Tio2 BD

FINAL
TITANIUM DIOXIDE LISTING BACKGROUND

DOCUMENT
FOR THE INORGANIC CHEMICAL LISTING
DETERMINATION
October 2001
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

1200 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
NOTE:
This document has been revised from the version provided in the docket for
the proposed rule to reflect the Bevill exempt status of the vanadium recycle
stream
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
SECTOR OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1
SECTOR DEFINITION, FACILITY NAMES AND LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2
PRODUCTS, PRODUCT USAGE AND MARKETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3
PRODUCTION CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4
PRODUCTION, PRODUCT AND PROCESS TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.
DESCRIPTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1
PRODUCTION PROCESS DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2
PRODUCTION TRENDS, CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, GENERATION,

MANAGEMENT, SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1
CHARACTERIZATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE WASTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2
EVALUATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE WASTE CATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2.1 Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride Process, Including
Wastewaters from Coke and Ore Recovery, Scrubber Water, Finishing
Wastewaters and Sludge Supernatants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2.2 Various Sands from Oxidation, Milling, and Scouring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.3 Gypsum from the Sulfate Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.4 Digestion Scrubber Water from the Sulfate Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.5 Sulfate Process Digestion Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.6 Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride and Sulfate Process . . . . . . 34
3.2.7 Wastewater Treatment Sludges from Commingled Chloride and Sulfate
Process Wastewaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.8 Waste Acid (Ferric Chloride) from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process . . . . . 44
3.2.9 Non-Bevill-exempt Nonwastewaters from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.10 HCl from Reaction Scrubber, Chloride-Ilmenite Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2.11 Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride-Ilmenite Process . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2.12 Aluminum-containing Additive Vent Filters Solids from Chloride-Ilmenite
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.13 Off-specification Titanium Dioxide Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.14 Railcar/Trailer Product Washout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3
OUT OF SCOPE WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3.1 Bevill-exempt Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3.2 Debris and Non-Process Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3.3 National Pollutant and Discharge System (NPDES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3
FORMATION OF DIOXINS/FURANS IN CHLORINATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Appendix A: Summary of Analytical Data Results

Appendix B: Split Sample Results
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 - Titanium Dioxide Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 1.2 - Titanium Dioxide Production Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 3.1 - Waste Reported by Titanium Dioxide Facilities Using the Chloride Process . . . . . . 10
Table 3.2 - Waste Reported by Titanium Dioxide Facilities Using the Sulfate Process . . . . . . . . 10
Table 3.3 - Waste Reported by Titanium Dioxide Facilities Using the Chloride-Ilmenite Process
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 3.4 - Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 3.5 - Initial Screening Analysis for Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride Process . . 18
Table 3.6 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Various Sands from Oxidation, Milling,
and Scouring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 3.7 - Initial Screening Analysis for Milling Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 3.8 - Initial Screening Analysis for Scouring Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 3.9 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Gypsum from Sulfate Process . . . . . 24
Table 3.10 - Initial Screening Analysis for Primary and Secondary Gypsum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 3.11 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Digestion Scrubber Water from the
Sulfate Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 3.12 - Initial Screening Analysis for Digestion Scrubber Water from the Sulfate Process
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 3.13 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Sulfate Process Digestion Sludge
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Table 3.14 - Initial Screening Analysis for Sulfate Process Digestion Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Table 3.15 - Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride and Sulfate Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 3.16 - Initial Screening Analysis for Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride and
Sulfate Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 3.17 - Estimation of Non-Exempt Solids Contribution to Wastewater Treatment Sludges
from Commingled Chloride and Sulfate Process Wastewaters at Millennium Baltimore
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 3.18 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Wastewater Treatment Sludges from
Commingled Chloride and Sulfate Process Wastewaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Table 3.19 - Initial Screening Analysis for Wastewater Treatment Sludges from Commingled
Chloride and Sulfate Process Wastewaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Table 3.20 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Waste Acid (ferric chloride) from the
Chloride-Ilmenite Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Table 3.21 - Summary of Analytical Results for Waste Acid (ferric chloride) from the ChlorideIlmenite Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 3.22 - Summary of Analytical Results for Ferric Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 3.23 - Estimation of Non-Bevill Exempt Solids Contribution to DuPont Edge Moors
Wastewater Treatment Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Table 3.24 - Estimate of Non-Bevill Exempt Solids Contribution to DuPont New Johnsonvilles
Table 3.25 - Estimation of Non-Bevill Exempt Solids Contribution to DuPont DeLisles
Table 3.26 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Non-Bevill-exempt Nonwastewaters
ii
from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Table 3.27 - Initial Screening Analysis for Non-Bevill-exempt Nonwastewaters from the
Table 3.28 - Comparison of Iron Rich Total Analyses to Soil Screening Levels (SSL) . . . . . . 63
Table 3.29 - Volumes for Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride-Ilmenite Process . . . . . . . . 66
Table 3.30 - Initial Screening Analysis for Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride-Ilmenite
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Table 3.31 - Volumes of Off-specification Titanium Dioxide Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table 3.32 - Initial Screening Analysis for Off-specification Titanium Dioxide Product . . . . . . . 72
Table 3.33 - Initial Screening Analysis for Railcar/Trailer Product Washout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Table 3.34 - Bevill-exempt-Waste Solids from Titanium Tetrachloride Production Via the
Chloride Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table 3.35 - Bevill-exempt Waste Solids from Titanium Tetrachloride Production via the
Table 3.36 - Bevill-exempt Storage and Handling Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 3.37 - Debris and Non-Process Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Table 3.38 - Permitted NPDES Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 - Geographical Distribution of Titanium Dioxide Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Figure 2.1 - Process Flow Diagram for the Production of Titanium Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
iii
1.
SECTOR OVERVIEW
1.1
SECTOR DEFINITION, FACILITY NAMES AND LOCATION
Titanium dioxide is produced in the United States by 9 manufacturers through the chloride, sulfate,
or the chloride-ilmenite processes (See Section 2). Cerac, Inc. located in Milwaukee, WI
reported producing titanium dioxide but was not considered as part of this listing determination
because the facility is a specialty products manufacturer of many chemicals, including high purity
titanium dioxide in very small amounts (16.2 kg./yr) for laboratories and the research community.
Table 1.1 lists the names and locations of the nine manufacturers and their respective type. Figure
1.1 shows the geographical location of the facilities listed in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 - Titanium Dioxide Producers

Facility Name
Facility Location
Production Process
1. Kemira Pigments, Inc.1
One Kemira Road

PO Box 368
Savannah, GA 31402
Sulfate
2. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals

Inc. (formerly SCM)
3901 Fort Armistead Road

Baltimore, MD 21226
Sulfate
3. Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp.
40034 Kerr-McGee Road

Hamilton, MS 39746
Chloride
4. Kronos/Louisiana Pigment Co.
3300 Bayou Dinde Road

West Lake, LA 70669
Chloride
5. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals,

Inc. Plant I
2900 Middle Road

PO Box 310
Ashtabula, OH 44004
Chloride
6. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals,

Inc. Plant II
2426 Middle Road

PO Box 160
Ashtabula, OH 44004
Chloride
7. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,

DeLisle Plant
7685 Kiln-DeLisle Road

PO Box 430
Pass Christian, MS 39571
Chloride-Ilmenite

Edge Moor Plant
4600 Hay Road (Shipping)

104 Hay Rd. (Mailing)
Edge Moor, DE 19809
Chloride-Ilmenite
Chloride
Chloride
Kerr-McGee acquired Kemira's TiO2 facilities in Savannah, GA; ChemExpo; May 22, 2000.
Inorganic Listing Determination

Listing Background Document
Titanium Dioxide
August, 2000
Table 1.1 - Titanium Dioxide Producers

Facility Name
Facility Location
Production Process

New Johnsonville Plant
One DuPont Rd.

PO Box 2194
New Johnsonville, TN
Chloride-Ilmenite
1.2
PRODUCTS, PRODUCT USAGE AND MARKETS
Titanium dioxide has the molecular formula TiO2, a molecular weight of 79.90, and, when used as
a pigment commonly is referred to as Pigment White 6 (Colour Index Number 77891). Titanium
dioxide is a colorless solid at room temperature, melts at 1830 o C, and boils between 2500 and
3000 o C.2
More than 50 percent of the titanium dioxide produced is used in paints, varnishes and lacquer. In
paints, titanium dioxide is used primarily to whiten and opacify polymeric binder systems. Even
medium to deep shades usually contain some titanium dioxide. It also is used in coatings where
exterior durability is needed.3
More than 25 percent of the titanium dioxide produced is used in paper and paperboard. The paper
industry uses titanium dioxide in two different applications: as a direct addition to whiten and
opacify the paper stock, and in the manufacture of coatings that are applied to the paper product.
Titanium dioxide is used in plastics to impart whiteness and opacity. 4 Approximately 20 percent
of the titanium dioxide produced is used in plastics to impart whiteness and opacity. 5
Titanium dioxide also is used in the manufacture of many other products including printing inks,
rubber, floor coverings, ceramics, food and pharmaceuticals.6
ECDIN Home Page, http://ecdin.etomep.net/cgibin_ecd
ChemExpo Home Page, http://www.chemexpo.com/news/profile970912.cfm
Ibid
Ibid
ChemExpo Home Page, http://www.chemexpo.com/news/profile970912.cfm.

Titanium Dioxide
August, 2000
Figure 1.1 - Geographical Distribution of Titanium Dioxide Producers 1
See Table 1.1 for facility name and location.

Titanium Dioxide
August, 2000
1.3
PRODUCTION CAPACITY
In 1997 the maximum production capacity in the United States was approximately 1,405,000
metric tons per year (MT/yr).7 Table 1.2 provides the list of titanium dioxide production facilities
and their reported capacities.
Table 1.2 - Titanium Dioxide Production Capacity
Production Facility
1. Kemira Pigments, Inc.
Production Process
Capacity (103 MT/yr)
Sulfate
60
Chloride
100
2. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals

(formerly SCM), Baltimore Plant
Sulfate
44
Chloride
51
3. Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp.
Chloride
160
4. Kronos/Louisiana Pigment Co.
Chloride
110
5. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc.,

Ashtabula Plant I
Chloride
104
6. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc.,

Ashtabula Plant II
Chloride
86
7. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., DeLisle

Plant
Chloride-Ilmenite
250
8. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Edge

Moor Plant
Chloride-Ilmenite
145
9. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., New

Johnsonville Plant
Chloride-Ilmenite
295
1,405
1.4
PRODUCTION, PRODUCT AND PROCESS TRENDS
The 1997 data shows the demand for titanium dioxide as 1.175 million tons. The demand is
projected to be 1.362 million tons in the year 2001.8
For the period between 1987 and 1996, titanium dioxide sales have grown 2 to 2.5 percent per
year. A 2 to 4 percent annual growth is projected through the year 2001. The sale price for
Ibid.
ChemExpo Home Page, http://www.chemexpo.com/news/profile970912.cfm.

Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
titanium dioxide was highest between the 1981 and 1996 at $ 1.04 per pound. The 1997 reported
data shows the price of titanium dioxide between $0.92 to $0.94 per pound.9
With the U.S. being a principal world producer, and limited foreign capacity, there has been
leeway to raise world prices in the past years as demand increased. There is a limit to price
elasticity, however, particularly in the paper industry, where competitive materials replace (or
limit) the use of titanium dioxide in some applications. The paper industry is striving to reduce
consumption of titanium dioxide because of the high price levels. This has been done, particularly
in plants using alkaline paper making, by increasing calcium carbonate use as a titanium dioxide
extender. Although more difficult to replace in paint applications, a reduction and rationalization
is a possibility if prices continue to rise.10
The oldest production process for titanium dioxide is the sulfate process. The major difference
between the chloride and the chloride-ilmenite process is the process feed stock. The two main
titanium bearing minerals sources that are used as feedstock in the production of titanium dioxide
are ilmenite and rutile. The most abundant titanium bearing mineral is ilmenite and is comprised
of approximately 43 to 65 percent titanium dioxide. Synthetic rutile, from the acid leach of
ilmenite, is the second major feedstock for titanium dioxide production and contains
approximately 95 percent titanium dioxide. Titaniferrous slag, which is 70 to 80 percent titanium
dioxide, is a co-product of smelting. 11 The chloride process produces a smaller quantity of waste
materials than the sulfate process, but the chloride process is difficult to operate. The extreme
corrosiveness of the high temperature chlorine employed in the process contributes to the
difficulty. The oxidation step in the process is also extremely difficult to control due to burner
configuration and product recovery. DuPont holds significant patent protection in a technology that
addresses this fundamental problem with the oxidation step.12
Ibid.
10
54 FR 36592 (Sept. 1, 1989), 55 FR 2322 (Jan. 23, 1990), the July 31, 1990 Report to Congress on
Wastes from Mineral Processing, and 56 FR 27300 (June 13, 1991).
11
Titanium Tetrachloride Production by the Chloride Ilmenite Process, Technical Background Document,
Office of Solid Waste, U.S. EPA, April 1998.
12
Ibid.

Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
2.
DESCRIPTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
2.1
PRODUCTION PROCESS DESCRIPTION
As noted above in Section 1, titanium dioxide is manufactured using three processes: the chloride,
sulfate, and chloride-ilmenite processes. The following are general descriptions of these three
production processes. Figure 2.1 contains general process flow diagrams for the production of
titanium dioxide via the chloride, sulfate and chloride-ilmenite processes. These descriptions and
flow diagrams do not account for specific process variations reported by the titanium dioxide
manufacturers.
Chloride process
The chloride process begins with the conversion of rutile or high-grade ilmenite into titanium
tetrachloride (TiCl 4). This step occurs in a fluidized bed chlorinator in the presence of chlorine
gas at a temperature of approximately 900o C. Petroleum coke also is added as a reductant. The
volatile TiCl 4, including other metal chlorides such as vanadium oxychloride, exit the chlorinator
as overhead vapor. The non-volatile chlorides and the unreacted coke and ore solids are removed
from the gas stream and from the bottom of the chlorinator. The gaseous product stream is purified
to separate the titanium tetrachloride from other metal chloride impurities using condensation and
chemical treatment. Vent gases from the chlorinator are scrubbed using water and caustic
solutions prior to venting to the atmosphere. The purified TiCl 4 is then oxidized to TiO2, driving
off chlorine gas, which is recycled to the chlorinator. The pure TiO2 is slurried and sent to the
finishing process which includes milling, addition of inorganic and organic surface treatments,
and/or spray drying of the product TiO2. The product can be sold as a packaged dry solid or a
water-based slurry.
Typical wastes generated by the chloride process includes wastewaters from chlorinator coke and
ore solids recovery, reaction scrubbers, chemical tank storage scrubbers, product finishing
operations and wastewater treatment solids decantation. Bevill-exempt waste solids are also
generated during the production of titanium tetrachloride. Waste sands from finishing (milling) of
the titanium dioxide product, scouring of oxidation process units, and blasting of reactor internal
surfaces prior to replacement of refractory are also generated.
Sulfate process
The sulfate process starts with dried and milled slag being dissolved in sulfuric acid and water in
a digester. This produces a titanyl sulfate liquor. From the digester the titanyl sulfate liquor goes
to a clarification tank where the undissolved ore and solids are allowed to settle. The titanium
liquor then is concentrated and hydrolyzed to titanium dioxide hydrate. The titanium dioxide
hydrate precipitates from the ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid and is separated through filtration.
After filtration the hydrated titanium dioxide slurry is sent to a calciner, where the titanium dioxide
crystals grow to their final crystalline size and residual water and H2SO4 are removed. The dried
titanium dioxide is sent to pigments finishing. This finishing phase involves any required milling
and or chemical treatment, such as surface coating with silica or alumina.
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Typical wastes generated by the sulfate process includes digestion scrubber water from the
scrubbing of gasses generated during the digestion step. Digestion sludge is generated after the
filtering of the bottom solids from the settled titanyl sulfate liquor generated during digestion. A
waste acid is generated as a result of the filtering of the titanum dioxide hydrate. This waste acid
is used in the production of commercial gypsum. Other wastewaters are generated during the
calcination and finishing steps of the process. Product milling sands is also generated during the
finishing process.
Chloride-ilmenite process
In the chloride-ilmenite process, titanium-bearing ore is converted to titanium tetrachloride. As in
the chloride process, the chloride-ilmenite process takes place in a chlorinator where the ore is
chlorinated in the presence of coke as a reducing agent. The gaseous product stream is purified to
separate the titanium tetrachloride from other metal chloride impurities, including ferric chloride
(FeCl 3) which is present in higher concentrations than the chloride process because of the high iron
content in the ore. The separation is done via condensation and chemical treatment. The process
for converting TiCl 4 to TiO2 is similar to that used in the chloride process, described above.
Typical wastes generated by the chloride-ilmenite process includes coke and ore solids (Bevill
exempt) that remain unreacted during the chlorination process. A waste acid solution, usually
called ferric or iron chloride waste acid, is also generated when the combined stream of unreacted
coke and ore solids, metal chloride solids, and vanadium compounds is acidified using water or
waste HCl from the reaction scrubber. Process and non-process wastewaters are generated from
reaction and oxidation scrubbers, spent chemical treatment, product finishing, HCl storage vent
scrubber, oxidation unit tank and equipment vents, supernatant from coke and ore solids and
wastewater treatment disposal impoundments. Wastewater treatment solids are generated from the
neutralization and settling of commingled process and non-process wastewater.
2.2
PRODUCTION TRENDS, CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS
The dependance of most of the titanium dioxide producers on Australian rutile, ilmenite, and
titaniferrous slags has led to strong price increases for these raw materials over the past years.
The U.S. plants that previously produced titanium dioxide by the higher cost sulfate route have
been eliminated or updated. In terms of conversion to the chloride process, the U.S. is
considerably more advanced than other countries. This advantage will eliminate the capital
expenditures associated with the conversion that many other countries will likely be required to
make over the next decade in order to remain cost-competitive. 13
Figure 2.1 - Process Flow Diagram for the Production of Titanium Dioxide
13
54 FR 36592 (Sept. 1, 1989), 55 FR 2322 (Jan. 23, 1990), the July 31, 1990 Report to Congress on
Wastes from Mineral Processing, and 56 FR 27300 (June 13, 1991).
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
SULFATEPROCESS
Scrubber
Wastewater
Digest
Clarification
(Settlers)
Scrubber
Wastewater
Calcination
Finishing
H2SO4
Slag
Water
Concentration,
Precipitation,
Filtration
Digestion Sludge
Waste Acid to
Gypsum Plant
TiO2
Product
Wastewater
CHLORIDE/CHLORIDE-ILMENITEPROCESS
Scrubber
Rutile or High
GradeIlmenite
Coke
Chlorinator
Cl2
Crude
TiCl4
Wastewater
TiCl4
Condensation
& Purification
Oxidation
TiO2
Finishing
TiO2
Product
Solids/Liquids
Coke & Ore

Recovery

WWTP
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
3.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, GENERATION,

MANAGEMENT, SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT
For the purposes of this listing determination, the wastes generated as a result of the production of
titanium dioxide via the three production processes were grouped into categories. Tables 3.1, 3.2
and 3.3 presents a summary of the chloride, sulfate and chloride-ilmenite waste categories that
were evaluated as part of this listing determination. Section 3.1 presents a discussion of the
sampling and analysis effort that was conducted to characterize the wastes of concern. Section 3.2
presents a discussion of the volumes, management practices, and characterization for each of the
waste categories presented in Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3. A discussion of the initial risk screening
for each waste category is also included as part of the discussion. Section 3.3 presents a
discussion of the waste that are generated on-site at titanium dioxide facilities that are outside the
scope of the consent decree.

Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.1 - Waste Reported by Titanium Dioxide Facilities Using the Chloride Process
Commingled
Wastewaters from
the chloride process
Wastewater Treatment
Sludges from commingled
chloride and
sulfate process wastewaters
Various Sands from

milling, scouring and
oxidation
Chloride Solids
Kemira Pigments, Inc.
See Table 3.2
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals,

Baltimore Plant
See Table 3.2
Facility
Kerr-McGee Chemicals Corporation
Kronos/Louisiana Pigment Co.

Ashtabula Plant I

Ashtabula Plant II
Table 3.2 - Waste Reported by Titanium Dioxide Facilities Using the Sulfate Process
Facility
Gypsum from the

sulfate process
Digestion Scrubber
Water from the
sulfate process
Sulfate Process
Digestion Sludges
Commingled Wastewaters
from chloride and sulfate
processes
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals

10
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.3 - Waste Reported by Titanium Dioxide Facilities Using the Chloride-Ilmenite Process
Waste
Acid (ferric
chloride)
Non-Bevill-exempt
Nonwastewaters
Commingled
wastewaters
Additive vent
filters solids
Offspecification
TiO2 Product
E.I. DuPont de Nemours DeLisle

Plant; Pass Christian, MS
E.I. DuPont de Nemours


Edge Moor, DE
Facility

11
Railcar/
Trailer
Product
Wash-out
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
3.1
CHARACTERIZATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE WASTES
As part of the information gathering activities, EPA collected and analyzed samples of titanium
dioxide production wastes at five facilities: E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. in Edge Moor, DE;
Kemira Pigments, Inc. in Savannah, GA; E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. in New Johnsonville,
TN; Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. in Hamilton, MS; and Millennium Inorganic Chemicals in
Baltimore, MD. The sampling and analysis of selected wastes provide the necessary
characterization to determine what toxic constituents are present in the wastes and at what
concentrations. The waste concentrations in the wastes were used in the risk screening and risk
modeling assessments.
Totals, TCLP, and/or SPLP analyses were conducted on each record sample collected for the
listing determination. A summary of the analytical results for each sample is presented in
Appendix A. The complete set of analytical results, the validation report and a detailed report of
the record sampling trip can be found in the following reports:
Sampling and Analytical Data Report for Record Sampling and Characterization of
Wastes From the Inorganic Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector; DuPont Edge
Moor, DE; September 7, 1999.
Wastes From the Inorganic Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector; DuPont New
Johnsonville, TN; September 14, 1999.
Wastes From the Inorganic Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector; Millennium
Inorganics Co., Baltimore, MD; September 23 and September 30, 1999.
Wastes From the Inorganic Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector; Kemira Pigments,
Co., Savannah, GA; September 9, 1999.
Wastes From the Inorganic Sodium Chlorate and Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing
Sector for the Kerr-McGee Facility; July 17, 2000
These reports are available in the docket for this rulemaking.
The sampled facilities collected split-samples of some of the samples collected by EPA. The
split-sample analytical results for two facilities are found in Appendix B.

12
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
3.2
EVALUATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE WASTE CATEGORIES
3.2.1
Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride Process, Including Wastewaters from

Coke and Ore Recovery, Scrubber Water, Finishing Wastewaters and Sludge
Supernatants
Waste Generation
All six of the facilities that produce titanium dioxide via the chloride process commingle the
wastewaters that are generated at various points in the production process. At the two facilities
that use the sulfate process, the chloride and sulfate process wastewaters are commingled. The
evaluation of these chloride/sulfate wastewaters is discussed in Section 3.2.6 with the
Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride and Sulfate Process waste category. The
wastewaters generated at the remaining four chloride only facilities were assessed as part of
this waste category and include:
Wastewater From Coke and Ore Recovery
All four of the chloride only facilities generate these wastewaters during the separation of the
slurry produced during the initial chlorination reaction. The metal chloride impurities and
unreacted coke and ore solids are separated from the titanium tetrachloride produced during the
chlorination process.
Scrubber Wastewater (HCl)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is generated by all of the chloride only facilities as a result of the
scrubbing of the off-gas from the chlorination, purification, and oxidation parts of the
manufacturing process. These wastewaters are commingled with other wastewaters and treated in
each facilitys waste water treatment system and are addressed in this category.
In addition, three of the chloride process facilities also report reusing a portion of the scrubber
waters as hydrochloric acid. Millennium Plant I in Ohio uses the scrubber water onsite in titanium
dioxide production and sells it as HCl for steel pickling. Kerr-McGee sends a portion of the
scrubber waster as HCl to their sister facility in Mobil, GA to be used in beneficiation (leaching)
of ilmenite ore. LA Pigments uses a portion of the scrubber water in the titanium dioxide process
and sells a portion of their scrubber water as HCl to be used as an acidizing agent in the oil field
industry. According to the facility, this HCl meets all the required specifications for HCl.
Finishing Wastewaters
Finishing wastewaters are generated in the product finishing operation. The wastewater is
commingled with other process wastewaters for treatment prior to NPDES discharge.
Sludge Supernatant
Both of the Millennium facilities in Ohio generate wastewaters as a result of the filtering of the
13
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
sludge from the surface impoundments that are a part of the facilitys wastewater treatment
systems. The supernatant is recycled to the headworks of the wastewater treatment system for
treatment.
Waste Management Practices
Three of the four of the chloride only facilities commingle these wastewaters in on-site
wastewater treatment systems that are comprised of tanks and surface impoundments.
Kronos/Louisiana Pigments Co. uses an entirely tank-based treatment system.
Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation
At this facility, the wastewater treatment system consists of tanks, which are used to neutralize the
wastewater (and commingled Bevill-exempt solids), and a series of three impoundments for
settling. The treated wastewater from the tank portion of the system is sent to the settling ponds.
The first two impoundments are lined and the last is unlined. The treated wastewaters are
discharged via an NPDES permit, with the settled solids remaining in the surface impoundments.
The facility plans to close the impoundments in place when the sludge storage capacity is reached.
Kronos/Louisiana Pigment Company
This facility uses a tank-based system to neutralize their commingled wastewaters. Although the
facility uses surface impoundments onsite for managing other wastewaters such as stormwaters,
they do not use the surface impoundments to manage the wastewaters from the titanium dioxide
manufacturing process. The treated wastewaters are discharged via an NPDES permit.
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals Plants I and II; Ashtabula, Ohio
At these two facilities, the wastewater treatment systems are comprised of a tank and surface
impoundments. The commingled wastewaters are neutralized in a tank and settled in the surface
impoundments. The treated wastewaters are discharged via NPDES permits.
The management of these commingled wastewaters in surface impoundments prior to discharge at
Kerr-McGee and the Millennium Ashtabula facilities was evaluated for potential risks to human
health and the environment via groundwater releases to drinking water wells and surface water.
Table 3.4 presents of all the wastewaters, with their associated volumes, that are managed in the
wastewater treatment systems at each facility.
Table 3.4 - Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride Process
Facility
Kerr-McGee Chemical
Corporation

Wastewater (RIN #)
Wastewater from Coke and Ore
Recovery (RIN 1)
14
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
7,356,798
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.4 - Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride Process

Facility
Kronos/Louisiana Pigment
Company
Wastewater (RIN #)
Recovery (RIN 4)
Scrubber Wastewater (RIN 2)

Plant I; Ashtabula, OH
Millennium Inorganic Chemical

Plants II; Ashtabula, Ohio
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
63,394
5,186

Recovery (RIN 1)
70,000
13,900

Recovery (RIN 1)
90,000
13,900
Waste Characterization
The commingled wastewaters at Kerr-McGee are representative of the four chloride only
facilities and was selected for sampling and analysis. The Sample KM-SI-01 collected during
record sampling was used to characterize this waste category. The sample was collected at the
inlet to the surface impoundment train. 14 This waste contained solids and waste acids from the
chlorination process that had been mixed with other wastewaters. To isolate the impact of the
wastewater on the environment from that of the sludge, the analyses conducted on the sample were
as follows: matrix (totals, TCLP and SPLP), filtrate SPLP, and leachate SPLP. The SPLP filtrate
portion of the sample is assumed to be representative of the wastewater throughout the settling
ponds and was used to conduct an initial screening analysis and subsequent full risk assessment
modeling.
Table 3.5 presents the analytical results for the constituents detected in the filtrate with the
corresponding the Health-Based Levels (HBLs) and/or Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC).
For details on the HBLs and AWQC please refer to Risk Assessment for the Listing
Determinations for Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000).
Results of Initial Screening Analysis
EPA determined that the surface impoundment scenarios (Kerr-McGee and Millennium facilities)
pose a more significant potential risk than the tank based scenario (Louisiana Pigment) because it
was assumed that wastewater treatment tanks retain sufficient structural integrity to prevent
wastewater releases to the subsurface (and therefore to groundwater). Also, overflow and spill
controls prevent significant wastewater releases. The impoundments at the three chloride only
facilities were considered separately because there was no indication that the waste would be
14
This facility also commingles wastewaters from sodium chlorate production, which accounts for a small
percentage (<7%)of the total waste volume.
15
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
managed in any units other than those reported.

The surface impoundment at Kerr-McGee required further assessment beyond the initial screening
analysis for infiltration to the river pathway and the groundwater contamination pathway due to
exceedences of both the HBL and AWQC.
Millennium Ashtabula, Ohio Facilities
At these two facilities, the impoundments that make up the wastewater treatment system are located
on or near the Fields Brook, which feeds into the Ashtabula River, that ultimately feeds into Lake
Erie (2 miles away). See map in Fields Brook Project, SCM Plant 2, TiO2 Facility, Phase I RI
Report, Rev. 1. The localized groundwater flow is south toward the creeks, and the deeper flow is
northward to Lake Erie. The facility was not able to identify any private drinking water wells in
the vicinity of the plant. All land between the facility and the Lake is industrial. A Superfund
multimedia study of this area15 indicated that the groundwater is in a very low permeability
formation, and that the public drinking water supply is from the lake. No further consideration of
this scenario was required since the potential exposure via the drinking water well scenario was
assessed at the Kerr-McGee facility.
Kerr-McGee
The SPLP filtrate results for Sample KM-SI-01 were used to screen any surface water releases
and possible drinking water well contamination resulting from the management of this waste in the
final surface impoundment of the facilitys wastewater treatment system.
The surface water release pathway for the wastewater from the settling ponds is to the nearby
Tombigbee River. The RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA) of Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation;
Hamilton, MS; June 16, 1995; pp. II-44-45 states that the groundwater flow near the surface
impoundments is to the northwest and discharges into on-site swamps. Regionally, however, the
groundwater flow direction is to the southwest and discharges into the Dose Maie Creek and the
Tombigbee River. Kerr-McGee owns all of the land between the impoundments and the river
(including the creek), which appears to be swampy and undeveloped on available maps. The
potential infiltration of wastewater from the final unlined surface impoundment into the river were
assessed for risk.
The drinking water release pathway for the wastewater from the impoundment is to potential
drinking water wells in the area. The RFA states The Kerr-McGee facility is located
approximately one mile southwest of New Hamilton, MS and two miles from the Sulfur Springs
School. According to a 1991 EPA Chemical Safety Audit, the site is located in a predominantly
agricultural setting. EPA estimates that there are less than 3,000 people living within 6 miles of
the plant; however, some of the residents own property adjacent to Kerr-McGee. At least six off-
15
Fields Brook Project, SCM Plant 2, TiO2 Facility, Phase I RI Report, Rev. 1, 8/24/94.

16
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
site ground-water wells are located in close proximity to the northern boundary of the site.16 The
Hamilton facility encompasses wetland areas along the western and southern portions of the site
and along McKinley Creek. See 1998 RCRA 3007 Survey of Inorganic Chemicals Industry for
Kerr-McGee Chemical for applicable maps. Based on USGS data obtained from the state, a
residential well (Q050) was reported just off the property boundary at 5,000 feet from the
impoundment of concern. The closest property boundary to this impoundment is 2,000 feet. Due
to uncertainty in groundwater flow direction (localized flow to the northwest in the vicinity of the
impoundments, overall flow to the southwest), the potential impact on potential drinking water
wells to the north was assessed for risk.
The constituents of concern that were detected above the HBLs in Kerr-McGees wastewater are
antimony, arsenic, molybdenum and thallium. The constituents of concern that exceeded AWQC
are antimony, arsenic, thallium and manganese.
The drinking water release pathway for the wastewater from the impoundment is to potential
drinking water wells in the area. The RFA states The Kerr-McGee facility is located
approximately one mile southwest of New Hamilton, MS and two miles from the Sulfur Springs
School. According to a 1991 EPA Chemical Safety Audit, the site is located in a predominantly
agricultural setting. EPA estimates that there are less than 3,000 people living within 6 miles of
the plant; however, some of the residents own property adjacent to Kerr-McGee. At least six offsite ground-water wells are located in close proximity to the northern boundary of the site.17 The
Hamilton facility encompasses wetland areas along the western and southern portions of the site
and along McKinley Creek. See 1998 RCRA 3007 Survey of Inorganic Chemicals Industry for
Kerr-McGee Chemical for applicable maps. Based on USGS data obtained from the state, a
residential well (Q050) was reported just off the property boundary at 5,000 feet from the
impoundment of concern. The closest property boundary to this impoundment is 2,000 feet. Due
to uncertainty in groundwater flow direction (localized flow to the northwest in the vicinity of the
impoundments, overall flow to the southwest), the potential impact on potential drinking water
wells to the north was assessed for risk.
Table 3.5 - Initial Screening Analysis for Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride Process
Constituent
KM-SI-01
SPLP filtrate
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
(freshwater/saltwater)
Aluminum
0.013
16
0.087
Antimony
0.044
0.0063
0.014
16
Phone log. Ron Josephson (EPA) to Mr. Jim Hoffman, Mississippi Department of Environmental
Quality, Office of Land and Water Resources. December 22, 1999.
17
Phone log. Ron Josephson (EPA) to Mr. Jim Hoffman, Mississippi Department of Environmental
Quality, Office of Land and Water Resources. December 22, 1999.

17
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Constituent
KM-SI-01
SPLP filtrate
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
Arsenic
0.001 *
0.00074
0.000018
Barium
0.23
1.1
NA
Beryllium
<0.002
0.031
NA
Boron
0.39
1.4
NA
Cadmium
<0.005
0.0078
0.0022/0.0093
Calcium
2,940
NA
NA
Chromium
<0.005
23
0.74
Cobalt
<0.005
0.94
NA
Copper
0.007
1.3
0.0090/0.0031
Iron
<0.05
Lead
<0.003
0.015
0.0025/0.0081
Magnesium
60.5
NA
NA
Manganese
0.46
0.73
0.05
Mercury
<0.0002
0.0047
0.000050
Molybdenum
0.23
0.078
NA
Nickel
<0.005
0.31
0.052/0.0082
Potassium
18.6
NA
NA
Silver
<0.001
0.078
0.0034/0.0019
Sodium
606
NA
NA
Thallium
<0.00518
0.0013
0.0017
Tin
<0.01
9.4
NA
Titanium
<0.005
NA
NA
Vanadium
0.008
0.14
NA
Zinc
<0.05
4.7
0.12 /0.081
18
Thallium is identified as a potential constituent of concern because (1) it was detected in the totals
analysis (0.086 mg/L) at levels exceeding the HBL and AWQC, and (2) the SPLP filtrate analysis detection limit
was too high to confirm that mobile levels of thallium do not exceed these standards.
18
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
KM-SI-01
SPLP filtrate
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
2378-TCDF (TEF=0.1)19
<0.11
NA
NA
Total TCDF
<0.11
NA
NA
2378-TCDD
<0.11
NA
NA
Total TCDD
<0.11
NA
NA
12378-PeCDF (0.05)
<0.56
NA
NA
23478-PeCDF (0.5)
<0.56
NA
NA
Total PeCDF
<0.56
NA
NA
12378-PeCDD (TEF=1)
<0.56
NA
NA
Total PeCDD
<0.56
NA
NA
123478-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.56
NA
NA
123678-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.56
NA
NA
234678-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.56
NA
NA
123789-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.56
NA
NA
Total HxCDF
<0.56
NA
NA
123478-HxCDD (0.1)
<0.56
NA
NA
123678-HxCDD (0.1)
<0.56
NA
NA
123789-HxCDD (0.1)
<0.56
NA
NA
Total HxCDD
<0.56
NA
NA
1234678-HpCDF (0.01)
<13
NA
NA
1234789-HpCDF (0.01)
<13
NA
NA
Total HpCDF
<13
NA
NA
1234678-HpCDD (0.01)
<13
NA
NA
Total HpCDD
<13
NA
NA
Constituent
Dioxins/Furans, (ng/L)
19
TEF= Toxicity Equivalent Factor, provided in parentheses after congener name. Dioxin TEQs calculated
using WHO-TEFs.
19
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Constituent
KM-SI-01
SPLP filtrate
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
OCDF (0.0001)
<1.1
NA
NA
OCDD (0.0001)
<1.1
NA
NA
2378-TCDD TEQ
0 ng/L
0.0071 ng/L
0.0031 ng/L
NA- Not Available

NR- Not Reported In Analytical Data Report
*Results are less than the typical laboratory reporting limit, but are greater than the calculated instrument
detection limits.
For the Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride Process waste category, the potential
groundwater releases to both surface water and drinking wells were assessed as described above.
The air pathway was not assessed for this waste category because no volatile organic or other
constituents that pose risk due to air releases were detected. Please refer to the Risk Assessment
for the Listing Determinations for Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for
the details of the risk assessment.
3.2.2
Various Sands from Oxidation, Milling, and Scouring
Waste Generation and Management

Kemira Pigments and Millennium Inorganic Chemicals in Baltimore reported generating milling
sands during finishing operations. Kemira Pigments also generates a scouring sand during product
finishing. Kerr-McGee reported generating an oxidation sand when silica sand is used to
remove the crystalized titanium dioxide from cooling tub surfaces after the oxidation step of the
chloride process.
Kemira Pigments sends their waste sand to an off-site Subtitle D landfill. Millennium Inorganic
Chemicals (Baltimore, MD) sends their waste sand to an on-site landfill. Kerr-McGee sends this
waste to an on-site dedicated industrial Subtitle D landfill. Table 3.6 presents the chloride
process waste sands, with the associated volumes and management practices, reported by each
facility.
Table 3.6 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Various Sands from Oxidation,
Milling, and Scouring
Facility
Kemira Pigments

Waste Sand (RIN #)

Milling Sand (RIN 10)
20
Management
Off-site industrial Subtitle
D landfill
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
200
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Milling, and Scouring

Waste Sand (RIN #)
Facility
Management
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
Scouring Sand (RIN 8)
Off-site industrial Subtitle

D landfill
2,300
Millennium Inorganic
Chemicals; Baltimore, MD
Milling Sand (RIN 14)
On-site Subtitle D landfill
50
Kerr-McGee
Oxidation Sand (RIN 2)
On-site Subtitle D monofill
6,935
During record sampling, two samples were collected from the Kemira Pigments facility to
characterize this waste category. Sample KP-SO-04 of the scouring sand was taken from a
container holding this material by compositing four grab samples of the material; a milling sand
sample (KP-SO-05) was collected by compositing four grab samples of this wet slurry-like
material from a container holding this material. Although a sample of oxidation sand was not
available during the record sampling time frame, the sand is assumed to be similar in composition
to the milling and scouring sands because they are all associated with product finishing operations.
Results of Initial Screening
Milling Sand
Since the milling sand is managed in an industrial Subtitle D landfill, the SPLP results for Sample
KP-SO-05 were compared against the HBLs for each constituent to determine if further risk
assessment was necessary. Table 3.7 presents the analytical results for the constituents detected
in the SPLP and the corresponding HBLs and/or AWQC. The only constituent detected above the
HBL was antimony. Therefore, further analysis of the risk for antimony under the industrial
Subtitle D landfill scenario was assessed for the groundwater ingestion pathway. Refer to the Risk
Assessment for the Listing Determinations for Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Wastes
(August 2000) for the details of the risk assessment.
Table 3.7 - Initial Screening Analysis for Milling Sand
Constituent
KP-SO-05
SPLP (mg/L)
HBL (mg/L)
Aluminum
<0.1
16
Antimony
0.024
0.0063
Barium
0.21
1.1
Boron
0.19
1.4
Calcium
0.73
NA
Chromium
<0.005
23
Chromium, +6
<0.02**
0.047

21
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.7 - Initial Screening Analysis for Milling Sand

Constituent
KP-SO-05
SPLP (mg/L)
HBL (mg/L)
Copper
0.003
1.3
Iron
<0.05
Magnesium
0.083
NA
Manganese
<0.005
0.73
Nickel
0.044
0.31
Sodium
4.0
NA
Tin
<0.01
9.4
Titanium
0.12
NA
Zinc
0.032*
4.7
*Results are less than the typical laboratory reporting limit, but are greater than calculated instrument DL.
**Determined from DI leach.
NA- Not Available
Scouring Sand
The relevant risk scenarios for the scouring sand waste are an on-site Subtitle D industrial landfill
(monofill) at Kerr-McGee and an off-site Subtitle D industrial landfill at Kemira. The SPLP
results for KP-SO-04 are believed to be representative of the leachate from both landfill
scenarios. Table 3.8 presents a comparison of the analytical results for the constituents detected
in the SPLP leachate and the corresponding HBLs and AWQC. The antimony concentration in the
SPLP leachate exceeds the antimony the HBL only by a factor of 1.1. Since direct ingestion of the
off-site landfill leachate is highly unlikely, it is assumed that antimony does not pose a risk via
groundwater ingestion under either on-site or off-site industrial landfill scenarios.
However, aluminum and mercury were detected above the AWQC by a factors of 3 and 8
(respectively) and are constituents of concern for the on-site landfill scenario via the surface water
pathway. Subsurface releases from this landfill may reach the Tombigbee River, approximately
500 feet to the west. The Kerr-McGee RFA states that the groundwater flow near the surface
impoundments (the landfill is on the southern side of the impoundments) is to the northwest and
discharges into onsite swamps. Regionally, however, the groundwater flow direction is to the
southwest and discharges into the Dose Maie Creek and the Tombigbee River. It is highly likely
that the 500' subsurface transport scenario and the dilution into the river scenario would result in a
DAF significantly greater than eight thus bringing the mercury and aluminum concentration below
the AWQC. Therefore, it is assumed this waste screens out. Further support to this assumption is
the fact that the landfill has a double liner and a leachate collection system.

