Derivatives CN IITAdvanced Maths DoneChecked

Derivatives
1) Concept of Differentiability (or first principle of differentiation)

A function f(x), x R, is said to be differentiable at same point, say x = a if the right hand
derivative and the left hand derivative,
f (a h) f (a)
f (a h) f (a)
, respectively, both exists and are equal. If
and lim
h 0
h 0
h
h
L.H.D. = R.H.D., then we say that the function is differentiable at some point, say x = a and the
derivative at that point (x = a) is given by,
i.e., lim
f (a h) f (a)
f (a h) f (a)
lim
h 0
h 0
h
h
f (a) = lim
and common value denoted by f (a) or
d
[f (x)] at x = a.
dx
2) Geometrical meaning of the derivative

Let us consider a function y = f (x) and a point P (x, f (x)) on the curve. Consider a point
A (x + h, f (x + h)) on the right hand side of the point (x, f (x)).
Now, as
h 0
PA 0
y = f(x)
A
(i.e., the distance PA tends to zero or to a single point P)
(x + h, f(x + h))
Lim (Slope of chord PA) (Slope of tangent at P)

h 0
f (x h) f (x)
Lim
= slope of tangent at P
h 0
h
(x, f(x))
x
Which means that the value of the derivative f '(x) for a given value of x is equal to the slope of
the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point P (x, y).
Note that :
1. A function f(x) is said to be nondifferentiable at a point x = a, if
(a) One or both, the left handed and right handed derivatives, do not exist at x = a.
(b) Both the derivatives L.H.D. and R.H.D. exist but are unequal.
2. Every function which has a finite derivative at x = a must be continuous at x = a. However, the
converse is not true i.e., if a function f(x) is continuous at x = a, then it may or may not be
differentiable at this point. For example, |x| is continuous everywhere but it is not differentiable at
x = 0 because left hand derivative and right hand derivative are not equal.
Thus, continuity is necessary but not a sufficient condition for differentiability.
0412/IIT.14/CR/Bk.4/Ch.19/Pg.80
Notes on Derivatives (81)
3) Derivatives in Closed Interval

Let f(x) be defined on [a, b], then it is said to be differentiable on [a, b] if it is differentiable at
f (x) f (a)
each point of (a, b) and from the right at a and left at b (i.e., lim
and
x a
x a
f (x) f (b)
) both exists.
lim
xb
x b
4) Some standard formulae and properties
If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions, then
d
d
d
i)
f (x) g(x) f (x) g(x)
dx
dx
dx
d
d
ii)
k(f (x) k f (x) , where k is a constant.
dx
dx
iii) Product rule :
d
d
d
f (x).g(x) g(x) f (x) f (x) g(x)
dx
dx
dx
iv) Quotient rule :
d
d
g(x) f (x) f (x) g(x)
d f (x)
dx
dx
2
dx g(x)
g(x)
v) Chain rule :
If y = f(u) and u = g(x), then
dy dy du
.
dx du dx
Or, in other words, if, y = f (g(x))
dy
then
f '(g(x)).g '(x) .
dx
( , u = g(x))
5) Differentiation of Some Elementary Functions

(i)
The trigonometric functions have the following derivatives :

d
d
(sin x) = cos x
(cos x) = sin x
dx
dx
d
d
(tan x) = sec 2 x
(cot x) = cosec 2 x
dx
dx
d
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
(cosec x) = cosec x cot x
dx
dx
(ii)
If f (x) is a differentiable function

d n
(x ) nx n 1 n R, x > 0 and in general
dx
d
f (x) n n (f (x)) n 1 f (x) .
dx
(iii)
If f (x) is a differentiable function

d
1
d
1
(ln f (x))
f (x)
(ln x) and in general
dx
f (x)
dx
x
0412/IIT.14/CR/Bk.4/Ch.19/Pg.81
(82) Vidyalankar : IIT Maths
d x
d x
(a ) a x ln a . In particular,
(e ) e x .
dx
dx
d
d
1
for 1 < x < 1.
(sin 1 x) (cos 1 x)
2
dx
dx
1 x
(iv)
(v)
At the points x = 1, sin 1 x and cos 1 x are not differentiable.

