboratory, Annapolis, MD, USA ........................................... 13
8.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Conference (OTEC) Department of Energy,
Ocean System Branch, Washington, DC, USA ....................................................................................... 13
vi
IEEE Guide to the Factors to Be

Considered in the Planning, Design, and
Installation of Submarine Power and
Communications Cables
1. Scope
This Guide presents a list of factors relating to power and communications cables installed in a submarine environment
including the shore ends of such cables. While many of the considerations listed in this guide are common to both
power and communications cables, this document focuses on submarine power cables. This guide does not purport to
cover such special requirements of communications cables as repeaters, etc.
2. Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to list or describe many of the factors that should be considered in the planning, design,
and installation of submarine cable systems in a safe and environmentally acceptable manner. The listings in this guide
are intended to be comprehensive. The omission of any factor, however, does not imply that it need not be considered
under certain circumstances.
3. Route Planning Preliminary Engineering

3.1 Location of Circuit End Points
3.2 Rights-of-way
3.2.1 Land section availability
3.2.2 Water section availability
3.2.3 Land/water interface availability
3.2.4 Width requirements during construction
IEEE Std 1120-1990
GUIDE TO FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN PLANNING, DESIGN, AND
3.2.5 Width requirements during repair
3.3 Rights-of-way Environment

3.3.1 Land section
3.3.1.1 Existing/proposed municipal or utility oriented services
3.3.1.2 Existing/proposed facilities impacting route selection
3.3.1.3 Potential environmental impact resulting from construction/operation of proposed circuit
3.3.1.4 Potential environmental impediments to installation (e.g., change in elevation, rock
excavation)
3.3.1.5 Length of route
3.3.2 Water section
3.3.2.1 Route bathymetry
3.3.2.2 Bottom morphology
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Subsoil materials
Subsoil stability
Subsoil displacement normal and storm
Subsoil composition and organic content
Turbidity currents chemical analysis
Slow moving sediment transport
Subsoil contamination
Environmental impact on marine life
3.3.2.3 Present/future marine activities within considered zone, including, but not limited to
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Dredging activities
Future widening of channel
Anchorage
Fishing Naval activity
Marine shipping or traffic size, speed, wave action
Blocking of navigable waters during construction and repair
Restricted area
Other utilities
3.3.2.4 Marine environment

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Water current profile surface and bottom

Water temperature profile surface and bottom
Tide related currents
Seasonal changes current and temperature
Wave swell spectrum
Hundred-year storm exposure
Seismic or other related activity
Marine borers, etc.
INSTALLATION OF SUBMARINE POWER AND COMMUNICATIONS CABLES
IEEE Std 1120-1990
3.3.3 Ice conditions

3.3.3.1 Iceberg hazards
3.3.3.2 Shore ice conditions
3.3.3.3 Ice jams and pounding due to jams and tidal action
3.3.4 Land/Water interface
3.3.4.1 Present/future activity within considered zone
1)
2)
3)
Dredging
Commercial/private construction
Landfill
3.3.4.2 Marine environment

1)
2)
Tidal effects
Hundred-year storm exposure
3.3.4.3 Commercial/private activities within interface zone

3.3.4.4 Potential environmental impact resulting from construction/operation of proposed circuit
3.3.5 Seasonal conditions
3.3.5.1 Weather windows for suitable conditions
3.3.5.2 Seasonal construction work constraints
3.3.6 Emergency plans
3.3.6.1 Plans should include possible on-site changes in location during installation
IEEE Std 1120-1990
3.3.6.2 Plans should include installation and operation oil/fluid spill possibilities, and methods to
mitigate if necessary
3.4 Permitting and Coordination Requirements

3.4.1 National
3.4.2 State
3.4.3 Local
3.4.4 Joint use with other utilities
3.4.5 Planning commissions
4. Cable Design Parameters

