SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

CHAPTER 3
INTEGRATION
________________________________________________________________________
At the end of chapter, the students are able to
find the anti-derivative of a function (C1)
trace the anti-derivative rule to find the integration of the polynomial, trigonometric,
exponential, and logarithmic function (P3, C1)
trace and use the integration by substitute and integration by part to find the antiderivative of the function (P3, C3)
find the definite integration (C1)
trace the concept of definite integration to find the area under the line (P3, C1)
sketch the graph and find the area of the region between 2 lines (C3)
________________________________________________________________________

3.1

Indefinite Integration

Definition 3.1: An anti-derivative of a function g (x) is any function f (x) such that
g ( x)= f '( x) for each x in the domain of g (x) .
Definition 3.2: The set of all anti-derivative of g (x) is the indefinite integral of g (x) with
respect to x , denoted by

g ( x)dx =

f ( x) + C .

Example 3.1(a): Find the derivative of the function f ( x) = x 2 + x + 1 . If g ( x) = f ' ( x) , find

anti-derivative of g (x) .
Solution:
f ' ( x) = 2 x + 1 ;
Therefore, g ( x) = 2 x + 1 .

2 x + 1dx = x

+ x+C .

Example 3.1(b): Find the derivative of the function f ( x) = 2 x 3 + 3 x + 4 . If g ( x) = f ' ( x) , find

anti-derivative of g (x) .

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

Proposition 3.1(Rules of Anti-derivative): The indefinite Integral function of g (x) can be

found by integral formula as follow:
a) 0dx = C
b)

kdx = kx + C

x n +1
+ C , for n 1
n +1
1
d) x 1 dx = dx = ln x + C
x
x
x
e) e dx = e + C
c)

f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)

n
x dx =

e f ' ( x)dx = e + C
sin xdx = cos x + C
cos xdx = sin x + C
tan xdx = ln sec x + C
cot xdx = ln sin x + C
sec xdx = tan x + C
csc xdx = cot x + C
sec x tan xdx = sec x + C
f ( x)

f ( x)

n) [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

o) k f ( x)dx=k f ( x)dx
Example 3.2: Solve the following problems.
a) 7 dx
Solution:
b)

x dx
5

Solution:
c)

x dx = 6 x
5

+C

+ sin xdx

Solution:
d)

7dx = 7 x + C

5 x

+ sin xdx =

1 3
x cos x + C
3

dx

Solution:

5 x

dx =

1
1
e 5 x (5)dx = e 5 x + C

5
5

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

e)

cot x + 2e

2 x e x + x 4 3 x 2 + 7 dx
2

Proposition 3.2: If f (x) is a differentiable function, g (x) is a continuous function, and G (x)
is an anti-derivative of g (x) , then

g ( f ( x)) f ' ( x)dx = G( f ( x)) + C .

Besides that, the integration can be done by another way.
du = f ' ( x)dx , then

Suppose that u = f (x) and

g ( f ( x)) f ' ( x)dx = g (u ) du = G(u ) + C = G( f ( x)) + C .

This method is

called integration by substitution.

Substitution Method:
To integrate the function
Step 1:
Step 2:

Choose u = f (x) and du = f ' ( x)dx ,

Substitute u and du into the equation, then we got
g ( f ( x)) f ' ( x)dx = g (u ) du
Integrate

Step 3:

g ( f ( x)) f ' ( x)dx , we need to the follow:

g (u ) du = G(u ) + C

Replace u = f (x) into G (u ) + C

Example 3.3: Solve the following problems.

a) ( x + 3) 7 dx
Solution:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:

Let u = x + 3 , then du = dx
1 8
7
7
( x + 3) dx = u du = 8 u + C
Replace u = x + 3 , therefore

( x + 3)

1
dx = ( x + 3)8 + C
8
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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

b)

3x

( x 3 + 1) 5 dx

Solution:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
c)

Let u = x 3 + 1 , then du = 3 x 2 dx
1 6
u +C
6
1
Replace u = x 3 + 1 , therefore 3 x 2 ( x 3 + 1) 5 dx = ( x 3 + 1) 6 + C
6

3x

( x 3 + 1) 5 dx = ( x 3 + 1) 5 3 x 2 dx = u 5 du =

(2e x + 3)10 dx

Proposition 3.3: The formula for integration by parts is udv = uv vdu .

When integration by substitution does not work, we can use integration by parts to solve the
problem.
Example 3.4: Solve the following problems.
a) x cos xdx
Solution:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:

Choose u = x , then du = dx
Choose dv = cos xdx , then v = sin x
x cos xdx = x sin x sin xdx = x sin x ( cos x) + C

= x sin x + cos x + C

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

b)

xe

dx

Solution:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
c)

Choose u = x , then du = dx
Choose dv = e x dx , then v = e x
x
x
x
x
x
xe dx = xe e dx = xe e + C

sin xdx

Solution:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:

Choose u = e x , then du = e x dx
Choose dv = sin xdx , then v = cos x
x
x
x
x
x
e sin xdx = e ( cos x) cos x e dx = e cos x + cos x e dx

Step 1a:
Step 2a:

Choose u1 = e x , then du1 = e x dx

Choose dv1 = cos xdx , then v1 = sin x

Step 3a:

cos xdx = e x sin x sin x e x dx

Replace e x cos xdx = e x sin x sin x e x dx into e x sin xdx , then

sin xdx = e x cos x + (e x sin x sin x e x dx)

= e x cos x + e x sin x sin x e x dx

2 e x sin xdx = e x cos x + e x sin x

e x sin xdx =

d)

1
1
(e x cos x + e x sin x) = e x (sin x cos x)
2
2

x ln xdx

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

3.2

Define Integration and Its Applications

Proposition 3.4: If f (x) is continuous at every point in [a, b] and F (x) is any anti-derivative
b

of f (x) on [a, b] , then

f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a) .

a

Method:
b

To integrate the function

f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a) , we need to the follow:

a

f ( x)dx , and let

Step 1:

Find

Step 2:

Find F (a ) and F (b) .