22
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Note that unlike the surface impoundments that manage commingled chloride wastewaters and
that were assessed for potential releases to drinking water wells at this site, the sand landfill is
located at the southeast corner of Kerr-McGees property approximately 1800 feet (center-tocenter) to the southwest of the modeled surface impoundment. Groundwater flows in the vicinity
of this landfill are unlikely to move toward the wells assessed for the surface impoundment.
Table 3.8 - Initial Screening Analysis for Scouring Sand
Constituent
KP-SO-04
SPLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
Aluminum
0.23
16
0.087
Antimony
0.007
0.0063
0.014
Barium
0.11
1.1
Boron
0.15
1.4
NA
Calcium
0.96
NA
NA
Chromium
0.018
23
0.74
Copper
0.004
1.3
0.0090
Iron
<0.05
Lead
0.001*
0.015
0.0025
Magnesium
0.066
NA
NA
Manganese
0.006
0.73
0.05
Mercury
0.0004
0.0047
0.000050
Nickel
0.019
0.31
0.052
Sodium
8.4
NA
NA
Tin
<0.01
9.4
NA
Titanium
0.068
NA
Na
Zinc
0.067
4.7
0.12
detection limits.
NA- Not Available
3.2.3
Gypsum from the Sulfate Process

Gypsum is produced from the sulfate process when the waste acid generated from the filtering of
23
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
the titanium dioxide hydrate solution is neutralized with calcium carbonate (CaCO3). At the
Millennium Baltimore facility, a secondary gypsum is produced when the filtrate from the initial
neutralization is sent through a secondary neutralization process. During the secondary
neutralization step, more CaCO3 is added and the slurry is mixed and filtered. At both Kemira
and Millennium, the treated wastewater formed during the neutralization process is discharged via
permitted NPDES outfalls.
At both facilities the gypsum is stored in piles for drying (without pads or liners) before it is sold
for commercial use. Kemira sells its gypsum for use in the manufacture of wallboard, cement,
agricultural chemicals or chemical products. At Millennium, primary gypsum is sold for use in
wallboard or sent to the facilitys on-site Subtitle D landfill. The secondary gypsum also is sent to
the on-site landfill. Table 3.9 provides the management practices and volumes for the gypsum
generated at both facilities.
Table 3.9 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Gypsum from Sulfate Process
Waste (RIN #)
Millennium
Inorganics;
Baltimore, MD
Primary Gypsum
(RIN 10)
Storage in piles, sold for use in

wallboard
Primary Gypsum*
(RIN 10)
Storage in piles, sent to facilitys

off-site landfill
17,781
Secondary Gypsum
(RIN 12)
Storage in piles, sent to facilitys

off-site landfill
51,710
Primary Gypsum
(no RIN assigned)
Storage in pile, sold for use in

agricultural chemicals (use
constituting disposal)
Not Reported

cement
Not Reported

chemical products
Not Reported

wallboard
Not Reported
Kemira Pigments;
Savannah, GA
Management Practice
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
Facility
160,027
*The facility reported during a site visit that about 10% of the primary gypsum produced is sent to
the landfill, and the rest is sold for use in wallboard.
Samples of the primary and secondary gypsum were collected during record sampling to
characterize this waste. At Kemira Pigments Inc., a sample (KP-SO-O1) of the primary gypsum
was collected by compositing four scoops of this wastestream from the perimeter of a pile of this
material discharged by a conveyor belt directly from the process. At Millennium Inorganics in
24
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Baltimore, MD, samples of both the primary (MI-SO-04) and the secondary (MI-SO-03) gypsum
were collected by compositing scoops of the material from separate locations around the perimeter
of similarly-generated piles of gypsum.
The initial screening of this waste category considered each of the reported management scenarios
that involve land placement: agricultural chemicals, cement, piles and landfills. The potential
releases to both air and groundwater were evaluated.
Table 3.10 presents the analytical results for the constituents detected in the relevant samples with
the corresponding applicable regulatory limit (HBLs, AWQC, etc.).

25
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.10 - Initial Screening Analysis for Primary and Secondary Gypsum
Primary gypsum
(KP-SO-01)
Primary gypsum
(MI-SO-04)
Secondary gypsum
(MI-SO-03)
Constituent
Total
(mg/kg)
SPLP
(mg/L)
Total
(mg/kg)
SPLP
(mg/L)
Total
(mg/Kg)
SPLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
SSL (1)
(mg/kg)
Aluminum
2,210
<0.011 (1)
227
0.24
6,420
<0.1
16
0.087
47,000
Antimony
0.6
0.02
<0.5
0.014
3.2
0.055
0.0063
0.014
32*
Arsenic
<0.5
<0.005
<0.5
<0.005
0.8
<0.0035
0.00074
0.000018
Barium
0.8
0.03
1.2
0.02 (2)
7.9
0.033
1.1
440
Boron
<10
0.10
<5
0.06
6.1
0.28
1.4
NA
26
Cadmium
<0.5
<0.005
<0.5
<0.005
1.7
<0.005
0.0078
0.0022
Calcium
135,000
648
189,000
634
135,000
662
NA
NA
NA
Chromium
232
<0.005
30.5
<0.005
693
0.001 (2)
23
0.74
120,000*
Cr,+6
<0.40
<0.02 (3)
<0.40
<0.02 (3)
32.7
<0.02 (3)
0.047
0.011
37
Cobalt
<0.5
<0.005
<0.5
<0.005
3.9
<0.005
0.94
NA
6.7
Copper
0.9
0.003
<0.5
0.003
2.4
0.005
1.3
0.0031
17
Iron
953
<0.05
767
<0.05
59,000
<0.05
430,000*
Lead
1.5
0.002 (2)
<0.5
0.002 (2)
<0.5
0.003 (2)
0.015
0.0025
16
Magnesium
224
9.6
121
5.85
896
33.7
NA
NA
NA
Manganese
13.3
0.13
9.3
0.13
673
3.1
0.73
0.05
3,800
Molybdenum
<0.5
<0.005
<0.5
<0.005
0.9
<0.005
0.078
NA
400*
Nickel
<0.5
<0.005
<0.5
<0.005
10.5
0.009
0.31
0.0082
13

26
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.10 - Initial Screening Analysis for Primary and Secondary Gypsum
Primary gypsum
(KP-SO-01)
Primary gypsum
(MI-SO-04)
Secondary gypsum
(MI-SO-03)
Constituent
Total
(mg/kg)
SPLP
(mg/L)
Total
(mg/kg)
SPLP
(mg/L)
Total
(mg/Kg)
SPLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
SSL (1)
(mg/kg)
Selenium
<0.5
<0.005
<0.5
<0.005
0.7
<0.005
0.078
0.0050
400*
Sodium
108
5.9
135
3.3
2,260
10
NA
NA
NA
Thallium
2.9
<0.0022
<2
<0.005
3.5
0.0006
0.001
0.0017
6*
Tin
2.7
<0.01
<1
<0.01
2.9
<0.01
9.4
NA
48,000*
Titanium
5,430
<0.005
377
<0.005
5,900
<0.005
NA
NA
NA
Vanadium
641
0.027
62.2
0.027
1,930
0.014
0.14
NA
4,000#
Zinc
21.9
0.033 (2)
<5
0.026 (2)
<5
0.040 (2)
4.7
0.081
48
(1) This involves a three tiered screen: a. background soils; b. soil ingestion HBL (*); and c. air characteristic level (#). The vanadium soil ingestion level is
720 mg/kg; the air characteristic level represents a distance of 25 m for waste piles.
(2) Results are less than the typical laboratory reporting limit, but are greater than the calculated instrument detection limits.
(3) Determined from DI leach
(4) Salt water AWQC
NA- Not Available; ND- Not Detected

27
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Cement and Agricultural Use Scenarios

Kemira uses on-specification gypsum in cement. This cement scenario was screened out by
comparing the total levels for Sample KP-SO-01 to Soil Screening Levels (SSL). The agricultural
chemicals scenario is associated with Kemira which sells the gypsum to peanut farmers for use as
a nutrient used to harden the peanut shells. This scenario also was screened by comparing the total
constituent analyses to the Soil Screening Levels. All constituents are below these levels and thus
this scenario screens out.
Landfill Scenario
As discussed previously, the gypsum is landfilled at the Millennium facility in Baltimore. In
addition, CPC (a barium carbonate manufacturer) indicated that they purchase red gypsum from
Kemira for use in treating their wastes. CPCs wastes are subsequently landfilled. The
assessment of the landfill scenario is discussed below.
The Millennium Inorganic Chemicals (Baltimore, MD) landfill was screened for impacts via the
groundwater pathway from the primary and secondary gypsum since both are placed in the landfill.
The primary and secondary gypsum were assessed separately because they are generated at
different places in the process. The SPLP results for both the primary and the secondary gypsum
were used to screen potential releases to groundwater since there is no contact with municipal
landfill leachate in the reported management practices. For the primary gypsum (MI-SO-04),
antimony was detected above the HBL, and aluminum and manganese were detected above the
AWQC. For the secondary gypsum (MI-SO-03), the constituents detected above the HBL were
antimony, manganese, and arsenic. The constituents detected above the AWQC are manganese and
arsenic. Copper and nickel were detected above the saltwater AWQC.
The primary gypsum contained lower levels of leachable metals than the secondary gypsum so the
assessment focused on the secondary gypsum as it was more likely to show risk and the
management scenarios are identical (they are placed in the same on-site industrial landfill).
Furthermore, the volume of the primary gypsum sent to the landfill was smaller. Therefore, the onsite Subtitle D industrial landfill scenario was assessed for secondary gypsum via the surface
water pathway and potential drinking water pathway because of the HBL and AWQC exceedences.
(See Section 3.2.5 for a discussion of the selection of these modeling pathways - this onsite
landfill was modeled for several wastes.) See 1998 RCRA 3007 Survey for the Inorganic
Chemicals Industry for the Millennium facility in Baltimore, MD for the relevant maps showing
unit locations. Refer to the Risk Assessment for the Listing Determinations for Inorganic
Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for the details of the risk assessment.
Piles Scenario
As discussed above, both facilities use piles to store and dry their gypsum prior to landfilling or
sales. We believe neither site uses pads or liners for these piles and so the groundwater and air
pathway associated with the pile scenario were assessed. For Millennium, the landfill scenario
for this waste, which is more conservative due to its size in comparison to the pile, is being
assessed. Therefore, no further assessment of the groundwater impact from the piles at this site is
28
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
necessary.
For Kemira, the SPLP leachate results (because the waste is managed onsite with no potential
contact with municipal landfill leachate) for Sample KP-SO-01 were used to screen the
groundwater pathway associated with the pile scenario. Antimony was detected above the HBL
and manganese was detected above the AWQC; both exceedences were minor. Initially, the
gypsum is placed on gypsum hills for two weeks for drying, and then moved to piles under a
roof (no side walls) prior to sales. The risk assessment was not conducted on the potential impact
of drinking water wells because a risk assessment for the more conservative Millennium landfill
scenario was conducted. Kemira is unaware of any drinking water wells in the vicinity and the
pile is substantially smaller than the Millennium landfill. The Kemira waste also contains lower
toxic constituent levels than Millennium. EPA assumed the Kemira surface water scenario screens
out based on the (a) low required dilution attenuation factor (DAF) to reduce exposure
concentrations below HBLs, (b) small exposed pile surface area, estimated dimensions of 30 feet
in diameter and 12 feet in height, (c) the 3,500 foot distance to the two nearby rivers, and (d)
expected large dilution in either of the two rivers. See USGS map in Appendix C for map of
facility and adjoining water bodies.
For the air pathway, both facilities place their piles outside in exposed areas. This scenario was
assessed by comparing all constituent levels to soil screening levels. In all cases the constituents
were below these levels. All were below the direct soil ingestion levels, except for one sample
of vanadium in secondary gypsum (this makes up a small fraction of the gypsum generated at the
site), which was only 2.7 times the ingestion level. It is highly unlikely that any particulate release
from the waste pile would approach the soil ingestion level for this constituent. Furthermore, the
vanadium level is below the air characteristic level, which assessed risks from direct inhalation. 20
Therefore, air releases from the pile were not assessed further.
3.2.4
Digestion Scrubber Water from the Sulfate Process
Waste Generation Management

Digestion scrubber wastewaters are generated when the vented gases from the digestion process
are scrubbed to remove the acidic components. Both facilities that produce titanium dioxide via
the sulfate process generate this waste. At Millennium Inorganic Chemicals (Baltimore, MD), this
waste is neutralized and sent to a dedicated settling pond. The neutralized wastewater is
discharged via an NPDES permitted outfall. At Kemira Pigments, Inc., the sulfate process
digestion scrubber water is commingled with wastewaters from the chloride and sulfate process in
the facilitys wastewater treatment system. Kemiras sulfate process digestion scrubber
wastewater is assessed as part of the Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride and Sulfate
Processes waste category in Section 3.2.6. Table 3.11 presents the management practices and the
volumes of the digestion scrubber water from the sulfate process at each facility.
20
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised Risk Assessment for the Air Characteristic Study",
EPA 530-R-99-019a, November 1999, Table 4-3.
29
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.11 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Digestion Scrubber Water
from the Sulfate Process
Facility (RIN #)
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
Management
Kemira Pigments, Inc. (RIN 1)
Tank, surface impoundment
298,000
Chemicals; Baltimore, MD (RIN
5)
Dedicated surface impoundment
1,702,333
A sample was collected from Millennium Inorganic Chemicals to characterize the sulfate process
scrubber wastewater. Sample MI-WW-03 was collected from a pipe that transports the
wastewater into the settling pond. Total analyses were conducted on the sample collected. TCLP
and SPLP analyses were not necessary because the solids content was within the method criterion.
This surface impoundment scenario was screened using the analytical results for Sample MI-WW03. The surface impoundment is separated from the Patapsco River by a dike. In addition,
Maryland DEQ made the facility install an asphaltic slurry wall between the impoundment and the
river. There are recovery wells at the slurry wall that collect groundwater, which is then sent to
the wastewater treatment system for processing. Groundwater flow is east towards the river.
Table 3.12 presents the analytical results for the constituents detected in the filtrate with the
corresponding HBLs and/or AWQC. The constituents detected21 above the AWQC were
aluminum, manganese, and mercury. Copper was detected above the saltwater AWQC.
This dedicated surface impoundment was assessed for potential surface water releases. The
drinking water well scenario is not of concern since there are no HBL exceedences of concern.
Refer to the Risk Assessment for the Listing Determinations for Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for the details of the full risk assessment.
Table 3.12 - Initial Screening Analysis for Digestion Scrubber Water
Constituent
MI-WW-03
Total (mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
( mg/L)
Aluminum
0.58
16
0.087
Antimony
0.010 B
0.0063
0.014
21
Antimony also exceeded the HBL (1.7xHBL), but at such low levels that it was assumed it would screen
out. Antimony also was detected in the equipment blank at 0.05 mg/L.
30
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.12 - Initial Screening Analysis for Digestion Scrubber Water

Constituent
MI-WW-03
Total (mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
( mg/L)
Barium
0.041
1.1
Boron
1.35
1.4
NA
Chromium
0.013
23
0.74
Chromium, hexavalent
<0.02
0.047
0.011
Copper
0.006
1.3
0.0031
Iron
1.53
Manganese
0.58
0.73
0.05
Mercury
0.0032
0.0047
0.000050
Molybdenum
0.006
0.078
NA
Nickel
0.008
0.31
0.0082
Titanium
0.44 B
NA
NA
0.03
0.14
NA
Vanadium
NA- Not available
3.2.5
Sulfate Process Digestion Sludge

This sludge is generated as a result of the clarification of the titanyl sulfate liquor that is produced
during the digester step. Both of the facilities that produce titanium dioxide via the sulfate process
reported generating this waste. Dedicated management units are used at both facilities to manage
this waste.
Kemira Pigments Inc, reported generating 34,000 metric tons per year of this waste (RIN 2) which
is neutralized in a tank in the first step of the waste treatment process. The settled solids from the
neutralization tank (RIN 13) are then sent to a dedicated surface impoundment where the solids are
settled out. The solids remain in place and the supernatant effluent from this pond is sent to the
wastewater treatment system and is commingled with other process wastewaters from the sulfate
and the chloride process in the wastewater treatment system. At Millennium Inorganic Chemicals,
this waste is generated during clarification of the titanyl sulfate product to remove unreacted
solids and other impurities. The solids are filtered out using a filter press, accumulated in
temporary waste piles, and then sent to the facilitys on-site Subtitle D industrial landfill via dump
truck. Table 3.13 presents the waste management practices and volumes for the digestion sludge
at both facilities.
31
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.13 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Sulfate Process Digestion
Sludge
Facility (RIN #)
Management Practice
Total Volume
(MT/yr)

(RIN 13)
Solids settling in dedicated unlined surface

impoundment, supernatant wastewater goes
to wastewater treatment system
17,000
Chemicals; Baltimore,
MD (RIN 7)
On-site Subtitle D industrial landfill
24,494
Two samples of this waste were collected during record sampling for characterization purposes,
one at each of the generating facilities.
At Kemira Pigments, Inc. Sample KP-SO-03 was collected from a small weir at the point of
neutralization prior to the neutralized slurry going to the dedicated surface impoundment. It was
not practical to collect a sample of the sludge from the impoundment due to limited accessibility.
At the Millennium Baltimore facility, Sample MI-SO-02 was collected directly after the filter
press by compositing four scoops of the solids from four locations around the covered waste pile.
Totals, TCLP, and SPLP analyses were conducted on the samples. A summary of the analytical
results for each sample is presented in Appendix A. Detailed reports of the record sampling trip,
the complete set of analytical data and the validation reports are available in the Sampling and
Analytical Data Report For Record Sampling and Characterization of Wastes from the Inorganic
Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector for Millennium Inorganic Chemicals (Baltimore, MD)
and Kemira Pigments. These reports are available in the docket for this rulemaking.
Results of Screening Analysis
Summary
The on-site landfill at Millennium required further assessment for (1) infiltration and dilution of
leachate into the Patapsco River and (2) landfill leachate contamination of potential drinking water
wells in the vicinity. The surface impoundment at Kemira did not require further assessment based
on initial screening against health based criteria.
Both scenarios, the on-site landfill and surface impoundment, were screened by comparing actual
SPLP leachate analytical results with the HBL and AWQC for each constituent. Table 3.14
presents the analytical results for the constituents detected in the SPLP leachate with the
corresponding HBLs and/or AWQC.

