DIABETES IN PREGNANCY

This protocol is for use in community and hospital

settings to assist doctors, midwives, Aboriginal
Health Workers and Rural Area Nurses with the
management of diabetes in pregnancy.

Principles of Management

Case Definition
GESTATIONAL DIABETES:
Diabetes with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.
Diagnosed on 75g OGTT with (1) fasting blood glucose level
> 5.5 mmol/L AND / OR (2) 2 hour glucose level > 8mmol/L

PRE-EXISTING DIABETES:
Diabetes already diagnosed in a woman prior to pregnancy.
Diabetes may pre-exist but be undiagnosed before
pregnancy - generally, if diagnosed within the first 12 weeks
of pregnancy, this can be considered to have been preexisting but undiagnosed diabetes

Screening
Any woman may be tested for diabetes at any time in
pregnancy if there is clinical suspicion based on symptoms or
other factors, such as heavy glycosuria, obesity, macrosomia,
hydramnios.
If you suspect PRE-EXISTING DIABETES due to presence of
risk factors below, screen with a fasting or random BSL a t
the FIRST ANTENATAL CHECK. Repeat at each antenatal visit
if glucosuria present.

Untreated diabetes in pregnancy is associated with

increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Good
control of blood sugar levels throughout pregnancy
significantly reduces the risk of complications. Early
diagnosis, careful monitoring and prompt intervention
if blood sugar levels are not controlled are essential.
Diet and exercise are the mainstay of gestational
diabetes management and are often sufficient.
Education must be provided at every opportunity.

It is important that women with diabetes in pregnancy

understand the risks to themselves and their unborn baby,
as well as how to prevent complications through good
glucose control and regular antenatal care. Useful handouts
can be found at :

Almost all medications in category C and D will need

to be ceased. Category C and D Medicines include
ACE-inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta
blockers, diuretics, statins, warfarin, and sulfonylureas

Some will need to be replaced with a suitable

substitute during pregnancy e.g. ACEIs and ARBs
used for hypertension may need to be replaced with
methyldopa. See Women of Child Bearing Age
section in each relevant Kimberley Chronic Disease
Therapeutic Protocol

Others such as anti-depressants and anti-psychotics

may need to be continued under close supervision.
Discuss with relevant specialist e.g. Physician,
Psychiatrist, Obstetrician

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

(2) PRE-EXISTING DIABETES

Risk to woman of developing type 2 diabetes later in

life

Women with pre-existing diabetes require the following:

Increased risk of obstetric complications such as

macrosomia, polyhydramnios, shoulder dystocia,
instrumental delivery and/or emergency Caesarean
section, fetal death

At booking: HbA1c, urine ACR, thyroid function tests,

maternal ECG

First trimester screen

Ophthalmology review

See KEMH DIABETES IN PREGNANCY QUICK

REFERENCE GUIDE for a summary of required tests
at each gestation http://www.kemh.health.wa.gov.
au/development/manuals/O&G_guidelines/sectionb/3/
b3.1.10.pdf

Risk to baby of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes

later in life

PRE-EXISTING DIABETES

Risk to woman of complications of diabetes eg renal

disease, diabetic retinopathy, heart disease, peripheral
neuropathy

Increased risk of obstetric complications such as

congenital deformities, macrosomia, polyhydramnios,
shoulder dystocia, instrumental delivery and/or
emergency Caesarean section, fetal death

Risk to baby of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes

later in life

How to screen: See Screening for Diabetes in Pregnancy

flow-chart on p. 5

REVIEW all medications

http://www.kemh.health.wa.gov.au/services/diabetes/resources.htm

Risk factors include: Aboriginal and/ orTorres Strait Islander

women; obesity, strong family history of type II diabetes,
history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance
(IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and history in
previous pregnancy of unexplained IUGR or macrosomia
(birth weight >4500g), stillbirth, or congenital abnormality

ALL WOMEN must be screened for GESTATIONAL DIABETES

at 26-28 weeks.

(1) MEDICATIONS IN PREGNANCY

Education

If BSL >6, proceed to OGTT.

Women who have a history of GESTATIONAL DIABETES

should be screened with OGTT at 18 weeks.

Baseline Assessment & Advice

(3) DIETARY ADVICE

Refer to DIetician at time of diagnosis, for assessment
and review as soon as practicable. If not available, discuss
individualised assessment and management plan by phone
/ video-teleconference. Meanwhile offer dietary education
and advice at every visit.
A healthy diet is the mainstay of treatment.
Advice should be:

Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council (KAMSC) and WA Country Health Service (WACHS) Kimberley

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DIABETES IN PREGNANCY

Individualised for each woman according to factors

such as BMI and nutritional status

Tailored to meet cultural needs, including e.g.

requirements for specific food avoidance, and
environmental needs, including local food availability

(5) ASSIST to register with National Diabetes

Services Scheme (NDSS) - go to:

(4) EXERCISE ADVICE

Remember, any physicial activity is exercise.