4.1 Electrical
4.1.1 Power requirement mVA/mW
4.1.2 Rated and maximum voltage, BIL and switching surge withstand kV
4.1.3 Voltage type ac/dc
4.1.4 Soil thermal resistivity C-cm/W (land and water sections)
4.1.5 Ambient temperature C (winter or summer, land and water sections)
4.1.6 Burial depth ft (m)
4.1.7 Circuit/cable spacing ft (m)
4.1.8 Short circuit requirements
4.1.9 Communication system characteristics
4.1.10 Daily load factor
4.1.11 Soil thermal stability (land and water sections)
4.1.12 Cable length for optimum voltage
4.1.13 Ampacity limitations on load and riser poles
4.1.14 Interference with ships' compasses
4.2 Reliability/Availability
4.2.1 Maximum allowable mVA/mW loss on first and second contingencies
IEEE Std 1120-1990
4.2.2 Expected/allowable outage durations

4.2.3 Seasonal repair constraints
4.2.4 System configuration alternatives - ac systems
4.2.4.1 Single vs. double circuit
4.2.4.2 Number of conductors per circuit
4.2.4.3 Multiconductor cable (two 3/C vs. four 1/C, etc.)
4.2.4.4 Spacing between conductors/circuits
4.2.5 System configuration alternatives dc systems
4.2.5.1 Number of conductors per pole
4.2.5.2 Number of poles
4.2.5.3 Metallic ground return as spare
4.2.5.4 Bipolar/unipolar emergency configuration/rating
4.2.6 Provisions to locate, lift, and repair cable
4.2.7 Fault location procedures, techniques, equipment, personnel
4.3 Cable Type Considerations Power

4.3.1 Self-contained fluid-filled or gas-filled
4.3.2 Solid paper lead
4.3.3 High-pressure pipe-type, fluid or gas-filled
4.3.4 Extruded dielectric
4.3.5 Communication system
4.3.5.1 Hardwire
4.3.5.2 Fiber optics
4.3.6 Oil impregnated gas pressurized
4.3.7 Others
4.4 Communications Cables

4.4.1 Consider use of fiber optic, hardwire, or composite
4.4.2 Type of transmission
IEEE Std 1120-1990
4.4.2.1 Video
4.4.2.2 Voice
4.4.2.3 Data
4.4.3 General requirements
4.4.3.1 Mechanical
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Internal reinforcement
Blocking design
Outer armor
Jackets
Sheaths
Cathodic protection
Flexibility
Diameter limitations and tolerances
4.4.3.2 Electrical hardwire (usually copper)

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Gauge size
Pairs/singles and count and spares
Pair shields vs. overall shield
Lay length
Insulation system Foam PE or PPE; Solid PE, PPE, or combination
Any coaxial elements Attenuation vs. frequency
Capacitance
Crosstalk vs. frequency
Characteristic impedence vs. frequency
Tolerances
4.4.3.3 Electrical fiber optic

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Core sizes Single or multi-mode

Buffer diameter
Core count and spares
Cable assembly data
Attenuation vs. frequency
Error rate vs. bit rate
4.5 Cable Design Considerations

4.5.1 All cable systems, basic cable design
4.5.1.1 Conductor material and construction
4.5.1.2 Allowable electrical stress
4.5.1.3 Properties of insulation/oils
4.5.1.4 Sheath materials
IEEE Std 1120-1990
4.5.1.5 Bedding design

4.5.1.6 Armor design single vs. double layer, round wire, flat, stress, pitch, lay (same or opposite
for double armor), jacketed or unjacketed, magnetic or non-magnetic
4.5.1.7 Corrosion protection coating, anodes, rectifiers
4.5.1.8 Mechanical protection from marine life
4.5.1.9 Splice points factory or field
4.5.1.10 Splice design on ship, platform repair
4.5.1.11 Continuous cable run no field splices
4.5.1.12 Emergency flexible splice design
4.5.1.13 Cable weight in water negative buoyancy
4.5.1.14 Cable position stability in presence of cross currents
4.5.1.15 Pressurized system design
1)
2)
3)
Dielectric fluid viscosity, density, etc.