32
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Kemira, On-Site Surface Impoundment Scenario

For the on-site surface impoundment scenario at Kemira, manganese was the only constituent
detected in the SPLP at levels above the HBL; the exceedence is less than a factor of 1.3. Zinc and
nickel were detected above the AWQC at factors of 2.5 and 2.7, respectively. This surface
impoundment is less than 100 ft from the Savannah River. There are no groundwater receptors in
the vicinity. Any groundwater intercepting a plume from this impoundment discharges into the
river, resulting in a significant DAF which clearly would be many orders of magnitude greater than
the lowest AWQC exceedence factor of 2.5. Therefore, it was determined that the surface
impoundment scenario at Kemira does not pose a threat to human health or the environment and no
further risk assessment was necessary.
Millennium, Landfill Scenario
For the landfill scenario (Millennium Baltimore), antimony and vanadium were the constituents of
concern detected in the SPLP above the HBL. The constituents of concern detected above the
AWQC were aluminum, copper, lead, manganese, and zinc. Because the landfill is located in an
estuary, the lower of the freshwater or saltwater AWQC for the protection of aquatic life were
used to screen against the toxicants in the sludge managed in the landfill. The landfill is located
approximately 1,000 feet from the Patapsco River.
Because of residential areas in the vicinity of the landfill, a drinking water well scenario was
assessed. See USGS map of facility and surrounding area in Appendix C. Groundwater flow is
expected to be west to east toward the river. See Update of the Hazardous Waste Groundwater
Task Force; April, 1998. Definitive flow direction studies, however, are not available. (The
referenced study addresses an on-site surface impoundment, which is located about 1,000 feet
from the landfill and immediately adjacent to the river). Millennium was not aware of any
drinking water wells in the area. Although there no known groundwater receptors downgradient of
the landfill, we modeled impacts on potential drinking water wells in the residential area to the
southeast of the site (Swan Creek). Note that Susan Egan (MD Department of Public Works)
confirmed that the Swan Creek community, located 2,500 ft south of the Millennium facility, is on a
public water supply. Refer to the Risk Assessment for the Listing Determinations for Inorganic
Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for the details of the full risk assessment.
The landfill scenario was also assessed for infiltration and dilution to the Patapsco River. The
underlying soils for the on-site surface impoundment located near the landfill are characterized as
clay and silt, except in the northeast quarter where the underlying sediment is a beach sand.
However, we used the soils information from national data bases (e.g., STATSGO) to characterize
the soils underlying the landfill. Using calculated infiltration rates to the river using the landfill
model and the river flow rate, we calculated the DAF and compared it against the HBLs. The
flushing rate for the river/estuary is reported to be 201 to 206 cubic meters per second according
to Carl F. Cerco of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Refer to the Risk Assessment for the
Listing Determinations for Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for the
details of the full risk assessment.

33
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.14 - Initial Screening Analysis for Sulfate Process Digestion Sludge
Constituent
MI-SO-02
(Landfill Scenario)
SPLP (mg/L)
KP-SO-03 (Surface
Impoundment Scenario)
SPLP (mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
Aluminum
2.0
<0.01
16
0.087
Antimony
0.023
<0.005
0.0063
0.014
Barium
0.07
0.061
1.1
Boron
0.23
0.53
1.4
NA
Calcium
0.9
796
NA
NA
Chromium
0.17
<0.005
23
0.74
Cr +6
<0.02
<0.02
0.047
0.011
Cobalt
<0.005
<0.005
0.94
NA
Copper
0.37
<0.005
1.3
0.0031
Iron
12.0
<0.05
Lead
0.004 (1)
<0.005
0.015
0.0025
Magnesium
5.5
146
--
NA
Manganese
0.36
0.93
0.73
0.05
Mercury
<0.00011 (1)
<0.0002
0.0047
0.000050
Molybdenum
<0.005
<0.005
0.078
NA
Nickel
0.007
0.022
0.31
0.0082
Sodium
3.6
998
NA
NA
Thallium
<0.0022
<0.005
0.0013
0.0017
Tin
<0.01
<0.01
NA
Titanium
0.28
<0.005
NA
NA
Vanadium
0.42
<0.005
0.14
NA
Zinc
0.30
0.20
4.7
0.081
(1) Results are less than the typical laboratory reporting limit, but are greater than the calculated instrument
detection limits.
NA- Not Available
3.2.6
Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride and Sulfate Process
Waste Generation
34
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
As indicated above in Section 3.2.1, the two facilities that use both the chloride and sulfate
processes to produce titanium dioxide, commingle the wastewaters generated at various points in
the sulfate and the chloride production processes.
Chloride Process Wastewaters
At Kemira Pigments, the chloride process wastewaters that are included in this category are
neutralized wastewaters from the scrubbing of the chlorinator off-gases and the product finishing
wastewater. The Millennium Inorganic Chemicals (Baltimore, MD) chloride process wastewaters
include the acidic digestion scrubber wastewaters and wastewater from purification of titanium
tetrachloride generated during chlorination (coke and ore/acid mixture).
Sulfate Process Wastewaters
At Kemira, the sulfate process wastewaters include the wastewaters from scrubbing of gases
produced during digestion, evaporator condensate from the precipitation unit, the calciner scrubber
wastewater, the sulfate waste sludge settling pond supernatant (as described above in Section
3.2.5) and product finishing wastewaters. At Millennium Inorganic Chemicals (Baltimore, MD)
sulfate process wastewaters include the calciner scrubber wastewater and finishing wastewaters.
Both facilities commingle the wastewaters described above prior to being treated in their on-site
wastewater treatment systems.
At Kemira, the wastewater treatment system is comprised of a concrete neutralization tank
followed by a series of unlined settling ponds. The effluent from the settling ponds is discharged
via a permitted NPDES outfall.
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc.
At Millennium Inorganic Chemicals (Baltimore, MD) the wastewater treatment system consists of
tanks for neutralization and a series of unlined settling ponds. The effluent from the settling ponds
is discharged via a permitted NPDES outfall.
Table 3.15 presents the wastewaters that are managed in the unlined units that are a part of the
wastewater treatment systems at each facility.
Table 3.15 - Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride and Sulfate Process
Facility
Kemira Pigments

Wastewater (RIN #)
Digestion Scrubber Purge (RIN 1)
35
Total Volume (MT/yr)

298,000
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.15 - Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride and Sulfate Process
Facility
Wastewater (RIN #)
Primary Pond Effluent/Sulfate Sludge
Pond (RIN 3)
Evaporator Condensate (RIN 4)
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals;

Baltimore, MD

325,000
7,945,000
Calciner Scrubber (RIN 5)
298,000
Neutralized chloride acid (RIN 17)22
831,000
Finishing wastewater (RIN 9)
3,150,000
Purification Wastewater (RIN 1)
1,578,120
Scrubber Wastewater/HCl (RIN 2)

Calciner Scrubber Wastewater (RIN 8)
Finishing Wastewater (RIN 13)
4,536
1,380,781
373,594
Samples of this waste were collected at both the Millennium and Kemira facilities. At Kemira
Pigments, Inc., Sample KP-WW-01 was collected at the point where the weir discharges the
effluent into the first settling pond. At the Millennium facility in Baltimore, Sample MI-WW-04
was collected of the treated wastewater from the lime neutralization process of the wastewater
treatment system upstream of the first settling pond.
Totals and SPLP filtrate analyses were conducted on the samples. The samples contained high
levels of solids as a result of the facilities practice of mixing waste solids and wastewaters in the
same unit. To isolate the impact of the wastewater on the environment from that of the sludge, we
conducted the SPLP on the waste matrix, and separately analyzed the filtrate and the leachate
generated from the leaching step.
A summary of the analytical data results are presented in Appendix A. Detailed reports of the
record sampling trips, the complete set of analytical data and the validation reports is available in
the Sampling and Analytical Data Report For Record Sampling and Characterization of Wastes
from the Inorganic Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector for Millennium Inorganics (Baltimore,
MD) and Kemira Pigments. These reports are available in the docket for this rule.
The management of these commingled wastewaters in the unlined units that make up the
wastewater treatment systems were evaluated. Table 3.16 presents the analytical results for the
22
Includes Chloride Waste Acid (RIN 7) volume.

36
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
constituents found to be present in either of the SPLP filtrates at levels exceeding the HBLs and/or
AWQC.
At Kemira, the two unlined final impoundments of the wastewater treatment system were screened
using the SPLP filtrate results from Sample KP-WW-01. The Kemira Pigments, Inc. impoundment
screened out since no constituents were detected above the HBLs or AWQC. Therefore, no further
risk assessment was required.
At the Millennium facility in Baltimore, the unlined settling pond that is part of the wastewater
treatment plant was assessed for exposure using the SPLP filtrate results for Sample MI-WW-04.
The filtrate is the closest approximation of the mobile portion of the wastewater likely to leach out
of the bottom of the unlined surface impoundment. The constituents detected above the HBL were
manganese and arsenic. The constituents detected above the AWQC were arsenic, manganese and
nickel. The surface impoundment at the Millennium facility in Baltimore was assessed for
potential drinking water well and surface water contamination. See Section 3.2.5 Sulfate Process
Digestion Sludge for discussion regarding potential drinking water wells at this facility. Refer to
the Risk Assessment for the Listing Determinations for Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
Wastes (August 2000) for the details of the full risk assessment.
Table 3.16 - Initial Screening Analysis for Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride
and Sulfate Process
Constituent
KP-WW-01
SPLP filtrate
(mg/L)
MI-WW-04
SPLP filtrate
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
freshwater/saltwater
HBL
(mg/L)
Aluminum
<0.1
<0.1
16
0.087
Antimony
<0.005
<0.005
0.0063
0.014
Arsenic
<0.005
<0.005
0.0007
4
0.000018
Barium
0.11
0.49
1.1
NA
Beryllium
<0.002
<0.002
0.031
NA
Boron
0.86 B
0.40
1.4
NA
Cadmium
<0.005
<0.005
0.0078
0.0022
Calcium
95.2
1,430
NA
NA
Chromium
0.33
<0.005
23
0.74
Cobalt
<0.005
<0.005
0.94
NA
Copper
<0.005
<0.005
1.3
0.0090/0.0031
Iron
<0.05
<0.05
Lead
<0.003
<0.003
0.015
0.0025

37
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.16 - Initial Screening Analysis for Commingled Wastewaters from the Chloride
and Sulfate Process
Constituent
KP-WW-01
SPLP filtrate
(mg/L)
MI-WW-04
SPLP filtrate
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
freshwater/saltwater
Magnesium
180
152
NA
NA
Manganese
<0.005
9.95
0.73
0.05
Mercury
<0.0002
<0.0002
0.0047
0.000050
Molybdenum
0.045
0.006
0.078
NA
Nickel
<0.005
0.011
0.31
0.052/ 0.0082
Potassium
129
17.3
NA
NA
Silver
<0.001
<0.001
0.078
0.0034 /0.0019
Sodium
236
661
NA
NA
Thallium
<0.005
0.004
0.0013
0.0017
Tin
<0.01
<0.01
9.4
NA
Titanium
<0.005
<0.005
NA
NA
Vanadium
0.045
<0.005
0.14
NA
Zinc
<0.05
0.072
4.7
0.12 /0.081
NA- Not Available

detection limits.
3.2.7
Wastewater Treatment Sludges from Commingled Chloride and Sulfate Process

Wastewaters

This waste is generated at the two facilities that use both the chloride and sulfate processes to
produce titanium dioxide. As indicated above, these facilities commingle the chloride process
solids associated with the titanium tetrachloride portion of the titanium dioxide manufacturing
process, which are Bevill-exempt mineral processing wastes under the Bevill exemption, with
other non-Bevill-exempt wastewaters in the facilitys wastewater treatment system. After
commingling of the Bevill-exempt solids with the non-Bevill-exempt wastewaters, the resulting
solids from the commingled wastewaters contain a mixture of Bevill-exempt and non-Bevillexempt wastewater treatment solids. Data provided by these two facilities show that this waste
contains at least 35 percent non-Bevill-exempt solids. Table 3.17 shows the calculation deriving
38
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
the percent solids from the various wastewater streams based on the reported information for the
Millennium facility in Baltimore, MD. The percent solids for the Kemira facility are expected to
contain a similarly high percentage of non-exempt solids (perhaps higher) because Kemiras
exempt solids from the reactor are managed in a dedicated unit, and because Kemira (unlike
Millennium) also commingles their sulfate process digestion scrubber wastes.
Table 3.17 - Estimation of Non-Exempt Solids Contribution to Wastewater
Treatment Sludges from Commingled Chloride and Sulfate Process Wastewaters at
Millennium Baltimore
Volume (MT/yr)
Estimated Solids
Loading (MT/yr)
Unreacted coke and ore, waste acids (RIN 1)
1,578,120
154,656
Chloride process air emission scrubber (RIN 2)
4,536
667
Air emissions scrubber (sulfate process) (RIN 8)
380,781
69,039
Finishing wastewater (sulfate process) (RIN 13)
373,594
18,680
Totals
3,337,031
243,042
Waste (RIN #)
Wastewaters bearing Bevill-exempt Solids*
Wastewaters bearing non-Bevill-exempt solids**
Percent non-Bevill-exempt solids = [(69,039+18,680)/243,042] = 36%

*Calculated using % solids measured during EPAs record sampling (see Analytical Data Report)
**Calculated using % solids reported in Table III.1 of RCRA 3007 Survey
At Kemira Pigments, Inc., all of the wastewaters generated during the production of titanium
dioxide via the sulfate and chloride process are sent to the wastewater treatment system. A sludge
is generated in the final settling pond of the facilitys wastewater treatment system. The solids are
dredged from this impoundment, filtered using a filter press, placed in piles for drainage and then
sent to an on-site industrial landfill. At Millennium Inorganics (Baltimore, MD), the sludge is also
dredged from the wastewater treatment system settling impoundment, filter pressed, and then
placed in an on-site industrial landfill.
Table 3.18 presents the management of the wastewater treatment sludges from commingled
chloride and sulfate process wastewaters at each facility.

39
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.18 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Wastewater Treatment
Sludges from Commingled Chloride and Sulfate Process Wastewaters
Facility (RIN #)
Management Practice
Millennium Inorganic Chemical

Plant, Baltimore, Maryland (RIN 4)
Dredged from impoundment, filter

pressed, placed in on-site industrial landfill
93,121
Kemira Pigments, Inc. (RIN 14)
Dredged from impoundment, filter

pressed, drainage piles, placed in on-site
industrial landfill
66,000
This waste was characterized using samples collected from the Kemira and Millennium Baltimore
facilities. At Kemira, Sample KP-SO-02 was collected as a composite sample from the waste
pile immediately after the filter press. At the Millennium facility in Baltimore, Sample MI-SO-01
was collected immediately after the filter press as a composite sample of eight scoops from the
sludge pile, prior to the sludge being transferred to the on-site landfill.
Totals, TCLP, and SPLP analyses were conducted on both samples. Table 3.19 presents the
analytical results for the constituents detected in the filtrate and the corresponding HBLs and/or
AWQC. A summary of the analytical results for each sample is presented in Appendix A.
Detailed reports of the record sampling trips, the complete set of analytical data, and the
validation reports are available in the Sampling and Analytical Data Report For Record
Sampling and Characterization of Wastes from the Inorganic Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing
Sector for Millennium Inorganics (Baltimore, MD) and Kemira Pigments. These reports are
available in the docket for this rulemaking.
Results of Initial Screening Analysis
Summary
At Kemira the exposure pathways were found not to present a risk under the initial screening
analysis and required no further assessment. The landfill at the Millennium facility in Baltimore
required further assessment beyond the initial screening analysis for infiltration of landfill leachate
to the river pathway and the groundwater contamination pathway due to exceedences of both the
HBL and AWQC.
Kemira Facility
The SPLP results for Sample KP-SO-02 were used to screen the pile and landfill scenario at
Kemira Pigments, Inc. for impacts to the groundwater and air pathways.
For the groundwater pathway from the piles and landfill, the SPLP results showed HBL
exceedences for antimony, arsenic, molybdenum, and thallium. However, the only potential
receptors are the Savannah and Wilmington Rivers and the adjacent marshlands. A review of
40
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
various land-use maps and groundwater flow directions, and interviews with local county and
plant officials about drinking water sources for the nearest communities, has revealed there is no
reason to believe that any potentially impacted drinking water wells exist. 23,24 Even if such wells
were to exist, none of the four potential constituents of concern require DAFs greater than three,
and two of the four constituents of concerns are only being assessed at the detection limit. The
closest potential downgradient communities are 3,000 feet away from the management units. With
respect to potential impacts on the rivers and adjacent marshes, again, none of the constituents of
concern require DAFs greater than three to be below the AWQC. Considering these factors, it is
assumed that the groundwater pathway does not present a risk under the initial screening analysis.
Assessment of the air pathway for the piles and landfill indicates that all constituent concentrations
in Kemiras waste sample are below the SSLs except thallium which is only slightly greater than
the soil ingestion HBL (a factor of 1.3 higher). Thus, the air pathway was not assessed further.
Millenniums Baltimore, Maryland Facility
The SPLP results for Sample MI-SO-01 were used to screen the landfill scenario at Millennium
Baltimore for impacts to surface water and drinking water wells. The constituents detected in the
SPLP above the AWQC were aluminum, arsenic, manganese, and thallium; manganese also
exceeded the HBL. Therefore, further risk modeling assessment was required for the wastewater
treatment sludges in the landfill scenario. Based on the distance of the landfill from the Patapsco
River and the fact that the potential existence of drinking water wells to the southeast, the
groundwater pathway cannot be ruled out and both scenarios required a full risk assessment. See
Section 3.2.5 Sulfate Process Digestion Sludge for a discussion of the assumptions for this
assessment. Refer to the Risk Assessment for the Listing Determinations for Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for the details of the full risk assessment.
Assessment of the air pathway for the landfill indicates no significant risks are likely from
particulate releases for several reasons. First, all constituents were below soil ingestion levels,
except for manganese and vanadium, which exceed the soil ingestion levels by a factors of about 3.
In both cases these constituents were below the air characteristic levels for waste piles shown in
Table 3.19. The air characteristic levels calculated for landfills were an order of magnitude
higher (20,000 mg/kg in both cases)25 It is also highly unlikely that wind blown particulates from
landfills would be significant due to the common usage of longer-term cover at landfills.
Furthermore, the waste is generated and disposed of as a wet sludge, making the formation
particulates less likely.
23
Phone log. Ron Josephson (EPA) to Jim McKirgan, Chatham County, GA Department of Public Works.
December 22, 1999.
24
Maps are provided in Appendix C.
25
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised Risk Assessment for the Air Characteristic Study",
EPA 530-R-99-019a, November 1999, Table 4.1 (Landfills)
41
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.19 - Initial Screening Analysis for Wastewater Treatment Sludges from
Commingled Chloride and Sulfate Process Wastewaters
Constituent
MI-SO01
Totals
(mg/kg)
MI-SO-01
SPLP
(mg/L)
KP-SO02
Totals
(mg/kg)
KP-SO02
SPLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
SSL(1)
(mg/kg)
Aluminum
8,740
0.24
4,520
<0.1
16
0.087
47,000
Antimony
0.6
0.006
0.8
0.013
0.0063
0.014
32*
Arsenic
1.6
0.00005 (2)
2.4
<0.0035
0.0007
4
0.000018
Barium
49.8
0.06
40.2
0.078
1.1
440
Beryllium
1.5
<0.002
0.4
<0.002
0.031
NA
160*
Boron
9.4
0.15
16.9
0.28
1.4
NA
26
Chromium
1,230
0.001 (2)
712
0.001
(2)
23
0.74
120,000*
Cobalt
2.6
<0.005
2.4
<0.005
0.94
NA
6.7
Copper
16.7
<0.002
12.6
0.004
1.3
0.0031
17
Iron
62,700
<0.05
36,500
<0.05
430,000*
Lead
1.3
0.002 (2)
0.002
0.001
(2)
0.015
0.0025
400*
Manganese
12,700
2.63
3,130
<0.005
0.73
0.05
3,800*(3)
Molybdenum
1.6
0.013
10.6
0.093
0.078
NA
400*(4)
Nickel
59.9
<0.005
47.1
<0.005
0.31
0.0082
1,600*
Silver
0.6
<0.001
1.5
<0.001
0.078
0.0019 SW
400*
AWQC
Thallium
3.0
0.003 (2)
8.1
<0.0022
0.0013
0.0017
6.4 (4)
Tin
2.7
<0.01
75.2
<0.01
NA
48,000*
Titanium
5,270
<0.005
8,310
<0.005
NA
NA
NA
Vanadium
2,320
0.004 (2)
1,570
0.039
0.14
NA
720 (5)
Zinc
2.9
0.025 (2)
31.5
0.02 (2)
4.7
0.08
24,000*
Dioxins/Furans (ng/kg for totals and ng/L for SPLP)

