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Pure Math 30 - Logarithms Lesson 1

This document provides an explanation of exponential and logarithmic functions and graphs. It includes: - Definitions of exponential and logarithmic functions - Rules for graphing different types of exponential and logarithmic functions based on whether the base is greater than, less than, or between 0 and 1 - Examples of drawing graphs of specific exponential and logarithmic functions and finding related properties like domain, range, asymptotes, intercepts, and function values - An introduction to exponential regression using a graphing calculator to determine an exponential function that models a set of data The document uses clear explanations, examples with step-by-step solutions, and graphs to illustrate key concepts related to exponential and logarithmic functions.

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rjshrd
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262 views

Pure Math 30 - Logarithms Lesson 1

This document provides an explanation of exponential and logarithmic functions and graphs. It includes: - Definitions of exponential and logarithmic functions - Rules for graphing different types of exponential and logarithmic functions based on whether the base is greater than, less than, or between 0 and 1 - Examples of drawing graphs of specific exponential and logarithmic functions and finding related properties like domain, range, asymptotes, intercepts, and function values - An introduction to exponential regression using a graphing calculator to determine an exponential function that models a set of data The document uses clear explanations, examples with step-by-step solutions, and graphs to illustrate key concepts related to exponential and logarithmic functions.

Uploaded by

rjshrd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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94

Logarithms Lesson 1
PART I: Exponential Functions

Exponential functions: These are functions where the


variable is an exponent.
The first type of exponential graph occurs when the base has a value greater than 1:

y = 4x

y = 8x

y = 2x

-4

-2

-4

-2

-4

y = bx
b >1

-2

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-4

When the base


is greater than
1, the graph
starts low and
gets higher
from left to
right.

The second type occurs when the base has a value between 0 and 1.

1
y=
2

-4

1
y =
4

1
y =
8

-2

-4

-2

-4

-2

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-4

y = bx
0 < b <1
4

When the base


is between 0
and 1, the
graph starts
high and gets
lower from left
to right.

Notice that the point (0,1) is common to all untransformed exponential graphs.
This is because anything raised to the power of zero is one! You can use this
feature as an anchor point when drawing these graphs.
All exponential graphs have a horizontal asymptote. In the above graphs, the asymptote occurs along
the x-axis. (Equation: y = 0)
The domain of untransformed exponential graphs is x R since the graph goes
left & right forever. The range is y > 0 . (The symbol is NOT used, due to the
presence of the asymptote.)
Remember all of the above rules are based on untransformed exponential graphs.
Once transformations are involved, these points & lines will move.

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95

Logarithms Lesson 1
PART II: Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic functions: A logarithmic function is


the inverse of an exponential function.

y = log b x

To draw log graphs in your


TI-83, you must type in
log(variable) / log(base).

Variable

Example: To graph log2x,


you would type in
log(x) log(2)

Base
There are two basic types of log graphs you will need to memorize:
The first type occurs when the base of the logarithm is bigger than 1.

y = log 2 x

y = log 8 x

y = log 4 x

b >1
1

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-4

y = logb x

When the base is


greater than 1, the
graph starts low
and gets higher
from left to right.

The second type is when the base of the logarithm is between 0 and 1.

y = log 1 x

y = log 1 x
2

y = log 1 x
8

y = log b x

-2

-2

-4

-4

0 < b <1
4

When the base is


between 0 & 1,
the graph starts
high and gets
lower from left to
right.

-2

-4

Notice that the point (1,0) is common to all untransformed log graphs. This occurs because a log graph is
the inverse of an exponential graph. So, if exponential graphs have the point (0,1), it follows that log
graphs should pass through (1,0)
log graphs have a vertical asymptote. In the above graphs, the asymptote occurs along the y-axis.
(Equation: x = 0)
The domain of untransformed log graphs is x > 0 since the graph is always to the right of the vertical
asymptote.
The range is y R since the graph goes up & down forever.
If you ever have negative numbers, 0, or 1 as a base, no graph exists since the logarithm is undefined.
Remember that transformations will change the above values.