(vi)
d
d
1
(tan 1 x) (cot 1 x)
for x R
dx
dx
1 x2
(vii)
d
d
1
for | x | > 1.
(sec 1 x) (cosec 1x)
dx
dx
| x | x2 1
6) Derivative of Parametric Equations

If x = f (t) and y = g (t), then
dy dy dx g (t)
.
dx dt dt f (t)
7) Derivative of Implicit Functions

If f (x, y) = 0, then on differentiating of f (x, y) w.r.t. x, we get
terms of
d
f (x, y) = 0. Collect the
dx
dy
and solve.
dx
Alternate Method :
f
dy

dx
x
f
y
In particular,
if f (x1 , x 2 , x 3 , ......, x n ) 0 and x 2 , x 3 , ....., x n are the functions of x 1 then
df
f
f dx 2
f dx 3
f dx n
=
.
.....
.
x1 x 2 dx1 x 3 dx1
x n dx1
dx 1
8) Some Standard Substitutions
Expression
Substitution
a 2 x2
x = a sin or a cos
a2 x2
x = a tan or a cot
x 2 a 2
x = a sec or a cosec
ax
or
ax
(2ax x 2 )
0412/IIT.14/CR/Bk.4/Ch.19/Pg.82
ax
ax
x = a cos or a cos 2
x = a (1 cos )
Notes on Derivatives (83)
9) Partial Derivatives
Partial derivative of f (x1, x2, , xn)
means derivative of f (x1, x2, , xn)
treating all other variables x2, , xn
' f '
represented by
.
x1
df
f dx1
f dx 2
Also
=
.
.
...
x1 dx1 x 2 dx1
dx1
In particular, if f (x, y) = 0, then
d f (x, y)
=
dx
dy
=
dx
with respect to x1
with respect to x1
as constants. It is
f dx n
.
x n dx1
P
(x, f(x))
f dx f dy
.
.
= 0
x dx y dx
f f
x y
10) Logarithmic Differentiation :

It is used for differentiating functions of the type, y = {f (x)} (x) .
Method 1 :
= {f (x)} (x)
lny = (x) ln{f (x)}
1 dy
=
y dx
(x) f '(x)
= {f (x)} (x)
'(x) ln{f (x)}
f (x)
dy
dx
Method 2 :
dy
dx
dy
dx
Method 3 :
(x)
f '(x) '(x) ln{f (x)}
f (x)
= {f (x)} (x)
e (x) ln{f (x)}
( x = e ln x )
(x)
e (x)ln{f (x)}
f '(x) '(x) ln{f (x)}
f (x)
(x) f '(x)
= {f (x)} (x)
'(x) ln{f (x)}
f (x)
(Using partial derivatives)

If y = {f (x)} (x) , then
dy
= derivative of {f (x)} (x) w.r.t. x taking (x) as a constant
dx
+ derivative of {f(x) (x) w.r.t. x taking f(x) as a constant
dy
= (x) {f (x)} (x)1 f '(x) {f (x)} (x) ln{f (x)}. '(x)
dx
dy
(x) f '(x)
= {f (x)} (x)
'(x) ln (f (x))
dx
f (x)
0412/IIT.14/CR/Bk.4/Ch.19/Pg.83
(84) Vidyalankar : IIT Maths
11) Higher Derivative of Function

1. If y = f (x) then the derivative of
denoted by
d2 y
dx 2
d2 y d
Also,
dx 2 dx
dy
w.r.t. x is called the second derivative of y w.r.t. x and it is
dx
.
3
2
dy d y d d y
;

dx dx 3 dx dx 2
2. If y as a function of x is given in parametric form by y = (t) and x = (t), then

dy '(t)
d dy
d2 y
and
=

2
dx '(t)
dx dx
dx
=
d2 y
dx
Note : Don't write,
d2 y
dx 2
0412/IIT.14/CR/Bk.4/Ch.19/Pg.84
d dy dt
d '(t)
1
=
dt dx dx
dt '(t) '(t)
'(t) ''(t) '(t) ''(t)
( '(t))3
d 2 y dt 2
d 2 x dt 2
''(t)
''(t)
d2 y
dx 2
d2 y
d2x

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Derivatives

1) Concept of Differentiability (or first principle of differentiation)

and common value denoted by f (a) or

2) Geometrical meaning of the derivative

(i.e., the distance PA tends to zero or to a single point P)

Lim (Slope of chord PA) (Slope of tangent at P)

Notes on Derivatives (81)

3) Derivatives in Closed Interval

5) Differentiation of Some Elementary Functions

The trigonometric functions have the following derivatives :

If f (x) is a differentiable function

If f (x) is a differentiable function

(82) Vidyalankar : IIT Maths

At the points x = 1, sin 1 x and cos 1 x are not differentiable.

6) Derivative of Parametric Equations

7) Derivative of Implicit Functions

Notes on Derivatives (83)

10) Logarithmic Differentiation :

lny = (x) ln{f (x)}

e (x) ln{f (x)}

(Using partial derivatives)

(84) Vidyalankar : IIT Maths

11) Higher Derivative of Function

2. If y as a function of x is given in parametric form by y = (t) and x = (t), then

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