Recommend that women choose an activity that fits in

well with their lifestyle.

Encourage them to vary their activities so they remain

motivated.

Suitable activities during pregnancy include walking,

swimming, walking in a pool, stationary bicycle riding
(not cycling)

Maximum benefit is gained from exercising 3-5 times a

week for 30 minutes each time, at a pace that makes
you puff slightly

Avoid injury by warming up and stretching for 5-10

minutes before and after exercise

Avoid exercise of high intensity and long duration >60

minutes.

Monitoring
GLUCOSE MONITORING:

Ideally: Daily home blood sugar level (BSL) monitoring Morning fasting, and 2 hours after each meal. If sugars
are well controlled, BSLs can be checked every 2nd
or 3rd day. This must continue throughout pregnancy
as BSL control will change with increasing gestation,
necessitating a change in OHA and/or insulin dose.

If home monitoring not possible, monitor in the health

clinic - daily if possible, otherwise as a minimum twice
weekly. Do fasting and 2 hour postprandial BSL.

Check HbA1c every 8 weeks from time of diagnosis this is not a substitute for regular glucose monitoring
but (a) can support impressions from home BSL
recordings and (b) is useful where regular BSL
monitoring is not occurring

Avoid activities involving balance as this increases the

risk of falling (eg tennis, cycling, basketball, volleyball)

GOALS OF MANAGEMENT:

Avoid exercise that involves lying on your back after the

first 16 weeks of pregnancy

Fasting BSL < 5.5 mmol/L AND

2 hr post prandial BSL < 7mmol/L.

HbA1c < 7%.

Avoid administering insulin in an area that will be

exercised as it can affect absorption time

Carry out blood glucose monitoring before, during and

after activity

If well controlled: review every 2-4 weeks till 36 weeks,

then weekly

Dont exercise if blood glucose levels are >15mmol/L

If on insulin, have a carbohydrate snack before, during

and after prolonged exercise and drink plenty of water

If uncontrolled diabetes - at least every week until well

controlled or transferred. Liaison with the diabetes
team at KEMH is important.

Reduce the dose of insulin and eat more carbohydrate

when exercising. 30 minutes of exercise for every 1015g carbohydrate.
When on insulin, always carry some form of glucose for
potential episodes of hypoglycemia

http://www.ndss.com.au/Register/How-to-register

Tips for exercising safely

scan to assess growth and well-being at 34 weeks

CTG MONITORING:
KEMH recommends twice weekly CTGs from 32 weeks if:
BSLs uncontrolled, IUGR or hypertensive on treatment.

Therapeutic Protocols
PRE-EXISTING DIABETES:
Commence folic acid 5 mg daily from 3 month prior to
conception and continue until 14 weeks gestation
(a) continue metformin. If taking Metformin XR
(extended release), change to regular metformin
unless there are concerns that this may adversely affect
compliance - in this case, discuss with physician.
(b) cease all other oral hypoglycaemic medications
(b) continue Isophane insulin and monitor BSLs
frequently, particularly during second trimester when risk
of hypoglycaemia increases
(d) continue glargine insulin - early data from KEMH
suggests this is safe for use in pregnancy. Continue
and monitor BSLs frequently, particularly during second
trimester when risk of hypoglycaemia increases.
THEN:
If blood glucose goals are exceeded > /2 times over a 1 - 2
week interval and:
1.

On metformin alone, start isophane insulin. See

Diabetes Type II protocol, and refer / discuss with
Physician and Diabetes Educator

2.

Not yet on medication: follow guildeines for

Gestational Diabetes below.

OBSTETRIC ULTRASOUND:
All women with type 2 diabetes, especially if HbA1c
>8% at booking, should be referred for first trimester
screen and anatomy scan at KEMH.

In addition to usual scans during pregnancy, all women

with diabetes in pregnancy are recommended to have a

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If already on medication:

ANTENATAL CHECKS:

More frequent ultrasound monitoring may be required

if there is suspicion from clinical monitoring of
abnormal growth, or other concerns regarding fetal
wellbeing. Discuss with OBSTETRICIAN

Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council (KAMSC) and WA Country Health Service (WACHS) Kimberley

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DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
GESTATIONAL DIABETES:

TO OPTHALMOLOGIST:

GESTATIONAL DIABETES:

If blood glucose goals are exceeded 2 times over a 1 - 2

week interval, start medication.