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Logarithms Lesson I
PART II: Logarithmic Functions

x
Example 1: Given y = 5 , answer the following:
2

a) Draw the graph

Graph in your calculator as ( 5 2 ) ^ x


Use the window settings:
x: [-4 , 4 , 1]
y: [-8 , 8 , 2]

4
2
-4

b) What is the domain & range

-2

-2

The domain is x R
The range is y > 0

-4
-6

c) What is the equation of the asymptote?

-8

The asymptote is the x-axis, so the equation is y = 0

d) What are the x & y intercepts?


There is no x-intercept due to the asymptote..
Find the y-intercept by using 2nd Trace Value x = 0 in your TI-83.

Answer = (0, 1)

e) What is the value of the graph when x = 2?


You could plug x = 2 into the equation and solve, but an easier way is to use the TI-83.
Go 2nd Trace Value x = 2. This will give you the resulting y-value automatically.
Answer = 6.25

Example 2: Given y = log x , answer the following:

a) Draw the graph

Graph in your calculator as log(x) log(4)


Use the window settings:
x: [0 , 8 , 1]
y: [-4 , 4 , 1]

b) What is the domain & range

4
3
2
1
2

-1

The domain is x > 0 due to the


vertical asymptote at the y-axis.
The range is y R

-2
-3

c) What is the equation of the asymptote?


The asymptote is the y-axis, so x = 0

d) What are the x & y intercepts?


The x intercept can be found by going
2nd Trace Zero in your TI-83. Answer = (1, 0)
There is no y-intercept due to the vertical asymptote
at the y-axis.

e) What is the value of the graph when x = 2?

-4

You will always


have to type logarithms
into your calculator as a
fraction with one exception:
a logarithm without a base, such
as y = log x, can be typed in as is
and youll get the proper graph.
logarithms without bases are called
common logarithms. they actually
have a base of 10, Its just not
written in. The log button on
your calculator is a common
logarithm.

Go 2nd Trace Value x = 2


Answer = 0.5

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Function

Graph

Domain

Range

Equation of
Asymptote

x-intercept

y-intercept

8
6
4
2

y = 3x

-8

-6

-4

-2

-2
-4
-6
-8

8
6
4

1
y=
3

2
-8

-6

-4

-2
-2
-4
-6
-8

8
6
4

y = log1.2 x

2
1

-2
-4
-6
-8
8
6
4

3
y =
2

2
-8

-6

-4

-2

-2
-4
-6
-8

y = log ( x 3)

y = 2x + 2

y = log ( x + 2 )

1
y = 4
2

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y-value
when x = 2

Function

Graph

Domain

Range

Equation of
Asymptote

x-intercept

y-intercept

y-value when
x=2

8
6
4
2

y = 3x

xR

y>0

y=0

None

xR

y>0

y=0

None

1
9

x>0

yR

x=0

None

3.80

xR

y>0

y=0

None

2.25

x>3

yR

x=3

None

Undefined

y = 2x + 2

xR

y>2

y=2

None

y = log ( x + 2 )

x > -2

yR

x = -2

-1

0.30

0.60

xR

y > -4

y = -4

-2

-3

-3.75

-8

-6

-4

-2
-2
-4
-6
-8

8
6
4

1
y =
3

2
-8

-6

-4

-2
-2
-4
-6
-8

8
6
4

y = log1.2 x

2
1

-2
-4
-6
-8
8
6

3
y=
2

Notice how the base is


greater than 1.

y = log ( x 3)

2
-8

-6

-4

-2

-2
-4
-6
-8

1
y = 4
2

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Logarithms Lesson I

PART iii: Exponential Regression


Exponential Regression: Using the TI-83, it is possible to find an
exponential equation from a list of data.
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Example 1: Given the following data,


determine the exponential regression equation.
Step 1: Type: Stat Edit
to bring up the list function of your
calculator.
Step 2: Fill in the x-values for L1 and the
y-values for L2. (If there is data in the first list,
put the cursor at the very top over L1 and type clear enter
to empty the entire column.)

y
2
2.13
2.28
2.49
2.74
3.13
3.78

Step 3: Type 2nd Quit to return to the main screen.