Normal and emergency fluid feeding options
Location and capacity of pressurizing plants
4.5.1.16 Joint power, control, and communications in common envelope

4.5.1.17 Laying tension in view of cable profile
4.5.1.18 Tension sharing between armor and core
4.5.2 High-pressure pipe-type cable system
4.5.2.1 Specific gravity of coated, empty pipe negative buoyancy
4.5.2.2 Allowable pulling tensions The pipe snakes in the trench. This must considered when
calculating the pulling tensions and sidewall bearing pressures
4.5.2.3 Increase in fluid pressure due to hydrostatic head
4.5.2.4 Number of pipes/spare pipes
4.5.2.5 Force cooling present and future
1)
2)
3)
Pipe sizes
Number of pipes
Fluid type
4.5.2.6 Pipe size, wall thickness and type of material

4.5.2.7 Interior pipe coating
IEEE Std 1120-1990
4.5.2.8 Exterior pipe coating

4.5.2.9 Exterior coating protection or weighting
4.5.2.10 Cathodic protection system
4.5.2.11 Maximum section lengths
4.5.2.12 Field splice design
4.5.3 Self-contained fluid-filled cable system
4.5.3.1 Armor
4.5.3.2 Anti-twist feature
4.5.3.3 Sheath bonding, sheath and armor bonding, open circuit, etc
4.5.3.4 Changes in fluid pressure from hydrostatic head and temperature
4.5.3.5 Sheath reinforcement
1)
2)
3)
Metallic
Non-metallic
Resistance to sea life
4.5.3.6 Fluid supply system normal and fault

4.5.3.7 Continuous length
4.5.3.8 Factory splice design
4.5.3.10 Field splice design initial or repair
4.5.3.11 Tension sharing
4.5.4 Extruded dielectric cable system
4.5.4.1 Armor
4.5.4.2 Anti-twist feature
4.5.4.3 Sheath voltage
4.5.4.4 Blocked strands
4.5.4.5 Moisture impervious design
4.5.4.6 Continuous length
4.5.4.7 Factory splice design
IEEE Std 1120-1990
4.5.4.8 Field splice design

4.5.4.10 Tension sharing
4.5.5 Communications cable
4.5.5.1 Repeater locations
4.5.5.2 Fiber optics vs. hardwire
4.5.5.3 Communication circuit in power cable
5. Trench Design
5.1 Thermal Resistivity and Stability of Soil
5.2 Thermal Resistivity and Stability of Backfill Material
5.3 Required Trench Depth and Width
5.4 Excavated Material
5.4.1 Temporary storing of subsoil for reuse
5.4.1.1 Shore
5.4.1.2 Underwater adjacent to trench
5.4.1.3 Permits
5.4.2 Complete removal and disposal of subsoil
5.5 Types of Subsoil Material

5.5.1 Type 1 Material Fine-grained sediments with low cohesion (e.g., sand, soft mud)
5.5.2 Type 2 Material Fine-grained sediments with high cohesion (e.g., stiff clay, permafrost)
5.5.3 Type 3 Material Very coarse sediments (e.g., glacial till, coarse river gravels)
5.5.4 Type 4 Material Rocks with low to medium strengths (e.g., coral, chalk, weak limestones,
sandstones)
5.5.5 Type 5 Material Rocks with high strength (e.g., sound granite, basalt, quartz, very strong
limestone)
IEEE Std 1120-1990
5.6 Solid Rock Bed No Trench Design Consideration (lay on surface and install
protective cover)
5.7 Mechanical Protection (e.g., wood planks, concrete cover, etc.)
6. Cable System Installation Considerations