42
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
MI-SO01
Totals
(mg/kg)
MI-SO-01
SPLP
(mg/L)
KP-SO02
Totals
(mg/kg)
KP-SO02
SPLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
2378-TCDF
(TEF=0.1)26
1710
<0.010
2.2
<0.010
NA
NA
NA
Total TCDF
2,530
<0.010
21.5
<0.010
NA
NA
NA
2378-TCDD (1.0)
<0.3
<0.010
<0.3
<0.010
NA
NA
NA
Total TCDD
1.9
<0.010
<0.3
<0.010
NA
NA
NA
12378-PeCDF
(0.05)
6,580
<0.051
3.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
23478 PeCDF
(0.5)
921
<0.051
2.0
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total PeCDF
9,870
<0.051
8.5
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
12378-PeCDD
(1.0)
<1.6
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total PeCDD
<1.6
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123478 HxCDF
(0.1)
12,200
<0.051
4.7
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123678 HxCDF
(0.1)
1,890
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
234678 HxCDF
(0.1)
102
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123789 HxCDF
(0.1)
1,380
<0.051
1.7
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total HxCDF
18,100
<0.051
6.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123478-HxCDD
(0.1)
<16.1
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123678-HxCDD
(0.1)
<16.1
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123789-HxCDD
(0.1)
<16.1
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Constituent
SSL(1)
(mg/kg)
26
TEF=Toxicity Equivalent Factor, provided in parentheses following congener name. Dioxin TEQs
calculated using WHO-TEFs.
43
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Constituent
MI-SO01
Totals
(mg/kg)
MI-SO-01
SPLP
(mg/L)
KP-SO02
Totals
(mg/kg)
KP-SO02
SPLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
SSL(1)
(mg/kg)
Total HxCDD
<16.1
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
1234678 HpCDF
(0.01)
3,620
<0.051
2.0
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
1234789 HpCDF
(0.01)
5,920
<0.051
3.0
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total HpCDF
11,500
<0.051
6.6
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
1234678-HpCDD
(0.01)
<16.1
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total HpCDD
<16.1
<0.051
<1.3
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
OCDF (0.0001)
22,000
<0.100
55
<0.100
NA
NA
NA
OCDD (0.0001)
<197
0.110
3.3
<0.100
NA
NA
NA
2378-TCDD TEQ
2,615
0.00011
ng/L or 0.11
ppq
2.08
ND
0.0071
ng/L
0.0031
ng/L
45 ng/kg*
(6)
NA- Not Available

(1) Soil screening levels (SSLs) are based on soil background, except where soil ingestion levels are otherwise
noted by the symbol *; in all cases the background levels are equivalent to or below soil ingestion levels. Air
characteristic levels are noted when soil ingestion levels are exceeded. See Risk Assessment for the Listing
Determinations for Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) in the docket for details and
sources of the HBLs and SSLs.
(2) Results are less than the typical laboratory reporting limit, but are greater than the calculated instrument
detection limits.
(3) The air characteristic level is 3,000 mg/kg at 25m and drops to 30,000 at 150m.
(4) An air characteristic level has not been determined.
(5) The air characteristic level is 4,000 mg/kg at 25 m.
3.2.8
Waste Acid (Ferric Chloride) from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process

This waste is generated at all three facilities that use the chloride-ilmenite process in the
production of titanium dioxide. The ferric chloride waste acid is generated after solids are
removed from the acidified solution of metal-chloride solids, unreacted coke and ore solids, and
impurities formed during the initial chlorination reaction.
44
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
The DuPont facilities in Mississippi and Tennessee generate the majority of their Bevill-exemptsolids from the filtration of this waste acid. The DuPont facility in Mississippi disposes of its
ferric chloride waste acid in an on-site underground injection well. The DuPont facility in
Tennessee recycles a portion of this waste back to the reaction and uses the remaining portion in
the production of sodium chloride (NaCl). At this facility, an iron carbonate (FeCO3) waste is
generated as a result of the NaCl production. As discussed in Section 3.3, this FeCO3 residual
was not evaluated further.
The DuPont facility in Delaware has a slightly different process. The majority of their Bevillexempt solids are generated prior to the generation of the acid. Once the waste acid is removed
from the product stream, this facility adds a processing chemical to their waste acid, removes
solids, and stores the acid in tanks (as well as in an impoundment when their tank capacity is
exceeded). The waste acid is then marketed for use as a wastewater and drinking water treatment
reagent. Table 3.20 presents the management of this waste at each facility.
Table 3.20 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Waste Acid (ferric chloride)
from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process
Management
Facility
E.I. DuPont de Nemours; DeLisle Plant;
Pass Christian, MS (RIN 5)
On-site hazardous waste

underground injection well
E.I. DuPont de Nemours; New Johnsonville, TN
Used on-site in the production of

NaCl
E.I. DuPont de Nemours; Edge Moor, DE
Storage in tanks and surface

impoundment prior to sales
Total Volume
1,035,869 MT/yr
791,840 MT/yr
60,000-70,000 dry
ton at <40%
concentration
(~148,000 MT/yr)
The DuPont facility in Mississippi reported D002, D007 and D008 waste codes for this waste in
their RCRA 3007 questionnaire. All three generators also reported this waste with pH levels of
1 or less. One sample collected during record sampling was used to characterize this waste.
Sample DPE-WW-03 was collected at the influent to the storage pond at the DuPont Edge Moor
facility during record sampling.
EPA conducted totals and SPLP analyses on Sample DPE-WW-03. There was not sufficient
sample volume to conduct TCLP analysis of EPAs sample. A summary of EPAs analytical
results is presented in Table 3.21 and Appendix A. Detailed reports of the record sampling trips,
the complete set of analytical data, and the validation reports are available in the Sampling and
Analytical Data Report for Record Sampling and Characterization of Wastes From the Inorganic
Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector for the DuPont Edge Moor facility. This report is
available in the docket for this rulemaking.

45
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001

EPA determined that this waste does not warrant listing because of the characteristic nature of this
waste and the adequacy of existing enforcement authorities under Subtitle C to ensure proper
management of this waste. Note, however, that, as described above, EPA did collect a sample of
this material during our field investigation (see Table 3.21).
As detailed below, all three generators of the ferric chloride waste acid acknowledge the
hazardous nature of this waste.
DuPont DeLisle Plant; Pass Christian, MS
The DuPont facility in Mississippi disposes of this waste via deep well injection onsite and
assigned three separate characteristic codes to this material (D002, D007, D008). In their survey
response, the Mississippi facility reported TCLP results for chromium as 443 mg/L and for lead as
167 mg/L 27. The Mississippi facility manages its ferric chloride via a permitted Class I injection
well. DuPonts no-migration petition for the injection wells was approved by EPA Region IV via
a letter dated May 5, 2000. There is no land placement of the material prior to injection. The Safe
Drinking Water Act provides regulatory control of the deep well injection scenario.
DuPont New Johnsonville, TN Facility
The Tennessee facility uses the waste acid (RIN 10) to manufacture sodium chloride (NaCl),
generating a FeCO3 waste stream. DuPont characterized RIN 10 as having a pH of 1 and total
chromium levels of 144 mg/kg and total lead levels of 64.9 mg/kg.
As discussed in Section 3.3.2, the FeCO3 waste stream did not warrant further assessment because
it is generated from an out-of scope production process. The use of ferric chloride in the
production of NaCl was not investigated in depth because there was no known exposure route
associated with the management of the material prior to inserting it into a non-consent decree
production process. Note, however, that EPA did collect a sample of the ferric carbonate residual
(DPN-SO-03) during our field investigation. The results of the ferric carbonate analyses are
provided in Table 3.22.
DuPont Edge Moor, DE Facility
Sample DPE-WW-03 was collected at the Delaware facility prior to placement of this material on
the land. Our pH analysis showed a pH of less than 1.0. The facilitys split sample results
showed TCLP results of 415 mg/L for chromium and 49 mg/L for lead.
27
The TC standards for both chromium and lead is 5 mg/L.

46
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.21 - Summary of Analytical Results for Waste Acid (ferric chloride) from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process
DPE-WW-03 (mg/L)
Constituent
Totals
SPLP
Filtrate
SPLP
Leachate
DuPont Split Sample

Totals
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
TCLP
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
Aluminum
2,090
2,360
77.2
2,520
16
0.087
Antimony
2.26
1.8
<0.5
<50
0.0063
0.014
Arsenic
<2.5
<3.5
<0.5
<0.25
<20
0.00074
0.000018
Barium
15.5
19.6
15.6
13.9
16.8
1.1
Beryllium
<2
<0.24
<0.2
<2.5
0.031
NA
Boron
2.32
10.3
<5
<13
1.4
NA
Cadmium
5.09
3.03
<0.5
<10
0.0078
0.0022
Calcium
94.3
310
16.8
53.8
NA
NA
Chromium
101
113
3.76
119
415
23
0.74
Chromium, +6
<0.2
NR
43
0.047
0.011
Cobalt
8.44
6.86
<0.5
7.44
0.94
NA
Copper
29.2
27.1
1.56
15.9
1.3
0.0090
Iron
164,000
175,000
5,310
[cbi]
Lead
62.2
76.4
2.66
70.9
0.015
0.0025
Magnesium
245
385
12.2
150
NA
NA
Manganese
1,770
1,790
51.6
1,870
0.73
0.05
Mercury
0.021
0.0007
0.0002
<0.020
0.0047
0.000050

47
<2.0
49
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
<0.020
DPE-WW-03 (mg/L)
Constituent
Totals
SPLP
Filtrate
DuPont Split Sample
SPLP
Leachate
Totals
(mg/L)
TCLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
Molybdenum
31
34.6
1.48
16.8
0.078
NA
Nickel
6.0
10.8
<0.5
5.9
0.31
0.052
Selenium
<25
4.43
<0.5
0.078
0.0050
Silver
1.14
2.58
0.93
5.16
0.078
0.0034
Thallium
2.7
7.30
<0.5
<20
0.0013
0.0017
Tin
<25
6.2
<1
6.53
9.4
NA
Titanium
6,220
7,570
495
[cbi]
NA
NA
Vanadium
1,070
1,140
31.6
1,170
0.14
NA
Zinc
98.3
145
15.6
129
4.7
0.12
2,3,7,8-TCDF (TEF=0.1)
0.13
<0.11 ng/L
<0.12
NA
NA
Total TCDF
0.13
<0.11
<0.12
NA
NA
2378-TCDD (TEF=1)
<0.10
<0.11
<0.12
NA
NA
Total TCDD
<0.10
<0.11
<0.58
NA
NA
12378-PeCDF (0.05)
0.65
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
23478-PeCDF (0.5)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
Total PeCDF
0.65
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
<4.0
Dioxins/Furans (ng/L)*

48
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
DPE-WW-03 (mg/L)
Constituent
Totals
SPLP
Filtrate
SPLP
Leachate
DuPont Split Sample

Totals
(mg/L)
TCLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
12378-PeCFD (TEF=1)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
Total PeCDD
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
123478-HxCDF (0.1)
7.70
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
123678-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
234678-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
123789-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
Total HxCDF
8.2
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
123478-HxCDD (0.1)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
123678-HxCDD (0.1)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
123789-HxCDD (0.1)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
Total HxCDD
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
1234678-HpCDF (0.01)
5.3
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
1234789-HpCDF (0.01)
5.00
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
Total HpCDF
13.0
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
1234678-HpCDD (0.01)
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
Total HpCDD
<0.50
<0.55
<0.58
NA
NA
OCDF (0.0001)
1,200
1.3
<1.2
NA
NA

49
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
DPE-WW-03 (mg/L)
Constituent
Totals
SPLP
Filtrate
SPLP
Leachate
DuPont Split Sample

Totals
(mg/L)
TCLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
OCDD (0.0001)
<1.0
<1.1
<1.2
NA
NA
2378 TCDD TEQ **
1.038 ng/L
0.00013
ng/L
ND
0.0071 ng/L
0.0031 ng/L
NA- Not Available

* TEF = Toxicity Equivalent Factor
** Toxicity Equivalents (TEQ) calculated using WHO-TEFs.

50
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.22 - Summary of Analytical Results for Ferric Carbonate

DPN-SO-03
Constituent
Total
(mg/kg)
TCLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
SPLP
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
Aluminum
15,600
<1
0.17
16
0.087
Antimony
<0.5
<0.5
0.009
0.0063
0.014
Arsenic
2.1
<0.5
<0.0035
0.00074
0.000018
Barium
97.5
1.7
0.30
1.1
Beryllium
1.4
<0.02
<0.002
0.031
NA
Boron
<10
<2
0.21
1.4
NA
Cadmium
2.0
<0.05
<0.005
0.0078
0.0022
Calcium
12,300
59.9
2.2
Chromium
3,040
0.01
<0.005
23
0.74
Chromium, +6
NA
<0.02
0.047
0.047
0.011
Cobalt
6.1
<0.05
<0.005
0.94
NA
Copper
41.2
<0.25
0.007
1.3
0.0090
Iron
180
<0.05
Lead
46.0
0.02
0.002
0.015
0.0025
Magnesium
13,100
120
24.1
Manganese
30,200
59.4
0.18
0.73
0.05
Mercury
<0.1
<0.002
<0.0002
0.0047
0.000050
Molybdenum
7.2
<0.2
0.12
Nickel
138
1.1
0.002
0.31
0.052
Selenium
1.5
<0.5
<0.005
0.078
0.0050
Silver
3.9
<0.1
<0.001
0.078
0.0034
Thallium
<2
<2
<0.005
0.0013
0.0017
Tin
<1
<0.5
<0.01
Titanium
10,000
0.04
0.002
Vanadium
6,690
0.05
0.14
0.14
NA
Zinc
<5
0.54
0.041
4.7
0.12

51
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001

DPN-SO-03
Constituent
Total
(mg/kg)
TCLP
(mg/L)
SPLP
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
Dioxins/Furans (ng/L)
2,3,7,8-TCDF (TEF=0.1)
<0.7
n/a
<0.01
Total TCDF
44.9
n/a
<0.01
2378-TCDD (TEF=1)
<0.7
n/a
<0.01
Total TCDD
<0.7
n/a
<0.01
12378-PeCDF (0.05)
46.2
n/a
<0.052
23478-PeCDF (0.5)
11.7
n/a
<0.052
Total PeCDF
193
n/a
<0.052
12378-PeCFD (TEF=1)
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
Total PeCDD
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
123478-HxCDF (0.1)
235
n/a
<0.052
123678-HxCDF (0.1)
26.2
n/a
<0.052
234678-HxCDF (0.1)
10.4
n/a
<0.052
123789-HxCDF (0.1)
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
Total HxCDF
518
n/a
<0.052
123478-HxCDD (0.1)
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
123678-HxCDD (0.1)
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
123789-HxCDD (0.1)
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
Total HxCDD
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
1234678-HpCDF (0.01)
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
1234789-HpCDF (0.01)
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
Total HpCDF
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
1234678-HpCDD (0.01)
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
Total HpCDD
<3.4
n/a
<0.052
OCDF (0.0001)
7,590
n/a
<0.1
OCDD (0.0001)
10.4
n/a
<0.1

52
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001

DPN-SO-03
Constituent
2378 TCDD TEQ **
Total
(mg/kg)
39.3
TCLP
(mg/L)
n/a
SPLP
(mg/L)
ND
HBL
(mg/L)
0.0071
ng/L
AWQC
(mg/L)
0.0031
ng/L
n/a = TCLP analysis for Dioxins/Furans not performed.
3.2.9
Non-Bevill-exempt Nonwastewaters from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process

Non-Bevill-exempt nonwastewaters are generated in several different ways at the three chlorideilmenite facilities. All three DuPont facilities that produce titanium dioxide via the chlorideilmenite process commingle their process wastewaters and subsequently generate wastewater
treatment solids that fall within the non-Bevill-exempt nonwastewater category. This waste
category consists of solids that drop out in on-site settling ponds or are filtered out of the treated
wastewater prior to discharge. As discussed below, the wastewater treatment solids contain both
Bevill-exempt and non-Bevill-exempt components.
Non-Bevill-exempt nonwastewaters may be generated at several other places in the chlorideilmenite process. In addition, solids removed from ferric chloride waste acid at the Edge Moor
site after the end of mineral processing are also not Bevill exempt and are covered by this waste
category.
The facility commingles several sources of solids and markets the mixture as Iron Rich, also
described as Solids Co-Product I, or SCP I. DuPont describes this material as soil for landfill
capping and reports annual generation of 120,000 - 140,000 short tons. DuPont has asserted a
variety of end uses for the Iron Rich.28 The predominant recent use has been for the construction
of dikes to contain dredged river sediments at various Corp of Engineer disposal facilities in the
vicinity of the plant. This scenario was assessed as comparable to an industrial Subtitle D landfill
scenario. The Iron Rich has also been used as daily cover at a municipal landfill (demonstration
project) and as final cover for a closed onsite landfill. Other proposed uses include use as
subsidence fill at a closed municipal landfill, structural fill by the local Port Authority, surcharge
for road bed compaction, and construction of a wildlife refuge at the site of a closed landfill.
28
See Letter from Jonathan R. Bacher, Manager, Ash marketing, VFL Technology Corporation, to Ms.
Nancy Marker, Solid Waste Management Branch - DNREC, re DNREC Approval SWA-95/29, DuPont Iron-Rich
Filter Cake, dated July 27, 1999
53
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
The primary components of this waste are:

1.
Iron-containing metal chlorides and coke/ore solids from the Reaction Area (80%) that
result from the neutralization of RIN 14 (solids to neutralizer) and RIN 4 (metal
chlorides with coke and ore solids)
2.
Iron-containing metal chlorides and coke/ore solids from ... Solids Co-Product II area
(<10%) that results from the removal of solids from ferric chloride (i.e., SCP II)
3.
Iron hydroxide slurry from the HCl neutralizer and from the wastewater treatment system
(>10%), that results from wastewater treatment.
Each of these components of Iron Rich contain differing proportions of Bevill-exempt and nonBevill-exempt materials. The first category consists of the bulk of the Bevill-exempt solids
generated by Edge Moor. The second category consists of solids removed from this facilitys
ferric chloride waste acid stream. These solids are not Bevill-exempt because they are removed
from the waste acid after mineral processing has ended and the production of ferric chloride has
begun (marked by the addition of a processing chemical prior to solids removal). The third
category, wastewater treatment solids, contains both Bevill-exempt and non-Bevill-exempt solids.
Table 3.23 summarizes the contribution of Bevill-exempt and non-Bevill-exempt solids to Edge
Moors wastewater treatment solids.
Wastewater Treatment Solids
Volume (MT/yr)
Waste (RIN #)
Estimated Solids
Loading*
(MT/yr)
Wastewaters bearing Bevill-exempt Solids

Pre-treated reaction area scrubber (RIN 1)
10,521**
52.6
Coke and ore washwater (RIN 2)
97,611
9,761
Fume disposal/HCl scrubber (RIN 3)
169,609
3,392
Calcium chloride filtrate (RIN 8)
605,513
182
Purification scrubber (RIN 12)
1,769,305
Chlorine scrubber water (RIN 7)
4,354
OVS scrubber water (RIN 9)
59,589
595
Oxidation and finishing wastewater (RINs 6 & 11)
4.53
<0.5***
Dryer scrubber wastewater (RIN 13)
124,259
621
Wastewaters bearing non-Bevill-exempt solids

54
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Volume (MT/yr)
Waste (RIN #)
Totals
2,840,765
Estimated Solids
Loading*
(MT/yr)
14,604
Percent non-Bevill-exempt solids = [(0+595+0.5+621)/14,604] = 8.3%

*Calculated using % solids reported in Table III.1 of RCRA 3007 Survey
**RIN 1 volume of 70,110 MT/yr includes commingled RIN 9 volume of 59,589 MT/yr. For this
analysis, the volumes are reported separately to reflect the potential for RIN 9 to contain non-Bevillexempt solids subject to the listing.
***Loading estimate provided in August, 2000 correspondence from Angie Strzelecki, DuPont .
Overall, we estimate that the Iron Rich is currently comprised of over 10% non-Bevill-exempt
solids (<10% ferric chloride solids + 0.08* 10% WWT solids). This estimate is based on the
facilitys engineering estimates of solids content in their various untreated wastewaters (EPA does
not have independent analytical results).
New Johnsonville, TN Facility
At the DuPont facility in Tennessee, non-Bevill-exempt nonwastewaters are predominantly
associated with wastewater treatment sludge. Table 3.24 summarizes the contributions of Bevillexempt and non-Bevill-exempt solids to the Tennessee facility wastewater treatment solids.
Table 3.24 - Estimate of Non-Bevill Exempt Solids Contribution to DuPont New
Johnsonvilles Wastewater Treatment Solids
Volume (MT/yr)
Waste (RIN #)
Estimated Solids
Loading*
(MT/yr)

Purification area scrubber water (RIN 3)
82,000
Maintenance scrubber (Reaction Area) (RIN 103)
11,112
<1
Recovered ore wastewater (RIN 4)
442,800
8,856
Pre-treated Reaction Area scrubber water (RIN 2)
246,000
36,900
Reaction startup scrubber (RIN 102)
3,268
<1
Reaction maintenance wastewater (RIN 109)
1,900
20

55
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.24 - Estimate of Non-Bevill Exempt Solids Contribution to DuPont New

Johnsonvilles Wastewater Treatment Solids
Volume (MT/yr)
Waste (RIN #)
Estimated Solids
Loading*
(MT/yr)
Chlorine unloading scrubber water (RIN 101)
82
12
Maintenance washhouse scrubber water (RIN 105)
4,540
681
HCl Storage tank scrubber water (RIN 5)
9,110
<1
Hillside Pond wastewater** (RIN 106)
102,200
1,042
Finishing wastewaters (RINs 6, 111, & 113)
6,566,998
600 - 2,000***
Washhouse wash water (RIN 114)
454
Oxidation scrubber water (RIN 104)
Totals
7,470,470
48,818 +/- 700
Percent non-Bevill-exempt solids = [(12+681+0+1042+1300+5+1)/48,818] = 6.2% (+/- 1.3)

*Calculated using % solids reported in Table III.1 of RCRA 3007 Survey.
**Contains Bevill-exempt and non-Bevill-exempt solids; breakdown not provided.
***Loading estimate provided in August, 2000 correspondence from Angie Strzelecki, DuPont.
This facilitys wastewater treatment system includes a series of three unlined surface
impoundments. The solids from the first two surface impoundments are dredged and placed in the
Hillside Pond for de-watering. When this Hillside Pond is full, the solids are removed and
placed in the facilitys on-site landfill. These solids contain a mixture of Bevill-exempt and nonBevill-exempt solids.
The Bevill-exempt coke and ore solids from filtering the iron chloride waste acid are placed in the
same landfill as wastewater treatment sludge.
DuPont DeLisle Plant; Pass Christian, MS Facility
The DuPont facility in Mississippi generates wastewater treatment solids which contain nonBevill-exempt solids. Table 3.25 summarizes the contributions of Bevill-exempt and non-Bevillexempt solids to the Mississippi facilitys wastewater treatment solids.

56
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.25 - Estimation of Non-Bevill Exempt Solids Contribution to DuPont DeLisles

Volume (MT/yr)
Waste (RIN #)
Estimated Solids
Loading*
(MT/yr)

Pre-treated reaction scrubber water (RIN 3)
328,802
49,320
Return water from Borrow Pit (RIN 109)
191,000
Wastewater from Reaction Emergency Scrubber (RIN 102)
15,536
2,331
Chlorine unloading scrubber water (RIN 101)
202
30
HCl storage scrubber (RIN 9)
3,835
<1
Oxidation scrubber (RIN 6 )
9,259
1,385
Oxidation and Finishing wastewater (RIN 8, 103, & 104)
2,859,842
200 - 600**
Totals
3,408,476
53,468 (+/- 200)
Percent non-Bevill-exempt solids = [(30+0+1385+400)/53,468] = 3.4% (+/- 0.4)

*Calculated using % solids reported in Table III.1 of RCRA 3007 Survey
**Loading estimate provided in August, 2000 correspondence from Angie Strzelecki, DuPont .
The commingled wastewaters are managed in lined on-site surface impoundments. The
wastewater treatment solids are dredged from the surface impoundments and placed in the
Borrow Pit area at the facility. The solids are dredged periodically and placed in an on-site
landfill. The Bevill-exempt coke and ore solids from filtering the iron chloride waste acid are
placed in the same landfill as the wastewater treatment sludge.
Table 3.26 summarizes the management for this waste category at each facility. This table reflects
current management of commingled non-Bevill-exempt and Bevill-exempt streams and provides a
rough estimate of the portion of the commingled waste that is covered by the non-Bevillexempt
nonwastewater category.

57
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.26 - Waste Management Practices and Volumes for Non-Bevill-exempt

Nonwastewaters from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process
Facility (RIN #)
Management Practices
Total Volume
Combined Bevill
exempt and nonBevill exempt
(MT/yr)
Estimated
non-Bevillexempt
Volume
(MT/yr)

Edge Moor, DE (RIN 23)
Combines with other solids,

stores in piles, and markets
as Iron Rich
117,936
12,800

New Johnsonville, TN (RIN 108)
Wastewater treatment
sludges de-watered and place
in on-site landfill*
18,890
1,200

DeLisle Plant; Pass Christian,
MS (RIN 108)
Wastewater treatment
sludges dredged from onsite surface impoundment,
de-watered, and placed in
on-site landfill*
17,237
600
*Volumes from solids removed from ferric chloride were not reported.
Two samples were collected during record sampling to characterize this waste. At the Delaware
facility, Sample DPE-SO-01 was collected from the Iron Rich dewatering operation just prior to
truck loading operation for off-site transport to the customer. At the Tennessee facility, Sample
DPN-SO-01 was collected directly from the Hillside Pond.
Totals, TCLP, and SPLP analyses were conducted on both samples. A summary of the analytical
results for each sample is presented in Appendix A. Detailed reports of the record sampling trips,
the complete set of analytical data, and the validation reports are available in the Sampling and
Analytical Data Report For Record Sampling and Characterization of Wastes from the Inorganic
Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector for the DuPont Edge Moor, DE and New Johnsonville,
TN facilities. These reports are available in the docket tor todays rulemaking.
The SPLP results for Sample DPN-SO-01, and the total, SPLP, and TCLP results for Sample DPESO-01 were used for the initial screening analysis for this waste. Table 3.27 presents the
constituents detected in the SPLP analysis of Sample DPN-SO-1 and the TCLP analysis for
Sample DPE-SO-01 and the associated HBLs and AWQC for the constituents.

58
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.27 - Initial Screening Analysis for Non-Bevill-exempt Nonwastewaters from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process
DPE-SO-01
Total (mg/kg)
DPE-SO-01
TCLP (mg/L)
DPE-SO-01
SPLP (mg/L)
DPN-SO-01
Total (mg/kg)
DPN-SO-01
SPLP (mg/L)
HBL
AWQC
SSL (1)
Constituent
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/kg)
Aluminum
10,100
<1
<0.1
5,770
<0.1
16
0.087
47,000
Antimony
0.9
<0.021 (2)
0.02
0.7
0.021
0.0063
0.014
32*
Arsenic
2.2
<0.0035
0.001
2.8
<0.0035
0.00074
0.000018
5.2
Barium
178
2.4 (2)
0.92
49.6
0.12
1.1
440
Beryllium
1.2
<0.00024
<0.002
0.5
<0.002
0.031
NA
160*
Boron
30.0
1.7
0.61
24.5
0.45
1.4
NA
7,200
Cadmium
0.6
<0.0013
<0.005
0.0078
0.0022
4.3
Calcium
28,500
1,330
1,230
1,500
14.0
NA
NA
NA
Chromium
777
<0.05
0.002
499
<0.005
23
0.74
120,000*
Chromium, +6
<0.40
NA
<0.02
<0.4
<0.02 (3)
0.047
0.011
37
Cobalt
44.5
0.43
<0.005
7.0
<0.005
0.94
NA
4,800*
Copper
28.5
0.014 (2)
0.003
15.8
0.003
1.3
0.0090
17
Iron
91,600
348
0.18
63,200
2.2
430,000
Lead
309
0.03 (2)
0.003
42.4
0.002 (2)
0.015
0.0025
400*
Magnesium
3,140
61.3
33.4
769
8.0
NA
NA
NA
Manganese
10,600
252
16.3
2,890
1.5
0.73
0.05
3,800* (4)
Mercury
<0.1
<0.002
<0.0002
0.2
<0.0002
0.0047
0.00005
0.06
Molybdenum
7.4
0.026 (2)
0.005
4.5
0.006
0.078
NA
400*
Nickel
91.8
0.5
<0.005
59.8
0.007
0.31
0.052
1,600*
Selenium
<0.5
<0.5
<0.005
0.5
<0.005
0.078
0.0050
400*

59
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
DPE-SO-01
Total (mg/kg)
DPE-SO-01
TCLP (mg/L)
DPE-SO-01
SPLP (mg/L)
DPN-SO-01
Total (mg/kg)
DPN-SO-01
SPLP (mg/L)
HBL
AWQC
SSL (1)
Constituent
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/kg)
Silver
<0.1
<0.1
<0.001
0.2
<0.001
0.078
0.0034
400*
Thallium
3.7
0.28
0.012
7.2
<0.00225
0.0013
0.0017
6.4*
Tin
53.2
0.025
<0.01
12.9
<0.01
9.4
NA
48,000*
Titanium
6,380
<0.05
<0.005
5,360
<0.005
NA
NA
NA
Vanadium
240
0.0003 (2)
<0.005
1,060
<0.005
0.14
NA
720*
Zinc
122
1.1 (2)
0.03
57.2
0.073 (2)
4.7
0.12
24,000*
Dioxins/Furans (ng/kg; ng/L) (5)

2378-TCDF (TEF=0.1)
12.2
NA
<0.010
121
<0.010
NA
NA
NA
Total TCDF
88.8
NA
<0.010
506
<0.010
NA
NA
NA
2378-TCDD (TEF=1 )
<0.4
NA
<0.010
<0.3
<0.010
NA
NA
NA
Total TCDD
<0.4
NA
<0.010
<0.3
<0.010
NA
NA
NA
12378PeCDF (0.05)
21.8
NA
<0.051
371
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
23478PeCDF (0.5)
48.1
NA
<0.051
91.0
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total PeCDF
141
NA
<0.051
1,100
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
12378-PeCDD (TEF=1)
<1.8
NA
<0.051
<1.7
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total PeCDD
<1.8
NA
<0.051
<1.7
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123478HxCDF (0.1)
237
NA
<0.051
2,490
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123678HxCDF (0.1)
8.1
NA
<0.051
155
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
234678HxCDF (0.1)
2.5
NA
<0.051
74.1
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123789HxCDF (0.1)
5.6
NA
<0.051
142
<0.052
NA
NA
NA

60
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
DPE-SO-01
Total (mg/kg)
DPE-SO-01
TCLP (mg/L)
DPE-SO-01
SPLP (mg/L)
DPN-SO-01
Total (mg/kg)
DPN-SO-01
SPLP (mg/L)
HBL
AWQC
SSL (1)
Constituent
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/kg)
Total HxCDF
289
NA
<0.051
3,370
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123478-HxCDD (0.1)
<1.8
NA
<0.051
<1.7
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123678-HxCDD (0.1)
<1.8
NA
<0.051
<1.7
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
123789-HxCDD (0.1)
<1.8
NA
<0.051
<1.7
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total HxCDD
<1.8
NA
<0.051
2.8
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
1234678HpCDF (0.01)
189
NA
<0.051
1,520
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
1234789HpCDF (0.01)
126
NA
<0.051
1,690
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total HpCDF
366
NA
<0.051
3,710
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
1234678-HpCDD (0.01)
<1.8
NA
<0.051
<11.1
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
Total HpCDD
<1.8
NA
<0.051
15.8
<0.052
NA
NA
NA
OCDF (0.0001)
24,000
NA
<0.100
60,700
<0.100
NA
NA
NA
OCDD (0.0001)
22.2
NA
<0.100
404
<0.100
NA
NA
NA
2378 TCDD TEQ (5)

58.7 ppt
NA
ND
402 ppt
ND
0.0071 ppt
0.0031 ppt
45 (6)
NA - not available; ND - non detect
(1) Soil screening levels (SSLs) are based on soil background, except where soil ingestion levels are noted by the symbol *; in all cases the background levels are equivalent to
below soil ingestion levels. Air characteristic levels are noted when soil ingestion levels are exceeded. See Risk Assessment for the Listing Determinations for Inorganic
Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) in the docket for details and sources of the HBLs and SSLs.
(2) Results are less than the typical laboratory reporting limit, but are greater than the calculated instrument detection limits.
(3) Determined from DI water leach.
(4) The air characteristic level is 3,000 mg/kg at 25m and drops to 30,000 at 150m.
(5) TEQs calculated using WHO-TEFs.
(6) No air characteristic level has been determined.

61
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001

As described above, this facility markets a material that has been used as Subtitle D landfill cover,
structural fill, and containment dikes for dredged spoils that is in part derived from non-Bevillexempt solids (i.e., the filter solids from the production of ferric chloride and their wastewater
treatment solids. The non-Bevill-exempt portion of the Iron Rich is approximately 10% of the
total volume of this waste. The entire volume of material was assessed in light of its current
commingled status, the uncertainty associated with the actual percentage of non-Bevill-exempt
material in the Iron-Rich, and the physical impossibility of collecting a sample of the non-Bevillexempt-only portion of this material. Sample DPE-SO-01 was used to assess the Edge Moor
facilitys management practices. The SPLP constituents of concern exceeding the HBLs include
antimony, arsenic, manganese, and thallium. Constituents exceeding the AWQC include antimony,
arsenic, lead, manganese, and thallium. The TCLP constituents of concern include antimony,
arsenic, barium, boron, iron, lead, manganese, and thallium.
EPA assessed the risks for disposal in an off-site industrial D landfill because this seemed to best
fit the varied potential disposal or land-based use scenarios. The municipal landfill scenario may
be less likely, but may still be relevant given the demonstration project at the nearby municipal
landfill. Our assessment addresses the municipal scenario qualitatively. These scenarios were
assessed for potential releases to drinking water wells. Refer to the Risk Assessment for the
details of the full groundwater pathway risk assessment.
We also conducted a screening analysis of the air pathway given the reported use of this material
as landfill cover and caps and in other non-encapsulated methods. Table 3.28 compares the
constituents that were detected in the total analyses at levels exceeding the background soil levels
to the soil ingestion HBLs and the Air Characteristics Study.
Table 3.28 - Comparison of Iron Rich Total Analyses to Soil Screening Levels (SSL)
Constituent
Total Waste
Concentration
(DPE-SO-01)
(mg/kg)
Background
Soil Level
Soil Ingestion
HBL
Air Characteristics
Study*
Antimony
0.9
0.7
32
NA
Beryllium
1.2
0.9
160
9,000 @25 m (adult)
Chromium
777
54
120,000
NA
Cobalt
44.5
9.1
4,800
3,000
Copper
28.5
25
NA
NA
Lead
309
19
400
600,000
Manganese
10,600
550
3,800
20,000 (@25 m)
100,000 (@150 m)

SSL (mg/kg)
62
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.28 - Comparison of Iron Rich Total Analyses to Soil Screening Levels (SSL)
SSL (mg/kg)
Constituent
Total Waste
Concentration
(DPE-SO-01)
(mg/kg)
Background
Soil Level
Soil Ingestion
HBL
Air Characteristics
Study*
Molybdenum
7.4
1.0
NA
NA
Nickel
91.8
19
1,600
90,000
Thallium
3.7
1.9
6.4
NA
Vanadium
240
80
720
20,000
Zinc
122
60
24,000
NA
2378 TCDD TEQ
58.7 ppt
5 ppt
45 ppt
NA
*U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised Risk Assessment for the Air Characteristic Study",
EPA 530-R-99-019a, November 1999, Table 4.1 (Landfills).
NA = not available
This analysis shows that most metals present in the waste are at concentrations below their
respective soil ingestion levels. The limited number of constituents exceeding the soil ingestion
levels are still below the air characteristics study levels, indicating a minimal potential risk from
the air pathway for a landfill scenario. However, we cannot judge with any certainty potential
risks if the material were more widely dispersed, such as might occur in some of the projected
uses reported by the generator.
New Johnsonville, TN Facility
The scenario of concern for this waste is the on-landfill and the Hillside Ponds. The SPLP results
for Sample DPN-SO-01 (from the Hillside Pond) were used to screen the landfill and Hillside
Pond scenario. The constituents of concern in the SPLP extracts were antimony and manganese.
Arsenic and thallium are present in the wastes but are below the reported SPLP detection limits.
Since the SPLP detection limits is greater than the HBL for these two constituents, they were
identified as potential constituents of concern. Considering AWQC, iron is a constituent of
concern. Mercury also falls in this category ( detection limit is above AWQC). Manganese also
exceeds AWQC. The on-site landfill scenario was assessed for potential releases to surface
water. We assessed whether the landfill or Hillside Ponds could impact groundwater that serves
as a source of drinking water. As illustrated on the map provided by the facility in their RCRA
3007 Survey, the facility is located on a large tract of land bordered to the west by the Tennessee
River. The management units are located on a ridge facing the river. Groundwater flow, while not