1.

2.

Ideally, commence isophane insulin as first line therapy

(see Type II Diabetes Protocol re starting insulin; refer /
discuss with Diabetes Educator)
If woman declines or is unsuitable for insulin:
commence metformin 500mg orally bd, increasing to
1g BD if BSLs remain outside targets

See section Monitoring for frequency of BSL and HbA1C

monitoring during pregnancy.

Pre-existing DM at first antenatal visit, with

scheduled follow up visits at 28 and 36 weeks unless
complications arise during pregnancy, in which case
review by obstetrician may need to be more frequent
At time of diagnosis of gestational DM, with
subsequent visits determined according to
individualised care plan

In addition, discuss with obstetrician at any time if there are

concerns regarding maternal or fetal wellbeing

1. WOMEN WITH DIABETES ON NO MEDICATIONS

Diabetes poorly controlled for greater than 4 weeks

Pre-existing diabetes with co-morbidities e.g.

hypertension, CVD

Aim for birth at 38 - 40 weeks. If glucose control

is within recommended range, HbA1c <7% and
no obstetric complications, continue to term
recommended.

2. WOMEN WITH DIABETES ON INSULIN OR

ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS

It is essential to discuss best location for delivery with a

specialist obstetrician.

Women with poorly controlled diabetes and/or

obstetric complications should be delivered at a tertiary
referral centre under specialist obstetric care.

Mode of birth - consider elective LSCS if estimated fetal

weight >4250g or abdominal circumference 40mm
greater than the head circumference.

Timing of birth - arrange elective birth at 38-39 weeks

or earlier if clinically indicated to reduce the rate of
macrosomia and birth injury

TO PHYSICIAN IF:

75g fasting OGTT at 6 weeks post partum - follow up

as per DIABETES TYPE II protocol

Mode and timing of delivery

Refer Discuss
TO OBSTETRICIAN IF:

Women with pre-existing diabetes who have

retinopathy, known prior to pregnancy or diagnosed
during pregnancy

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Follow up post-delivery
PRE-EXISTING DIABETES:

TO DIABETES EDUCATOR:

Pre-existing diabetes: at first antenatal visit

At time of diagnosis of gestational diabetes

Diabetes poorly controlled

Resume pre-pregnancy medications post partum. If on

ACEI pre-pregnancy, use enalapril 5-20mg daily as the
ACEI of first choice whilst breastfeeding

Discuss contraception

Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council (KAMSC) and WA Country Health Service (WACHS) Kimberley

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DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
Flow chart 1: Screening for pre-existing diabetes
in women < 12 weeks gestation

Capillary

Venous

Fasted

<5.5
DM
Not
Likely

5.5
- 6.9
Unclear

Recall for
75g OGTT

Fasted

Not Fasted

> 7.0
DM
Likely

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Check Blood Sugar Level

< 5.5
DM not
likely

5.5 11.0
Unclear

Fasting
venous
glucose

> 11.1
DM
likely*

< 5.5
DM
not
likely

5.5 12.1
Unclear

Not Fasted

> 12.2
DM
likely*

< 5.5
DM
not
likely

5.5 12.1
Unclear

> 12.2
DM
likely*

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N
A
N
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Proceed
Immediatley to
75g OGTT

Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council (KAMSC) and WA Country Health Service (WACHS) Kimberley

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DIABETES IN PREGNANCY

Screening for gestational diabetes in all women

Flow chart 2: Screening for gestational diabetes in
women at (1) 18 weeks (previous GDM) and at

Fasting?

YES

NO

75g o GTT

50g GCT

Fasting level
5.5 or below

Fasting result
> 5.5

Proceed to
2 hour test

Gestational
diabetes
diagnosed

2 hour BSL
7.9 or below

(2) 28 weeks (ALL)

2 hour BSL
> 7.9

Normal
result

Abnormal
result

BSL
7.8 - 11.0

75g oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is the

screening test of choice, with screening and
diagnosis done as a one-step rather than 2 step
process. However, if attending the clinic fasted
poses a significant barrier to screening, a secondline option is to proceed with a screening test
alone - the 50g oral Glucose Challenge Test,
though follow up may still be required with o GTT
to confirm the diagnosis.

BSL
> 11.0

Screening
negative, gestational
diabetes unlikely

Rescreen at later date

if indicated - suspected
macrosomia, materal
symptoms

Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council (KAMSC) and WA Country Health Service (WACHS) Kimberley

VC - Last Modified: January 21, 2011 8:24 AM

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