6.1 Construction Timing
6.1.1 Weather
6.1.2 Environmental considerations
6.1.3 Marine traffic
6.1.4 Tides/currents
6.1.5 Cable splicing time
6.2 Installation Techniques (see 5.5 for types of subsoil materials)

6.2.1 Type 1 Material High pressure water jet excavation, bucket or suction dredges, vibratory
plows, embedment equipment, or other
6.2.2 Type 2 Material Cutterhead dredges, ladder dredges, high force plows, vibratory plows,
embedment equipment, or other
6.2.3 Type 3 Material Dredges of special types for coarse sediments
6.2.4 Type 4 Material Milling drums, chain saws or other rock cutting machines, shaped charges,
bangalore torpedoes, or drilling and blasting
6.2.5 Type 5 Material Drilling and blasting
6.3 Cable Laying Equipment

6.3.1 Selection of marine equipment (vessels)
6.3.1.1 Size
6.3.1.2 Shape
6.3.1.3 Draft
6.3.1.4 Propulsion system on-board or tugs
6.3.1.5 Space weight limitations
6.3.1.6 Dynamic response characteristics
10
IEEE Std 1120-1990
6.3.1.7 Availability for installation and repair

6.3.1.8 Laying vessel equipment layout
6.3.1.9 Anchoring
6.3.1.10 Uncoiling facilities
6.3.2 Type of navigation/communication system
6.3.2.1 Required bottom position accuracy
6.3.2.2 Availability of land based stations
6.3.2.3 Length of cable run
6.3.2.4 Available communication frequencies
6.3.2.5 Navigation system primary and secondary
6.3.3 Cable laying inspection equipment
6.3.3.1 As-built survey
6.3.4 Cable handling equipment/controls
6.3.4.1 Dockage transfer and support facilities
6.3.4.2 Turntable or crib requirements
6.3.4.3 Minimum diameter of overboarding sheave
6.3.4.4 Type of tensioner linear/capstan
6.3.4.5 Remote vehicle requirements
6.3.4.6 Anti-twist requirements
6.3.4.7 Uncoiling facilities
6.3.4.8 Pressure maintenance (when applicable)
6.3.5 Underwater trenching/plowing device
6.3.5.1 Depth limitation
6.3.5.2 Soil disturbance
6.3.5.3 Monitoring equipment
6.3.6 Cable laying on bottom
6.3.6.1 Density of wet bottom material
11
IEEE Std 1120-1990
6.3.6.2 Weight of cable

6.3.6.3 Anchoring vs. lifting forces
6.4 System Grounds

6.4.1 Location of electrodes for ground or sea return currents for dc systems
6.4.2 Ground return line between converter-ground and electrode
6.5 Underwater Inspection (submarine, remote controlled submersible, divers, etc.)
7. Examples of Public Agencies That May Need to Be Notified

This list covers many of the agencies that may need to be contacted in the United States. Other countries may have
similar agencies that require contact or notification.
7.1 US Corps of Engineers

7.2 US Coast Guard
7.3 US Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife
7.4 US Department of Interior, National Park Service
7.5 Environmental Protection Agency
7.6 Local and State Governing Authorities
7.6.1 Utilities commission
7.6.2 Local marine commission
7.6.3 State legislature/commission
7.6.4 Water quality commission
8. Resource Organizations
This guide does not attempt to provide complete design criteria. Additional information can be obtained from
organizations such as the following:
8.1 IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society, New York, NY, USA

8.2 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, NY, USA
12
IEEE Std 1120-1990
8.3 The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, England

8.4 International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE), Paris,
France
8.5 Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Washington, DC, USA
8.6 Naval Ship Research and Development Laboratory, Annapolis, MD, USA
8.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Conference (OTEC) Department of Energy,
Ocean System Branch, Washington, DC, USA
13

IEEE Guide To The Factors To Be Considered in The Planning, Design, and Installation of Submarine Power and Communications Cables

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IEEE Std 1120-1990