63
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
definitively studied, is expected to be toward the river.29,30 The facility did identify a drinking
water well on the southeast corner of the plant property which is approximately 2 miles to the east
of the management units. The groundwater pathway, therefore, did not seem plausible. Note,
however, that the drinking water risks from releases to groundwater were assessed using the offsite landfill scenario noted above for the Delaware facility. Because any groundwater releases
from these management units are likely to be toward the river, we assessed potential exposure to
contaminated surface water for this site. Refer to the Risk Assessment for the Listing
Determinations for Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for the details of
the full risk assessment.
DuPont DeLisle Plant; Pass Christian, MS Facility
As described above, this facility places its commingled wastewaters in on-site surface
impoundments; the dredged solids from these units are placed in an on-site landfill. The solids
filtered from this facilitys ferric chloride are also placed in this landfill. No sample was
collected from this site for this waste. However, EPA believes the sampling and assessment of the
Tennessee and Delaware facilities is an appropriate surrogate for this waste given the similar
nature of the processes.
3.2.10 HCl from Reaction Scrubber, Chloride-Ilmenite Process
This waste is generated by all three facilities that use the chloride-ilmenite process to produce
titanium dioxide. This waste is generated as a result of the scrubbing of reactor off-gas and is
recycled back to the process at the DuPont facilities in Tennessee and Mississippi. The DuPont
facility in Delaware commingles this waste with other process wastewaters at the facilities
wastewater treatment system. The waste from this facility is assessed below as part of the
Commingled wastewaters from chloride-ilmenite process.
3.2.11 Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride-Ilmenite Process
Waste Generation
Process wastewaters are generated at various points of the chloride-ilmenite production process.
These wastewaters are generated from coke and ore solids recovery, reaction and oxidation
scrubbers, spent caustic treatment, product finishing, raw material storage vent scrubbers,
equipment vents and supernatant from wastewater impoundments, etc.
At the DuPont facility in Delaware, the commingled wastewaters are treated in tanks and pass
through an unlined cooling pond just before discharge via an NPDES permit. Discharge is through
an unlined channel. The DuPont facilities in Tennessee and Mississippi manage their commingled
29
E-mail from Scott L. Goodman, DuPont to Max Diaz, U.S. EPA; December 9, 1999; RE: Drinking
Water Well Location at New Johnsonville, TN Facility.
30
E-mail from Scott L. Goodman, DuPont to Max Diaz, U.S. EPA; March 22, 2000; RE: Groundwater
Flow Direction at New Johnsonville, TN Facility.
64
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
wastewaters in a series of surface impoundments prior to NPDES discharge. The treated effluents
from the wastewater treatment systems at these facilities are regulated under the Clean Water Act
and were not assessed. However, the management of these commingled wastewaters in surface
impoundments prior to discharge was evaluated. Table 3.29 presents the reported volumes for the
wastewaters that are commingled in the wastewater treatment systems at each facility.
Table 3.29 - Volumes for Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride-Ilmenite Process
Facility
E.I. DuPont de Nemours &
Co.; Edge Moor, DE
Wastewater (RIN #)
Reaction area & chlorine scrubber pretreated
effluent (RIN 1)
10,521
Coke & ore wash water (RIN 2)
97,611
HCl pretreatment effluent (RIN 3)
169,609
Chlorine scrubber water to WWT (RIN 7)
605,513
Oxidation wastewater to reaction area pretreatment

(RIN 9)
59,589
Finishing sump (RIN 10)
5
(Combined in RIN 11
volume)
Purification wastewater (RIN 12)
1,769,305
Dryer scrubber to WWT (RIN 13)
124,259
Reaction scrubber pretreater wastewater (RIN 2)
246,000
Purification scrubber wastewater (RIN 3)
82,000
Solids removal wastewater (RIN 4)
442,800
HCl storage tank scrubber (RIN 5)
9,110
Finishing wastewater (RINs 6, 111, & 113)

Chlorine unloading scrubber wastewater (RIN 101)
6,566,998
82
Reaction startup scrubber (RIN 102)
3,268
Reaction area maintenance scrubber (RIN 103)
11,112
Oxidation scrubber (RIN 104)

Maintenance wash house scrubber (RIN 105)
Hillside Pond wastewater (RIN 106)
Reaction maintenance wastewater (RIN 109)
4,354
SCP1 CaCl3 filtrate to WWT (RIN 8)
Oxidation wastewater washwater (RIN 11)

Co.; New Johnsonville, TN
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
65
6
4540
102,200
1,900
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.29 - Volumes for Commingled Wastewaters from Chloride-Ilmenite Process

Facility
Wastewater (RIN #)
Wash house wash water (RIN 114)

Co.; DeLisle Plant; Pass
Christian, MS
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
454
Scrubber wastewater (RIN 2)
216,286
Reaction area scrubber pretreater wastewater (RIN

3)
328,802
Wastewater from oxidation scrubber to spent

chemical pretreatment (see RIN 7) (RIN 6)
9,259
Spent chemical treatment wastewater (RIN 7)

(treatment of RINs 6, 101, & 102)
24,997
HCl storage vent scrubber (RIN 9)
3,835
Chlorine unloading scrubber to spent chemical

pretreatment (see RIN 7) (RIN 101)
202
Emergency chlorine scrubber to spent chemical

pretreatment (see RIN 7) (RIN 102)
15,536
Scrubs unloading vent scrubber (RIN 104), finishing

wastewater (RIN 8), & oxidation scrubber
wastewater (RIN 103)
Borrow Pit slurry water return to WWT (RIN 109)
2,859,842
191,000
Two samples were collected during record sampling to characterize this waste. At the DuPont
facility in Delaware Sample DPE-WW-01 was collected directly from the influent to the finishing
(cooling) pond. At the DuPont facility in Tennessee, Sample DPN-WW-01 was collected a the
point where the wastewater leaves the weir and enters the first settling pond.
Totals analysis were conducted on Samples DPE-WW-01 and DPN-WW-01. A summary of the
analytical results for each sample is presented in Appendix A. The detailed reports of the record
sampling trips, the complete set of analytical data, and the validation reports for these samples are
available in the Sampling and Analytical Data Report for Record Sampling and Characterization
of Wastes From the Inorganic Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector for the DuPont Edge Moor,
DE and New Johnsonville, TN facilities. These reports are available in the docket for this
rulemaking.

Table 3.30 presents the constituents detected in Samples DPE-WW-01 and DPN-WW-01 and the
66
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
associated HBLs and AWQC for each constituent.

Table 3.30 - Initial Screening Analysis for Commingled Wastewaters from ChlorideIlmenite Process
Constituent
DuPont Edge
Moor
DPE-WW-01
(mg/L)
DuPont New
Johnsonville
DPN-WW-01
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
(freshwater/
saltwater)
Aluminum
0.65
3.1
16
0.087
Barium
0.62
0.030
1.1
Boron
0.72 B
0.05
1.4
NA
Chromium
<0.005
0.25
23
0.74
Chromium, +6
<0.02
<0.02*
0.047
0.011
Copper
0.03
0.007
1.3
0.009 /0.0031
Iron
1.44
16.7
Lead
<0.003
0.005 B
0.015
0.0025
Magnesium
142
5.19
NA
NA
Manganese
3.3
3.34
0.73
0.05
Molybdenum
0.009
0.006
0.078
NA
Nickel**
0.013
0.020
0.31
0.052 /0.0082
Thallium
<0.005
0.013
0.0013
0.0017
Titanium
0.32
13.6
NA
NA
Vanadium
0.018
0.63
0.14
NA
Dioxins/Furans (ng/L) *
2378-TCDF
(TEF=0.1)
<0.0096 ng/L
<0.010
NA
NA
Total TCDF
<0.0096
<0.010
NA
NA
12378-PeCDF (0.05)
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
23478-PeCDF (0.5)
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
Total PeCDF
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
123478-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
123678-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
234678-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA

67
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.30 - Initial Screening Analysis for Commingled Wastewaters from ChlorideIlmenite Process
Constituent
DuPont Edge
Moor
DPE-WW-01
(mg/L)
DuPont New
Johnsonville
DPN-WW-01
(mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
AWQC
(mg/L)
(freshwater/
saltwater)
123789-HxCDF (0.1)
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
Total HxCDF
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
1234678-HpCDF
(0.01)
<0.048
0.064 ng/L
NA
NA
1234789-HpCDF
(0.01)
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
Total HpCDF
<0.048
0.064
NA
NA
Total HpCDD
<0.048
<0.052
NA
NA
OCDF (0.0001)
1.1 ng/L EB
1.4 ng/L
NA
NA
OCDD (0.0001)
<0.096
<0.10
NA
NA
2378-TCDD TEQ*
0.00011 ng/L or
0.00078 ng/L or 0.78
0.0071 ng/L
0.0031ng/L
0.11 ppq
ppq
NA-Not Available
*TEQs calculated using WHO-TEFs.
**Both of these values exceed the AWQC for saltwater. We will use the higher of the two values for
DeLisle.
EB: Detected in equipment blank at 0.47 ng/L.
DuPont Edge Moor, DE

As discussed above, this facility treats wastewaters in tanks until just before discharge, when they
pass through an unlined cooling pond. This unit is located on the north end of the plant adjacent to
the Delaware River. The relevant sample of this wastewater was collected at the influent to the
cooling pond, directly from the effluent clarifiers (DPE-WW-01). The constituents detected above
the AWQC were aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel. Manganese was also detected
above the HBL. It was assumed that any releases from the cooling pond at this facility would be
intercepted by the river, and would be comparable in concentration, but much less volume than the
actual NPDES discharge point which is subject to NPDES permitting.
DuPont New Johnsonville, TN
At this facility, the combined wastewaters are settled in a series of three impoundments prior to
NPDES discharge. The relevant sample of the combined wastewater was collected prior to the
settling ponds (DPN-WW-01) The constituents detected above the AWQC were aluminum, iron,
lead, manganese, and thallium. Vanadium and thallium were also detected above the HBL.
The groundwater ingestion pathway is not believed to be of concern for this site as described in
68
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
the previous waste category. Thallium and vanadium, therefore, were not considered further for
this facility. The ponds are adjacent to the Tennessee River. The surface impoundment scenario
was assessed for infiltration and dilution to the Tennessee River. Refer to the Risk Assessment for
the Listing Determinations for Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for the
details of the risk assessment.
No samples were collected at this facility. As indicated above, this facility manages the
commingled wastewaters in a series of three impoundments. We assessed this site to determine
whether groundwater releases might impact drinking water wells on the vicinity. We obtained a
USGS water well inventory printout for the 2 mile radius around the DeLisle plant. 31 We also
reviewed a USGS topographic map for the vicinity (see Appendix C). From these sources we
determined that there are residences (a community named Shell Beach) and a home drinking
water well approximately 2,000 feet to the south and west of the facility. There are additional
residences to the west and numerous drinking water wells throughout the region. Given the
hydraulic gradient depicted in the potentiometric map submitted in DeLisles RCRA 3007
Survey, the nearest drinking water well appears to be upgradient. It is not possible to tell
definitively whether the other wells in the vicinity are down-gradient or side-gradient. The
groundwater gradients may change offsite or change seasonally. We do not have sufficient
information to rule out such possibilities. As a result, we modeled the potential impact of the
impoundments on drinking water wells within a range of 2,000 to 3,000 ft. We also assessed the
surface water pathway given the proximity of the impoundments to the Bay of St. Louis (located
directly south of the facility). The analytical data from the Delaware and Tennessee facilities were
used for the risk assessment. Refer to the Risk Assessment for the Listing Determinations for
Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing Wastes (August 2000) for the details of the full risk
assessment.
3.2.12 Aluminum-containing Additive Vent Filters Solids from Chloride-Ilmenite Process
The DuPont facility in Mississippi facility reported generating <1 MT/year of this waste. This
waste is from vent filters used in the air pollution control devices for the oxidation process. This
material is placed in an off-site industrial D landfill. Information from the facility indicates that
this waste is predominantly composed of aluminum and is a small volume. The Agency, therefore,
does not believe this material poses a risk to human health and the environment if it is disposed of
in compliance with applicable Federal and state regulations.
3.2.13 Off-specification Titanium Dioxide Product
The DuPont facilities in Tennessee and Mississippi reported generating off-specification titanium
dioxide product when the product specifications are not met and the material cannot be reworked
31
See Appendix C for facsimile from Heather Lott (USGS, Water Resources Division) to Max Diaz
(EPA); Wells within a 2-Mile Radius of a Site in Pass Christian; August 29, 2000.
69
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
back into the process. The Tennessee facility indicated that this material usually is recycled back
to the process, but the waste is sent to an off-site landfill when purity standards are not met. The
Mississippi facility stores this waste in containers and then sends it an off-site landfill. Table 3.31
presents a summary of the volumes for this waste.
Table 3.31 - Volumes of Off-specification Titanium Dioxide Product
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
Facility (RIN #)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.; New Johnsonville, TN (RIN 110)
295
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.; DeLisle Plant; Pass Christian, MS (RIN 107)
267.8
A sample of this waste was collected from the Tennessee facility to characterize this waste.
Sample (DPN-SO-02) was collected from a 50 pound bag located in the production warehouse.
Totals, TCLP and SPLP analyses were conducted on the sample. A summary of the analytical
results for this sample is presented in Appendix A. The detailed report for the record sampling
trip, the complete set of analytical data and the validation report for this sample is available in the
Sampling and Analytical Data Report for Record Sampling and Characterization of Wastes From
the Inorganic Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Sector for the DuPont New Johnsonville, TN
facility. This report is available in the docket for this rulemaking.
The landfills that accept this waste accept both municipal and industrial waste. Therefore, the
TCLP (with somewhat higher leaching levels than the SPLP) results for Sample DPN-SO-02 were
used to screen the municipal landfill scenario. Table 3.32 presents the constituent(s) detected in
Sample DPN-SO-02 and the corresponding HBLs.
Lead was the only constituent detected in the TCLP above the HBL and AWQC. Boron also
exceeded the HBL, but only by a factor of 1.5. This constituent was therefore screened out. The
off-site municipal landfill scenario was assessed for lead. Refer to the Risk Assessment for the
details of the full risk assessment.
Table 3.32 - Initial Screening Analysis for Off-specification Titanium Dioxide Product
Constituent
DPN-SO-02
TCLP (mg/L)
HBL (mg/L)
Aluminum
60.8
16
Antimony
0.007 *
0.0063
Barium
<2
1.1

70
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.32 - Initial Screening Analysis for Off-specification Titanium Dioxide Product
Constituent
DPN-SO-02
TCLP (mg/L)
HBL (mg/L)
Boron
2.2
1.4
Chromium
<0.05
23
Cr,+6
NA
0.047
Copper
<0.25
1.3
Iron
<1
Lead
0.06*
0.015
Magnesium
1.0
NA
Nickel
<0.2
0.31
Tin
<0.5
9.4
Titanium
0.18
NA
Zinc
0.88*
4.7
NA- Not Available

detection limits.
** Determined from DI water leach.
3.2.14 Railcar/Trailer Product Washout

The DuPont facility in Tennessee reported generating this waste when the tank cars and railcars
used to ship the TiO2 to customers are cleaned. The washwater, containing titanium dioxide, is
placed in a surface impoundment. The water from this pond is subsequently sent to wastewater
treatment where it is commingled with all other chloride-ilmenite wastewaters, (discussed above
in Section 3.2.11). The titanium dioxide product that settles to the bottom of this pond is
mechanically removed and reused in the production process. The potential impact of this
impoundment was screened using the SPLP analysis collected for Sample DPN-SO-02 of offspecification product. The SPLP results were used to assess this management scenario because
there is no potential for contact with municipal landfill leachate. There were no constituents
concern detected above their HBLs in the SPLP analysis of this sample. This waste did not
warrant further assessment.
Table 3.33 - Initial Screening Analysis for Railcar/Trailer Product Washout
Constituent
DPN-SO-02
SPLP (mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
Aluminum
0.05*
16
Antimony
0.008
0.0063

71
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.33 - Initial Screening Analysis for Railcar/Trailer Product Washout

Constituent
DPN-SO-02
SPLP (mg/L)
HBL
(mg/L)
Barium
0.054
1.1
Boron
0.17
1.4
Chromium
0.001*
23
Cr,+6
<0.02**
0.047
Copper
0.002
1.3
Iron
<0.05
Lead
0.002*
0.015
Magnesium
0.08
NA
Nickel
<0.005
0.31
Tin
<0.01
9.4
Titanium
<0.005
NA
Zinc
0.02*
4.7
NA- Not Available

detection limits.
** Determined from DI water leach.
3.3
OUT OF SCOPE WASTE
In addition to the wastes presented in Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3, there are other wastes generated
during the production of titanium dioxide that are beyond the scope of the consent decree.
3.3.1
Bevill-exempt Wastes
The consent decree does not require EPA to make listing determinations for wastes that are Bevill
exempt under EPA rules implementing the so-called Bevill exemption for mining wastes. As
stated in 40 CFR 261.4(b)(7)(ii)(S), chloride process waste solids from titanium tetrachloride
production are Bevill-exempt waste. These solids are generated during the chlorination reaction
of the titanium ore in the reducing presence of coke at elevated temperatures, and are generated
from both the chloride process and the chloride-ilmenite process. The majority of these solids
leave the reactor as a mass and are quenched, neutralized, settled and disposed as Bevill-exempt
materials. Additional solids from the reactor are carried overhead with the TiCl 4 and are
subsequently removed in various scrubbing units. These solids are also identified as Bevillexempt solids as they are derived from the same unreacted ore and coke solids leaving the
chlorination reactor. These Bevill-exempt waste solids that are generated at the facilities that use
the chloride or the chloride-ilmenite process to produce titanium dioxide are discussed below.
72
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Solids also are generated from the oxidation and finishing stages of titanium dioxide production
that are captured in air pollution control devices such as scrubbers. These solids are non-Bevillexempt solid wastes (not covered by the Bevill exemption). Most titanium dioxide producers
commingle wastewaters from titanium tetrachloride production with wastewaters from oxidation
and finishing, resulting in wastewater treatment sludges with Bevill-exempt and non-Bevill-exempt
components.
Due to process variations, each facility generates its Bevill-exempt and non-Bevill-exempt solids
in slightly different ways. The following is a discussion of the status, Bevill exempt vs non-Bevill
exempt, of these solids at the facilities that use the chloride or chloride-ilmenite process.
Waste Solids from Titanium Tetrachloride Production via the Chloride Process
All of the facilities that use the chloride process generate these waste. These solids are generated
as a result of the separation of the residual coke and ore from the titanium tetrachloride product
stream produced during the chlorination process. As discussed above, these solids are Bevill
exempt and are outside of the scope of the consent decree. However, some of these facilities
commingle this Bevill-exempt waste with non-Bevill-exempt wastewaters in their on-site
wastewater treatment systems.
Based on the information available to EPA, it appears that Kemira and Louisiana Pigment do not
commingle these 100 percent Bevill-exempt waste solids from the production of titanium
tetrachloride with any other waste. Kemira sends these solids to a dedicated settling pond and
Louisiana Pigment uses a tank based system to segregate these solids and then sends the solids to
an on-site landfill. At these two facilities, the solids from the production of titanium tetrachloride
are clearly outside of the consent decree and do not warrant further assessment.
The Kerr-McGee facility commingles these solids with wastewaters from the production of
sodium chlorate in the facilitys wastewater treatment system. The sodium chlorate wastewaters
account for a small percentage of the total volume of managed wastewater, and solids generated.32
It does not appear that Kerr-McGee commingles any wastewaters from oxidation or finishing (that
might contain non-Bevill-exempt solids).
At both of the Millennium facilities in Ohio, the wastewaters from titanium tetrachloride
production that bear the Bevill-exempt solids are commingled with wastewaters from oxidation
and finishing. Although neither facility reported any solids in the oxidation or finishing
wastewaters, data from similar wastewaters from the chloride-ilmenite process indicate that very
low levels of solids are present in these wastewaters.
At Kemira and the Millennium Baltimore facility, chloride process waste solids also are
collected in the wastewater treatment systems. Both facilities commingle sulfate and chloride
process wastewaters in their wastewater treatment systems. The resulting wastewater treatment
sludge is composed of a significant amount of non-Bevill-exempt solids. These wastewater
treatment solids are discussed in Section 3.2.7 as part of the Wastewater Treatment Sludges
32
The analytical results for this sample can be found in the Sodium Chlorate Listing Background
Document. The predominant potential constituent of concern in the sodium chlorate solids is chromium; the
analytical data for the commingled solids (KM-SI-04) show that the SPLP concentration is <0.05 mg/L and
therefore not of concern.
73
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
From Commingled Chloride and Sulfate Process Wastewaters waste category.