Step 4: Type Stat Calc ExpReg (Just hit the zero button to bring it up quickly) Enter
The screen that comes up next tells you the equation is of the
x
form y = a(b) , and the numerical values for a & b are given below.
x
The exponential regression equation is y = 1.9065(1.1077)
Step 5: If you draw the graph, manually type this equation
in as you would any other graph.
*Alternatively, you could copy the equation
by doing the following:
Type:
Y= Vars Statistics EQ RegEQ

-10

-5

10

-2

-4

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Logarithms Lesson I

PART iii: Exponential Regression


Example 2: Given the following table:
a) Determine the exponential
regression equation.
Using the steps from the previous
example, the regression equation is:
y = 31.0840(1.1383)x

x
2
5
7
10
11
16
17

y
45
56
74
103
132
246
301

b) Draw the graph.


400

300

200

100

-10

-5

10

15

20

c) Find y when x = 9
Now that you have the graph in your TI-83, type:
2nd Trace Value x = 9
Answer: y = 99.7449
d) Find x when y = 65
In order to solve this, draw in a second graph, the line y = 65.
400

Now find the point of intersection of


these two graphs, and the x-value will
be the solution.

300

200

Answer: x = 5.6944
100

-10

-5

10

15

20

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Logarithms Lesson I

PART iii: Exponential Regression


Questions: Determine the exponential regression equation for each of the
following sets of data. Graph each result.
x
0
1
2
3
4
5

y
54
60
69
84
98
113

1.
a) Determine the regression
equation.

x
0
3
6
9
12
15

b) Draw the graph.


120

y
934
990
1120
1439
2138
3244

2.
a) Determine the regression
equation.

b) Draw the graph.


3500
3000

100

2500
80
2000
60
1500
40

1000

20

500
1

c) Find y when x = 9

10

12

14

c) Find y when x = 32 (Nearest Hundredth)

(Nearest Hundredth)

d) Find x when y = 10000

d) Find x when y = 633 (Nearest Hundredth)

(Nearest Hundredth)

x
0
1
2
3
4
5

y
0.05
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.6
3.2

3.
a) Determine the regression
equation.

x
0
5
10
15
20
25

b) Draw the graph.


5

y
30.9
14.7
7.5
4.2
2.3
1

4.
a) Determine the regression
equation.

b) Draw the graph.


30
25

20
3

15
2

10
1

5
1

10

15

20

25

c) Find y when x = 3 (Nearest Hundredth)


c) Find y when x = 10 (Nearest Hundredth)

d) Find x when y = 7 (Nearest Hundredth)


d) Find x when y = 0.08 (Nearest Hundredth)

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Logarithms Lesson I

PART iii: Exponential Regression


Answers:
1.
a) 52.4854(1.1655)x
b) 120

2.
a) 787.9764(1.0873)x
b) 3500
3000

100

2500

80
2000

60
1500

40

1000

20

500

c) Find y when x = 9
y = 208.30
d) Find x when y = 633
16.26 (By graphing)

c) Find y when x = 32
11464.94
d) Find x when y = 10000
30.37

3.
a) 0.0534(2.3433)x
b) 5

4.
a) 29.8969(0.8753)x
b) 30

10

12

14

25

20

3
15

10
5

c) Find y when x = 10
266.69
d) Find x when y = 0.08
0.47 (By graphing)

10

15

20

c) Find y when x = 3
20.05
d) Find x when y = 7
10.91 (By graphing)

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25

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