F ( x) = f ( x)dx .
b

Step 3:

Replace into the equation

f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a) .

a

Example 3.5: Solve the following problems.

2

a)

3x

dx

Solution:
Step 1: 3 x 2 dx = x 3 + C = F ( x)

Step 2: F (2) = 8 + C and F (1) = 1 + C

2

Step 3:

3x dx = F (2) F (1) = 7
2

b)

sin x + 2 xdx
0

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

Proposition 3.5 (Properties of Definite Integrals): If f (x) and g (x) are integrable, then the
definite integral satisfied the following rules.
a)

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
a

b)

f ( x)dx =0
a

c)

k f ( x)dx = k f ( x)dx , for any number k

b

d)

e)

f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

a

f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx

Proposition 3.6: The area under the line y = f (x) over the interval [a, b] can be found by using
b

A = f ( x)dx .
a

y = f (x)

x
a

Figure 3.1: Area Under the Line y = f (x) Over the Interval [a, b]
Example 3.6: Find the area under the line y = 3x 2 over the interval [1,2] .
Solution:
b

A = f ( x)dx = 3x 2 dx = x 3 = 8 1 = 7 unit 2
2

Note: We can use the method which is shown at Example 3.5 to find the answer.

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

Proposition 3.7: If f (x) and g (x) are continuous over the interval [a, b] , then the area of the
b

region between the lines y1 = f ( x) and y 2 = g ( x) is A = f ( x) g ( x)dx , where y1 = f ( x) is

a

upper line and y 2 = g ( x) is lower line.

y

y 2 = g ( x)

y1 = f ( x)

x
a

Figure 3.2: The Area of The Region Between The Lines y1 = f ( x) And y 2 = g ( x) over the
interval [a, b]
Method:
To find the area of the region between 2 lines y1 and y2 over the interval [a, b] ,
we need to the follow:
Step 1:
Sketch the graph.
Step 2:
Determine the upper line and lower line.
b

Step 3:

Compute A = f ( x) g ( x)dx , where f (x) is upper line and

a

g (x) is lower line.

Example 3.7(a): Find the area of the region between the lines y1 = 2 x and y2 = x 2 3 over the
interval [1,2] .
Solution:
Step 1:
Sketch the graph

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

y2 = x 2 3

y1 = 2 x

Step 2:

Upper line: y1 = 2 x
Lower line: y2 = x 2 3

Step 3:

A = f ( x) g ( x)dx = (2 x) ( x 2 3)dx = x 2 + 2 x + 3dx

1
2

1
1
1

= ( x 3 + x 2 + 3 x) = (2) 3 + (2) 2 + 3(2) (1) 3 + (1) 2 + 3(1)

3
3
3

1
22 11 11
= = unit 2
3 3 3
Example 3.7(b): Find the area of the region between the lines y1 = x 2 and y2 = x 2 + 2 over the
interval [1,1] .

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

Exercise 3:
In Problem 1-22, evaluate the indefinite integrals.
1. 5dx
12. x 2 ( x 3 + 5 x 2 x + 3 )dx
3
2
3 )dx
2
x
x
2x 3
14. (
+ 5 )dx
x
x
6
4
4 x + 3x
15.
dx
x3
x6 x
16.
dx
x3

13. (

2. ( x 4)dx
3. ( x 2 )dx
4. (3 x 2 3 )dx
5

5. x 4 dx
2
3

6. 3 x dx
7.

17. ( x 3 + x)dx
18. ( x 3 + x )dx

dx

8. 7 x 4 dx

19. ( x + 1) 2 dx

9. ( x 2 x)dx

( z + 2 z ) dz
21. (3 sin 4 cos )d
22. (3 cos 4 sin +
2

20.

10. (3 x 2 x)dx
11. (4 x 5 x 3 )dx

) d

In Problem 1-14, use the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate each definite
integral.
1.

2.

3.
4.

x 3 dx

8.

x 4 dx

9.

(3 x 2 2 x + 3)dx

(4 x + 7)dx
3

1
dw
1 w2
3 2
6. 3 dt
1 t

5.

7.

t dt

10.

12.

14.

wdw

11.

13.

(y 2 +

s4 8
ds
s2

2
0

cos xdx

2 sin tdt

(2 x
0

1
)dy
y3

3 x 2 + 5)dx
1

( x 3 2 x 3 )dx

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SFM 1002 Mathematics II

Chapter 3 Integration

Use the method of substitution to find each of the following indicated integrals.
1. (2 x + 3) 4 dx
6. x(3 x 2 5) 50 dx
7.

3. (11 2 x) dx

8.

4. ( x 2 cos 3 x)dx

9.

2
x( x + 3)

2.

3t 5dt
4
5

5.

x(3x

5)dx

2 x 3 5dx
( x 3 + 5) 9 dx
12
7

dx

1
8

10. (6 x 7) dx

Find the areas of the regions enclosed by the lines and curves in the following questions.
1.
y = x 2 2 and y = 2 over the interval [2,2]
2.
y = 2 x x 2 and y = 3 over the interval [1,3]
3.
y = x 4 and y = 8 x over the interval [0,2]
4.
y = x 2 2 x and y = x over the interval [0,3]
5.
y = x 2 and y = x 2 + 4 x over the interval [0,2]
6.
y = 7 2 x 2 and y = x 2 + 4 over the interval [1,1]
7.
y = x 4 4 x 2 + 4 and y = x 2 over the interval [1,4]

39