Table 3.34 presents the Bevill-exempt waste solids generated during the production of titanium
tetrachloride at the facilities that use the chloride processes. The facilities were only required to
identify Bevill-exempt wastes in the RCRA 3007 questionnaire. No volume or waste
management information was required.
Table 3.34 - Bevill-exempt-Waste Solids from Titanium Tetrachloride Production Via the
Chloride Process
Facility
Waste (RIN #)
Chlorination waste solids (RIN 6)
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Baltimore, MD
Filter Cake (RIN 4)33
Kerr-McGee Chemicals Corporation
Chlorinator Solids (RIN 3) 34
Filter Cake (RIN 5)
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Plants I and II, Ashtabula, OH
Nonhazardous filter cake (RIN 4)
Solids from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process

All three chloride-ilmenite facilities generate waste solids from the chloride-ilmenite process.
The DuPont facilities in Tennessee and Mississippi use landfills to manage these wastes. The
DuPont facility in Delaware is currently managing this waste in a landfill, but has used the material
for various land application purposes in the past. The solids managed in these landfills contain
contributions from Bevill-exempt mineral processing solids as well as non-Bevill-exempt solids.
The site-specific variations in the processes determined the composition of the Bevill-exempt
versus the non-Bevill-exempt solids in these units. The generation and management of these
Bevill-exempt and non-Bevill-exempt solids is discussed below for each facility.

The DuPont facility in Delaware generates solids at three places in their production process.
These solids include the Bevill-exempt chloride process solids from the titanium tetrachloride
production process (reactor solids), solids removed from ferric chloride waste acid, and
wastewater treatment sludge. A portion of these Bevill-exempt reactor solids (unreacted coke and
ore) are recycled to the process. This facility combines and neutralizes these three sources of
solids and markets this material as Iron Rich for a variety of uses.
33
Generated in a surface impoundment of the facilitys wastewater treatment system. Assessed as part of
Wastewater Treatment Sludges from Commingled Chloride and Sulfate Process Wastewaters waste category in
Section 3.2.7.
34
The name and description for this waste is from telephone contact with the facility. It should also be
noted that the facility did not report any wastewaters or solids from oxidation and finishing.
74
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
The Delaware facility adds a processing chemical prior to removal of solids from the ferric
chloride to improve the ferric chloride properties. The production of ferric chloride is not mineral
processing, and this process step is chemical manufacturing (and/or an ancillary operation)
beginning at the point where the facility adds the processing chemical prior to solids removal.
Since the solids are removed after the point in the process where mineral processing ends, they are
non-Bevill-exempt solid wastes.
Per the data reported by the Delaware facility in their RCRA 3007 questionnaire, 8.3% of the
wastewater treatment solids are derived from oxidation and finishing. The assessment of the
solids generated at the Delaware facility is presented in Section 3.2.9 as part of the Non-Bevillexempt nonwastewaters from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process waste category.
The DuPont facility in Mississippi generates the bulk of its Bevill-exempt solids from the filtration
of the ferric chloride waste acid and a lesser amount in the wastewater treatment system at the
facility. The solids from the filtration of the ferric chloride are Bevill exempt because this step is
simply removal of Bevill-exempt solids prior to disposal of the waste acid. The solids are
placed in a pond, and the dredged solids from the pond are placed in a dedicated on-site landfill
cell. The facility also reported three additional Bevill-exempt waste streams that were generated
as a result of the recovery of coke and solids from the initial chlorination reaction. The solids
generated in the facilitys wastewater treatment system are assessed as part of Non-Bevillexempt nonwastewaters from the chloride-ilmenite process waste category, discussed in Section
3.2.9.
DuPont New Johnsonville, TN
The DuPont facility in Tennessee also generates the bulk of its Bevill-exempt chloride process
solids from the filtration of the ferric chloride waste acid and a small amount in the wastewater
treatment system at the facility. This facility removes the bulk of the unreacted coke and ore
solids during the filtration of their ferric chloride. These solids are landfilled as a discrete waste.
The wastewater treatment solids are discussed in Section 3.2.9 as part of the Non-Bevill-exempt
Nonwastewaters from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process waste category.
Table 3.35 presents the Bevill-exempt waste solids generated during the production of titanium
tetrachloride during the chloride-ilmenite process. The facilities were only required to identify
Bevill-exempt wastes in the RCRA 3007 questionnaire. No information on the volumes
generated or management practices were required.
Chloride-Ilmenite Process
Facility
Waste Description (RIN #)

Coke and ore solids 35
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.; Edge Moor, DE
35
Facility did not assign RIN.

75
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Chloride-Ilmenite Process
Facility
Waste Description (RIN #)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.; DeLisle Plant;

Pass Christian, MS
Reaction area solids (RIN 18)

Solids recovery area silica (RIN 13)
Solids recovery recovered cole & ore (RIN 14)
Solids recovery silica (RIN 15)
Environmental coke and ore solids (RIN 16)
Titanium tetrachloride solids 36
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co; New Johnsonville, TN
Coke and ore solids (RIN 9)37
In addition to the Bevill-exempt mineral processing wastes (chloride process waste solids),
beneficiation wastes generated from the storage and handling of various raw materials are also
Bevill exempt. The three chloride-ilmenite facilities generate several wastes as a result of the
storage and handling of the process raw materials. Kronos/ Louisiana Pigments also reported
generating filter cloths as a result of the dewatering of slurry from the chlorination process.
These filter cloths are stored in roll-off bins because the facility has not located a landfill to take
this waste because of elevated NORM (radium 226 and 228). Table 3.36 presents the Bevillexempt beneficiation waste associated with the storage and handling of the process raw materials.
Table 3.36 - Bevill-exempt Storage and Handling Wastes
Facility
Waste Name (RIN #)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.; DeLisle Plant;

Pass Christian, MS
Coke and ore storage and unloading bag dust (RIN 10)
Ore dust (RIN 11)
Transfer pump solids to landfill (RIN 12)
Coke and ore storage dust (RIN 110)
Coke and ore transfer dust collection to storage (RIN 111)
Coke and ore transfer pump (RIN 112)
Recycle water storage solids (RIN 113)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.;

Edge Moor, DE
Dust control (RIN 21)
Filter cloths (RIN 12)
36
Ibid.
37
Solids from filtration of iron chloride.

76
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
The DuPont facility in Mississippi reported two additional Bevill-exempt wastes (Recycle water
solids- RIN 17 and Solids with water- RIN 18) that are recycled back to the process.
3.3.2
Debris and Non-Process Wastes
Some kinds of debris and plant component materials do not fall within the scope of the consent
decree. Most of the wastes that fell in this category were refractory brick wastes generated when
facilities refurbished plant furnaces. This material is derived from a structural component of the
plant where production takes place rather than a waste from the production of an inorganic
chemical. This debris from process equipment is also out of scope of this consent decree. Table
3.37 presents the reported volumes for these materials.
Table 3.37 - Debris and Non-Process Waste
Facility
Kronos/Louisiana
Pigment Co.
3.3.3
Material (RIN #)
Total
Volume
(MT/yr)
Management
Chlorinator Bed Material (RIN

10)
On-site landfill
49
Refractory Brick (RIN 9)
Off-site Subtitle C landfill
594
Blasting Material (RIN 11)38
Off-site Subtitle C landfill
105
National Pollutant and Discharge System (NPDES)
Industrial wastewater discharges that are point sources and subject to regulation under Section 402
of the Clean Water Act, are not solid wastes subject to RCRA (see 40 CFR 261.4(a)(2)). Several
of the titanium dioxide facilities reported discharging treated wastewaters to surface waters under
the National Pollutant and Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). These discharges require a
permit and are regulated under the Clean Water Act (Act) and were not evaluated. Table 3.38
presents the reported volumes for these permitted discharges.
Table 3.38 - Permitted NPDES Waste
Facility
Waste (RIN #)
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals

Baltimore, MD
38
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
Gypsum plant effluent (RIN 12)
3,779,000
Effluent from Wastewater Treatment

System (RIN 11)
25,166,000
Treated Effluent from sulfate

digestion scrubber water (RIN 6)
11,720,000
Sand used to clean the walls of the chlorinator prior to replacement of refractory

77
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Table 3.38 - Permitted NPDES Waste

Facility
Waste (RIN #)
Total Volume
(MT/yr)
Effluent from Gypsum production

(RIN 11)
1,240,988

System (RIN 3)
2,961,801
Kerr-McGee Chemicals
Corporation

System
6,879,798
Kronos/Louisiana Pigment Co.

System (RIN 6)
707,882
Finishing Wastewater (RIN 7)
695,605
Millennium Inorganic Chemicals;

Plant I Ashtabula, OH

System (RIN 3)
4,500,000

Plant II; Ashtabula, OH

System (RIN 3)
5,500,000
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.


System
Not Reported

DeLisle Plant;
Pass Christian, MS
Edge Moor, DE
3.3
FORMATION OF DIOXINS/FURANS IN CHLORINATOR
In developing the sampling and analysis protocols for this sector, EPA determined that chlorinated
dioxins and furans were potential constituents of concern. We were concerned about the potential
presence of these compounds in this sectors wastes because the reaction conditions required to
produce titanium tetrachloride from titanium ores appear to be similar to conditions at other
processes known to be associated with dioxin/furan formation.
The initial reaction in the production of titanium dioxide is described in a DuPont patent as
follows (emphasis added):
A reduction/chlorination process is provided for the treatment of titaniferous materials
such as ilmenite ores. The chlorination is selective in that the titanium constituents of the
titaniferous material is chlorinated, but there is no appreciable net yield of iron chloride
form the iron constituent. Where other metals such as vanadium are present they may be
chlorinated with the titanium. The reduction utilizes as the reductant an amount of
carbonaceous material which, based on oxygen in the titaniferous material, is at least
stoichiometric to produce carbon monoxide. The selective chlorination utilizes as the
78
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
chlorinating agent either ferrous chloride (FeCl2) alone or certain combinations of

ferrous chloride and one or more other chlorine-containing members, notably molecular
chlorine (Cl2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). The use of ferric chloride (FeCl3) as a part
or all of the chlorinating agent is the equivalent of using a FeCl2/0.5 C.2 mixture.
Preferably, sufficient chlorine atoms are provided by the chlorinating agent to react with
essentially all of the titanium in the titaniferous material. An elevated temperature in the
range of 950 to 1400C is maintained during the chlorination, but depending upon the
composition of the chlorinating agent, there may be a minimum temperature in the range
which is needed to maintain selectivity. 39
The patent illustrates a number of conditions which are important for the formation of dioxins and
furans: a carbon source, a chlorine source, and a heat source. The chloride process and the
chloride ilmenite process utilize these conditions in their reactors to convert titanium ores and
slags into titanium tetrachloride, which is subsequently purified and then oxidized to form the
product titanium dioxide. EPA has catalogued many different sources of dioxins and furans, the
vast majority of which involve these three critical conditions of carbon, chlorine and heat. 40,41
The results of EPAs record sampling and analysis for wastes from the production of titanium
dioxide confirmed the expectation that dioxins and furans were likely to be formed during the
chlorination process. The following samples (with their respective TCDD TEQs) were collected
from wastes generated in conjunction with the chlorinators:
C
C
C
C
Millennium Baltimore, MI-WW-01, Chloride solids/waste acid (RIN 1): 812 ng/L
Millennium Baltimore, MI-SO-01, Filter press solids (RIN 4)42: 2,615 ng/kg.
DuPont Edge Moor, DPE-SO-01, Iron Rich: 58.7 ng/kg.
DuPont New Johnsonville, DPN-SO-01, Wastewater treatment solids: 402 ng/kg.
As described in earlier sections, each of these wastes contains significant levels of solids from the
chlorinator. These chlorinator solids are classified as the exempt mineral processing waste from
the production of titanium tetrachloride. Based on engineering judgement, we expect that dioxins
and furans formed in the chlorinator would adhere to these solids given the affinity of these
compounds to solids, as well as their low volatility and solubility.
[Chlorinated dioxins and furans] have a low solubility in water and a low volatility.
39
United States Patent. Number 3,977,863. August 31, 1976. Process for Selectively Chlorinating the
Titanium Content of Titaniferous Materials Assignee: E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington,
Delaware.
40
Cleverly, D., J. Schaum, D. Winters, G. Schweer. 1999. Inventory of sources and release of dioxin-like
compounds in the United States. Presented at Dioxin 99, the 19th International Symposium on Halogenated
Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs, held September 12-17 in Venice, Italy. Short paper in,
Organohalogen Compounds, Volume 41:467-472.
41
Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (Update). U.S. Department of Health &
Human Services. Public Health Service. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. December 1998
42
This residual is generated from treatment of RIN 1 (Chloride solids/waste acid) and other commingled
wastes.
79
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
Chlorinated dioxins have an affinity for particulates and readily partition to particles in air,
water, and soil.43
Our data support this contention that the dioxins and furans formed in the chlorinator would tend to
adhere to the reactor solids:
C
C
C
The Millennium Baltimore chloride solids/waste acid (RIN 1, MI-WW-01)

conveys the reactor solids to treatment and contained 812 ng/L 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ.
The reactor scrubber water (RIN 2, MI-WW-02), in contrast, contained only
0.000018 ng/L 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ.
Kerr-McGee commingles all wastewaters and reactor solids in a series of
impoundments. The total analysis of this commingled wastestream contained 65.6
ng/L 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ. In contrast, the SPLP filtrate portion of Kerr-McGees
wastewater (KM-SI-01) contained no detectable dioxins or furans.
Kemiras wastewater (KP-WW-01), sampled at the influent to their settling
impoundment contained 0.000038 ng/L 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ.
DuPont Edgemoors treated wastewater (DPE-WW-01) contained only 0.00011
ng/L 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ in contrast to their Iron Rich (DPE-SO-01) which
contained 58.7 ng/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ.
Similarly, DuPont New Johnsonvilles wastewater (DPN-WW-01) contained only
0.00078 ng/L 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ, while their wastewater treatment solids (DPNSO-01) contained 402 ng/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ.
Our listing determination for K178 differentiates between exempt and non-exempt solids. With
one exception44, the non-exempt solids are associated with oxidation and finishing wastewaters.
We do not believe that there should be dioxin/furan contamination of these non-exempt solids from
oxidation and finishing. The oxidation step is designed to remove chlorine as the titanium
tetrachloride is oxidized to form titanium dioxide. The chlorine offgas is returned to the
chlorinator. In addition, at this point in the process we believe that very little carbon (one of the 3
important dioxin precursors) remains in the product stream as a result of the numerous purification
steps which occur prior to oxidation. Our prediction that the dioxins and furans are not associated
with the non-exempt solids from oxidation and finishing is borne out by the following analytical
results:
C
C
A sample of off-specification titanium dioxide (DPN-SO-02) collected at DuPont

New Johnsonville, contained 0.0026 ng/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ.
The Kemira settling pond solids (KP-SO-02) which contained the highest
percentage of non-exempt solids (>35 %) of the 5 facilities sampled contained the
lowest level of 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ (3 ng/kg).
For these reasons, we conclude that the dioxins and furans detected in the record samples
43
Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (update), p. 357.
44
As described in Section 3.2.9, DuPont Edge Moor removes solids from its ferric chloride waste acid.
Comparable solids generated at DeLisle and New Johnsonville are exempt solids. Edge Moors solids, however,
lose their exempt status due to the processing that Edge Moor conducts prior to solids removal (i.e., mineral
processing and the production of titanium tetrachloride have ended and the ferric chloride processing is
considered chemical manufacturing and/or an ancillary operation).
80
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
supporting the titanium dioxide listing determinations are associated with the exempt solids, or
with the ferric chloride solids,45 and therefore are not within the scope of the consent decree.
These compounds were not assessed as part of the rulemakings which established the mineral
processing exemptions, and so these results could present new issues for these wastes if such
compounds were found to pose unacceptable risks. During the development of the mineral
processing exemption, EPA anticipated certain conditions might suggest the appropriateness of reopening these exemptions 46. We are considering whether we should re-assess the status of these
wastes as exempt mineral processing wastes. Any reassessment of these wastes would involve a
separate analysis and opportunity for notice and comment.
45
Ibid.
46
If EPA finds that this exemption is not protective of human health and the environment and if an
examination of titanium tetrachloride waste management shows any continuing or new problems, the Agency will
reconsider this subtitle D determination for chloride process waste solids from titanium tetrachloride
production. 56 FR 27300, June 13, 1991.
81
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
APPENDIX A
SUMMARIES OF ANALYTICAL DATA RESULTS FOR EACH WASTE SAMPLE

82
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001
APPENDIX B
SUMMARIES OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR SPLIT-SAMPLES

83
Titanium Dioxide
October 2001

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FINAL

TITANIUM DIOXIDE LISTING BACKGROUND

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

DESCRIPTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

TITANIUM DIOXIDE WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, GENERATION,

Appendix A: Summary of Analytical Data Results

from the Chloride-Ilmenite Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

SECTOR DEFINITION, FACILITY NAMES AND LOCATION

Table 1.1 - Titanium Dioxide Producers

1. Kemira Pigments, Inc.1

One Kemira Road

2. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals

3901 Fort Armistead Road

3. Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp.

40034 Kerr-McGee Road

4. Kronos/Louisiana Pigment Co.

3300 Bayou Dinde Road

5. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals,

2900 Middle Road

6. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals,

2426 Middle Road

7. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,

7685 Kiln-DeLisle Road

8. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,

4600 Hay Road (Shipping)

Inorganic Listing Determination

Table 1.1 - Titanium Dioxide Producers

9. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,

One DuPont Rd.

PRODUCTS, PRODUCT USAGE AND MARKETS

ECDIN Home Page, http://ecdin.etomep.net/cgibin_ecd

ChemExpo Home Page, http://www.chemexpo.com/news/profile970912.cfm

ChemExpo Home Page, http://www.chemexpo.com/news/profile970912.cfm.

Inorganic Listing Determination

Figure 1.1 - Geographical Distribution of Titanium Dioxide Producers 1

See Table 1.1 for facility name and location.

Inorganic Listing Determination

Capacity (103 MT/yr)

2. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals

3. Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp.

4. Kronos/Louisiana Pigment Co.

5. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc.,

6. Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc.,

7. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., DeLisle

8. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Edge

9. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., New

PRODUCTION, PRODUCT AND PROCESS TRENDS

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Inorganic Listing Determination

Inorganic Listing Determination

DESCRIPTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

PRODUCTION PROCESS DESCRIPTION

PRODUCTION TRENDS, CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS

Coke & Ore

Inorganic Listing Determination

TITANIUM DIOXIDE WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, GENERATION,

Inorganic Listing Determination

Various Sands from